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This is a good question, let's enumerate some important laws which came in the newspapers in the past 12 months.We shall make this post crowd-sourced. And we are planning to reward our contributors by giving them credits* -Detailed Well Presented 100 word Explanation - 2000Giving Valid Links and a Small Brief - 1000Giving Names of New Laws - 500Contributors (As of now) - Jai Parimi, Divya Malika, Prasanna, Ashutosh Pandey, Arihant Pawariya (अरिहंत पावङिया), Divya Choudhary (दिव्या चौधरी), Varsha Singh, Priyanka Peeramsetty, User, Gaurav Kumar, Jagannadh, Arpit Pareek, Nikhil Deshmukh, Harshit Ladva1) The National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014 and the 99th Constitutional AmendmentA bill to provide for the composition of the Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts, its functions, procedure to be followed by it and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Key Issues and AnalysisThe current method of appointments has been examined by various bodies including the Law Commission and the Parliamentary Standing Committee. They vary in the role of the executive and judiciary in making appointments of judges.The composition of the JAC has not been included in the Constitution, but has been left for Parliament to decide by law. This implies that modifying the composition of the JAC would not require a constitutional amendment, but may be altered by a simple majority in Parliament.The Standing Committee examining the JAC Bill has recommended that (i) the JAC be composed of three eminent persons, (ii) the broad parameters for short listing of candidates for HC appointments be laid down in the Bill, and (iii) the center also consider the setting up of state level appointments commissions comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of HC and the Leader of Opposition.2) Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Reservation Act, 2013Objective - The principle objective of the new bill is fair compensation, thorough resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to reflect this.Need - There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the Old Law (The Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings and is outdated. Some of these include Forced acquisitions, No safeguards, Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced, Urgency clause, Low rates of compensation, Litigation. To say the least, the Old Act needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution.Link - Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 20133) Companies Act, 2013 (CSR Pref)Objective - Effective from financial year 2014-15, every company, private limited or public limited, which either has a net worth of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility activities.Impact - The CSR activities undertaken by the companies will benefit hunger and poverty eradication, promoting preventive healthcare, promoting education and promoting gender equality, setting up homes for women, orphans and the senior citizens, measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups, ensuring environmental sustainability and ecological balance, animal welfare, protection of national heritage and art and culture and many more.Link - Companies Act, 2013, Companies - It's a good articlePRSIndia– This describes the whole of companies act – Checkpoint 135 for CSR4) Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005Objective - Landmark bill, which realized the Right to seek and access Information in line with the interpretation of Art.19(1)(a) of our constitution.Impact - Champion to ensure Transparency and accountability in the governance procedures. it enforces the right of every citizen of India to have an access to the information regarding any money given by the State to any authority, thereby causing such authority to utilize such money reasonably and judiciously and also for keeping a check over their conduct and indulgence in corrupt activities. In 2002, SC’s verdict gave the citizens have a right to know about charges against candidates for elections as well as details of their assets, since they desire to offer themselves for public service and public servants cannot claim exemption from disclosure of charges against them or details of their assets. It is a powerful tool which can be realised in changing social dynamics and needs.Criticism - Debates regarding the ambit of RTI’s scope have been articulated, to be extended, say to the political parties, temples, schools and also privatized public utility companies. Evidences of misusage have come to the limelight, say Naxalites using RTI’s to check the assets of local landlords to loot themGuide to RTI : Page on rti.gov.in5) Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Act, 2005Objective - The SEZ Act is expected to give a big thrust to exports and consequently to the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) inflows into India, and is considered to be one of the finest pieces of legislation that may well represent the future of the industrial development strategy in India. The new law is aimed at encouraging PPP to develop world-class infrastructure and attract private investment (domestic and foreign), boosting economic growth, exports and employmentImpact - The government gets the capital needed to establish the required infrastructure and also the expertise. SEZ’s with relaxed import tariffs help the Import dependent and export driven industries to flourish. SEZ’s create immense employment opportunities and improve the country’s foreign export.Criticism - Practical implementation witnesses several backlogs ranging from regional disparities, grabbing arable land, labour laws issues and supply chain management which fail to be addressed effectively through the bill6) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Objective -The government introduced the Bill to redefine the offence of rape and amend the penal laws in line with the recommendations of the Law Commission and the National Commission for Women. The government withdrew the previous Bill and Ordinance, and introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. The changes wrt the ordinance in the act are:Impact - Popularly known as the Anti-rape bill, this came out of the protests of 2012 Delhi Gang rape case.Criticism - For not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Some detailed work: http://www.atimysore.gov.in/workshops/wppts/gender_issues/crim_law_amnd_2013_drjagadeesh_jsslaw_college.pdf7) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013Objective - To provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rightsImpact - On a broader line, this ensures safe work environment for women against sexual abuse at work place and is capable of garnering a greater female work force and these are the Major features the act provides for.Criticism - It does not cover women in the armed forces and excludes women agricultural workers, "a gross injustice to agricultural workers. The burden of proof is on the women who complain of harassment. If found guilty of making a false complaint or giving false evidence, she could be prosecuted, which has raised concerns about women being even more afraid of reporting offences. Furthermore, the law requires a third-party NGO to be involved, which could make employers less comfortable in reporting grievances, due to confidentiality concerns.8) DNA Profiling Bill, 2012Purpose - DNA analysis makes it possible to determine whether the source of origin of one body substance is identical to that of another, and further to establish the biological relationship, if any, between two individuals, living or dead without any doubt.Tip - Lawful purposes of establishing identity in criminal or civil proceedings.Impact - It will be essential to establish standards for laboratories, staff qualifications, training, proficiency testing, collection of body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and a Data Bank with policies of use and access to information therein, its retention and deletion.DNA Data Bank Manager will supervise, execute and maintain this system and a DNA Profiling Board of eminent scientists, administrators and Law enforcement officers will administer and carry out other functions assigned to it under this Act.Link - DNA Profiling Bill - PDF9) Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011Purpose - So far, India has excellent record in nuclear safety and radiation safety; but the Central Government intends to promote nuclear energy to meet shortfall in total energy requirement of the country; and whereas such excellent safety record in nuclear safety and radiation safety is required to be sustained for growth in the nuclear energy sector.Impact - Now, therefore, it has been considered necessary and expedient to establish regulators to ensure continued excellence in nuclear safety and radiation safety in all applications of radiation and atomic energy on a large scale.10) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010Purpose - As the name itself indicates that it is an Act to provide for civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability regime channeling liability to the operator.Impact - Appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims Commission connected there with.11) IT Act, 2000 and IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006Purpose - It is an Act to provide legal recognition for the transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filings of documents with the Government and other related agencies.Tip - It is renamed as the Information Technology Act, 2008Impact - To promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records.12) National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009Purpose - For the effective disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.Impact - National Green Tribunal law is enacted in view of the involvement of multi-disciplinary issues relating to the environment and also to implement the decisions taken at Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm Conferences.Link - NGT Bill - PDF13) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969Objective - It is designed to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in concentration of the economic power to the common detriment.The act also provides for probation of monopolistic, unfair and restrictive trade practices.Impact - The MRTP Commission if on enquiry concludes that the practice under consideration is of restrictive or unfair in nature , it may:Order discontinuation of the practice and restrict its repetition (cease and desist order ), the agreement shall be void and shall stand modified as may specified in the order. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Link - MRTP Act, 196914) Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2008(Coal scam and SC verdict, so important)Objective - To develop and regulate mining & mineral industries and bring it under the control of one union by setting up mineral funds on National level, granting concessions, share benefit schemes while preventing illegal mining.Impact - Safeguards on regulating and safe disposal of waste in consonance with environmental norms will be incorporated. Through implementation of proper taxing and speedy approvals on action against violations illegal mining will be preventedLink - Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 200815) Whistleblower Protection Bill, 2011It seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or wilful misuse of power against a public servant. The Bill also provides safeguards against victimisation of the person who makes the complaint.Highlights of the BillThe Bill seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant.The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.Key Issues and AnalysisThe Bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from undue harassment with protecting persons making a public interest disclosure. It punishes any person making false complaints. However, it does not provide any penalty for victimizing a complainant.16) Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection) Bill 2014Objectives: The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in conflict with law. It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc. The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.Coverage: The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year old committing heinous offenses, as adults. A heinous offense is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.17) Citizens Charters & Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011. (CCGR)The Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 also known as The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 or Citizens Charter Bill was a proposed in Lok Sabha in December 2011. The bill lapsed due to dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 lays down obligations of every public authority towards citizens, specifying delivery of goods and services in a time-bound manner and providing for a grievance redressal mechanism for non-compliance of citizens charter.Highlights :The Bill makes it mandatory for every public authority to publish a Citizen’s Charter within six months of the commencement of the Act.The Citizen’s Charter shall list the details of the goods and services provided by a public authority; the name of the person or agency responsible for providing the goods or services; the time frame within which such goods or services have to be provided; the category of people entitled to the goods and services; and details of the complaint redressal mechanism.Grievance redress officer : It requires every public authority to designate grievance redress officers in all public offices to enquire into and redress any complaints from citizens in a timeframe not exceeding 30 days from the date of receipt of the complaint.Public Grievance Redressal Commissions : The Bill provides for constitution of the state public grievance redressal commission and the central public grievance redressal commission consisting of chief commissioners and other commissioners.Penalty : DA and Commission can impose fine of Max. Rs 50000 to concerned officials/GRO. The penalty shall be recovered from the salary of the official. Such penalty may be awarded as compensation to the appellant.Corruption Prevention : The Designated Authority and the Commissions may refer a matter to the appropriate authorities if there is prima facie evidence of a corrupt act under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. An appeal against the decision of the Central Commission shall be filed before the Lokpal. An appeal against the decision of the State Commission shall be filed before the Lokayukta.Criticism :Against federal Spirit : Citizens’ charter bill provides for GRO and Grievances Commission at state and central level, but Parliament doesn’t not have jurisdiction to enact such law. Only State legislature has jurisdiction to make laws regarding state public services.More than ten states have already enacted a Citizen Charter Act or Public Services Guarantee Act in their respective states. Many of these state laws have provisions that are much better than the proposed Bill.Lack of Autonomy : According to the bill, the commissioners may be removed without judicial inquiry.Duplication of work : Several states have their own grievance redressal laws, The mechanism provided under these laws is different from that provided under the Bill. This will lead to duplication of work and organizations.MNREGA Act, RTE Act, National Food Security Bill, and the Public Procurement Bill also have their own grievances redressal forums. This will again lead to more duplication.Sources :Copy of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgSummery of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgWiki Page : Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011Mrual Page : Citizens Charter Bill 2011: Salient Features, Issues, CriticismRediff Page : All you need to know about the Citizen's Charter Bill18) Right to Education Act, 2009The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the rules and regulations for free and compulsory education of children between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.Highlights :The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 stipulates that private schools reserve 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.Mentally and physically challenged children, entitled to free education in special schools, were included in the definition through an amendment in 2012.It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admissions.Criticism :The act has been criticised for being hastily-drafted, not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.Problems faced :Poor Response : Lack of awareness about the Act, inability to meet the distance criteria and difficulty in obtaining necessary certificates from government authorities could be some of the reasons for this.The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates.The Act is not applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools.Report on the status of implementation of the Act released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development admits that 8.1 million children in the age group six-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide.Conclusion :For all its flaws, the RTE Act is a progressive piece of legislation that aims to take education to the masses and fill the gaps in the social system.Sources :Copy of Act : Page on ssa.nic.inWiki page : Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education ActHindu Article : Advantages and disadvantages of RTE Act19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POSCO)Objective – The act aims at ensuring protection of children from sexual abuse.Pros –1. Gender Neutral bill. 53% victims of children are victims.2. Stringent punishment (upto life imprisonment)3. Covers broad range of sexual crimes such as non-penetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography4. Includes special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system5. Protects victims identity and provides assisting legal, medical and psychological facilitiesCons –1. Criminalises all consensual sexual contact below 18 years age.2. The age provision is not in consonance with other acts.3. Regressive and draconian considering today’s social realities. Children are increasingly aware of each others sexualities at early age.4. Child marriage is prevalent on large scale. The age provision ignores this reality. Liable to bogus and unjustified complaints.Source – The Hindu : Good Act, bad provision20) The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013Objective – The act aims to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.Pros -1. Covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant under abetment. Specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe by a commercial organisation.2. Redefines criminal misconduct to only cover misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets.3. Modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related totaking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.4. Introduces Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of public servants accused of corruption.5. The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The Bill extends this protection to former officials.Cons -1. The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised. Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive bribe giver.2. The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe giver from prosecution, for any statement made by him during a corruption trial. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court.3. The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.4. By redefining the offence of criminal misconduct, the Bill does not cover circumstances where the public official: (i) uses illegal means, (ii) abuses his position, or (iii) disregards public interest and obtains a valuable thing or reward for himself or another person.5. Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.Source - The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 201321) Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) (Regulation) Bill 2010Objective – The bill aims at legalizing (commercial) surrogacy.Pros –1. Offers legal protection to child and surrogate mothers.2. Regulation of IVF/ART clinics and holding them Accountable for ensuring best medical practices.3. Curbs exploitation of mother. Limits number of child births per mother to five.4. Introduces age limit for surrogate mother – 21 to 35.5. Ensures Child’s citizenship to be same as parents.Cons –1. Legal back up will lead to widespread commercialization of surrogacy, posing serious ethical, moral and philosophical questions.2. Mandatory certificate ensuring legality of surrogacy in foreign couple’s home country needed. Impediments in smooth commercial functioning.3. No provision in the bill if parent’s change their mind or die. Child’s responsibility in this case is debatable.4. Plethora of in-genuine clinics in India. Exploitation of poor and illiterate mothers because of their incapability to understand legalities involved.Source - Issues of surrogacy, PIB English Features22) Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013Objective - The Bill sets up an independent authority, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI), to regulate organisms and products of modern biotechnology.Pros –1. BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of biotechnology products.2. Regulatory approval by BRAI will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts.3. BRAI will certify that the product developed is safe for its intended use. All other laws governing the product will continue to apply.4. A Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal will hear civil cases that involve a substantial question relating to modern biotechnology and hear appeals on the decisions and orders of BRAI.5. Penalties are specified for providing false information to BRAI, conducting unapproved field trials, obstructing or impersonating an officer of BRAI and for contravening any other provisions of the Bill.Cons -1. The Tribunal has jurisdiction over a ‘substantial question relating to modern biotechnology’ – An ambiguous term.2. The Tribunal will consist of one judicial member and five technical members. This is not in conformity with a SC decision that the number of technical members on a bench of a Tribunal cannot exceed the number of judicial members.3. The Tribunal’s technical members shall be eminent scientists or government officials with experience in the field. It is unclear whether the technical expertise of the latter can be equated with the former.4. The Bill does not specify any liability for damage caused by a product of biotechnology. Therefore, it will remain open to the courts to determine liability arising out of any adverse impact of modern biotechnology.5. Tribunal will not accept complaints from civil society, in spite of the fact that the Bill directly or indirectly affects every citizen. No public consultation done.6. Non clarity over Dept of GoI that will service BRAI. No mention of mandatory labelling of GM crops.7. Takes away rights of states to decide on Agriculture, which is state subject.8. The Convener of the Selection Committee for members of BRAI will be from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), which is a vendor of genetic engineering (the technology that BRAI is supposed to regulate) in the country. Conflict of Interest will arise.Source - The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, 2013Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific23) Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013ObjectiveTo set up an independent regulatory body for the coal sector that shall help in the regulation and conservation of coal resources and will benefit all stakeholders i.e. - coal companies, coal consuming industries such as power, steel, cement and coal bearing States and people, directly or indirectly associated with the coal industry.A fund called ‘The Coal Regulatory Authority Fund” is created to credit all the receipts and fees received.Constituents1 chairperson + 4 members. One each from legal , technical , administrative and financial wings. All to be selected by a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) headed by Cabinet Secretary.What will it do ?Inject transparency in allocation of coal blocks.Decide and Monitor operational norms and mining closure compliances and such.Determine pricing of the fuel and publishing surveys, information, statistics, etc related to coal sector and coal quality.Adjudicate disputes between entities and between entities and other persons.Advise government on technologies, policy, promotion, investment etc.Ref :- The Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013,Coal Regulatory Authority Bill likely in Winter session24) eWaste (Management and Handling) Act, 2011What is it ?E-waste has beendefined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded”.AIM :-Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.Specifying threshold for use of hazardous material including lead, mercury and cadmium.Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) thus introduces the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility".How will it work ?It fixes responsibilities on every producer, seller, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components.E.g. :Recycling of E-Waste generated during manufacturing and "End of Life" of electronic and electrical equipments.Setting up of collection centres by companies or individuals to collect E-waste and discard them.Setting up of funds by corporate to boost scientific and eco-friendly disposal of E-waste.CritiqueNo accountability set on anyone.E-Industry remains skeptical of the efficacy of this act.No specific targets set.Ref :- @E-waste management rules kick in today@Page on moef.nic.in25) Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011What is it ?The bill is intended to prevent “any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any group."How ?The billAddresses identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences.Places accountability of public officers with varying penalties for dereliction of duty it.Provides for the creation of a National Authority and the State authorities to ensure justice and reparation.Addresses issues faced by specific communities like economic boycott, denial of public service, forced migration , hostile environment etc.Empowers state and center government to intercept any messages and communication that it feels might lead to communal violence.Sets up district level authorities to assess compensation.CritiquesCurbing freedom of expression by terming it as Hate propaganda.Presumption of guilt and burden of proof on the accused – The accused will have to prove innocence.All the persons acting under this Act will have blanket of protection of action taken in good faith.Brings civil servants in direct line of fire by vaguely defining "dereliction of duty".26) Competition Act, 2002The Competition Act was passed in 2002Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established on March 1, 2009 as an autonomous body comprising of a Chairperson and six members.CCI not only hears and investigates cases based on the information received by it, but it also takes suo moto action wherever it finds that a prima facie violationCommission had taken suo-moto cognizance of the reported manipulation of the bids by manufacturers of LPG cylinders for supplying cylinders to the Indian Oil CorporationMany more such notices have been sent by CCI in the Petroleum sector, Agricuture sector etc. taking cognisance suo-moto.Role of trade associationsCompetition law treats the activities of trade associations much like any other form of cooperation between competitors.decisions or recommendations of trade associations are treated as agreements between its members and law may be breached even when they are not binding on the members.CCI imposed a nominal penalty of Rs. 1 lakh each on 27 film producers on charges of colluding through an association to exploit multiplex owners.number of cases involving the associations in the Pharmaceutical sector/Film production etc where CCI has passed orders against the associations and asked them to “cease and desist” from activities that may be anti-competitive in nature.Public Procurement and Competition LawPublic procurement is a contentious issue vis-à-vis application of competition lawpublic enterprises, which are generally the big procurers, are subject to competition assessment.Commission has decided a number of matters, including cartelization in government contracts. Penalties have been imposed on firms to discourage the anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominanceCompetition Commission of India is set to change the rules of the game and play the role of a watchdog to check anti-competitive practices in the markethttp://echoofindia.com/reflex-action/competition-commission-india-4-years-enforcement-competition-law-3216927) Prasar Bharati (Amendment) Bill, 201028) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 200229) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitaion Act, 2013. (Important, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)30) Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 198631) Scheduled Tribes and Recognition of Forest Rights Bill, 200632) Environment Protection Law, 198633) Wildlife Protection Act, 197234) The Electricity Act, 200335) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 199636) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 199237) Factories Act 1948/Amendment Bill 201438) Apprentice Act 1961/ Amendment Bill 201439) The Pension Fund Regulatory And Development Authority Act, 201340) The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 201341) Benami Transaction (Prohibition )Act, 198842) The National Food Security Act, 201343) Pesticides Management Bill, 2008*Maximum Credits per Person - 5000**Contributors earning more than 1000 credits <must> -a) Promote to at least 100 people.b) Share this list everywhere. :P :P LOL !Thank you all. :)Thanks for the A2A Anon. :)

We are in a day and age where the creation of digital infrastructure is vital to sustain economic growth and social inclusion. Additionally, investments in digital technologies has also proven to enhance business capacity, improve customer satisfaction, and provide transparency. Under the leadership of Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, considerable steps have been taken to ensure financial and social inclusion for every citizen of India through the uptake of new digital technologies.This thrust to go digital can also be seen in Railways. Commonly known as the growth engine of India’s Vikas Yatra, Indian Railways has always been a driving force of economic growth and employment for India. To that respect Indian Railways can now add another title to its name and that is being a leader in digital technology. We are determined to improve transparency, reduce corruption, and increase customer satisfaction, and the use of digital technology is seen as a step in that direction.Let us look at a few examples of how Railways is going digital and improving its operations and processes:1. Enhancing Passenger Convenience● Mobile App ‘Rail SAARTHI’ launched which provides various services- Rail e-ticket booking; unreserved ticketing; complaint management; Clean my Coach; passenger enquiry etc● Capacity of e-ticketing increased from 2,000 tickets per minute to 15,000 tickets per minute● Cancellation and refund of tickets made easier – automatic cancellation and refund in cases of train cancellations and cancellation of tickets through IVRS without physically coming to the reservation centres● SMS services started on 1,373 trains for informing passengers about any delay in trains● ‘No Bill, Free Food’ Policy: Point of Sale (POS) machines introduced in trains to implement compulsory billing of food aboard trains to overcome overcharging- POS machines have been installed at more than 4,000 locations of Indian Railways. State Bank of India has been mandated to install 10,000 POS machines at various locations.● Tie up done with a taxi hailing service provider for providing convenient cab and auto service facility for passengers● Passenger grievances resolved in real time via Twitter SevaImage shows Indian Railways’ commitment to Cashless Transactions2. Streamlining and simplifying processes through the use of digital technology to ensure transparency● 100% digitization of payment to contractors and vendors● Supplier bills have been digitised to promote transparency and Ease of Doing Business● 100% E-Auction through Single web-portal (www.ireps.gov.in)- 100% E-Auction made mandatory- Almost 15,000 Cr worth of scrap material sold through single web portal i.e. Indian Railways tenders for Goods, Works and Services● Elimination of interview for staff recruitment, process to be done online● Approval processes for research design and standards organisation (RDSO) has been made simpler through the use of the internet- Details of approved vendors by nominated agencies (Research Design Standards Organization, Production Units etc.) put online- Process timeline reduced from 30 months to 6 months● Receipt notes, supplier bills, receipt challans across railways digitised- Covers approximately Rs. 50,000 Cr worth of receipt notes, receipt challans3. Change in Procurement Practices● 100% E- Procurement through single web-portal- 7 times increase in total number of vendors registered on railway portal from 19,867 (2004-14) to 1,37,387 (2014-18)● Mandatory procurement of common use goods/services through Government e-MarketThis was just a snippet of the numerous projects and initiatives undertaken by Railways. We are committed to becoming a world class transport provider and providing unparalleled service for our customers and clients. To get a more in depth view of our latest achievements including digital achievements please click on the following link - http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175038

Augustus never intended to hand power back to the Roman Senate, the old governing body and the representation of the Roman State. He just made the Senators feel like they were getting their power back.The reforms that Augustus enacted were moves of political genius. He managed to make the Senate a loyal rubber stamp for his policies just like other Roman dictators had. At the same time, he kept the Senators happy and got them to support his policies, rather than making them feel marginalized. Basically, he somehow got the best of both worlds, where the Senate was both effectively powerless and content to be in such a position.I. For the RepublicAugustus was not nearly as brazen with his discarding of the old rules as people like Caesar or Marius had been. As I have written, the Roman Republic’s fall was primarily due to the traditions of Mos Maiorum (the way of the old ones) being broken. By doing little things to restore Rome to normalcy during and after the civil wars, Augustus made everyone think he was returning to old principles bringing Rome back to olden days. On the contrary, he was actually reforging Rome into something new and improved.The most important dividing line between what previous dictators had done and what Augustus did was their respective titles. Caesar, Sulla, and Marius had all self-appointed themselves as dictators, an office meant for emergencies in the Republic. This was always an extralegal move, performed without the approval of the Senate. In these cases, the dictators made the Senators feel like they were powerless and being held against their will.Augustus, by contrast, was made princeps (first citizen) by the near-unanimous approval of the Senate itself. He was granted powers that paralleled the old dictatorship, but he was receiving them with full consent from the governing body that represented the people. Optics made all the difference; there was little to no opposition when Augustus seized power.Why was Augustus able to cast his powers in such a contrasting light? Why were the Senators willing to hand him the same package of powers as previous dictators?To reach the answer, we must pinpoint the three main groups of interest that any Roman politician had to deal with in his quest for power.The Senate: By the time of the Late Republic, this governing body was far less powerful than it had been a couple centuries earlier. If any general wanted to, he could trample over the Senate’s prerogatives and use it as a vehicle to pass their own legislation. However, dictators would be foolish to think that the Senate was powerless. The body’s new strength lay in the wealth and influence of its members. They still had the resources to plot against a tyrant, incite rebellions, and even stage assassinations (see et tu). The Senate was still very important to have on your side.The People: This group was actually fairly easy to win over as long as you weren’t a dick. All three big dictators: Sulla, Marius, and Caesar, had the support of the people. They primarily wanted bread, circuses, jobs, and leaders who would bring them those three things. Anyone who could provide for the people (or at least make convincing promises to do so) would probably have the people of Rome on their side, at least for the time being.The Army: The army was probably the most important institution that ambitious men needed to have on lock. Notice the irony here: SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus), the famous motto of Rome, includes both the Senate and the People, but not the Army. Rome did not acknowledge the principle of supremacy in strength, but that did not stop it from being the truth. As soon as Marius had the idea to march on Rome, the inevitable conclusion was a bunch of men doing it again until it got old and everyone was ready for a change in how things were done. As an ambitious man, if you didn’t have the army on your side, you were doomed to fall. As the Athenians once said to the Melians:Right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.[1]—Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian WarAugustus was nothing if not an absolute PR and propaganda genius. He studied Roman history from a young age, learning from the mistakes of those who had fallen before him, and he knew that he needed all three of these groups on his side.Throughout his long tenure over Italy during the civil wars, Augustus took the time to campaign and make speeches to the people, as well as lobby the Senate and socialize with influential individuals. On top of all of this, he always paid attention to his loyal soldiers, making sure they received their land parcels and payments on time. Because of this, they stuck with him through victories and defeats; to them, he was truly the worthy successor of Caesar.Through both his smooth talk and his fiery rhetoric, Augustus made his personal enemies into enemies of Rome and enemies of the Republic. No other dictator had been able to woo the Senate, the People, and the Army in such a way.Caesar won over the army and the people, but he always clashed with the Senate and it got him killed. Marius had the people and the Senate, but part of the Roman army was loyal to his rival Sulla and he was overthrown. Sulla had the people and the army, but to deal with the Senate, he had to enact brutal proscriptions and kill hundreds of Senators, tarnishing his historical reputation and ensuring that all of his reforms would be repealed.Previous dictators had always run into opposition from at least one of these three groups of interest; Augustus was the first one to unite the holy trinity.In case you thought it was some coincidence or lucky break that Augustus had the support of all three of these groups, think again. Augustus was very deliberate with balancing these groups’ interests. As such, he was not afraid to do what he needed to do on the road toward establishing his position.Unlike Caesar, who had neglected to consider the threat of a disloyal Senate and pardoned all his enemies, Augustus was quick to strike down those elites who could possibly oppose him in the future. In the aftermath of crushing a rebellion at the siege of Perusia, he killed over three hundred Senators and nobles in cold blood.After the capture of Perusia he took vengeance on many, meeting all attempts to beg for pardon or to make excuses with the one reply, "You must die." Some write that three hundred men of both orders were selected from the prisoners of war and sacrificed on the Ides of March like so many victims at the altar raised to the Deified Julius. Some have written that he took up arms of a set purpose, to unmask his secret opponents and those whom fear rather than good-will kept faithful to him, by giving them the chance to follow the lead of Lucius Antonius; and then by vanquishing them and confiscating their estates to pay the rewards promised to his veterans.[2]—Suetonius, Life of AugustusSome have criticized him for this show of brutality, but I don’t think this was a product of bloodthirstiness, despite the show of excessive cruelty. Perhaps it is my bias toward Augustus, but the fact that he never had to do anything like this ever again in his career tells me two things.One is that it was only a response to seeing that disloyal elements were still prevalent among the ranks of the elites, rather than an expression of any sadistic tendencies. I tend to believe that ancient historians/notorious gossipers like Suetonius are embellishing and overreporting.And two is that his move worked. No other Senators thought of stepping out of line after this on a large scale.With this one calculated move, Augustus neutered the Senate for the rest of the existence of the Roman Empire. Sneak 100.Irrelevant.Also note that within that same incident is a note about his payments to his military veterans. When confronted with the issue of having to settle his retiring veterans on Italian land with retirement pensions, he chose the military’s interests over the farmers and the landowners whose properties he confiscated, showing that his priorities were well-placed. After all, one group of these men had a lot of swords and the other group did not. In a world dominated by strength, this was an absolute necessity, and anyone blind to the reality was destined to fall.Octavian made many other gifts to the indigent soldiers, borrowing from the temples for that purpose, for which reason the affections of the army were turned toward him, and the greater thanks were bestowed upon him both as the giver of the land, the cities, the money, and the houses, and as the object of denunciation on the part of the despoiled, and as one who bore this contumely for the army's sake.[3]—Appian, The Civil Wars, Book VOctavian capped these unsung achievements of consolidation off with yet another one. Perhaps you have heard of the time he defeated the rebellious pirate Sextus Pompey, but perhaps that victory should be thought of through a different lens.What the people really cared about was not the great military victory. They wanted their food. Sextus had cut off the shipments of grain from North Africa to Italy, which were crucial for running the grain dole that fed hundreds of thousands of citizens. The people were very upset about this, but good old Augustus had their back. He sailed out with Marcus Agrippa and quickly resolved the situation within the year. They came back with assurances of the grain and the spoils. The people were beyond jubilant; their loyalty was now unassailable.Now famine fell upon Rome, since the merchants of the Orient could not put to sea for fear of Pompeius, who controlled Sicily, and those of the west were deterred by Sardinia and Corsica, which the lieutenants of Pompeius held, while those of Africa opposite were prevented by the same hostile fleets, which infested both shores. Thus there was a great rise in the cost of provisions, and the people considered the cause of it to be the strife between the chiefs, and cried out against them and urged them to make peace with Pompeius…[After Augustus defeated Sextus,] when he arrived at Rome the Senate voted him unbounded honours, giving him the privilege of accepting all, or such as he chose. They and the people went out a long distance to meet him, wearing garlands on their heads, and escorted him, when he arrived, first to the temples, and then from the temples to his house. The next day he made speeches to the Senate and to the people, recounting his exploits and his policy from the beginning to the present time. These speeches he wrote down and published in pamphlet form. He proclaimed peace and good-will, said that the interviews were ended, remitted the unpaid taxes, and released the farmers of the revenue and the holders of public leases from what they owed.—Appian, The Civil Wars, Book VThrough expert tactics that helped him win over the loyalty of all three groups of interest, Augustus ensured that he would be entering his postwar phase with all aspects of the Roman world supporting his agenda. Most people do not give him nearly as much credit as he deserves for ensuring himself a stable position in a world where not a single man had ever managed such a thing.Most importantly to us, Augustus had the loyalty of the Senate, a rare thing for an all-powerful dictator. Now, the test was how he would use it. Luckily, he had ideas for this as well.II. I Am The SenateAfter Augustus had united all three primary groups of interest under his banner, the next step was to keep the Senate disempowered without doing anything to harm their egos.Previous dictators hadn’t given two shits about the Senators. Sulla was fine with killing hundreds of them after he came to power. Caesar didn’t kill any of them, but he made overt displays of power to show them how irrelevant they really were.Augustus was different. He knew from his adoptive uncle and how his disregard for the Senate had gotten him dead on the floor of Pompey’s Theatre. Throughout his rule, he was very careful to make the Senators feel like they had power, but also keeping a steady hand to control their membership and make sure that they never stepped out of line.I’m of the opinion that Augustus had all of these ideas lined up in his head to start with. Complex things like manipulating a government in a world as violent as ancient Rome don’t just fall into place so easily, as all dictators before him unfortunately found out the hard way. He was such a visionary figure and he made everything go right from the start.Augustus was game planning early. Obviously, he knew that he had to eliminate disloyal elements, which he did early in his reign at Perusia. Apparently, he did such a good job that no organized group of Senators would ever challenge him again. Augustus was not just a brutal prick either; he was actually very cordial and friendly with those Senators that supported him. Game recognizes game, and Augustus knew that he would need anyone he could reliably get on his side.These good relations with the remaining Senators allowed Augustus to do several things.Restructure the membership. Julius Caesar had expanded the body of Senators to 900 in an effort to enfranchise more of his equestrian supporters. Augustus decided that this body was too unwieldy to be useful in any way, so he increased the property requirements and cut it down to about 600 Senators within a few years. There was relatively little complaint about this; most of the people kicked out had only been in the Senate for a very short time anyway.Secretly introduce legislation. The connections that Augustus had made it possible for him to have any number of Senators introduce his bills without his personal influence being seen and felt. It was kind of obvious whenever Augustus’s policies were up for debate anyway, but the lack of his presence helped the Senators believe in the pretense of their own free will. It didn’t hurt that most of the measures Augustus proposed were actually good ideas that didn’t act against the interests of the Senate.Influence appointments. Augustus began to create lists of members of the Senate. He had personal access to these lists and could add or remove his preferred candidates to and from the Senate whenever he wanted. There was usually a good reason for him doing either, so no one complained. Anyone Augustus personally advocated for was surely a qualified officer of the state, and the Senators began to think that it was a good thing.Augustus was also traveling around in the provinces a lot in the years after the civil wars, mostly tying up loose ends and helping wartorn provinces get back on their feet. This gave the Senate and its officials much more leeway in administering affairs in Italy, and they certainly enjoyed the several years that they had de facto power over the home province. It made their egos feel better for sure, and it was reassuring that the new authoritarian was not also going to be a micromanager.The title of princeps just capped it all off, really. Augustus was a state-sanctioned dictator for life, presented as the first citizen of Rome. He did great things with his absolute power, restoring infrastructure and feeding the people and keeping peace and ensuring stability and creating economic prosperity that would last for centuries. For the Roman Senate, seeing all the good that an authoritarian ruler was doing for Rome, perhaps they realized that times were a changin’.Millennia before the Sun King, Augustus effectively became the state.Footnotes[1] The Melian Dialogue[2] Suetonius • Life of Augustus[3] Appian • The Civil Wars