Combined Cycle Power Plant Fundamentals: Fill & Download for Free

Nuclear power is not politically viable mainly because it only comes in one size - BIG, and it would have an expected life cycle of 60–80 years. The combination of it's size and the amount of time it would operate make it a risky in an ever changing world. A nuclear power plant is vulnerable to political, economic, and technological uncertainty.Nuclear power is not the right approach for those who are trying to make money through energy. Transportation fuel is much more lucrative, and when you drill for oil with the intent of making gasoline or aviation fuel, you often find natural gas. This has made natural gas very cheap, and a natural gas power plant is cheaper to build than a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power DOES NOT reduce your need for oil (neither do wind or solar) - at least not immediately.Natural gas and nuclear power plants have many of the same parts, but where they differ, nuclear is more expensive to build and requires a larger crew to manage. A nuclear plant is a a boiler + a turbine + a reactor. A natural gas plant is a boiler + a turbine + a combustion chamber. The only way nuclear can complete with natural gas is on the price of fuel (and CO2 emissions), but as we said, natural gas is currently cheap. Even if natural gas were expensive today, who is to say what will happen over the next 60–80 years.The tradeoffs between nuclear and coal are a bit more complex. Coal can be very cheap to produce in large quantities - so the fuel price is more stable than natural gas. However, coal is more expensive to move since it is a solid. Coal also releases many larger molecules/particulates when burnt which may require additional expensive scrubbers to deal with. The price of coal versus nuclear could go either way.There are some other posts here saying nuclear power is expensive. Here both the Republicans and Democrats have a point. The first nuclear reactor was built in 18 months, now they are built in 10 years. We could build them faster and return economies of scale. Reactors built in the late 60s/early 70s were much cheaper than our current designs and we're plenty safe. However, a nuclear power plant is fundamentally more-complex than a natural gas power plant, and so that should be envisioned as a lower limit to the price a nuclear power plant can reach. Nuclear is not going to be an enormously profitable enterprise.Nuclear power is poorly viewed by those who distrust large corporations. If your electricity comes from nuclear, you have almost no control over it. This political stance is often refered to as “green”, and I believe it's what you meant by environmentalist.Nuclear power is Anti-Union. Unions work well when there are a large number of people doing essentially the same job and bargaining for essentially the same benefits. But what happens if you take a union of pipefitters and throw in some piperfitters who are also radiological workers with more training and higher pay. It's not good for the union.I have always been a big fan of nuclear power for both environmental and tehcnological reasons. Still I do not expect it to see a resurgence in my lifetime. I work on developing perovskite solar cells which are printable, ink-based semiconductors. That approach at least has the support of some of the powerful political groups mentioned above.

Fundamental Engineering1. Engineering Mathematics: Matrix Algebra, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Theorems of integral calculus, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. First order differential equation (linear and nonlinear), Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Complex variables, Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Sampling theorems, Mean, Median, Mode and Standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Ztransform.2. Engineering Physics: Units for measurement, Description of Motion in One, Two and Three dimensions, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power, Rotational Motion, Gravitation, Heat and Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electric Current, Magnetic Effect of Currents, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments.3. Engineering Drawing: Projection of straight line, planes and solids, Intersection of surfaces, Isometric Projection, Sectional Views of solids, Full section, Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting.Specialisation Branch Topics4. Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET, JFET and MOSFET, Amplifiers – biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response, Oscillators and feedback amplifiers, Operational amplifiers – characteristics and applications, Simple active filters, VCOs and timers, Combinational and sequential logic circuits, Multiplexer, Schmitt trigger, Multi-vibrators, Sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters, 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture, programming and interfacing.5. Electronic Devices: Energy bands in Silicon, Intrinsic and extrinsic Silicon, Carrier transport in Silicon – diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers, p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, PIN and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASER.6. Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IPv4, Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http), Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers. Network security – basic concepts of public key and private key cryptography, digital signature, firewalls. Basic concepts of client-server computing.7. Network Theory Design: Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Reciprocity, Superposition, Compensation, Miller’s, Tellegen’s and Maximum power transfer theorems. Impulse, step, ramp and sinusoidal response analysis of first order and second order circuits. Two port parameters and their interrelations, Application of Laplace transform and Fourier series in the context of network analysis, Network synthesis.8. Switching Theory: Traffic definitions, Introduction to switching networks, classification of switching systems. Grade of Service and blocking probability, Basics of Circuit switching and packet switching. Network traffic load and parameters, Modelling of switching systems, Incoming traffic and service time characterisation, Blocking models and loss estimates, Delay systems – Markovian queuing model, M/M/1 model, Limited queue capacity, Multiple server, Finite sources, Queue discipline.9. Information Technology: Operating System – Processes, threads, interprocess communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems, I/O systems, Protection and security. RDBMS – ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control. Software engineering – Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance. Programming in C, Object Oriented Programming, basics of computer graphics. Allied Engineering10. Electrical Engineering: Single phase transformer – equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency, Auto-transformer, Energy conversion principles, DC machines – types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation; Servo and stepper motors, Synchronous machines, Generators –regulation and parallel operation.11. Control Engineering: Application of open loop and closed loop systems, Principles of feedback, Determination of transfer function by block diagram reduction method, Time domain analysis of first and second order systems, transient and steady-state errors, damping and oscillations.12. Telecommunication Systems: Analog communication – amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, Superheterodyne receivers, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems – Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), Digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA. Fundamentals of mobile communication. Fundamentals of optical fibre communication.13. Microwave Engineering: Wave guides, Klystrons, Travelling Wave Tubes, Magnetron, Introduction to microstrip lines, Microwave semiconductor devices, Monolithic microwave integrated circuits.14. Antenna and Wave Propagation: Antenna parameters, Effective length and aperture, Gain, Beamwidth, Directivity, Radiation resistance, Efficiency, Polarization, Impedance and Directional characteristics of antenna, Reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction of radio waves. Fundamentals ground wave, space wave, sky wave and troposcatter propagation.15. Radar Theory: Radar range equation, Frequencies of operation, Fundamentals of Moving Target Indicator (MTI), Pulse Doppler Radar, Tracking radar.16. Instrumentation: Accuracy, precision and repeatability, Electronic instruments for measuring basic parameters, Theory of Oscilloscopes, Signal generators, Signal analysers, Characteristics and construction of transducers.EKT SYLLABUS FOR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGFundamental Engineering1. Engineering Mathematics. Matrix Algebra, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Theorems of integral calculus, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. First order differential equation (linear and nonlinear), Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Complex variables, Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Sampling theorems, Mean, Median, Mode and Standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Ztransform.2. Engineering Physics. Units for measurement, Description of Motion in One, Two and Three dimensions, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power, Rotational Motion, Gravitation, Heat and Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electric Current, Magnetic Effect of Currents, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments.3. Engineering Drawing. Projection of straight line, planes and solids, Intersection of surfaces, Isometric Projection, Sectional Views of solids, Full section, Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting. Specialisation Branch Topics4. Analog and Digital Electronics. Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET, JFET and MOSFET, Amplifiers – biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response, Oscillators and feedback amplifiers, Operational amplifiers – characteristics and applications, Simple active filters, VCOs and timers, Combinational and sequential logic circuits, Multiplexer, Schmitt trigger, Multi-vibrators, Sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters, 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture, programming and interfacing.5. Electrical Engineering. Single phase transformer – equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency, Three phase transformers – connections, parallel operation, Auto-transformer; Energy conversion principles, DC machines – types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors, Single phase and Three phase induction motors – principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control, Starting motors, Servo and stepper motors, Synchronous machines Generators – performance, regulation and parallel operation.6. Electronic Devices. Energy bands in Silicon, Intrinsic and extrinsic Silicon, Carrier transport in Silicon – diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers, p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, PIN and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASER. Device technology – integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.7. Control Engineering. Application of open loop and closed loop systems, Principles of feedback, Determination of transfer function by block diagram reduction method, Time domain analysis of first and second order systems, transient and steady-state errors, damping and oscillations, Routh and Nyquist techniques, Bode plots, Root loci, Lag, lead and lead-lag compensation, State space model, State transition matrix, Controllability and observability.8. Telecommunication Systems. Random signals and noise – probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication – amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers, elements of hardware, realisations of analog communication systems, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for AM and FM. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems – Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), Digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), Matched filter receivers, Bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA. Fundamentals of mobile communication. Fundamentals of optical fibre communication.9. Microwave Engineering. Wave guides, Waveguide components, Klystrons, Travelling Wave Tubes, Magnetron, Microwave measurements, Introduction to microstrip lines, Microwave network analysis, Microwave semiconductor devices, Monolithic microwave integrated circuits.10. Antenna and Wave Propagation. Antenna parameters, Radiation from a current element in free space, Reciprocity theorem, Resonant and non-resonant antenna, Effective length and aperture, gain, beamwidth, directivity, radiation resistance, efficiency, polarization, impedance and directional characteristics of antenna, antenna temperature. Phased array antenna, Mechanism of radio wave propagation, Reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction of radio waves. Theory of ground wave, space wave, sky wave and troposcatter propagation. Allied Engineering Topics11. Instrumentation. Accuracy, precision and repeatability, Electronic instruments for measuring basic parameters, Theory of Oscilloscopes, Signal generators, Signal analysers, Characteristics and construction of transducers.12. Computer Networks. ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IPv4, Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers.13. Network Theory Design. Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Reciprocity, Superposition, Compensation, Miller’s, Tellegen’s and Maximum power transfer theorems. Impulse, step, ramp and sinusoidal response analysis of first order and second order circuits. Two port parameters and their interrelations, Application of Laplace transform and Fourier series in the context of network analysis, Network synthesis.14. Switching Theory. Traffic definitions, Introduction to switching networks, classification of switching systems. Grade of Service, Basics of Circuit switching and packet switching.15. Information Technology. Fundamentals of operating system, RDBMS terminologies, Object Oriented Programming, Basics of computer graphics. 16. Radar Theory. Radar range equation, Frequencies of operation, fundamentals of Moving Target Indicator (MTI), Pulse Doppler Radar, Tracking radar.EKT SYLLABUS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGFundamental Engineering1. Engineering Mathematics. Matrix Algebra, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Theorems of integral calculus, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. First order differential equation (linear and nonlinear), Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Complex variables, Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Sampling theorems, Mean, Median, Mode and Standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Ztransform.2. Engineering Physics. Units for measurement, Description of Motion in One, Two and Three dimensions, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power, Rotational Motion, Gravitation, Heat and Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electric Current, Magnetic Effect of Currents, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments.3. Engineering Graphics/ Engineering Drawing. Principles of orthographic projections, projections of points, lines, planes and solids, Section of solids, Isometric views, Auto-CAD. Specialization Branch Topics4. Engineering Mechanics. Equations of equilibrium in space and its application; first and second moments of area; simple problems on friction; kinematics of particles for plane motion; elementary particle dynamics. Generalized Hooke’s law and its application; design problems on axial stress, shear stress and bearing stress; material properties for dynamic loading; bending shear and stresses in beams; determination of principle stresses and strains – analytical and graphical; material behaviour and design factors for dynamic load; design of circular shafts for bending and torsional load only; deflection of beam for statically determinate problems; theories of failure.5. Thermodynamics. Basic concept of First –law and second law of Thermodynamics; concept of entropy and reversibility; availability and unavailability and irreversibility. Classification and properties of fluids; incompressible and compressible fluids flows; effect of Mach number and compressibility; continuity momentum and energy equations; normal and oblique shocks; one dimensional isentropic flow; flow or fluids in duct with frictions that transfer. Flow through fans, blowers and compressors; axial and centrifugal flow configuration; design of fans and compressors6. Theory of Machines. Kinematic and dynamic analysis of plane mechanisms. Cams, Gears and epicyclic gear trains, flywheels, governors, balancing of rigid rotors, balancing of single and multicylinder engines, linear vibration analysis of mechanical systems (single degree of freedom), Critical speeds and whirling of shafts. flywheels, balancing of rotors and reciprocating machinery, balancing machines, governors, free and forced vibration of damped and undamped single degree of freedom systems, isolation, whirling of shafts, gyroscope.7. Fluid mechanics/Hydraulic Machines. Fluid flow concepts – Transport theorem – Fluid kinematics – Potential flow – Governing equations of Fluid flow – Dimensional Analysis – Viscous flow – Boundary Layer flows – Turbulence – Closed conduit flows – Hydrodynamic lubrication – Free surface flow – Compressible flows, Hydraulic Turbines: Impulse and Reaction Turbines – Centrifugal and Axial flow pumps.8. Manufacturing Science. Foundry Technology, Melting furnaces, Special casting processes, Gating and riser design, Casting defects, Arc welding, TIG, MIG, submerged arc, resistance welding, Gas welding, Flash butt welding, Solid state welding, Welding metallurgy, Forming Technology, Powder metallurgy.9. Materials Science. Basic concepts on structure of solids; common ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their applications; heat-treatment of steels; non-metalsplastics, ceramics, composite materials and nano-materials.10. Machine Drawing. Development and Intersection of surfaces, Conventional representation of machine elements, materials, surface finish and tolerances – Sectional views and additional views – Drawing of Screw threads, locking devices, Fasteners, Keys and Cotters, Knuckle joints, Riveted Joints, Shaft Couplings and Bearings – Pipe Joints, Assembly and production drawings. Allied Engineering11. Automotive Engineering. Introduction, power plant, fuel system, electrical system and other electrical fittings, lubricating system and cooling systems, chassis and transmission, axles, clutches, propeller shafts and differential, Condition for correct steering, steering gear mechanisms, automotive air conditioning, Tyres, effect of working parameters on knocking, reduction of knocking; Forms of combustion chamber for SI and CI engines; rating of fuels; additives; emission.12. Power Plant Engineering. Steam power plant, steam boilers, steam condensers, cooling towers, cogeneration and combined cycles, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants, power plant economics.13. Industrial Engineering. System design: factory location- simple OR models; plant layout – methods based; applications of engineering economic analysis and breakeven analysis for product selection, process selection and capacity planning; predetermined time standards. System planning; forecasting methods based on regression and decomposition, design and balancing of multi model and stochastic assembly lines; inventory management – probabilistic inventory models for order time and order quantity determination; JIT systems; strategic sourcing; managing inter plant logistics.14. Flight Mechanics. Atmosphere: Properties, standard atmosphere. Classification of aircraft. Airplane (fixed wing aircraft) configuration and various parts. Airplane performance: Pressure altitude; equivalent, calibrated, indicated air speeds; Primary flight instruments: Altimeter, ASI, VSI, Turn-bank indicator. Drag polar; takeoff and landing; steady climb & descent,-absolute and service ceiling; cruise, cruise climb, endurance or loiter; load factor, turning flight, V-n diagram; Winds: head, tail & cross winds. Static stability: Angle of attack, sideslip; roll, pitch & yaw controls; longitudinal stick fixed & free stability, horizontal tail position and size; directional stability15. Aircraft Structures. Stress and Strain: Equations of equilibrium, constitutive law, strain-displacement relationship, compatibility equations, plane stress and strain, Airy’s stress function. Flight Vehicle Structures: Characteristics of aircraft structures and materials, torsion, bending and flexural shear. Flexural shear flow in thinwalled sections. Buckling. Failure theories. Loads on aircraft. Structural Dynamics: Free and forced vibration of discrete systems. Damping and resonance. Dynamics of continuous systems.16. Aerodynamics. Basic Fluid Mechanics: Incompressible irrotational flow, Helmholtz and Kelvin theorem, singularities and superposition, viscous flows, boundary layer on a flat plate. Airfoils and wings: Classification of airfoils, aerodynamic characteristics, high lift devices, Kutta Joukowski theorem; lift generation; thin airfoil theory; wing theory; induced drag; qualitative treatment of low aspect ratio wings. Viscous Flows: Flow separation, introduction to turbulence, transition, structure of a turbulent boundary layer. Compressible Flows: Dynamics and Thermodynamics of I-D flow, isentropic flow, normal shock, oblique shock.Check official AFCAT 2019 notification

Kavya, you should have been more specific with the question. Mechanical engineering is a vast field.Mechanical Engineer has openings in (1)Renewable Energy Engineeringas well as Energy management(2) Automobile Engineering(3) Valve Engineering(4) Automotive Engineering(5) Hydraulic Engineering(6) Aerospace Engineering(7) Aeronautical Engineering(8) Avionics Engineering(9) Mechanical Automation Engineering(10) Armature Engineering(11) Solidworks Engineering(12) Hydrological/Ocean engineering(13) Water Resource Engineering and Management(14) Thermal Engineering(15) Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering(16) Robotics Engineering(17) Powerplant Engineering and Management(18) Tribological Engineering(19) Heat Treatment Engineering(20) Design Engineering(21)Fluid Engineering(22)Production Engineering(23)Material Science Engineering(24)Manufacturing Engineering(25)Nanotechnology/Science Manufacturing and fabrication(26)Welding Engineering(27)Foundry Engineering(28) Nuclear Energy Engineering(29) Metallurgical Engineering(30) Mechatronics Engineering(31) Casting Engineering(32) Metrological Engineering(33) Inventory Engineering(34)Industrial Engineering(35) Machining and Metal Cutting Engineering(36) Quality and Reliability Engineering(37) Fluid Power Control and hydraulics Engineering(38)Material Engineeringand even more...I have not included the subdivisions. Now until and unless you inform about your area of specialisation (core strength) in graduation, project or skill, it is difficult to ascertain what shall be suitable for you. There are hundreds of courses for each of the branches of mechanical engineering.Some general information:The field of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical engineering science disciplines. Several of these subdisciplines which are typically taught at the undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief explanation and the most common application of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses skills and techniques from several of these subdisciplines, as well as specialized subdisciplines. Specialized subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be the subject of graduate studies or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several specialized subdisciplines are discussed in this section.MechanicsMechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses. Subdisciplines of mechanics includeStatics, the study of non-moving bodies under known loads, how forces affect static bodiesDynamics the study of how forces affect moving bodies. Dynamics includes kinematics (about movement, velocity, and acceleration) and kinetics (about forces and resulting accelerations).Mechanics of materials, the study of how different materials deform under various types of stressFluid mechanics, the study of how fluids react to forcesKinematics, the study of the motion of bodies (objects) and systems (groups of objects), while ignoring the forces that cause the motion. Kinematics is often used in the design and analysis of mechanisms.Continuum mechanics, a method of applying mechanics that assumes that objects are continuous (rather than discrete)Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see HVAC), or to design the intake system for the engine.Mechatronics and roboticsTraining FMS with learning robot SCORBOT-ER 4u, workbench CNC Mill and CNC LatheMechatronics and RoboticsMechatronics is a combination of mechanics and electronics. It is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering that is concerned with integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid systems. In this way, machines can be automated through the use of electric motors, servo-mechanisms, and other electrical systems in conjunction with special software. A common example of a mechatronics system is a CD-ROM drive. Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to bits. Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer.Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the stresses within the robot).Robots are used extensively in industrial engineering. They allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform them economically, and to ensure better quality. Many companies employ assembly lines of robots, especially in Automotive Industries and some factories are so robotized that they can run by themselves. Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration, and many other fields. Robots are also sold for various residential applications, from recreation to domestic applications.Structural analysisStructural analysis and Failure analysisStructural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to fix the objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. Static structural failure occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically, depending on the criterion for failure. Fatigue failure occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause ultimate failure.Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as the perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed to determine the cause.Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after a failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM to aid them in determining the type of failure and possible causes.Structural analysis may be used in the office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts might undergo controlled failure tests.Thermodynamics and thermo-scienceThermodynamics is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering. At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system. Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy (enthalpy) from the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually turns the wheels.Thermodynamics principles are used by mechanical engineers in the fields of heat transfer, thermofluids, and energy conversion. Mechanical engineers use thermo-science to design engines and power plants, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, heat exchangers, heat sinks, radiators, refrigeration, insulation, and others.Design and drafting:A CAD model of a mechanical double sealTechnical drawing and CNCDrafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers design products and create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions.Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily manually manufacture parts in the areas of applied spray coatings, finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine.Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).Courses based on fundamental mechanical knowledge and software technicalities of Mechanical design for a fresher B.E./B.Sc/B.S./B.Tech in Mechanical Emgineering :(1)Autotocad(2)Pro E/CATIA(3)PLV, PLC(4)MATLAB(5)ANSYS(6)Hypermesh(7)Solidworks(8)Master CAM(9)CNC milling(10) CNC turning(11)PCB Design(12)Unigraphics(Design)(13)CAESAR 2(Structural analysis)(14)PDMPS (Piping design)(15)NDT Design(16)H-VACand even more:Choose your approach and path wisely!