Energy Efficiency And Data Centers: Fill & Download for Free

One of the world's leading technology companies, has one of the largest and most complex networks in the world.In 2008, Google operated 34 Data Centers around the world. Distributed as follows:19 in the United States11 in Europe3 in Asia1 in Brazil.Although the figures are not public, some estimate that Google has 2.5 million servers, located in several cities around the world, with the important center of mountain view (California)Data centers are primarily located where electricity is not too expensive, particularly on the northwestern coast of the United States, with energy bills being one of the most important cost centers. the electricity consumed by a server over its lifetime is more expensive than the hardware itself.Google is known for using simple PCs modified specifically to run its algorithms instead of expensive servers specifically designed for this job, especially in terms of computing power and reliability. The details of the modifications made to these machines remained secret for a long time, until April 1, 2009. The main particularity of its PCs is the addition to each one of them of a battery of 12 volts to supply current in case of problem with the main source of electricity, which according to Google is cheaper than buying an uninterrupted power supply covering the needs of a whole data center and allows for better energy efficiency.I think I have provided some answers to your question. Thank you for reading my answer.Thanks to Google for the image.

Parallel computing spans the entire hardware/software/network stack. The folks at Sun lack wisdom across this stack.It is very hard to build up a skill set that spans the hardware/software stack or the software/network stack (full stack for CS students and graduates).Hence, it is very hard for people to build up skills across the entire hardware/software/network stack. You need to go to an academically rigorous program, like those at Berkeley, MIT (Course 6-2, not course 6-1 or 6-3), University of Michigan, or Northwestern for this. That is, you need to major in electrical engineering (EE) and computer science (CS), or EECS. Majoring in EE or electrical and computer engineering (ECE) won't cut it. Ditto for computer science and engineering (CSE) or CS programs, or computer engineering (CE) programs.EECS is more than CE, since you need to look at analog/RF and mixed-signal (AMS/RF) circuits, electrical machines (the concept of hysteresis does prove useful in AMS/RF circuit design or AMS/RF VLSI CAD), power electronics (we want low-power ICs/processors, right?), control engineering (helpful for autonomic computer systems and networks), RF engineering (from signal integrity issues with capacitive crosstalk affecting interconnects to electromagnetic interference at the chip/package/board/system level), signal processing, telecommunications (overlaps with computer networking, and uses packet routing too - just like in network on chip design), and what not.Now, if you have inadequate skills in various areas of EECS, you will find it hard to have a holistic view of problems/challenges in computer engineering. Some areas are multidisciplinary, such as cyber-physical systems. The EE/CS/EECS guys hardly deal with the stuff that mechanical engineers (MechE) deal with, such as thermal analysis, vibration, and fluid mechanics. The EE guys may pull it off if they have taken adequate MechE/physics classes, but still...Parallel computing in the 21st century on the other hand has to be interdisciplinary. You need to deal with networks (ECE/CSE, since packet routing is used in network-on-chips, computer networking, and telecommunications), since nobody can design such a fast processor that can beat today's supercomputers in performance. Period. You need to deal with the software stack (CS program), since programming languages, compilers, and operating systems that don't support parallel computing will limit performance more than those that do. You need to deal with hardware (ECE program), since hardware implementations (from the microarchitectural level down to transistor level) that don't support high-performance computation (not just parallelism) will limit the performance of the processor.If you lack wisdom from synthesizing knowledge and skills across the entire hardware/software/network stack, you will miss out on good opportunities. This is what happens with many companies in the high-tech industry.More importantly, from a highly-bigoted/prejudiced and egoistic perspective, if you don't have a advance degree (preferably a Ph.D., rather than a MS) from an academically rigorous ECE/EECS programs at highly-ranked research universities (preferably from highly-ranked U.S. research universities), it is very hard to gain wisdom across the entire hardware/software/network stack. This is because the milestones of ECE/EECS Ph.D. programs at highly-ranked U.S. research universities will help you build up depth and breadth in ECE/EECS, which helps you deal with the entire hardware/software/network stack better than others.So, if you don't have a good ECE/EECS Ph.D., especially if you are what Glenn Kelman (CEO of Redfin) calls "B-school dingbats" (watch his talks at U Dub's CS department on startup entrepreneurship - CSE colloquium - Colloquium Details), you just don't cut it in the parallel computing business. If your pride is so big (Hey, I'm a Ms./Mr. 0.1-percenter!) that you think everybody else is a bozo (including ECE/EECS Ph.D.s), fine, do whatever you want. However, if you are wise (regardless of your background), you would try to align your business objectives (and perhaps change your business perspectives) with technological trends and the core competence of your high-tech company. This requires you to value R&D, not just software development and IC design but also transformative research that is long-term (typically taking 5-10 years from conception/proof-of-concept to commercialization, or 8-15 years for radical stuff), high-risk and high-reward, and radical. Killing a corporate research lab is sheer stupidity (e.g., Synopsys Advanced Technology Group and Cadence Research Lab) in this regard, especially if the CEO talks about the importance of research/innovation (especially during a recession, so that they can outcompete others when the economy recovers).Next, Clojure was developed by Rich Hickey, who may or may not have been associated with Sun, let alone Sun Labs (or Sun Research Lab). Scala was developed at EPFL. Sun wouldn't be concerned about what others are doing, from a research perspective. From a business point of view, they may have been "missing out." However, technologies (e.g., the compiler and associated IDEs) for Scala and Clojure don't make that much money, and are not that popular - blame the intellectual laziness and cultural traditions (e.g., reluctance to adapt/change and risk adversity) of people, especially outside of North America and Europe. So, talking about Scala and Clojure is completely missing the point.What Sun Labs or Oracle's research lab should be doing is to pursue transformative research across the hardware/software/network stack. This involves looking at: programming paradigms; design patterns; programming languages; compilers; operating systems; models of computation; computer architecture; VLSI design; electronic design automation; high-performance computing (including holistic design of energy-efficient data centers by looking at the design/construction of the buildings containing the data centers, and their geographical location - e.g., near a river or the sea?); and perhaps semiconductor process technology.

What technology can China currently build that Americans can't?The Chinese are proud of their country embarking on a correct development path: a pragmatic and focused path that can improve the lives of the Chinese people wholeheartedly. Today, the path the Chinese leaders have chosen has unknowingly produced a centripetal force for the world, and it has begun to attract more and more international outstanding scientific talents to come to China to work with the Chinese peers. The future of mankind is exploring the secrets of science. China is willing to invest money to support scientists in scientific research while European and American countries worry about too much information and cumbersome procedures. A large number of scientific talents have begun to flow into China.The United States today has long lost the spirit of hard work that it used to have. The United States, which is now accustomed to the status of the world’s leader, is just like the big belly and deep narcissism eagle in the movie "Angry Birds".The American politicians are indulged in all kinds of possibilities. In the trivial matters of showing one's own moral or political superiority, he no longer pursues progress at the overall level of the country. With regard to the rising China, the USA has only used the despicable and shameless practice of a scumbag to bully and suppress.Chinese companies have a great advantage in manufacturing extra large parts in extra large scale. Hydropower and UHV can be cited as the world's best two examples. These are actually not the original creation of Chinese companies, but in those two fields, the Chinese have achieved surpassing and leading.On January 12, 2019, the world's first Baihetan one million kilowatt boutique runner was officially completed at the Baihetan runner processing plant of Dongfang Electric Co., Ltd. of Dongfang Electric Group. The runner is the heart of the hydro-generator unit and is the core component with the most difficult research and development and most manufacturing problems in the unit. Compared with the turbine runners that have been put into operation in the world, the million-kilowatt turbine runner has achieved a historic leap in operating efficiency. China has made the only one such thing in the world.A single Baihetan million hydropower unit is more than 50 meters high and weighs more than 8,000 tons. A unit is equivalent to the weight of an Eiffel Tower. The overall design, hydraulic development, electromagnetic design, high-efficiency cooling technology, thrust bearing technology, high-voltage insulation technology, runner dynamic stress, research and application of high-strength materials, key component manufacturing technology are all world-class difficulty.Just to cite an example-in terms of the hydraulic research and development of the core technology of the unit. For the first time, Dongfang Electric applied the numerical simulation technology of the whole flow channel and the whole working condition to the engineering practice, innovatively developed the hydraulic evaluation standard and the blade thickening technology, and achieve the best match between the strength of the entire flow-through component and the hydraulic performance, the efficiency reaches more than 96%. In the well-known Three Gorges Project, the efficiency of the left bank runner is 94.5%, and the efficiency of the right bank runner is 94.63%.China can build hydropower stations with the largest unit capacity in the world.For human beings to develop, the following three problems: the speed of energy transmission, the speed of material exchange, and the speed of information dissemination must be solved. Why does China have a better future? China is the best in the world in solving those three problems. Compared with developed countries, China’s power grids are not only the largest in scale, but also highly reliable. Both Europe and the United States are regional power grids. Power generation in the region is used in that region only. There is no ultra-large-scale power dispatch like China. Even in Europe and North America, there will also often be large-scale blackouts in their grids.Power outages in Europe and the United States are all technical failures, while power outages in China are due to natural disasters. In addition, China’s population density is much greater than that of Europe and the United States. However, the number of people affected by power grid outages is much lower than that in Europe and the United States. This reflects extremely high technology and management level liabilty. Especially after the heavy snowstorm in 2008, China has further transformed the power grid, which greatly strengthened the monitoring capabilities of the entire network system, which can effectively predict the occurrence of accidents, and can realize that it does not affect other areas after the accident.China’s leadership in power grid technology not only provides a guarantee for the rapid improvement of China’s industry and residents’ living standards, but also created two world-class super companies: State Grid and China Southern Power Grid, which were ranked among the Forbes Global 500 in 2016. In the ranking, China's State Grid Corporation of China ranks second in the world, with revenues of up to 330 billion U.S. dollars and profits of up to 10.2 billion U.S. dollars. It is one of the world's profitable companies. State Grid is not only the second largest company in the world, but also the highest-income company in China. China Southern Power Grid ranks 95th in the world, with revenue of 74.7 billion US dollars and profit of 2.22 billion US dollars.The State Grid has contributed 28 global grid standards, among which the basic technology of the two international standard systems of smart grid and UHV transmission technology comes from the State Grid Corporation. This exceeds Huawei's right to speak in the formulation of communication technology standards.China can design, manufacture and commercialize ±1100 kV converter transformers and converter valves in the world. Among them, the converter transformer comes from TBEA.The distribution of energy resources and power loads in China is extremely uneven. More than 80% of energy resources are distributed in the west and north, while more than 70% of power consumption is concentrated in the east and central. UHV can fundamentally solve the problem of large-capacity and long-distance power transmission. When China Southern Power Grid proposed to study the ±800 kV DC transmission technology, there was a lot of doubt at home and abroad. Even Germany, the United States, South Korea and other power grid technology powers at that time could hardly be concerned about the world-class problem of 800 kV.In June 2006, the Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV UHV DC transmission demonstration project was established. It took only four years to get done. In 2010, the world's first UHV project, Yun-Guang UHV DC project was completed and put into production, creating 32 world class number one items.Since then, several large leading multinational companies have gradually faded out of China's high-voltage and UHV DC market, especially system research, development and design completely were withdrawn from the Chinese market. China is the only country in the world that has the technology and experience to build ultra-large-scale power grids under all complex conditions because there is no such high voltage power grid in foreign countries. The UHV transmission system made by State Grid leads the world from system to core components. It not only leads global standards, but is also the only company in the world to achieve large-scale exports. State Grid exports UHV technology and has no competitors in the market. The new ultra-high voltage DC (UHVDC) line built by Beijing-based State Grid Corporation of China can transmit up to 12 gigawatts.At present, China's UHV not only solves the problem of independence, but also is at the forefront of the world. It has been widely used by emerging countries such as India, Brazil, South Africa and other emerging countries to drive transnational power transmission and power trade, and promote the Chinese power equipment manufacturing industry for an annual growth of 500 billions RMB leading the global competition.The world's first 200,000 kilowatt high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear power plant demonstration project will be loaded in April, and the power generation will be officially put into commercial operation by the end of this year, 2021. The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor has the characteristics of good safety and high outlet temperature and has been recognized by the international nuclear energy community as one of the most promising advanced reactor types. The demonstration project adopts the traditional steam cycle, and the power generation efficiency can reach more than 40%, the highest power generation efficiency at present. The 600,000-kilowatt high-temperature gas-cooled reactor improved version project has completed the program design, and the supercritical version of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor technology research and development is expected to be completed in 2023.The pressure vessel of a nuclear power plant is one of the core components of a nuclear power plant, and the seal is a key component to prevent leakage. The pressure vessel of China's nuclear power plant has been produced nationwide, and the C-shaped seal is designed and manufactured by Zhejiang Tiansheng Sealing Company, one of China's largest static seal production companies.China's coal-to-liquid technology absolutely leads the world. One small part in this huge system is the one-way valve. There was originally only one German company making it. The small valve cost as much as 1.8 million yuan, and the longest life span is only 3 hours.China Hunan Sidi Technology Company developed the one-way valve. The price was only 200,000 yuan, and the life span was more than one year.In the 1990s, aircraft carbon-ceramic brake technology has just emerged in the world, and developed countries have invested heavily in research and development with little success. The development of this product originated from the joint efforts of the preparation technology of ceramic matrix composite materials awarded by Northwestern Polytechnical University National Science and Technology Invention First Prize in 2004 and Xi’an Brake, the core enterprise of the aircraft carbon brakes in China. After 12 years of research and tens of thousands of bench tests, a total of three key technologies have been broken through, 5 major technological inventions have been formed, and 19 nationally authorized invention patents have been obtained. The carbon-ceramic brake disc product jointly developed by Northwestern Polytechnical University and AVIC Xi’an Aviation Brake Technology Co., Ltd. has been equipped in 7 aircraft models in batches recently, making China the first country in the world to use carbon-ceramic brake discs. China's aircraft brake technology now ranks among the world's leading levels.Compared with the previous generation of brake discs, the carbon-ceramic brake disc has a static friction coefficient increased by 1-2 times, wet friction performance attenuation reduced by more than 60%, wear rate reduced by more than 50%, and service life increased by 1-2 times. The production cycle is reduced by 2/3, the production cost is reduced by 1/3, the energy consumption is reduced by 2/3, and the cost performance is increased by 2-3 times. The price is only equivalent to 50%-60% of similar foreign products. It is currently the only material found in the world that can not attenuate various physical properties under a high temperature environment of 1500℃. After the promotion and application, it can save about 300 million yuan in cost for the civil aviation passenger aircraft each year in China. The brake discs have been used in the civil aviation passenger planes such as Xinzhou 60, ARJ21 and C919 in China. ARJ21 has successfully flew 5,000 hours and withstood the initial test of the brake discs made in China.The gongs of symphony orchestras all over the world are hand-made by traditional Chinese craftsmanship. If you look closely, the gongs are crooked and untidy. Such an uneven and bumpy gong sounds the best. Those machine made round and flat ones are not up to the task.The crystal required for high-power ultraviolet lasers has been ahead of the world for about 20 years made in China. It took China 15 years and millions of dollars to develop the world’s first KBe2BO3F2（KBBF） crystal, which was manufactured by a research group led by Academician Chen Chuangtian of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (discovered in 1990). At first, the Chinese researchers were open to provide KBBF crystals worldwide. However, in 2009, China realized the strategic significance of this crystal and immediately stopped exporting.In February, 2016, the United States announced that it had broken through China’s 15-year blockade and produced KBBF crystals. The crystals are used in light emission electron microscopes, ultra-high-power lasers, and are also the core components of lithography machines, the core equipment for the production of CPU chips. The main reason for China's blockade of this technology is its military use. High-power crystals are the core technology of laser directed energy weapons. China is leading foreign countries by a large margin in this field, and its power output exceeds those foreign made by more than one order of magnitude. Because of China’s strict blockade of such technologies and prohibition of export, international research on condensed matter physics has been affected.China becomes the only country in the world that can manufacture practical deep-ultraviolet all-solid-state lasers. However, KBBF contains highly toxic beryllium and its crystal layered growth habit is serious.China has not waited for the United States to catch up in this area. In August, 2015, the Fujian Institute of Physics of China discovered a new type of beryllium-free deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal material LSBO. The newly discovered LSBO crystal is expected to become an excellent candidate material for the next generation of deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystals.Rubik's Cube was first invented by a professor in Hungary and later moved to China for production. However, several domestic companies later improved the Rubik’s Cube, such as fully enclosed, track, jamming, anti-flying edge, …, etc., all invented by the Chinese, and re-applied for patents, making the Rubik’s Cube rotate more smoothly and also it is precisely because of these revolutionary innovations that speed-screw players around the world can continuously refresh their fastest results. So far, China's Rubik's Cube industry has successfully counterattacked, and the high, middle and low ends are all controlled by Chinese companies, and there are no related industries abroad.The interactive electronic whiteboard was originally invented by a Canadian company in 1991 and used for classroom teaching. By 2005, there were no related production industries in China nor application. Two foreign companies, SmartBoard and Prometheus were the mainstream. The price was also a sky-high price, requiring tens of thousands of RMB to buy one. At the time, the two technologies used were pressure-sensitive and electromagnetic.Around 2005, Shenzhen Honghe Technology started the development of interactive electronic whiteboards. Unlike the two major international manufacturers, they took the route of infrared technology. Two years later, they launched their products. When it first came out, it could be described in one word, poor, and various failures continue, which is many times more difficult to use than the foreign ones.However, after another one or two years, the product began to stabilize, and more and more manufacturers joined, including iBoard (domestic manufacturers), Xiamen Yintian, Shenzhen Haiya, ...., etc. The prices have been getting cheaper to just more than one thousand yuan. The related industry chain has been becoming more and more complete. The domestic interactive electronic whiteboard technology competition has also kicked off, mainly for the technology of multipoint writing. In just one or two years, it has been overcome by many companies.Due to backward technology, SmartBoard and Prometheus have been in decline, and in the end they all asked the Chinese domestic companies for OEM production. The current interactive electronic whiteboard, technology and production are 100% controlled by the Chinese domestic manufacturers. This industry has also led to the development of two other related industries.The substrate of the infrared electronic whiteboard cannot be deformed and must have a certain degree of hardness. The Chinese domestic manufacturers initially used various materials and processes, such as wood, cardboard, steel, PVC, ..., etc. In the end, the aluminum honeycomb panels are used. The production of this substrate is currently only produced by the Chinese domestic manufacturers. Foreign companies neither need nor produce this kind of product.Companies that can produce infrared tubes are all over the world, but the infrared tubes used on interactive electronic whiteboards can only be produced in China. Unlike other infrared tubes, the infrared tubes on the infrared whiteboard have special requirements for parameters such as emission angles. Foreign infrared tube manufacturers have never had such a demand, and there is no such customer, even the world’s largest LED manufacturer, Taiwan's Everlight Electronics, also does not have an infrared pair of tubes used on electronic whiteboards.This is also due to the rise of the the Chinese domestic electronic whiteboard industry, domestic infrared tube manufacturers have also continued to compete with the development of this industry. In the end, the ones with the best technology and cost control survive. It is understood that these infrared tube manufacturers were small enterprises with only a few employees a few years ago. However, as China's electronic whiteboard industry dominates the world, these small enterprises have also begun to grow. It is precisely because of the development of related industrial chains that there is no foreign electronic whiteboard industry today and in the future.This industry not only provides a large number of low-end assembly positions in China, but also provides tens of thousands of software and electronic engineer positions, creating huge foreign exchange income for China. The most important thing is that the industry does not produce waste gas or water at all, and thus will not cause any negative impact on the environment.If the United States were to block this industry in China, it would not affect China’s interactive whiteboard industry at all. While this industry earns huge foreign exchange for China, it also makes outstanding contributions to the education development of the world, including American classrooms. All the interactive whiteboards made in China are used worldwide!Xuan paper, also known as Jingxian paper, was originally produced in Jing County, Xuancheng, Anhui Province. It was named after the government of Xuancheng, hence the name Xuan paper. Xuan paper is a high-grade artistic paper mainly used for Chinese brush painting and calligraphy, mounting, rubbing, and watermarking. Japan has tried to steal the trade secret in Xuan paper production since the Qing Dynasty, but still can’t make the copycat product at the same master level as the Chinese.The Chinese have established a super logistics system that can deliver 100 million packages in 3.5 days since 2016. China's JD and Alibaba are both world-class e-commerce companies with the best mobile payment systems making truly purchasing anytime and anywhere a reality. A strong and efficient logistics enterprise system includes major express companies with extremely high operational efficiency, as well as smart warehouses based on big data and automation. Alibaba's Cainiao Logistics has built a nationwide smart warehouse network. Cainiao’s logistics centers across the country have realized the connection with Tmall and Taobao’s big data on Alibaba Cloud, realizing a highly intelligent delivery system immediately after an order was placed.Once the materials and shipment are out of the warehouse, there must be a strong transportation infrastructure to transport them. This includes a nationwide airport network, a nationwide highway system, and a nationwide high-speed rail network. The material carrying capacity of the aircraft is completely incomparable with the high-speed rail. The Chinese high-speed railway, extremely-cold region railway, plateau railway, and heavy-haul railway technology have entered the world's advanced ranks. The construction technology of the super long and wide bridge and tunnel reaches the world advanced level. A group of the Chinese high-performance railway equipment and technologies with independent intellectual property rights represented by high-speed trains and high-power locomotives have reached the world's advanced level, and some have reached the world's leading level. The Chinese also own the world's leading technology for offshore deep-water port construction, giant estuary channel regulation technology, long river section channel system regulation technology, and large-scale airport engineering construction technology. The manufacturing technology of large-scale specialized terminal loading and unloading equipment, marine machinery special ships, and complete sets of container equipment is world-leading. Sorting technologies such as postal optical character recognition (OCR), video complement, and code address verification are at the world's leading level.China has the most complete domestic communication network in the world. The system built by three state-owned companies covers 99.7% of the national both rural and urban population.Consumer drones made in China are the top world class exceptional. In the top level of scientific research on consumer drones, the Chinese are also world leaders.China currently can build rapidly a very large unprecedented world class high-speed railroad system with an extra large scale modern ticket system and signal control system that Americans can't.China has unveiled the prototype for its sleek new magnetic levitation (maglev) train. Its makers say it will be capable of traveling at speeds of 600km/h (about 372 miles/hour).China unveils 600km/h maglev train prototypeA new floating bullet train capable of hitting speeds of 600 kilometers per hour (about 372 miles/hour) is one step closer to reality in China.https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/china-highspeed-maglev-prototype/index.htmlChina's new maglev is all set to go into commercial production in 2021.The world's first quantum science experimental satellite named Micius was successfully sent to space by Chinese scientists on August 16, 2016, because this not only means that China is at the forefront of quantum physics, a discipline that can open the door to the new world, the future of mankind.Is China the Leader in Quantum Communications?Chinese scientists have built two major quantum infrastructure projects, and the race is on to take the next step. (Inside Science) -- On Sept. 29, 2017, in Beijing, as physicist Jian-Wei Pan laid his hand on a ceremonial glass globe, the first long-distance quantum communication landline came online, connecting the capital city of China with the coastal city of Shanghai over a distance of more than 1,200 miles. For quantum physicists and tech geeks around the world, it was a day for celebration. But China wasn’t done yet. On the same day in Vienna, Austria, Pan’s former doctoral advisor Anton Zeilinger received a video call from his colleagues in China. This was no ordinary Skype chat -- it was the first quantum-encrypted video call, made possible by the Chinese quantum communication satellite known as Micius. The two feats were hailed as major achievements by scientists and the news media around the world. To understand the importance, you first need to know: What exactly is quantum communication? The short answer is that it is a new and supersecure way to communicate or exchange data. It has been called a potential game-changer during a time when cybersecurity and privacy have become a constant concern for individuals, companies and governments. For the long answer, you’ll need to understand a little bit about a bizarre quantum phenomenon called entanglement first. Quantum communications for dummies Although so-called hack-proof quantum communication sounds like the stuff of science fiction, the operating principle has actually been known for quite some time. In 1982, the scientists William Wootters and Wojciech Zurek , and Dennis Dieks first articulated the "no-cloning theorem," which states that quantum information carried by particles such as photons cannot be replicated exactly. That means that if we can somehow transmit data as quantum information, there is no way for a hacker to secretly listen in. The idea works this way: In quantum communication, two users directly share pairs of particles in a so-called entangled state, meaning their quantum properties are linked. Think of the pairs, which are most often photons, as pairs of candies with matching flavors. The pairs are generated in a random order and the ones that are successfully shared between the sender and the receiver will then spell out a secret phrase -- lemon, cherry, grape, cherry -- used to encrypt a subsequent data transmission. Since the only way to "detect" the flavor of the candy is to eat it, any candies that have been "detected" by a hacker are automatically omitted from the key phase, making it impossible for a hacker to eavesdrop. People have long known that quantum communication was possible, but the Chinese were the first to actually build large scale infrastructure for the task, said Tim Spiller, the director for the U.K. Quantum Technology Hub for Quantum Communications, an ongoing multi-institutional program in the U.K. Indeed, smaller scale quantum communicatiohttps://www.insidescience.org/news/china-leader-quantum-communicationsIn the process of building an all-superconducting Tokamak Nuclear Fusion Experimental Device (EAST), the Chinese scientists and engineers have developed more than 60 key technologies. 90% of the required superconducting, low-temperature and other cutting-edge materials are researched on their own. It is trial-produced step by step in the workshop of the factory. From superconducting materials, superconducting joints, superconducting wiring to large-scale magnet systems, after about 20 years of continuous efforts, China now has the world's advanced superconducting technology.Not long ago, the Pole Field No. 6 coil (PF6) with an outer diameter of more than 11 meters and a total weight of more than 400 tons passed the final acceptance test at the site of the French International Thermonuclear Fusion Experimental Reactor. PF6, developed by the Hefei Institute of Material Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is currently the heaviest and most technically difficult superconducting magnet in the world. The Chinese have spent 6 years in independent research and development of PF6.The Chinese scientist named Wang Nianshuang is currently engaged in research in the United States. He designed the stabilization of the coronavirus spike protein (S-2P) by adding two proline mutations, which provides an important structural biology basis for the precise design of mRNA vaccines, and this technology is now widely used, including Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Modena, Novavacs and many other companies in the development of new crown vaccines, may also be used in the development of more vaccines in the future.Wang Nianshuang first started studying the coronavirus in 2013, when he was still studying for a PhD in Tsinghua University. In September 2012, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) epidemic broke out with a fatality rate of more than 50%, causing widespread concern worldwide. He and his dissertation advisor, Professor Wang Xinquan, began to study the mechanism of MERS virus invading cells, and screened out antibodies that have high-efficiency neutralization ability against MERS virus RBD.In 2014, Wang Nianshuang, who graduated from Tsinghua University, joined the newly established laboratory of American scientist Jason McClellan at Dartmouth College. An important project of the laboratory is the cooperation with the vaccine research and development center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop a vaccine against the new coronavirus, and Wang Nianshuang’s task is to find a way to stabilize the spike protein of the coronavirus, which is also a key target for vaccine development.However, what he did not expect was that after experiencing the extreme excitement of the successful experiment, this ground-breaking achievement did not receive the pre-expected favor at the time. Five top authoritative journals in the world even rejected to publish his paper.After obtaining the new coronavirus sequence in January, 2020, Wang Nianshuang and his colleagues quickly carried out further research on the basis of previous research. In February, 2020, they resolved the structure of the stabilized new coronavirus S protein at the fastest speed. For this reason, the development of new crown diagnostic reagents, vaccines and drugs has provided key information, and has been quickly applied to vaccine trials of pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Modena, and Johnson & Johnson.In other words, the reason why Pfizer and other pharmaceutical companies' vaccines can be successfully developed and approved within a year is based on the hard work of scientists such as Wang Nianshuang in the past few years. China is a major vaccine country and the fastest growing country in the industry. New technology routes for vaccines such as mRNA and viral vectors have also been established. If continuous investment in basic research and development is possible in the future, China's overall vaccine technology is expected to be upgraded to a higher level, and it will be more confident to participate in international competition.After this new crown epidemic, China's vaccine may be further recognized by the international community. Especially in developing countries, the trust will be greatly improved. Wang Nianshuang hopes to return to China when he has a better accumulation and participate in the process of China's biomedicine industrialization.WebinarsStructure, Function, and Antigenicity of Cornonavirus S Proteins 冠状病毒S蛋白的结构，功能和抗原性 Sat, March 7, 2020 @ 9-10 pm, EST Sun, March 8, 2020 @ 10-11 am, Beijing Timehttps://chineseantibody-dev.org/webinar-test.htmlA country with the second highest level of technology in the world must have a large number of unique technologies; otherwise, how can it be the only country that is likely to challenge the United States? The partial story described above is meant to provide people a bit information on the Chinese achievemnets.More is available until next time.