Poplar Road Elementary School: Fill & Download for Free

People have lived in the Thames valley for as long as humans have inhabited the British Isles. However, while archaeologists have discovered the remains of several small Iron Age villages in the region now covered by London, they have not (so far) found any trace of large or fortified settlements which could have served as a tribal capital -- the closest such town is at Ilford in Essex. This suggests that in Celtic times the Thames was the boundary between rival tribes rather than being the heartland of a kingdom, so the population was limited.As such, the history of London as a city begins with the Romans.The purple-red arrow on the right shows the initial Roman invasionThe Romans invaded Britain in 43 CE with an army of 40,000 men. They landed in Kent and defeated the British tribes there, then advanced over the River Thames into Essex, where they won a further victory. The new city of Camulodunum (modern Colchester in Essex) was established as the capital of the newly-conquered Roman province. From this base the Romans pushed out on a broad front, gradually subduing the tribes in the rest of England and Wales.The River Thames formed a geographical barrier to Roman expansion and administration, but also an opportunity. It is Great Britain's second-largest river, running roughly west to east, and cuts off the south coast (with its ports connecting to the rest of Roman Europe) from the rest of the country. It soon became clear to the Romans that a permanent bridge over the river was essential to the swift movement of their troops and supplies. On the other hand, the river also allowed ships to sail up into the heartland of Britain.In those days the Thames was significantly wider than it is now, but shallower, and surrounded by marshes and tidal mudflats. However, Roman scouts discovered a place where a low gravel hill rose up on the north bank of the river, causing the stream to narrow before widening out again. This would be a good place to construct a bridge. Before long, multiple roads leading from the south coast ports converged on the bridge, passing over raised causeways through the swamps. On the north side of the bridge the roads fanned out again, leading to the rest of Roman Britain.As an added bonus, the river was navigable to sea-going ships as far upstream as the bridge, and to smaller boats above it. This meant that the location of the new bridge was also an ideal place for a port.The Thames in pre-Roman timesTo protect the new bridge, road junction and docks from British rebels or marauding bandits, the Romans built a fort on the gravel hill overlooking the river, and stationed a permanent garrison of troops there. As often happened when the Romans built a fort, civilians soon settled in the area as well, to sell their goods and services to the soldiers and to benefit from their protection while they conducted their own business.Archaeology suggests that the first permanent Roman bridge was constructed about 50 CE, seven years after the initial Roman invasion, though there was probably a temporary wooden structure there earlier. The settlement was established roughly in the region of what it now Lombard Street. The Romans called it Londinium, a name of unknown origin though probably based on a Brythonic term for the location.This first settlement of London lasted about ten years before being destroyed. Queen Boudica of the Iceni tribe led a massive revolt of the Britons against the Romans, which destroyed several of the new Roman cities in southern Britain -- including Londinium. The inhabitants were massacred and the town burned to the ground. This was in either 60 or 61 CE.Victorian-era statue of Boudica in London. (Her name should be pronounced ‘boe-di-ka’ not ‘boo-di-ka’, incidentally.)However, London's strategic location was too valuable to allow the site to be abandoned. Soon after Boudica's army was defeated, the Romans returned to London and began reconstruction. A large new forum and a three-story-high basilica (or civic centre) were constructed in about 70 CE, and later expanded. At some point during the next 30 years the Roman governor of Britain moved his headquarters to London, making it the capital of the province and leading to even further expansion.By the time Emperor Hadrian visited London in 122 CE, the city had a population of around 60,000 people and was one of the largest settlements in the Roman Empire north of the Alps. It had all the amenities of a Roman city including an amphitheatre, bathhouses, and piped water.Roman London at its height c 200 CE. The top of the picture is looking south-east.The last half of the 2nd century was troubled by civil war and barbarian raids, and in about 200 CE a defensive wall was built around London. This was a massive undertaking: a 6 metre high wall, 3 metres wide and 3200 metres long, with five gates and 22 defensive towers. The wall would remain in use as a defensive fortification for more than a thousand years afterwards; today only a few traces remain.Under the later Roman Empire London converted to Christianity: there is a record of a Bishop of London attending a Church conference in 314 CE. Economic decline and continued military unrest led to the population falling from its 2nd century peak, and there is archaeological evidence of outlying districts of the city being abandoned and falling to ruin.When the Roman legions abandoned Britain at the start of the 5th century, London did not long survive. We don't know exactly what happened or when, but by the year 500 London was effectively an uninhabited ruin. The city walls still stood, but they enclosed only overgrown rubble cut by cow-paths swinging around the larger ruins. It is possible that a church dedicated to St Paul remained intact and maintained by an isolated community of monks.In 595 Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine as a missionary to convert the English; his plan was for Augustine to become the Archbishop of London if he succeeded, since the preserved historical records in Rome still spoke of London as the capital of Britain. But when Augustine arrived he discovered that London was no longer there: and instead he had to set up his headquarters in Canterbury, capital of the kingdom of Kent and largest town in the region. Which is why even today the head of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury and there is no Archbishop of London.At some point thereafter, an Anglo-Saxon settlement was established at London,. However, strangely enough this was not built inside the Roman walls, but upstream from them, in the area which is now Aldwych and the Strand. Indeed, the modern street-name Aldwych derives from the Anglo-Saxon term Ealdwic meaning 'Old Settlement'; while 'Strand' means 'beach' or 'riverbank', indicating that in those days the Thames was much wider and the water reached as far as the Strand; nowadays the street is 200 metres from the riverbank.Approximate site of Lundenwic, west of the Roman wallsThe new town was known as Lundenwic in Anglo-Saxon (as noted before, 'wic' meant 'settlement'). It was a trading port, where ships would row up the Thames estuary, past the ruins of old Roman London, and beach on the Strand where they would sell their goods. The historian Bede, writing in about 730, described London as 'an emporium' where merchants came from many nations by land and sea to trade with each other. However, the city was not politically important, and there are no traces of any impressive stone buildings: it was an unwalled town of wood and thatch.In the 840s and 850s this wealthy but vulnerable town was, naturally, the subject of Viking attacks. For the third time, it seems, London was destroyed and abandoned. The very existence of Saxon Lundenwic upstream from the City of London was forgotten by historians until rediscovered in the 1980s.King Alfred the Great of Wessex defeated the Vikings, and in the 880s recaptured the area of London. Part of his plan for reconquest was to establish fortified towns, or burhs, along the borders of his realm; these would provide safety to the settlers and a barrier to Viking invasion. (The Anglo-Saxon word burh has survived in modern placenames as -borough or -burgh.)London was chosen as the site of one of these burhs, and Alfred ordered the settlers to re-occupy and repair the old Roman walls. The defenceless settlement of Lundenwic outside the walls was thus abandoned rather than being restored. In 886 Alfred appointed his son-in-law, Ealdorman Æthelred of Mercia, as governor of the newly-refounded city of London.London, or 'Lunden' as it was known in Old English (also sometimes as Lundenceaster, Lundenburh and Lundentún), flourished under the kings of Wessex and Anglo-Saxon England -- though it was not their capital. Insofar as the concept of 'capital city' is even meaningful in the early Middle Ages, the capital would be Winchester.A new bridge was built, either by Alfred or by Æthelred the Unready, on the site of the old Roman bridge. However, this bridge was destroyed by a new Viking invasion in 1014 -- an event still allegedly commemorated in song. (In fact, the nursery rhyme 'London Bridge is Falling Down' can only be reliably dated to 1636, six hundred years and several bridges after the destruction.) In addition, a cathedral dedicated to St Paul was built (or rebuilt) in the city: King Æthelred would be buried there.Not so much ‘falling down’ as being pulled downEdward the Confessor devoted much attention to London. He built a large new monastery (or 'minster') on an island in the river just to the west of London, which he accordingly named West-mynster. More importantly, he constructed a palace next to it, and spent much time in residence there. London, or rather Westminster, was becoming a seat of government again, as it had not been since Roman times.For this reason, William the Conqueror saw London as an important objective during his invasion of England in 1066. After winning the Battle of Hastings he marched on London, but was unable to force a crossing over the Thames. He therefore marched upstream, subduing opposition as he went, and finally crossed the river at Wallingford in Berkshire. He then swung around in a wide loop heading back towards London, and the remaining Anglo-Saxon nobles surrendered to him. He entered London in triumph and on Christmas Day 1066 was crowned as King of the English in Westminster Abbey.This is actually Harold’s coronation, not William’sMediaeval London flourished. Its population was little more than 10,000 when the Normans arrived; within two centuries it had surpassed the Roman city of Londinium, with 80,000 inhabitants -- though half of them died in the Black Death. William the Conqueror built the Tower of London to maintain control over the city. In 1176 Henry II began construction of a stone bridge over the Thames to replace the previous wooden structures: it took 33 years to build (finished in 1209) and would remain in use (although increasingly dilapidated and unsafe) until 1831, when it was demolished and replaced by a New London Bridge 30 metres away.London's wealth was founded on trade: it was a major port as well as a nexus of land communications. Mediaeval kings spent an increasing amount of their time at Westminster; King Henry II established permanent law courts there and King John moved the royal treasury there as well. By the late Middle Ages Parliament was regularly meeting there. The arrival of the royal court and all the attendant nobles was a boost to London's economy, since they needed accommodation, food and entertainment for themselves and their hosts of retainers and hangers-on.During the 12th century London became self-governing, with a council of Aldermen who chose a Lord Mayor each year, and had the right to make their own laws. King John confirmed these privileges in the Magna Carta. London's guilds exercised great political power: only their members (perhaps a quarter of the city's adult male population) could engage in skilled crafts or own their own businesses, and they were the ones who elected the aldermen and mayor.Mediaeval London, still mostly inside the old Roman wallsThe idea that the king needs permission to enter the City of London is a myth, but one which reflects the great power of the city's government in bygone days. As the single largest payer of taxes and source of loans to the Crown, they were naturally the people that he least wanted to annoy or drive into rebellion. London was a key target in the various civil wars of the Middle Ages, not to mention a player in its own right.The main reason why Matilda daughter of Henry I never became Queen of England is because the citizens of London took up arms against her in 1141, even after she had defeated the armies of King Stephen and captured the King himself. Matilda was forced to flee the city just as she was planning her coronation; and then Stephen's wife (also, confusingly, named Matilda) raised an army of Londoners, defeated Matilda in battle near Winchester, and after some negotiations rescued her husband from captivity.In geographic terms, London was still for the most part confined within the old city walls; though once it reached double the population of Roman times but within the same land area the area became decidedly cramped, with narrow streets and multi-storey buildings. Docks and quays were built all along the waterfront. Gradually these extended the shoreline further south as successive builders sought to reach deeper water.Westminster, 3 km to the west, was still a separate city separated from London itself by open fields. There was also the suburb of Southwark on the south bank of the River Thames, around the end of the bridge. Southwark was home to the city's bathhouses, brothels and other disreputable establishments; ironically, most of the land was owned by the Bishop of Winchester (and 'winchester goose' became London slang for a prostitute).Built in 1209, London Bridge remained in use until 1831By the end of the Middle Ages London's population had recovered to its pre-Black Death level of 80,000 or so. In 1500 it's estimated that 4% of England's population lived in London. The city doubled in size under Queen Elizabeth, reaching 250,000 by 1600. By 1700, the population would be over 500,000 and 10% of the country's population -- and that despite devastating plagues which reoccurred at regular intervals and the Great Fire of 1666. People in their tens of thousands headed to London, like Dick Whittington, to seek their fortune. (The historical Whittington became Lord Mayor of London in 1397, but there's no evidence of him ever owning a cat, and he came from a minor gentry family.)Under the Tudors London began to spill out from inside the old city walls. Southwark grew in size and importance (and was the home of Shakespeare's Globe theatre) and new suburbs sprang up to the north and east of the city. Most significant, however, was the development of the West End, the land between London 'proper' and Westminster. Its proximity to the royal courts and palaces meant that nobles and gentry, lawyers and civil servants chose this area as their home: property values were high and the buildings elaborate.Tudor London, starting to spread beyond the wallsThe Stuarts continued and encouraged this trend: James I boasted, in an echo of Emperor Augustus, that he found London a city of sticks and would leave it a city of brick. In 1613 an artificial waterway, the New River, was built to supply fresh water to the city. It was 62 km long and delivered 2.5 cubic metres of water per second; the King provided half the capital for its construction. The architect Inigo Jones was commissioned as Surveyor of the King's Works and designed many notable buildings, including the original Covent Garden in 1630. The design, with terraces of finely-built houses arranged around a large central square, was based on Italian models, and was the inspiration for many more residential squares in London.London played a vital role in the First English Civil War of 1642-46. It was the stronghold of the Parliamentary faction, and the source of much of their wealth and manpower. When King Charles led troops into the Houses of Parliament to arrest the leaders of the opposition, they escaped by boat down the Thames to the City of London, which was fervently anti-royalist and gave them shelter. Five days later, fearing riots by the London mob, Charles abandoned the city and fled north.He then raised an army to try and reconquer London. His first attempt in 1642 failed because London's citizen militia, the Trained Bands, turned out in force to block his path. The following year Charles tried again, with a three-pronged offensive converging on London, but this failed to get even as close as 1642's attack. By 1644 Charles was on the defensive; in 1645 his main army was destroyed, and 1646 saw mopping-up operations. Charles finally returned to his capital only as a prisoner, to face trial and execution. He was beheaded on 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting Hall in Westminster.The fortifications built around London during the Civil WarLondon would not be directly touched by war again until 1915, but it still saw devastation. The plague of 1665 killed 70,000 residents of the city, who were buried in mass communal graves -- 'plague pits' -- on the outskirts of London. The following year the Great Fire destroyed 13,000 houses and 87 churches.However, once again the city recovered. Elaborate plans to rebuild London from the ground up with a brand-new street plan were abandoned as impractical, but the city council did enforce that all the new replacement houses must be built of brick or stone, not timber. Streets were widened, new public works put in hand, and the architect Sir Christopher Wren was put in charge of rebuilding 52 churches, including a replacement for the mediaeval St Paul's Cathedral, which was completed in 1710 at a cost of £1 million in the currency of the time.Great Fire of London 1666During the 18th century London doubled in size yet again, to 900,000 people in 1801 and over a million by 1811. London became the largest city in Europe before 1700; it would become the largest in the world in around 1825, a position it would hold for the next century.The increased population naturally led to the city expanding its area as well. The West End continued to attract the wealthy; not only due to its proximity to Westminster, but because of the prevailing wind. The fuel of choice for heating and cooking was now coal, shipped down the coast from Newcastle. With going on for a million people burning coal in their fireplaces, the air quality declined sharply. Since the wind usually blew from west to east, anyone who could afford it bought property on the west side of town. The poor, meanwhile, moved to cheaper houses in the East End.By the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th, London had some of the worst slums in the world -- but in many cases these were remarkably small and compact in size. You might be walking down a perfectly respectable residential street, turn the wrong corner, and find yourself in a pit of human misery -- decrepit, tumble-down houses with multiple families crammed into each single room, unpaved streets with raw sewage running down the middle, and everything blackened with soot from the ubiquitous coal fires. The inhabitants of such 'rookeries', as they were called, mostly had to make a living out of crime, begging and prostitution.Map of Westminster in 1889. Black denotes the worst slums, blue is working-class, red middle-class and yellow wealthy housing. Westminster Abbey is in the top right corner of the map.As Britain became a wealthy imperial power, there was a desire to turn London into a suitably impressive capital. Many parks were laid out, to give urban dwellers a taste of greenery: Regent's Park, named after George the Prince Regent, was begun in 1811, and had a sweeping ceremonial road (Regent Street) leading to it from the heart of the city. The development of Trafalgar Square began in 1826. The Thames Embankment, designed to reclaim the marshy land along the river bank and turn it into a grand esplanade, was planned in 1842, but work was delayed and did not begin until 1862.Regent Street in its early daysLondon was a commercial city rather than an industrial one -- what industry there was tended to directly support the local population and its needs, such as brick-making factories, newspaper printers, and breweries. However, the docks flourished, handling thousands of ships every year; and in the 19th century they were greatly extended to allow for larger ships. Inland communication was also improved: the Grand Junction Canal completed in 1805 allowed goods to be transported by water all the way from the Midlands; five years after its opening it was handling over 340,000 tons of cargo per year.In 1838 the London and Birmingham Railway began running trains into its station at Euston. The Great Western Railway opened its station at Paddington the same year, though the through route to Bristol was not completed until 1841. By the 1850s London had multiple railway termini around its fringes, all owned by separate companies. It was too expensive to demolish enough buildings to run track into the city centre, so there was no London Central Station. However, an innovative solution was found to the problem: build an underground railway. The Metropolitan Line was built to connect Paddington, Euston and King's Cross stations to the City. Fundraising began in 1852 and the first trains ran in 1863: the company carried 9.5 million passengers in its first year of operation. More underground railways followed.People were very glad when the London Underground switched to using electric instead of steam locomotives.The 19th century saw the first efforts to clean up the city. In 1854 the doctor John Snow was the first to establish that the deadly disease cholera was spread by contaminated water, and was able to trace an outbreak of the disease in London to a specific water pump in Soho. The late 1850s saw major investment in modern water supply and sewage systems. However, the problem of polluted air, and the famous 'London fogs' (which were actually mostly coal smoke) would not be solved until the Clean Air Act of 1956 banned coal fires in certain areas.After several centuries of peace, war came back to London on 30 May 1915, during the First World War. Two German Zeppelins set out to bomb the city; one turned back but the second, LZ 38 under Captain Linnarz, dropped about 120 small incendiary bombs onto the East London suburbs. There were 42 casualties (seven killed), and seven properties were burned down. Three-year-old Elsie Leggatt was the first London victim of aerial bombing, burned to death in her home in Stoke Newington.Further raids were mounted against London; but Zeppelins proved to be very vulnerable to weather conditions, and often went off course and bombed other cities instead. Total casualties were small, certainly by the standards of later wars: 181 people in the UK were killed by air raids in 1915. The raids nevertheless caused much fear and anger among the civilian population, and demands for air defences to be put in place.This picture was actually taken post-war. It is a German airship, though.In 1917 the Germans supplemented their airship bombing force by the deployment of twin-engined aircraft to bomb London. The first attack on the city took place on 13 June 1917: 162 people were killed, including 18 children who died when their elementary school in Poplar, East London, was hit by a bomb. Further raids followed. In total, 667 Londoners were killed and 1,936 injured during the war.The experience was repeated during the Second World War to even greater extent. Between October 1940 and May 1941 London was hit by 71 bombing raids, killing around 20,000 civilians and destroying over a million houses.Same place, a decade or so later.The city rebuilt, once again, when the war was over. Controversial green belt policies deliberately limited urban sprawl by preventing building in a ring of countryside around the city. The docks, once the busiest in the world, were progressively shut down as cargo ships became simply too big to fit into the Thames. A flood barrier was built across the river in 1984 to prevent rising sea levels from drowning the city.A change often commented on is that London has become a much more multi-ethnic city. A total of 107 different languages are spoken by the population (the most common first languages, in order, are English, Polish, Bengali, Gujarati and French). London has always had a minority population: a charity called the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was set up back in 1786, to provide food and medical care to 'Blacks in Distress'. Some of these people were freed slaves, others were refugees from North America where the newly-independent United States had tried to re-impose slavery on them. Many, however, were former sailors who had signed on with British ships overseas, and retired from the sea when they reached port in London.This black community, which may have numbered as many as 10,000 people (1% of the population), actually decreased in numbers over the 19th century through assimilation; there was no taboo against intermarriage between the races in Britain, and no 'one-drop rule' insisting that people with even a trace of African ancestry were black. However, to balance this there was a small but steady inflow of immigrants from the same source -- former sailors leaving their ships at the London docks -- but they were more likely to be Asian in origin. Caribbean immigration began after the Second World War, followed by immigration from the Indian subcontinent in the 1960s, and from eastern Europe in the 2000s.Notting Hill Carnival 2017Today London is, if you believe Fox News, a hellhole where Sharia patrols roam the streets and the police fear to tread. If you believe others, it's a bubble of over-privileged, rich elitists who all work in the City and know nothing about everyday life. Despite the criticisms, 81% of Londoners say they are proud of their city.

There are many places to learn Native languages. You might want to choose a language that has a large number of active speakers. Learning a language only in class is hard. The Navajo has the largest number at about 175,000 speakers out of 300,000 but there are quite a few others that have a large percentage of speakers even if the population numbers are low. For example the Crow or Zuni. Many Universities in areas with large tribal populations offer very good language instruction. I know that Northern Arizona University and U of New Mexico and University of Washington offer instruction. There are new immersion programs in some places and preschools, elementary schools and high schools. Many tribes have websites with language learning resources and some sponsor classes. Rosetta Stone Endangered languages project has Navajo, Mohawk, Inuttitut, Chitimacha, and Inupiaq in their comptor based classes. There are also many textbooks, workbooks, dictionaries, tapes, cds and other methods. Many community colleges in these areas do too for example; Coconino Community College. There are also many Tribal colleges and many have language classes. Here is a list of the 36 that do:Ilisagvik CollegeP.O. Box 749Barrow, Alaska 99723907-852-3333Toll-free (Alaska only): 1-800-478-7337fax: 907-852-2729webspace.ilisagvik.cc/Diné CollegeP. O. Box 126Tsaile, AZ 86556928-724-6671fax: 928-724-3327www.dinecollege.eduTohono O'odham Community CollegeP.O. Box 3129Sells, AZ 85634520-383-8401fax: 520-383-8403www.tocc.cc.az.usHaskell Indian Nations University155 Indian AvenueP. O. Box 5030Lawrence, KS 66046-4800785-749-8479fax: 785-749-8411www.haskell.eduBay Mills Community College12214 West Lakeshore DriveBrimley, MI 49715906-248-3354fax: 906-248-3351www.bmcc.eduKeweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College111 Beartown Rd, PO Box 519Baraga, Michigan 49908906.353.4600fax: 906.353.8107www.kbocc.orgSaginaw Chippewa Tribal College2284 Enterprise DriveMount Pleasant, MI 48858989-775-4123fax: 989-772-4528www.sagchip.eduFond du Lac Tribal and Community College2101 14th StreetCloquet, MN 55720-2964218-879-0800fax: 218-879-0814www.fdltcc.eduLeech Lake Tribal CollegeRt. 3, Box 100Cass Lake, MN 56633218-335-4200fax: 218-335-4215lltc.eduWhite Earth Tribal and Community College210 Main Street SouthP. O. Box 478Mahnomen, MN 56557218-935-0417fax: 218-935-0423www.wetcc.orgBlackfeet Community CollegeP. O. Box 819Browning, MT 59417406-338-7755fax: 406-338-3272www.bfcc.orgChief Dull Knife CollegeP. O. Box 98Lame Deer, MT 59043406-477-6215fax: 406-477-6219www.cdkc.edu/Fort Belknap CollegeP. O. Box 159Harlem, MT 59526406-353-2607fax: 406-353-2898www.fbcc.edu/Fort Peck Community CollegeP. O. Box 398Poplar, MT 59255406-768-6300fax: 406-768-5552www.fpcc.eduLittle Big Horn CollegeP. O. Box 370Crow Agency, MT 59022406-638-3100 (main number)fax: 406-638-3169www.lbhc.eduSalish Kootenai CollegeP. O. Box 117Pablo, MT 59855406-275-4800fax: 406-275-4801www.skc.eduStone Child CollegeRR1, Box 1082Box Elder, MT 59521406-395-4875fax: 406-395-4836http://www.stonechild.eduNebraska Indian Community CollegeCollege HillP. O. Box 428Macy, NE 68039402-837-5078fax: 402-837-4183www.thenicc.eduLittle Priest Tribal CollegeP. O. Box 270Winnebago, NE 68071402-878-2380fax: 402-878-2355http://www.littlepriest.edu/Navajo Technical CollegeP. O. Box 849Crownpoint, NM 87313505-786-4100fax: 505-786-5644www.navajotech.eduInstitute of American Indian Arts83 Avan Nu Po RoadSanta Fe, NM 87505505-424-2300fax: 505-424-0050www.iaia.edu/Southwestern Indian Polytechnic InstituteP. O. Box 101469169 Coors Road, NWAlbuquerque, NM 87184505-346 2347fax: 505-346-2343www.sipi.eduCankdeska Cikana (Little Hoop) Community CollegeP. O. Box 269Fort Totten, ND 58335701-766-4415fax: 701-766-4077www.littlehoop.edu/Fort Berthold Community College220 Eighth Avenue NorthP. O. Box 490New Town, ND 58763701-627-4738fax: 701-627-3609www.fortbertholdcc.eduSitting Bull College1341 92nd StreetFort Yates, ND 58538701-854-3861fax: 701-854-3403www.sittingbull.eduTurtle Mountain Community CollegeP. O. Box 340Belcourt, ND 58316701-477-7862fax: 701-477-7807www.turtle-mountain.cc.nd.usUnited Tribes Technical College3315 University DriveBismarck, ND 58504701-255-3285fax: 701-530-0605www.uttc.eduCollege of the Muskogee Nation600 N MissionOkmulgee, OK 74447918-758-1480fax: 918.293.5313www.mvsktc.orgComanche Nation College1608 SW 9th StreetLawton, OK 73501580.591,0203fax: 580.353.7075www.cnc.cc.ok.usOglala Lakota College490 Piya Wiconi RoadKyle, SD 57752605-455-6022fax: 605-455-6023www.olc.eduSinte Gleska UniversityP. O. Box 409Rosebud, SD 57570605-856-5880fax: 605-856-5401www.sintegleska.eduSisseton Wahpeton CollegeP. O. Box 689Sisseton, SD 57262605/698-3966fax: 605/698-3132www.swc.tc/Northwest Indian College2522 Kwina RoadBellingham, WA 98226360-676-2772fax: 360-738-0136www.nwic.eduCollege of Menominee NationP. O. Box 1179Keshena, WI 54135715-799-5600fax: 715-799-1308www.menominee.eduLac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa Community College13466 West Trepania RdHayward, WI 54843715-634 4790fax: 715-634-5049www.lco.eduWind River Tribal CollegeP.O. Box 8300Ethete, WY 82520307.335.8243fax: 307.335.8148www.wrtribalcollege.com