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The achievements of Classical Greece in diverse fields, especially literature (plays and history), mathematics, science, philosophy, and the arts have profoundly influenced world culture. Especially impressive is the direct narrative style of its writers, the realism and subtle aesthetics of its arts.But here I only wish to speak of physics, where, unfortunately, Greece went wrong. The leading figure here is Aristotle (384–322 BCE), who was the first to use the word “physics” in the sense that it is understood now. Motivated perhaps by biology, he conflated change in biological and physical domains. He defined motion as the actuality of a potentiality, which is fine in the “motion” of a living organism, but wrong otherwise. Motion defined this way requires the assumption of an absolute frame and other imaginary schema. He gave example of four types of change, namely change in substance, in quality, in quantity and in place, without providing logical bases for this assertionAristotle was extremely influential for nearly 2,000 years in the Western and the Islamic worlds as he was embraced by the orthodoxy in both Christianity and Islam. Since physics is fundamental to cosmology, his thoughts had a profound impact on the history of Western science.According to Aristotle, the sun, the moon, planets and stars are embedded in perfectly concentric crystal spheres that rotate at fixed rates. The celestial spheres are made up of the element ether which supports uniform circular motion.He took the terrestrial objects to be composed of four other elements that rise or fall. The earth, the heaviest element, and water, fall toward the center of the universe; hence the earth and the oceans constitute our planet. At the opposite end, the lightest elements, air and fire, rise up and away from the center.With the rise of Christianity, Europe was cut off from its pagan past and many Greek originals were lost or preserved only in translations. Aristotle’s Physica and De Caelo (On the Heavens) were translated from Arabic to Latin in the twelfth century. Soon after, Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica (1265–1274) reconciled Aristotle’s ideas to the demands of Christian dogma.This explains why the challenge to the idea of the earth being the center of the solar system (or the universe) was such a big thing in Europe. In 1600, Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake for his heresy against the geocentric model. Galileo was tried by the Inquisition, found vehemently suspect of heresy, and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest, before dying in 1642.In spite of the fog that Aristotle’s ideas generated there were individuals who did amazing physics. In particular, let me mention Archimedes (287–212 BCE) who made brilliant contributions to geometry and impressive application of mathematics to physical phenomena such as hydrostatics and statics. But of course his physics did not cover problems of motion, where Aristotle held sway.Kaṇāda’s physicsThis brings me to Kaṇāda, son of Ulūka, who I am going to argue is the greatest physicist of antiquity. He anticipated the laws of motion, and he attempted something that no other physicist has dared to do: he created a formal system that includes space, time, matter, as well as observers.Kaṇāda (कणाद), the author of the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, is generally believed to have lived around 600 BCE. He is credited with the idea of the atom as a passing footnote in history books. For example, in A.L. Basham’s well-regarded The Wonder that Was India, he gets cursory reference in one line.The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra has been studied by philosophers but not physicists. Prof Subhash Kak tried to remedy that a couple of years ago in the volume Matter and Mind: The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra of Kaṇāda. In this book of science, perhaps Kaṇāda’s most impressive assertion is that all that is knowable is based on motion, which gives centrality to physics in the understanding of the universe.For context, note that Newton’s three laws of motion are: 1. An object remains in the state of rest or motion unless acted upon by force; 2. Force equals mass times acceleration; 3. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. But Newton considered space and time to be absolute without explaining what that meant. Kaṇāda’s propositions below are poweful because he makes few assumptions.Propositions and lawsTo give the reader a flavor of the astonishing brilliance of Kaṇāda’s vision, I will pick just a few of his propositions to illustrate his system and then I will provide the sutras that describe physical law related to motion. Note that his atoms are in perpetual motion and so he distinguishes between internal and outer motions of an object.Proposition 1. कर्मं कर्मसाध्यं न विद्यते॥१।१।११॥From motion, [new] motion is not known.Proposition 2. कारणाभावात्कार्याभावः ॥१।२।१॥In the absence of cause there is an absence of effect [motion].Proposition 3. सामान्यं विशेष इति बुद्ध्यपेक्षम् ॥१।२।३॥The properties of universal and particular are ascertained by the mind.Proposition 4. सदिति यतोद्रव्यगुणकर्मसु सा सत्ता ॥१।२।७॥Existence is [self-defined]. [Thus] substance, attribute, and motion are potential (sattā)Proposition 5. सदकारणवन्नित्यम् ॥४।१।१॥Existence is uncaused and eternal (nitya).The propositions present general principles that are most reasonable. For example, the idea of symmetry is included in the principle of nitya. Now I present what may be called Kaṇāda’s Laws of Motion.Law 1. संयोगाभावे गुरुत्वात् पतनम् ॥५।१।७॥In the absence of conjunction, gravity [causes objects to] fall.Law 2a. नोदनविशेषाभावान्नोर्ध्वं न तिर्य्यग्गमनम् ॥५।१।८॥In the absence of a force, there is no upward motion, sideward motion or motion in general.Law 2b. नोदनादाद्यमिषोः कर्म तत्कर्मकारिताच्च संस्कारादुत्तरं तथोत्तरमुत्तरञच् ॥५।१।१७॥The initial pressure [on the bow] leads to the arrow’s motion; from that motion is momentum, from which is the motion that follows and the next and so on similarly.Law 3. कार्य्यविरोधि कर्म ॥१।१।१४॥Action (kārya) is opposed by reaction (karman).This list above is just my personal arrangement of propositions and laws. The first law is effectively equivalent to Newton’s first law. The second law, in two parts, falls a bit short, although it has something much more about potential. What is missing is an explicit definition of mass but we cannot be sure if that was not an element of the exposition. Kaṇāda’s third law is identical to Newton’s third law.On the Vaiśeṣika SūtraThe Vaiśeṣika Sūtra is just over 370 sutras in 10 chapters, where each chapter has two sections. Calling physical law dharma, the first chapter defines and discusses three categories of substance, attribute, and action. The second chapter describes the nine substances. The third chapter deals with the self and the mind.The first part of the fourth chapter speaks of the eternality of atoms and how sensory perception leads to knowledge. The second part of the fourth chapter deals with the composition of bodies. The fifth chapter deals with action, and the sixth chapter deals with the discipline that facilitates acquisition of knowledge.The seventh chapter elaborates on atomicity and further discusses the nature of ether, mind, space and time. The eighth and ninth chapters describe various types of cognition and negation. The tenth chapter discusses cause. As this summary indicates, the text is a systematic exposition of principles and laws to describe physical reality.The Vaiśeṣika categories are for space-time-matter and for attributes related to perception by sentient agents. Kaṇāda starts with six categories (padārthas) that are nameable and knowable, proposing they are sufficient to describe everything in the universe from concrete matter to the abstract atom.

Several astute answers already. I just add that Durkheim’s sociology focuses on explaining “social facts” such as represented by national suicide statistics; and developing testable theoretical explanations. My paper below briefly deals with his approach.Durkheim’s Macro Psychosocial Violence EpidemiologyJohn S Rankin9 19 2019IntroductionDurkheim’s definitive work on the macro1 the psychosocial epidemiology of suicide is espcially2 relevant to the 21st Century emergence of pandemic suicidogenic—suicide3 and homicidogenic-- homicide behaviors in Western Democracies. Durkheim refers to epidemic suicide as a social fact produced by social causes, (Suicide:1987trans 1951. pp.135, 342, 348). Significantly, Durkheim focuses on psychosocial reasons people in modern societies don’t commit suicide as the key to understanding psychosocial reasons why some do committee suicide at pandemic levels.This approach leads Durkheim to consider the impact of societal dysfunction on individual dysfunction and the latter contributing to the former. Moreover in principle, his approach can be applied to Jungian archetypal shadow forms of violence: including wars, revolutions, terrorism, witch hunts, moral panics, riots, lynchings, ideological demonstrations, and other forms of mob behavior such as rapes, muggings, home invasions, gang stalking, knockout games, human trafficking, contagious illnesses, substance addiction, psychological disorders, cult or serial sadism, cannibalism, exorcisms, criminal, ideological, or white collar crime conspiracies, and other psychic epidemics symptomatic of disintegration of the social fabric—and to the interactions among such causes and symptoms, nationally and globally. Analysis of mega meta patters of such psychic epidemics and contributing social conditions constituting historical epochs do or would provide the important contribution of psychosocial perspective for analysts, and potentially for public education.In addition, as Durkheimian sociology and Jungian psychology independently and through useful points of mutually enhancing intersectionality, contribute to a psychosocial perspective. The existential dark triad schema also provides perspective on Durkheim’s framing of social conditions contributing to violence epidemiology, with collective consciousness an intervening variable that might mediate or aggravate pandemic violent consequences.Essential PropositionsAlthough Durkheim’s work defies summation and reductionist analysis; he does propose a fundemental judgment on modern violence, supported by three insightful propositions of central relevance to the scourge of violence in modern societies:Poverty of MoralsDurkheim identifies 19th Century European pandemic suicide rates as symptomatic of collective melancholy resulting from the Nietzscheian ressentiment driven short-sighted ideological philosophies proffering deconstruction and destruction of traditional social solidarity/social control institutions—without constructing or even proposing a replacement coalescence of remedial/rehabilitative institutions—with morbid consequences for modern societies:“The present state of suicide is the index of a poverty of morals….Disappearance of all intermediate social groups between the individual and the state. Necessity forreconstituting them. ….. Education being only a reflection of the moral state of society. It cannot reform it.”Shared ValuesThat a people’s cultural moral value placed on human life is the fundamental determent of whether suicides or homicides will predominate;Political ConflictThat, although wars tend to decrease unpremeditated murders; domestic political conflict tends to increase unpremeditated murders below or above the cultural norm.Family TiesHe also implies that family ties as the most common of shared values and fundemental to the morality and future of society, are basic to collective sentiments of morality, solidarity, and justice, e.g., seen in the public reaction to assaults on young children.Conclusion“where customs are generally gentle and pacific, where the shedding of blood is abhorred, the defeated person will resign himself, confess his impotence, and anticipating the effects of natural selection will withdraw from the fight by withdrawing from life. Where average morality has a ruder character and human life is less respected, he will revolt, declare war on society and kill, instead of killing himself. …. Suicide is then a transformed and attenuated homicide. P341. Political crises have the same effect...the struggle of political parties were then (1840-18490 very violent. It was just then that unpremeditated murders reached their highest point throughout the entire century.” p.353.Remedy for egotistic suicide: to achieve greater consistency in the groups which enfold the individual.,,The occupational group...how it may constitute a moral environment. How it may restrain anomic suicide.” p.405Durkheim ReferencesThe following (Suicide:1897, 1951 translation) quotes show Durkheim’s focus on macro patterns of suicide/homicide and of macro contributing psychosocial conditions that fit the existential paradigm of (risk-crisis-threat); and also the Durkheimian paradigm of (contributing conditions of institutional dysfunction—intervening collective consciousness—consequential violence epidemiology); as well as, their relevance for 21st Century conflicted public discourse assumptions and values undermining Western democracies:Risk“without even knowing exactly of what they consist, we may begin by affirming that they [suicides] result not from a regular evolution but from a morbid disturbance which while able to uproot the institutions of the past, has put nothing in their place; for the work of centuries cannot be remade in a few years. ….Thus, what the rising flood of voluntary deaths denotes is not the increasing brilliancy of our civilization but a state of crisis and perturbation not to be prolonged with impunity.” ….Crisis“Though it is true that collective melancholy has, normally, a role to play in the life of societies, it is not ordinarily general or intense enough to reach the higher centers of the social body. It remains a submerged current, felt vaguely by the collective personality, which therefore undergoes its influence without clearly taking it into account....Thence come the melancholy sayings and proverbial sallies at life’s expense in which sometimes is put the wisdom of nations, but without being more frequent than their opposite numbers.…“Only when such sentiments acquire unusual strength do they sufficiently absorb public attention to be seen as a whole, coordinated and systematized, and then become the bases of complete theories of life. …..To form a true idea of their number and importance it is not enough to consider the philosophies avowedly of this nature...The anarchist, the aesthete, the mystic, the socialist revolutionary, even if they do not despair the future, have in common with the pessimist a single sentiment of hatred and disgust for the existing order, a single craving to destroy or to escape from reality. Collective melancholy would not have penetrated consciousness so far, if it had not undergone a morbid development; and so the development of suicide resulting from it is of the same nature.”pp. 368-370.)4Threat“The rapidity of the growth of suicides really permit no other hypothesis. Actually, in less than fifty years, they have tripled, quadrupled, and even quintupled, depending on the county.Durkheim notes that while in the past “suicide exists among the crudest peoples...Those types of suicides observed at these distant periods have, of course, partially disappeared; but this very disappearance should somewhat reduce our annual tribute and it is thus much more surprising that it keeps becoming heavier....this development is altogether certainly taking place in the midst of a morbid effervescence, the grievous repercussions of which each one of us feels.” ….“on the other hand, we know their connection with the most ineradicable element in the constitution of societies, and since the mood of peoples, like that of individuals, reflects the state of the most fundamental part of the organism. Our social organization, then must have changed profoundly in the course of this century, to have been able to cause such a growth in the suicide rate.”“Of course, the idea of the idea of country is rarely wholly obscured among the moral elite of the people; but in ordinary times it is overshadowed, barely perceptible, and even wholly eclipsed. Such unusual circumstances as a great national or political crisis are necessary for it to assume primary importance, invade the consciences of men, and become the guiding motive of action”.“Thus the only remedy for the ill is to restore enough consistency to social groups for them to attain a firmer grip on the individual, and for him to feel himself bound to them. He must feel himself more solidarity with a collective existence which predates him in time, which survives him, and which encompasses him at all points. If this occurs, he will no longer find the only aim of his conduct in himself, and, understanding that he is the instrument of a purpose greater than himself, he will see that he is not without significance. Life will resume meaning in his eyes, because it will recover its natural aim and orientation.” ….“Not only occasionally but continually the individual must be able to realize that his activity has a goal. For his existence not to seem empty to him, he must constantly see it serving an end of immediate concern to him. But this is possible only if a simpler and less extensive social environment enwraps him with real intimacy and offers his activity a nearer aim. ….In a word we are only preserved from egoistic suicide in so far as we are socialized;...we are left with the family, the prophylactic virtue of which is assured….[but] since it plays a smaller role in life, it no longer suffices as an objective for life….Not, certainly, that we care less for our children, but they are entwined less closely and continuously with our existence and so this existence needs some other basis for being….If men therefore do not replace this age old objective of their activity, as it little by little disappears from among them, a great void must inevitably appear in existence. ...this state of the family forces the young people to leave their native home before they are able to found another; partly for this reason, households of a single person become increasingly numerous, and this isolation has been shown to increase the tendency to suicide.” (pp376-378)Related ReferencesLuhmann speaks to the methods and ethics of a sociology of morality; Datta provides a review of philosophical and ideological context for Durkheim’s works. While TenHouten addresses emotional aspects of Durkheim’s constructs of normlessness and anomie. Shilling traces emphasis on human physicality as an object ordered by society. Safeek addresses the need for moral science of society morality. Also, several significant papers on violence epidemiology, Durkheim, or related subjects:Luhmann, Niklas. “The Sociology of the Moral and Ethics” International Sociology March 1996.http://www.ask-force.org/web/Discourse/Luhmann-Sociology-Moral-Ethics-1996.pdfDatta, Ronjon Paul. “Recent Anglophone Studies of Durkheim's Sociology" Dec 2012.TenHouten Warren D. “Normlessness, Anomie, and the Emotions”. Sociological Forum, 2016Normlesssness, Anomie, and the EmotionsShilling, Chris. “Embodiment, emotions and the foundations of social order: Durkheim’s enduring contribution. The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim:2005.Graciela Inda. “The Architecture of Consensus in Durkheim’s Early Political Sociology. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, May 2017, vol 7 number 5.https://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_7_No_5_May_2017/20.pdfSafeek, Shueera. “Thoughts of Emile Durkheim on Society and Morality.”Zwi, Anthony. “Commentary: Studying political violence: we should push for more from epidemiology. Academia.edu | Search | violence epidemiologyGracia, Enrique. “Unreported cases of domestic violence against women: towards an epidemiology of social silence, tolerance, and inhibition. The "iceberg" of domestic violenceRacin, Limore. “The epidemiology of spirit possession in the aftermath of mass political violence in Mozambique”Maynard, Brandy. “Criminal epidemiology and the immigrant paradox: Intergenerational discontinuity in violence and antisocial behavior among immigrants.”Umanailo, M. Chairul Basrun. “The Thought Of Emile Durkheim In The Contestation Of Development In Indonesia”,Ijahss Journal “The Political and Economic Dimension of Cultism in Rivers State, Nigeria.”The Political and Economic Dimension of Cultism in Rivers State, NigeriaBrissette, Emily. “Crime Theory”.Reimer, Bill “REVISITING "TORONTO THE GOOD": VIOLENCE, RELIGION AND CULTURE IN A LATE VICTORIAN CITY.”Sexton, Jason “exriencing Justice from the Inside Out: Theological Considerations about the Church's Role in Justice, Healing, and Forgiveness.”Newman, Terry “he Deadly Boredom of 'A Meaningless Life'/Levey, Geoffrey B R A H M. “ Durkheim: A Comment on Steven Lukes's 'Liberal Democratic Torture'.Bwalya, Bentry “EVALUATION OF THE PROS AND CONS OF STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM AND CONFLICT THEORY”Aso, Williams. “The Feasibility of Durkheimian Collective Conscience and morality for a Global Society: A philosophical evaluation.”Patros, Tyson. “Political Sociology”Quintos, Mark Anthony. “TOWARDS A PUSH-PULL THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF SUICIDE: REVISITING WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE CAN EXPLORE.Legros, Sophie. “SOCIAL NORMS: AN OVERVIEW OF REVIEWS 1 Mapping the Social Norms Literature: An Overview of Reviews.”

This is important.Find out who you are. Go to therapy in both individual and group settings. If you are married, go to marriage counseling. Spend the time and money to go get trained in the format you are naturally predisposed to.Identify your own personality so you can capitalize on your natural strengths. It is critical you know what it means to have your own DX and how it normalizes for you. You need to be familiar with a number of styles of therapy in order to adapt to the patients profile. There are basic clinical formats I think are important and list some below.There are many types of psychologist too. I have put a list at the end of this post.When I look back, I was counseling in high school. I did when I was in the Army and from then on with each job I had as well as with my social situations. I didn't start college with being a therapist in mind. During my undergraduate work, I finally discovered what I was doing all along and started getting paid for it.I saw three different therapists and one psychiatrist when I was in my late teens and early 20's. I am appalled now at how much they missed, not only what the problem was but who I am. They were pushing the format they trained with and were doing the protocol by the numbers as they understood it. When I saw the psychiatrist in the Army, I manipulated the heck out of him as he was rigidly following the formats he'd been trained under. I would remember that later when I was a probation officer and had the cons try and work me over.Clean up your own past. When I was in post graduate training in Florida at the Gestalt institute with Gertrude Krouse, She didn’t care who you were or what your background was. You couldn't do good work until you cleaned up you own past and anything you hadn't, will be a blind spot for assisting your patents. I have seen this to be true. In addition, when you learn something new, it can suddenly show up in all your patients.Though I stopped doing basic testing with MMPI's, WISC-R's and the like years ago, I think it is important that you are very familiar with their purpose as instruments. A lot of people like the Myers Briggs instrument and others see it a pop psych tool.One of the problems I have seen with some clinician's is; they should have stayed with diagnostics by doing evaluations. They were very good at finding out what the persons personality type was, putting in hours with multiple tests, but were simply awful in putting a therapy program into use with real people.Classes on ethics are critical, I have known about atrocious stuff from other therapist like having sex with their patients, selling them Amway products, to getting in business with them. I have seen therapist leave a sobbing client in the corner and others run to the rescue because there was a little stress. Some of the most credentialed people I have known where unethical, or bad therapist, as far as I was concerned. A number of people had such bad experiences, they vowed never to try therapy again.[Update added: I worked with a guy at a mental health clinic who was a 40 year old marriage counselor. Thing is, he had never been married and still lived with his mother.]Expanding on sociological or family systems like Genograms and AA format 12-step programs are very important. You need to know developmental processes and how the family virus has been passed through the generations, in order to effectively interrupt it. Definitely some kind of spiritual grounding that at a minimum, is tied to your own functioning philosophy, meaning, or purpose in life. People will be watching to see how well your life is working.Get training in meds even if you can't prescribe them. (That may change with some legislation) I use MD's and others to get the patient stabilizing meds when called for. Sometimes patients come in using them already and you have to know what impact they are having. In addition, I have found because a lot of physicians got their info from drug reps, they are a little leery of dosage. When side effects are had and the patient complains, instead of waiting the requisite time to stabilize, they reduce the dosage, there-by never reaching a therapeutic dose.I wrote some under Clinical Psychology: What kinds of psychotherapy are effective?A couple of statements:It is very hard to get someone to work in session week after week. Sometimes they just want to come in and tell their story. But I have had many people come in from other therapist who primarily used what I call the dream-whip nightmare of sweet agreement/ question. “And how does that make you feel” till the client wanted to scream. They didn't offer skills or training. Realization only gets you so far. Others sell behaviorism as a rat-in-the-maze cure all until the rat is out of the maze and returns to previous patterns. Sociopaths learn to play rule-followers like a fiddle. When therapist learn Rogerian reflecting, it is very reassuring…at first. Then it is like if you have ever played chess or checkers with someone that mimicked your moves, you quickly set them up.Jane Chin (陳盈錦) had asked me a question after reading my account of hiring a bunch of therapist for one of my programs. I roll-played a client with attitude and found most did not do what they had listed as their style when they got stressed."Mike, would you say that most people when under stress have a default style of working (or communicating) that they can't necessarily change? Or is this something that one can train to change? I'm referring to your "stress test" during the interview."Part of my response:Yes, I think people do have a default style and I have been frustrated with the schools not helping therapists learn what theirs is. I think people can learn a new style but the therapist better adapt it to who they are to be the most effective. If you're only doing a one note presentation each session, one could probably get away with that rote system but I would get very bored with it too.I needed a booster for my own style after about ten years and found NLP and Eriksonian hypnosis gave new life into how I was helping people.I am way too blunt for a number of people but it matches my style. I am notoffended if they need to see someone else. There are some forms I prefer to use with certain patients as it will impact them better. During the initialinterview I asses which style will probably get the job done most efficiently.When I was in training years ago, there was a woman therapist who had themental strength of a wet noodle. I could not work with her but I saw her workmagic with a woman that was so closed and sensitive. I knew there wasn'tanother trainer the woman would have risked and opened up to.Here is an article about finding out what therapy orientation therapist pick.http://www.psychotherapybrownbag.com/psychotherapy_brown_bag_a/2010/04/how-do-therapists-decide-which-therapeutic-orientation-they-prefer.htmlThe following list is not comprehensive. Many other styles of therapy are practiced. I have seen some go out of favor and others like CBT become popular. Those too will also go out of fashion later. The styles are ones I think practitioners should be familiar with more than just a name. Psycho-dynamic counselors have focused primarily on insight, humanistic practitioners have aimed to promote self-acceptance and personal freedom, and cognitive–behavioral therapists have been mainly concerned with the management and control of behavior.Adventure therapyAnalytical psychologyBehavior modificationBiofeedbackClassical Adlerian psychotherapyClient-centered psychotherapyCognitive behavior therapy (CBT)Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)DreamworkEncounter groupsEye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)Existential therapyExpressive therapyFamily therapyGestalt therapyGroup therapyGuided Imagery TherapyHumanistic psychologyHypnotherapyIntegrative body psychotherapyIntegral Eye Movement TechniqueIntegral psychotherapyIntegrative psychotherapyInterpersonal psychotherapyJungian psychotherapyLogotherapyMarriage counselingNeuro-Linguistic ProgrammingPerson-centered (or Client-Centered or Rogerian) psychotherapyPlay therapyPsychoanalytic psychotherapyPsychoanalysisPsychodramaPsychodynamic psychotherapyPsychosynthesisRational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)Reality therapyRelationship counselingRogerian psychotherapySchema TherapySexual Identity TherapySolution focused brief therapySystemic therapyTransactional Analysis (TA)Transpersonal psychologyTwelve-step programsWilderness therapyThe many types of psychologist follows.This list is from:http://www.suite101.com/content/types-of-psychology-a48348Clinical Psychologists treat people who exhibit mental emotional disorders which range from uncomfortable reactions to the stress of daily life to extreme psychological disorders.Community psychology is mostly preventative in nature. These psychologists specialize in human behavior at home, at school, and in neighborhoods.Counseling psychologists are therapists who help clients adjust to life, make important decisions, and help people cope. This field of human behavior is similar to clinical psychology.Developmental psychology focuses on human development from birth to death. This type of psychology describes, measures, and explains age-related changes in behavior.Educational psychology is research-oriented, and focuses on how people learn. Teachers, school administrators, and guidance counselors may apply the findings of educational psychologists in schools, colleges, or universities.Environmental psychologists attempt to improve the interactions between humans and the environment. The management of natural resources, effects of extreme environments, and architectural design are part of this branch of humanbehavior.Experimental psychology focuses on basic processes of human interaction and biology. This type of psychology often involves studies on animals and people.Family psychologists are therapists who concentrate on the family and how it affects our development and lives. Sexual dysfunction and family counseling may be subsections of family psychology.Forensic psychologists study criminal behavior, and often assist law enforcement agencies in criminal investigations.Geriatric psychology focuses on the health and well-being of older people. This field of human behavior includes both practical and research applications. well-being of older people.Health psychology is a branch of human behavior that is concerned with the psychological implications of actions on health. For instance, smoking, weight gain, stress management and fitness can affect our mental health – and that’s what health therapists focus on.Organizational psychology focuses on our relationships to work. This study of human behavior includes career counseling, cross-training, retirement planning, and job productivity.Physiological psychology is about the genetic and physical roots of psychological disorders, such as how our brains change due to drug use or how cells develop and function.Positive psychology is a relatively new area in the study of human behavior. It encompasses a holistic approach to mental wellness, with a shift away from disease to personal wellness and health.Psychometrics focuses on psychological testing and assessment. Psychometrists are employed at private companies and government organizations.Rehabilitation psychologists help people with handicaps, such as birth trauma or stroke, improve their functioning in the world. This field of human behavior ranges from birth to old age.School psychology focuses on the intellectual and emotional development of young people. intellectual and emotional development of young people.Social psychology explores how we live in the world. Pop cultural, group behavior, the media, and our attitudes and opinions are all part of social psychology.Sport psychologists are therapists who concentrate on the mental and emotional factors that affect professional or amateur athletes. Sport therapists attempt to maximize motivation and performance.