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May not be on point for this question but the role of hypnosis in Freud’s work is fascinating. “While studying, Freud attended a performance of Hansen the “magnetist”, which made a profound impression on him and convinced him of the existence of a genuine hypnotic state (Freud, 1925/1959, p.16). He subsequently spent four months at the Salpêtrière hospital during 1885-6, where Charcot was conducting his studies of hypnotism. Freud was impressed with clinical demonstrations that hysterical paralyses could be reproduced by hypnotic suggestion. In 1890, Freud traveled to Nancy to meet Charcot’s rival, Hippolyte Bernheim, whom he observed using hypnosis to treat patients, many of whom suffered from organic diseases (Ellenberger, 1970, p.87). Back in Vienna, Freud’s close friend Joseph Breuer was regressing in time hysterical patients under hypnosis to trace the origin of their symptoms and evoke normally inaccessibleAmerican Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 44:1, July 2001Copyright 2001 by the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis37In this paper we examine Freud’s life and thinking, based on his collected works, and reevaluate some of his ideas in the light of various aspects of contemporary hypnosis research. Although Freud has often been blamed for simplistic thinking about hypnosis and for its eclipse during the opening decades of this century, his writings reveal a rich theory of hypnosis and a frank acknowledgement of the debt psychoanalytic theory and practice owe to it. Even though he abandoned hypnosis as a clinical tool, Freud maintained a theoretical interest in the subject and in many respects anticipated issues in current research. Whereas his emphasis on the hypnotist’s skill may have been exaggerated, his insights concerning attention, social expectations, group dynamics, reality testing, and the relationship between hypnosis and sleep have been borne out by empirical investigations.memories (Freud, 1893/1966, p.149). A strong emotional reaction to forgotten traumas would often eliminate their symptoms. Breuer’s use of hypnosis to simultaneously investigate and treat hysteria (Freud, 1924/1961, p.194), as with the famous Anna O. (Freud, 1925/1959, p.20), further strengthened Freud’s view of hypnosis as a legitimate and useful therapeutic tool.” http://www.asch.net/portals/0/journallibrary/articles/ajch-44/bachner.pdf

Q. Do I need to have a talent like music or drawing beside MCAT to get into medical school?A. The following are what medical college admission committees look for in candidates. First article is from the American Association of Medical Colleges. The second from the University of Minnesota. It is what you do with the talents that you have that matter.How Medical Schools Review Applications (AAMC)What are admissions officers looking for?While expectations, missions, policies, and requirements are unique to each medical school, many schools look for students who demonstrate an ability to handle challenging coursework and have the personal attributes needed to work with people. It’s important for applicants to show that they’ve done well in upper-level science courses, and “doing well on the MCAT® exam shows that you can handle medical school coursework,” says Irene Tise, admissions officer in the Office of Medical Student Admissions at Wake Forest School of Medicine.Lori Nicolaysen, assistant dean of admissions at Weill Cornell Medical College, adds that they “seek students who have also demonstrated exceptional personal initiative. Such initiative may take the form of leadership, creativity, research, community service, motivation, or other life experiences.”Mickey Foxwell, M.D., associate dean for admissions at University of Maryland School of Medicine says, “Each applicant needs to be as sure as possible that this is what they want to do with their life. That motivation can be demonstrated through academic achievement and also through exposure to clinical medicine and community service. Does the applicant know what it’s like to take care of someone? Does the applicant have an idea about the advantages and disadvantages of a career in medicine?”Schools also look for evidence that an applicant has demonstrated good judgment, compassion, and selflessness— qualities every physician should embody. Applicants can show evidence through their involvement in extracurricular activities, letters of evaluation, and their personal statement.What happens when my application is received?Each medical school has its own nuanced process for reviewing applications. For example, “Weill Cornell invites all applicants to complete the secondary application,” Ms. Nicolaysen shares. “Once the file is complete (including secondary application, letters of evaluation, and MCAT scores), the application is moved to screening. A number of experienced admissions committee members serve as screeners. Although Weill Cornell has fourth-year medical students on the admissions committee, the students do not screen applications.”Dr. Raquel D. Arias, associate dean of admissions at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, explains, “In order to give every candidate a fair review of their personal qualities and accomplishments, a single screener evaluates all candidates with a particular MCAT score at our school. This controls for the inevitable influence that this important test has on the process. An admissions officer reads every application submitted to the school.” (There is no automated filter.)At Wake Forest School of Medicine, Ms. Tise explains, “Because of the large number of applications we receive, we use a formula that separates and groups applicants based on their AMCAS® primary application. The groups are: 1) Proceed and send a secondary application, (2) Hold for MCAT score or other extenuating circumstances and notify candidates, and (3) Risk, based on academics.Those candidates in the “risk” category are reviewed individually by the associate dean and an executive committee of five faculty and admissions committee members. From there, a decision is made to either proceed with the application process or reject the application.” Typically, after secondary applications are submitted, the associate dean and a committee review the applications and place candidates into interview pools. Because of the large number of applicants, only a small percentage is asked to interview.How do reviewers decide whom to interview?Medical schools consider each applicant’s academic proficiency, whether they are likely to thrive in the culture of the institution, and if their experiences, attributes, and goals are in line with the school’s mission and goals. Inevitably, medical schools receive many more qualified applicants than they can interview and matriculate. The decision to interview one student over another can be very difficult to say the least.“It is incredibly challenging because there are so many admirable candidates,” Ms. Nicolaysen explains. “Ultimately, the committee screeners attempt to identify the best qualified applicants from diverse academic and personal backgrounds whom we deem most likely to build a dynamic learning environment at Weill Cornell and to become leaders in medicine.”Dr. Foxwell adds, “At University of Maryland, outstanding grades and MCAT scores do not guarantee that an applicant will be invited to interview. Just as important are extracurricular activities and life experiences, essays and personal comments in AMCAS, and letters of recommendation.”Dr. Arias says, “The path to becoming a physician is unique to each applicant; therefore, we do not mandate any particular course of study. We have no preference for a particular major (or minor). Evidence of the personal attributes of integrity, adaptability, language skills, collaboration, and a commitment to service are evaluated with an eye toward the development of physician scientists. We infer the desired applicant qualities from both the content of the application and the care with which it is delivered. Every aspect of the application is important. Applicants who speak in their own voice, without “spin,” is especially valued.”Additionally, some public medical schools also may consider an out-of-state applicant’s ties to the state or institution if non-state residents are not typically considered for matriculation. (For more information, check with individual medical school websites or consult the AAMC's Medical School Admission Requirements.)What are some common mistakes applicants make?The same tips you might have received for undergraduate or job applications hold true for medical school applications. Always tell the truth and be sure to mention activities and volunteer, research, or work experiences that are most important, and if possible, occurred within the last few years. “Take your AMCAS essay questions seriously,” counsels Ms. Tise. “These essays are not creative writing exercises. You may start off with a descriptive experience, but, move quickly into how and why you want to become a physician and how this experience helped determine that. Also, proofread carefully. There are no excuses for punctuation and grammatical errors. We know you are applying to several schools, but be careful to include the correct name in secondary materials.“Redundant information is a waste of space. Inconsistencies can call an applicant’s authenticity into question,” cautions Ms. Nicolaysen. “We advise not including high school activities or activities in which your participation was minimal. Also, try to avoid boasting or exaggerating.”Dr. Foxwell advises that “Applicants must begin to think like professionals. If a photograph is requested in a secondary application, make it a good one, not one that may call your professionalism into question.”What advice does the review committee have?“Do your homework. Know what schools are looking for, and work closely with your advisor,” cautions Dr. Foxwell.Your application needs to be complete and truthful. When it comes to your personal statement, Ms. Tise recommends, “There is no secret checklist or formula. Remember, you are the applicant, and we want to know why you think you are a good one.”Furthermore, Ms. Nicolaysen advises applicants, “Before submitting your application, ask some trusted mentors, friends, or family members to give you feedback about your experiences and essays. You might ask them questions like, ‘How would you describe me based on what you read? Did my essay hold your attention? Was anything confusing? Did you notice any typos?’”Most importantly, relax. Most applicants have one or two items that they wish they’d changed or perhaps a mistake they think they might have made. If you have further concerns or anxiety over the application process, check out the Aspiring Docs fact sheet on helpful tips for dealing with application anxiety.Essential and Desired Qualities of medical school candidates:Strong academicsHigh GPA and MCAT scores. See AAMC MCAT site for students.A commitment to improving the human conditionEssential:Sustained and meaningful commitment to human service demonstrated through volunteer activities, scholarly pursuits, employment, academic endeavors, or other experiencesUnderstanding of medicineSubstantial independent research experience(s) (MD/PhD applicants)Desired:Commitment to care of the underservedCommitment to community and global patient careProfessional conductHonesty and integrity, particularly regarding instances of personal failings or mistakes (essential)Compassion, evident through evaluations, prior employment, or experience in other roles that require compassion (essential)Self-awareness, evident in a student’s knowledge of their own strengths, weaknesses, and when to ask for help (essential)Ethical behavior (essential)Outstanding interpersonal skillsOral and written communication skills must be excellent, both to share knowledge and to convey empathy (essential)Teamwork skills require acknowledging other team members’ expertise, accurate self-assessment, assuming leadership when appropriate, and subsuming individual interests to the work of the team (essential)Cultural humility and inclusivity (essential)Leadership & diversity experiences (desired)A dedication to lifelong learningIntellectual curiosity (essential)Demonstrated scientific aptitude—a fundamental appreciation of how the scientific method is applied to the discovery of medical knowledge and to medical practice (essential)Potential for academic success (essential)Psychological resilience as demonstrated through emotional stability, skills to cope with stress, an ability to deal with sacrifice and hardship, maturity, good judgment, and an ability to defer gratification (essential)Creativity (desired)

Disqualifying conditions for a U.S. Security Clearance:From Federal Regulations, PART 710 - CRITERIA & PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING ELIGIBILITY FOR ACCESS TO CLASSIFIED MATTERDisqualifying conditions for a security clearance may include but are not limited to:arrest and/or conviction of a felony;frequent involvement with authorities even as a juvenile;DWI/DUI;having been a patient in an institution primarily devoted to the treatment of mental, emotional, or psychological disorders;A history of not meeting financial obligations. A pattern of financial irresponsibility (bankruptcy, debt or credit problems, defaulting on a student loan);membership in any organization that advocates the commission of acts of force or violence to deny other persons their rights under the Constitution of the United States;having petitioned to be declared a conscientious objector to war;moving violations with fines over $200;illegal drug use (to include any use of cocaine, heroin, LSD, and PCP); and the illegal purchase, possession, or sale of any such narcotics.Deceptive or illegal financial practices, such as embezzlement, employee theft, check fraud, income tax evasion, expense account fraud, filing deceptive loan statements, and other intentional breaches of trustInability or unwillingness to satisfy debtsUnexplained affluenceFinancial problems that are linked to gambling, drug abuse, alcoholism, or other issues of a security concern.Deliberate omission, concealment, or falsification of a material fact in any written document or oral statement to the government when applying for security processingOther key factors taken into account include:Vulnerability to Coercion: Any omission, concealment, or falsification of material information increases an individual's vulnerability to coercion, exploitation, or pressure.Problems in Work Performance: The work environment offers many opportunities to exhibit behavioral or psychological problems associated with unreliability, untrustworthiness, or poor judgment. These problems include rebellious attitude toward supervisors, habitual cutting of corners or failure to comply with regulations or procedures, lying to cover up mistakes, overreaction to real or imagined criticism, lack of commitment to the organization, a pattern of attendance or tardiness problems, careless operation of equipment.Employment History: Depending upon an individual's age and circumstances, frequent changes of employment without advancement raise the possibility of unsatisfactory work performance due to dishonesty, irresponsibility, drug use, emotional/mental problems, or other issues of security concern. For more information, see the Inability to Form a Commitment under Emotional, Mental, and Personality Disorders. It is often difficult for investigators to determine the true circumstances under which an individual terminates employment. Fearing lawsuits, many employers refuse to provide derogatory information about a former employee.Conditions of Military Discharge: Applicants often claim "honorable discharge" from military service when, in fact, they were given a "general discharge under honorable conditions." The latter means the individual was discharged for cause. The cause is often the inability to adapt to military life or some other form of unsuitabilities, such as a drug, alcohol, criminal, or emotional/mental problem. The personnel security questionnaire contains one easily recognized clue that a so-called "honorable discharge" maybe something else. If the applicant served less than the minimum time of service (e.g., only 18 months of a four-year enlistment), or was discharged on a date other than the anniversary date of his or her enlistment, it may be a general discharge under honorable conditions. In this case, adjudicators may wish to evaluate the reasons for the subject's early discharge.Multiple Traffic Offenses: Multiple traffic citations for reckless or high-speed driving, including driving with a suspended license, are examples of high-risk, antisocial behavior that may be a security concern. Many such offenses are arrests for driving while intoxicated that have been plea-bargained down to a lesser offense. A person with a large number of unpaid parking tickets may be considered a scofflaw. A large number of minor offenses raises concerns about a person's attitude toward authority and responsibility. A person who feels above the law in this respect may also feel that some security regulations are picky and unnecessary and do not merit his or her compliance.Arguing/Fighting/Uncontrolled Anger: There are questions of judgment and reliability if an individual has offenses for disorderly conduct, shows anger or argues at inappropriate times, or has fits of temper. A pattern of violent or aggressive reactions during adolescence is a rather stable personality trait that is unlikely to be outgrown with age.Civil Litigation: Many crimes are now pursued through civil actions rather than criminal proceedings. Spouse abuse and child abuse are often pursued as civil litigation requesting damages because pressing criminal charges could cause the offender to lose his job and jeopardize his ability to pay spousal or child support. New laws make it much easier and faster for merchants to pursue shoplifting charges in civil rather than criminal court. Some people who file numerous lawsuits have problems in interpersonal relations.Weapons Issues: Carrying a concealed handgun without a permit or any other weapons violation is a concern. The belief that one has specific enemies against whom one must be armed is also a concern.Gang Membership: Gang membership, by itself, is not a security concern. In some cases, the goals and objectives of the gang, or illegal activities in which the gang engages, do make membership a concern. Gang efforts to recruit military personnel raise questions about gang objectives. In questionable cases, local criminal investigative agencies may be able to provide relevant information.Behavior Patterns Associated with Espionage: There is no single profile of the employee who is likely to betray an employer's trust. However, clinical assessment of Americans arrested for espionage and academic research findings on white-collar criminals, in general, do identify behavior patterns commonly found among such persons.Individuals who betray their employer's trust tend to possess certain personality disorders or personal weaknesses. They may be impulsive or immature, and likely to do whatever feels good at the moment. They may engage in high-risk activities without thinking about the consequences. They may have a propensity for violating rules and regulations. They may have drifted from one relationship or job to another, with little sense of purpose or loyalty to anyone or anything. They may have a grossly inflated view of their abilities so that disappointment and bitterness are inevitable.These three disorders are the ones most likely to be found in individuals who commit espionage, although not necessarily with a degree of severity to qualify as a disorder.· Antisocial Personality Disorder· Narcissistic Personality Disorder· Paranoid Personality DisorderIn many cases, the pattern of observed behavior or test results might be better described as indicating a personal weakness or undesirable character trait rather than a "disorder." These personal characteristics are associated with high risk, irresponsible, or emotionally unstable behavior:· Impulsiveness/Immaturity· Inability to Form a Commitment· Vindictiveness· Risk-SeekingBorderline Personality Disorder: The principal characteristics of borderline personality disorder are: Unwarranted fear of rejection or abandonment, usually associated with low self-esteem. Such persons are uncomfortable alone. Examples of such behavior include inappropriate anger when someone important to them must cancel an appointment or panic at a temporary separation. A pattern of unstable relationships with friends, lovers, or bosses. Such persons need a great deal of nurturing and support from any relationship. They may initially idolize someone who provides that nurturing, but then shift suddenly and dramatically to view that same person as hostile or cruel if they do not care enough or are not "there" enough for them. Suicide, threats of suicide, or self-mutilation precipitated by fears of separation or rejection, such as fear of abandonment by a lover. Unstable self-image leading to sudden changes in career goals, values, or types of friends.Potentially damaging impulsive behavior in several areas such as substance abuse, unsafe sex, gambling, spending money irresponsibly, reckless driving, or binge eating. Inappropriate expressions of anger, or difficulty controlling anger; chronic feelings of emptiness or boredom; or short but intense periods of irritability or anxiety.