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Here you go.FIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. SESS. II. CH. 195,196. 1903.775prescribed thereunder by the Secretary of the Interior, shall pay a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not more than twelve months, or both, in the discretion of the court trying the same." Approved, January 21, 1903.CHAP. 1 9 6 .-A n Act To promote the efficiency of the militia, and for other January 21,1903. [Public, No. 33.]purposes.Be it enactedby the Senate and fouse of epresentativesof theUnitedStates of America in Congressassembled, That the militia shall consist omostion of. of every able-bodied male citizen of the respective States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, and every able-bodied male of foreign birth who has declared his intention to become a citizen, who is more than eighteen and less than forty-five years of age, and shall be divided into two classes-the organized militia, to be known as the National National Guard. Guard of the State, Territory, or District of Columbia, or by such other designations as may be given them by the laws of the respective States or Territories, and the remainder to be known as the Reserve Reserve Militia.Militia.SEC. 2. That the Vice-President of the United States, the officers, Perons exempt. judicial and executive, of the Government of the United States, the members and officers of each House of Congress, persons in the mili- tary or naval service of the United States, all custom-house officers with their clerks, postmasters and persons employed by the United States in the transmission of the mail, ferrymen employed at any ferry on a post road, artificers and workmen employed in the armories and arsenals of the United States, pilots, mariners actually employed in the sea service of any citizen or merchant within the United States, and all persons who are exempted by the laws of the respective States or Territories shall be exempted from militia duty, without regard toage: Provided, That nothing in this Act shall be construed to require E e p tio n because or compel any member of any well-recognized religious sect or organ- of creed. ization at present organized and existing whose creed forbids its mem- bers to participate in war in any form, and whose religious convictions are against war or participation therein, in accordance with the creed of said religious organization, to serve in the militia or any other armed or volunteer force under the jurisdiction and authority of theUnited States.SEC. 3. That the regularly enlisted, organized, and uniformed active Organized militia.militia in the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia who have heretofore participated or shall hereafter participate in the apportionm ent of the annual appropriation provided by section sixteen R. s. sec. 661,p. 290. hundred and sixty-one of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as vol 31, p. 662. amended, whether known and designated as National Guard, militia, orotherwise, shall constitute the organized militia. The organization, Toconform to gen- armament, and discipline of the organized militia in the several States eal Army Regula-and Territories and in the District of Columbia shall be the same as that which is now or may hereafter be prescribed for the Regular and Volunteer Armies of the United States, within five years from the date of the approval of this Act: Provided,That the President of the United Poinm number States, in time of peace, may by order fix the minimum number of ofenlisted men. enlisted men in each company, troop, battery, signal corps, engineer corps, and hospital corps: And provided furth er, That anv corps of artillery, cavalry and infantry existing in any of the States at the exPisilgsofeertain passage of the Act of May eighth, seventeen hundred and ninety-two, Vol. 1, p. 271 which, by the laws, customs or usages of the said States have been incontinuous existence since the passage of said Act under its provisions R. . 22. 1625- and under the provisions of Section two hundred and thirty-two and ie0, pp.s37,28290.776 FIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. SEss. II. Cu. 196. 1903.Sections sixteen hundred and twenty-five to sixteen hundred and sixty, both inclusive, of Title sixteen of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the Militia, shall be allowed to retain their accus- tomed privileges, subject, nevertheless, to all other duties required by law in like manner as the other Militia.To be called forth SEC. 4. That w henever the United States is invaded, or in danger ofin came of invasion,etc. invasion from any foreign nation, or of rebellion against the authorityof the Government of the United States, or the President is unable, with the other forces at his command, to execute the laws of the Union in any part thereof, it shall be lawful for the President to call forth, for a period not exceeding nine months, such number of the militia of the State or of the States or Territories or of the District of Columbia as he mav deem necessary to repel such invasion, suppress such rebel- lion, or to enable him to execute such laws, and to issue his orders for that purpose to such officers of the militia as he may think proper. Term of service to SEC. 5. That w henever the P resident calls forth the militia of any State or Territory or of the D istrict of Columbia to be em ployed in the service of the United States, he may specify in his call the period for which such service is required, not exceeding nine months, and the militia so called shall continue to serve during the term so specified, unless sooner discharged by order of the President.Apportionment. SEC. 6. That when the m ilitia of more than one State is called into the actual service of the United States by the President he may, in his discretion, apportion them among such States or Territories or to the District of Columbia according to representative population.Mustering . SEC. 7. That every officer and enlisted man of the m ilitia who shall be called forth in the manner hereinbefore prescribed and shall be found fit for military service shall be mustered or accepted into the United States service by a duly authorized mastering officer of the P n im e n t for re- United States: Provided,however, That any officer or enlisted man of frsal to answer call. the m ilitia who shall refuse or neglect to present him self to such mus- tering officer upon being called forth as herein prescribed shall be subject to trial by court-martial, and shall be punished as such court- martial may direct.Courts-m artial, SEC. 8. That courts-m artial for the trial of officers or men of the m ilitia, when in the service of the United States, shall be composed of militia officers only.goyerngBetiOnu"t SEC. 9. That the m ilitia, when called into the actual service of the United States, shall be subject to the same Rules and Articles of War as the regular troops of the United States.Payandalowances. SEC. 10. That the m ilitia, when called into the actual service of the United States, shall, during their time of service, be entitled to the same pay and allowances as are or may be provided by law for the Regular Army.commenccment of SEC. 11. That when the militia is called into the actual service ofthe United States, or any portion of the militia is accepted under the provisions of this Act, their pay shall commence from the day of their Previous expendl- appearing at the place of company rendezvous. But this provision sshall not be construed to authorize any species of expenditure previ- ous to arriving at such places of rendezvous which is not provided by existing laws to be paid after their arrival at such places of rendezvous.eAdjtntageneSl in SEC. 12. That there shall be appointed in each State, T erritory and each State etc. Dutieso.District of Columbia, an Adjutant-General, who shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by the laws of such State, Territory, and District, respectively, and make returns to the Secretary of War, at such times and in such form as he shall from time to time prescribe, of the strength of the organized militia, and also make such reports Report to Congrel as may from time to time be required by the Secretary of War. Thatthe Secretary of War shall, with his annual report of each year, trans- mit to Congress an abstract of the returns and reports of the adjutants-FIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. SESS. II. CH. 196. 1903.777general of the States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, with such observations thereon as he may deem necessary for the informa- tion of Congress.SEC. 13. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to issue, Ise of arms, etc. on the requisitions of the governors of the several States and Terri- Po ' p 942tories, or of the commanding general of the militia of the District of Columbia, such number of the United States standard service maga- zine arms, with bayonets, bayonet scabbards, gun slings, belts, and such other necessary accouterments and equipments as are required for the Army of the United States, for arming all of the organized militia in said States and Territories and District of Columbia, without Nont chargeable to charging the cost or value thereof, or any which have been issued since annu allotment. December first, nineteen hundred and one, or any expense connected therewith, against the allotment to said State, Territory, or District of Colum bia, out of the annual appropriation provided by section sixteen R.S.,se. 1661,p.29o. hundred and sixty-one of the Revised Statutes, as amended, or requir- Exchange of am- ing payment therefor, and to exchange, without receiving any money mti credit therefor, ammunition, or parts thereof, suitable to the new arms, round for round, for corresponding ammunition suitable to the old arms theretofore issued to said State, Territory, or District by the United States: P rovided, That said rifles and carbines and other prop- Pr so. erty shall be receipted for and shall remain the property of the UInited new anms. States and be annually accounted for by the governors of the States and Territories as now required by law, and that each State, Territory, and District shall, on receipt of the new arms, turn in to the Ordnance Department of the United States Army, without receiving any money credit therefor, and without expense for transportation, all United States rifles and carbines now in its possession.To provide means to carry into effect the provisions of this section, Appropriation. the necessary money to cover the cost of exchanging or issuing the new arms, accouterments, equipments, and ammunition to be exchanged or issued hereunder is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.SEC. 14. That whenever it shall appear by the report of inspections, Payment foractual which it shall be the duty of the Secretary of War to cause to be made at least once in each year by officers detailed by him for that purpose, that the organized militia of a State or Territory or of the District of Columbia is sufficiently armed, uniformed, and equipped for active duty in the field, the Secretary of War is authorized, on the requisition of the governor of such State or Territory, to pay to the quartermaster- general thereof, or to such other officer of the militia of said State as the said governor may designate and appoint for the purpose, so much of its allotment out of the said annual appropriation under section sixteen hundred and sixty-one of the Revised Statutes as amended as shall be necessary for the payment, subsistence, and transportation of such portion of said organized militia as shall engage in actual field or camp service for instruction, and the officers and enlisted men of such Pay of of cers and militia while so engaged shall be entitled to the same pay, subsistence, and transportation or travel allowances as officers and enlisted men of corresponding grades of the Regular Army are or may hereafter be entitled by law, and the officer so designated and appointed shall be regarded as a disbursing officer of the United States, and shall render Account. his accounts through the War Department to the proper accounting officers of the Treasury for settlement, and he shall be required to give good and sufficient bonds to the United States, in such sums as the Secretary of War may direct, faithfully to account for the safe-keeping and payment of the public moneys so intrusted to him for disbursement.SEC. 15. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide Participation in for participation by any part of the organized militia,of any State or campments, etc.778FIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. SESS. II. CH. 196. 1903.maneuvers, and field instruction of any part of the Regular Army at or near any military post or camp or lake or seacoast defenses of the United States. In such case the organized militia so participatingPay, etc.shall receive the same pay, subsistence, and transportation as is pro- vided by law for the officers and men of the Regular Army, to be paid out of the appropriation for the pay, subsistence, and transportation ofRegular Army off- the Army: Promded, That the command of such military post or camp cer to retain com- and of the officers and troops of the United States there stationed shall remain with the regular commander of the post without regard to the rank of the commanding or other officers of the militia temporarily somandencamped within its limits or in its vicinity.Allowance to mili- SEC. 16. That whenever any officer of the organized militia shall,tia officers attendingmilitary schools, upon recommendation of the governor of any State, Territory, orgeneral commanding the District of Columbia, and when authorized by the President, attend and pursue a regular course of study at any military school or college of the United States such officer shall receive from the annual appropriation for the support of the Army the same travel allowances, and quarters, or commutation of quarters, to which an officer of the Regular Army would be entitled if attending such school or college under orders from proper military authority, and shall also receive commutation of subsistence at the rate of one dollarper day while in actual attendance upon the course of instruction. Issue ofarmystores, SEC. 17. That the annual appropriation made by section sixteen etc.R s.,sec.166, p.290. hundred and sixty-one, Revised Statutes, as amended, shall be availa-ble for the purpose of providing for issue to the organized militia any stores and supplies or publications which are supplied to the Army by ircshase of addi- any department. Any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia may, with the approval of the Secretary of War, purchase for cash from the War Department, for the use of its militia, stores, supplies, material of war, or military publications, such as are furnished to the Army, in addition to those issued under the provisions of this Act, at the price at which they are listed for issue to the Army, with the cost Useof receipts from of transportation added, and funds received from such sales shall be credited to the appropriations to which they belong and shall not be covered into the Treasury, but shall be available until expended to replace therewith the supplies sold to the States and Territories and to the District of Columbia in the manner herein provided.strution and target SEC. 18. That each State or Territory furnished with material of practice required. war under the provisions of this or former Acts of Congress shall,during the year next preceding each annual allotment of funds, in accordance with section sixteen hundred and sixty-one of the Revised Statutes as amended, have required every company, troop, and battery in its organized militia not excused by the governor of such State or Territory to participate in practice marches or go into camp of instruc- tion at least five consecutive days, and to assemble for drill andinstruction at company, battalion, or regimental armories or rendez- nspection. vous or for target practice not less than twenty-four times, and shallalso have required during such year an inspection of each such com- pany, troop. and battery to be made by an officer of such militia or an officer of the Regular Army.ceraforencam'pment SEC. 19. That upon the application of the governor of any State or Territory furnished with material of war under the provisions of this Act or former laws of Congress, the Secretary of War may detail one or more officers of the Army to attend any encampment of the organ- ized militia, and to give such instruction and information to the officersR eport.and men assembled in such camp as may be requested by the governor. Such officer or officers shall immediately make a report of such encamp-ment to the Secretary of War, who shall furnish a copy thereof to theFIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. SESS. II. CH. 196. 1903.779SEC. 20. That upon application of the governor of any State or A8ssignment ofAy cers for duty T erritory furnished with m aterial of war under the provisions of this with militia.Act or former laws of Congress, the Secretary of War may, in his discretion, detail one or more officers of the Army to report to the governor of such State or Territory for duty in connection with the organized m ilitia. All such assignm ents may be revoked at the request Revocation. of the governor of such State or Territory or at the pleasure of the Secretary of War..SEC. 21. That the troops of the militia encamped at any m ilitary Ammunitionfortar- post or camp of the United States may be furnished such amounts of getpractce, etc. ammunition for instruction in firing and target practice as may be prescribed by the Secretary of War, and such instruction in firing shall be carried on under the direction of an officer selected for that purpose by the proper military commander.SEC. 22. That when any officer, noncommissioned officer, or private Pensionfor wounds, of the militia is disabled by reason of wounds or disabilities received or incurred in the service of the United States he shall be entitled to all the benefits of the pension laws existing at the time of his service, and in case such officer, noncommissioned officer, or private dies in the service of the United States or in returning to his place of residence after being mustered out of such service, or at any time, in consequence of wounds or disabilities received in such service, his widow and Pensiontowidow. children, if any, shall be entitled to all the benefits of such pension laws.SEC. 23. That for the purpose of securing a list of persons specially Examinations for qualified to hold commissions in any volunteer force which may here- volunteers. after be called for and organized under the authority of Congress, other than a force composed of organized militia, the Secretary of War is authorized from time to time to convene boards of officers at suitable and convenient army posts in different parts of the United States, who shall examine as to their qualifications for the command of troops or for the performance of staff duties all applicants who shall have served in the Regular Army of the United States, in any of the volunteer forces of the United States, or in the organized m ilitia of any State Eligibility of appli- or Territory or District of Columbia, or who, being a citizen of the United States, shall have attended or pursued a regular course of instruction in any military school or college of the United States Army, or shall have graduated from any educational institution to which an officer of the Army or Navy has been detailed as superintend- ent or professor pursuant to law after having creditably pursued the course of m ilitary instruction therein provided. Such exam inations Regulations. shall be under rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of War, and shall be especially directed to ascertain the practical capacity of the applicant. The record of previous service of the applicant shall be considered as a part of the examination. Upon ertificatesof quai- the conclusion of each examination the board shall certify to the War gibleclass. Department its judgment as to the fitness of the applicant, stating the office, if any, which it deems him qualified to fill, and, upon approval by the President, the names of the persons certified to be qualified shall be inscribed in a register to be kept in the War Depart- ment for that purpose. The persons so certified and registered shall, Further instruction subject to a physical examination at the time, constitute an eligible schoogis.' class for commissions pursuant to such certificates in any volunteer force hereafter called for and organized under the authority of Con- gress, other than a force composed of organized militia, and the Pres- ident may authorize persons from this class, to attend and pursue a regular course of study at any military school or college of the United States other than the Mlilitarv Academy at West Point and to receive from the annual appropriation for the support of the Army the same allowances and commutations as provided in this Act for officers of theFIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. SESS. I. CHS. 196,197,332. 1903.'goit.organized militia: Provided,That no person shall be entitled to receive a commission as a second lieutenant after he shall have passed the ageof thirty; as first lieutenant after he shall have passed the age of thirty-five; as captain after he shall have passed the age of forty; as major aftei he shall have passed the age of forty-five; as lieutenant- colonel after he shall have passed the age of fifty, or as colonel aftertribtonto tepp d he shall have passed the age of fifty-five: And providedfu r th e r , That such appointments shall be distributed proportionately, as near as maymentsbe, among the various States contributing such volunteer force: And Restrictions. provided, That the appointments in this section provided for shall notbe deemed to include appointments to any office in any company, troop, battery, battalion, or regiment of the organized militia which volun- teers as a body or the officers of which are appointed by the governor of a State or Territory.Ouniezaton of vol- SEC. 24. That all the volunteer forces of the United States called for Vol.30,p.361. by authority of Congress shall, except as hereinbefore provided, be organized in the manner provided by the Act entitled "An Act to provide for temporarily increasing the military establishment of the United States in time of war, and for other purposes," approved Apriltw enty-second, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight.., sec 232,15 SEC. 25. That sections sixteen hundred and twenty-five to sixteen 0repeaie. 7 hundred and sixty, both included, of title sixteen of the Revised Stat-Effect.utes, and section two hundred and thirty-two thereof, relating to the militia, are hereby repealed.SEC. 26. That this Act shall take effect upon the date of its approval.Approved, January 21, 1903.

IT was DOctor Doom!!!Alright, for the genuine hypothesis.Destruction is the ruler of Latveria, as referenced. Both Latveria and Sokovia are in similar region of the world, conceivably even prompt neighbors. It's an extremely mystical pocket of the world, with Mount Wundagore close within reach. Destruction, effectively a cultivated alchemist, saw the activities of Tony's Iron Legion during the lead-up to Age of Ultron. He took that thought, and started planning his Doombots. Notwithstanding that one, he's likewise got another objective in the rear of his brain: He needs to recuperate his mom's spirit from the grasp of Mephisto.Destruction endures the snap, and goes through those five years raising Latveria from a general obscure into a force to be reckoned with. He builds up his magic higher than ever, and enrolls designers to help him develop a multitude of Doombots. Be that as it may, he's not content with the advancement. A significant number of the best roboticists are snapped, and Stark isn't a choice. So he needs to look somewhere else.One of his representatives is Tyler Hayward, the acting head of SWORD. He selects him by playing on Hayward's inate doubt of superhumans (not understanding Doom is one himself). Hayward's main goal: Retro-engineer the Vision's cadaver to make the format for the new Doombots.Hayward isn't gaining acceptable headway, from the outset. Be that as it may, after the occasions of Endgame, he sees a chance: Wanda Maximoff is back. Maybe she can help him access Vision's customizing or recollections or even wake him up. So he calls her in, and she races to discover Vision's body. Hayward discloses that he needs to resuscitate Vision, yet Wanda starts to doubt him. Before long, she takes Vision's body and escapes to Westview. (At the point when Wanda goes up against the SWORD group in Episode 5, she obviously calls him "Chief" notwithstanding no uniform, no presentation, and no markings. As far as she might be aware, he could be "specialist" or "sergeant" or "officer" or whatever. Furthermore, their exchange appears to be all in all too acquainted with one another. It appears to be plain that they knew each other before this experience.)Destruction has been watching out for this, and sees another chance in play. So he acquires another specialist: Agatha Harkness. (Perhaps his own representative, conceivably borrowed from Mephisto). She works to both destabilize Wanda's as of now debilitated mental state, AND to intensify her existence distorting powers. So Agatha gets together with Wanda and does precisely that, which prompts Wanda making the Hex so she can carry on with her ideal cheerful life.Destruction's objective: To debilitate the texture of reality itself. It's conceivable he is doing this to pacify Mephisto somehow or another, or potentially he needs to utilize the diminished hindrances between real factors to attack Mephisto straightforwardly and TAKE what he needs. Regardless, it is by all accounts effective. Wanda's activities distorted reality such a lot of that Agatha had the option to pull an adaptation of Pietro in from a close by substitute reality, an activity that would have been outlandish in a more steady reality. (She at that point indoctrinated Peter/Pietro to be her representative also).Added into the entirety of this is Hayward, who is accepting the open door to examine Vision further while he's incidentally alive. Furthermore, he's been requested by Doom to straightforwardly alienate Wanda, angering her. Why?Since the following stage is to botch reality significantly further. Rather than urging Wanda to make and keep a steady Hex, presently it's an ideal opportunity to truly unhinge her and debilitate her hang on mental soundness. "Agnes" attempts to give Vision traces of the reality of this spot (her "slip" before him about a do-over, her demonstration during Halloween, and so on) Her battles and uncertainty with Vision, joined with the presence of her kids, and the impedance from her long-dead sibling, in addition to the pressing factor from SWORD are making Wanda snap much further.(With respect to twins: I don't have any strong hypothesis here. In any case, I'm believing that if Harkness is borrowed from Mephisto, they are important for one of his own little side ventures. Not identified with Doom's objectives, yet exploiting the mayhem to sneak in somewhat insidious and underhandedness and secure a couple of more Faustian deals.)What comes straightaway?The transmission of WandaVision reaches a total conclusion. The Hex will descend, and Vision will kick the bucket. Harkness will get away, Hayward will get the information he required, and Doom won't be involved in-universe. The specific subtleties of how the entirety of this goes down? I don't think about that. Be that as it may, the end credit stinger of the last scene will have either Harkness or Hayward detailing the accomplishment of their central goal to their chief, Dr Doom. He'll be in outline or from behind or something to that effect, I'd wager.Be that as it may, he's not done at this point. Wanda destabilized reality, however not far enough. So Doom gets more straightforward, and uses different specialists or arrangements or strategies to additionally debilitate the texture. He is a foundation foe of Doctor Strange: Multiverse of Madness as his activities undermine the actual idea of presence.Eventually, his activities are incidentally defeated, yet he is as yet satisfied. His objectives are being cultivated, and he is winning the battle by wearing down. He hasn't been straightforwardly crushed by anybody in all his years now. The occasions of Spider-Man 3 are aftermath from his intruding, in spite of the fact that he won't probably be straightforwardly included. This may likewise be the situation with Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. Conceivably. (Albeit this is bound to be random, an issue caused from the time traveling empowered by Scott's admittance to the Quantum Realm).Bizarre understands that to battle somebody who utilizes wizardry and innovation, he likewise needs to enlist a tech master. As of recently, not very many researchers gave a lot of confidence to the multiverse hypothesis. Yet, one, working away in calm, is going to turn out to be exceptionally applicable. Reed Richards, virtuoso and master on multiversal examines. He has been working for quite a long time on a gadget to permit transport between imaginary worlds. Much obliged to a limited extent to Doom's debilitating the obstruction between real factors, Richards is at last ready to succeed. Yet, the unanticipated result is that Richards and his companions acquire superpowers, turning into The Fantastic Four. His prosperity draws the consideration of others engaged with these issues, conceivably Strange as well as Doom.During the contention of the film, Reed can succeed where nobody has previously: He impedes Dr Doom, without Doom ready to try and escape a little triumph. This procures Doom's unceasing hostility as his pride won't permit him to acknowledge this loss. He and Reed become mortal adversaries.My expectations don't actually go beyond this point (and are truly obscure at any rate). We'll simply need to sit back and watch what comes straightaway.TLDR: It's Doctor Doom.In spite of the fact that it's a truly long post (sorry), I don't believe it's much a stretch by any means. What do you think?[[EDIT ONE: BONUS THEORY: SENTINELDuring the completion of WandaVision, Wanda has a crazy break and her world distorting enchantment incidentally beats across the whole Earth (maybe during the obliteration of the actual Hex). A little level of the populace have their bodies changed, very much like Monica's. They are the main freaks, who will ultimately turn into the X-Men, etc (yet not for some time yet).At some point meanwhile, Hayward finds that Doom is really a superhuman, and furthermore needs to accomplish something more shrewd than he is OK with. So Hayward splits from Doom, hurt and pissed considerably more at superhumans. Presently he's perched on this little multitude of insightful robots, just around the time that the public authority begins searching for an answer for this "freak issue". Maybe the robots could shield people from monstrosities, remaining as Sentinels against the freak menace...]]Liked this theory , please support us by scanning this URL for youtube channel, THANKS A LOT!!!

What are the duties of Queen Elizabeth?What follows is my fully revised answer to this question submitted 3/19/2019.First, I assume you mean Queen Elizabeth II and not Queen Elizabeth I.Second, Elizabeth II took a Coronation Oath which was part of the Coronation service and her duties, I believe, are what she promises to perform in this Oath, at least generically. The Oath follows with some key phrases made bold italics by me as well as bullets added for clarity. These do not appear in the original text. From The Queen's Coronation Oath, 1953:In the Coronation ceremony of 2 June 1953, one of the highlights was when The Queen made her Coronation Oath (taken from the Order of Service for the Coronation).The Queen having returned to her Chair, (her Majesty having already on Tuesday, the 4th day of November, 1952, in the presence of the two Houses of Parliament, made and signed the Declaration prescribed by Act of Parliament), the Archbishop standing before her shall administer the Coronation Oath, first asking the Queen,Madam, is your Majesty willing to take the Oath?And the Queen answering,I am willing.The Archbishop shall minister these questions; and The Queen, having a book in her hands, shall answer each question severally as follows:Archbishop. Will yousolemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, and of your Possessions and the other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?Queen. I solemnly promise so to do.Archbishop. Will you to your power cause Law and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your judgements?Queen. I will.Archbishop. Will you to the utmost of your powermaintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel? Will you to the utmost of your powermaintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law? Will youmaintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established in England? And will youpreserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England, and to the Churches there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them?Queen. All this I promise to do.Then the Queen arising out of her Chair, supported as before, the Sword of State being carried before her, shall go to the Altar, and make her solemn Oath in the sight of all the people to observe the premisses: laying her right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the great Bible (which was before carried in the procession and is now brought from the Altar by the Arch-bishop, and tendered to her as she kneels upon the steps), and saying these words:The things which I have here before promised, I will perform and keep. So help me God.Then the Queen shall kiss the Book and sign the Oath.The Queen having thus taken her Oath shall return again to her Chair, and the Bible shall be delivered to the Dean of Westminster.So, very clearly, The Queen promised to perform these duties to the utmost of “her powers.”But what, then, are her “powers?” As one looks into this question, one learns more about her duties. In addition, one finds information about the nature of her powers - are they real powers or just ceremonial? The words of the Oath ask if she will “govern”, yet many of my sources below say she does not govern, she is just a figurehead only, and it is Parliament that governs. If that is true, and she has no part in governing, then why have her promise to govern in the Oath?Further, the Oath specifically requires that the judgements she makes be based in law and justice and tempered by mercy. Why does a figurehead have to make any judgements at all or promise to make them in this manner?If these duties and promises are about governing, then why include them at all in an Oath for a ceremonial head of state? Is there a connection that I missed? I am looking for some insight on that question.Mostly I find sources that support the idea that the Monarch fulfills only a ceremonial role and does not actually govern:The Queen's Role states: (bold italics, bullets are mine)Although the Queen is no longer responsible for governing the country, she carries out a great many important tasks on behalf of the nation.See also our Calendar of Royal DutiesHead of StateAs Head of State, the Queen goes on official State visits abroad. She also invites other world leaders to come to the United Kingdom. During their visit, Heads of State usually stay at Buckingham Palace, or sometimes at Windsor Castle or Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh.Head of the Armed ForcesThe Queen is also the Head of the Armed Forces. She is the only person who can declare when the country is at war and when war is over, although she must take advice from her government first.Head of the Church of EnglandThe Queen is Head of the Church of England - a position that all British monarchs have held since it was founded by Henry VIII in the 1530s.The Queen appoints archbishops and bishops on the advice of the Prime Minister.The spiritual leader of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury.Government DutiesEvery day 'red boxes' are delivered to the Queen's desk full of documents and reports from the government ministers and Commonwealth officials. They must all be read and, if necessary, signed by the Queen.Represents the NationThe Queen represents the nation at times of great celebration or sorrow. One example of this is Remembrance Day ceremony at the Cenotaph monument in Whitehall. The Queen lays a wreath there each year to honour the members of the armed forces who have died fighting for their country.Royal Garden PartiesAt least three Royal Garden Parties are held at Buckingham Palace each year and about 8,000 guests attend each one.VisitsAlongside her other duties the Queen spends a huge amount of time travelling around the country visiting hospitals, schools, factories and other places and organisations.If one believes that the Monarch’s role is purely ceremonial, then Royal Duties of Queen Elizabeth supports this and explains the Queen, as the ceremonial Head of State, has the duty to attend more than 2,000 events annually. A “Calendar of Royal Duties”See also our Calendar of Royal Dutieslists some of them including Opening Parliament in November and The Trooping of the Colour in June to name just two. Of course it is physically impossible for HM to attend 2,000 events or more annually. She is assisted by many working Royal Family members who attend for her, in her name, and represent her. Certainly this list of duties emphasizes the ceremonial aspects of her job.How Much Power Does Queen Elizabeth II Actually Have? is an article is about the Monarch’s powers - duties? - in the Constitutional Monarchy known as the UK. It explains her duties which are more substantial than one might think.It also asks and answers the question of how much influence the Crown actually has over the government. How Much Power Does Queen Elizabeth II Actually Have? lists these powers and, again, I added some bold italics and bullets for clarity and for emphasis:Depending on how closely you follow the British royal family, you may know that Queen Elizabeth II has some bizarre powers as the United Kingdom’s monarch, such as eating swans and stealing children. Luckily, there’s no evidence that she exercises either of those powers. But does she have any sway in the British political process?Under the British Constitution, Queen Elizabeth II has quite a few powers and privileges. Ahead, discover some of the things that the queen has the power to do.She can open and close Parliament sessionsQueen Elizabeth II Visits Berlin | Michael Ukas /Pool /Getty ImagesRoyal Central reports that many of Queen Elizabeth II’s political powers are largely ceremonial. One easy example is her ability to summon and prorogue Parliament, essentially opening and closing Parliamentary sessions. Reader’s Digest points out that Parliament (not the royal family) is the United Kingdom’s highest governing body. The queen has to officially open the session every May to begin the Parliamentary year.That involves a ceremony where Queen Elizabeth II leads a procession through the Royal Gallery at the Palace of Westminster and then gives a formal address to both Houses of Parliament. In fact, it’s the only event where the House of Lords, the House of Commons, and the queen gather together. Reader’s Digest notes that the queen also technically has the power to fire everyone in the House of Commons and hold an election — but she’s never used this power, and the last time a monarch did was in 1830.Queen Elizabeth II has to sign off on new lawsAnother of Queen Elizabeth II’s ceremonial — but important — political powers is the Royal Assent. Parliament makes laws, but the queen must sign off on proposed bills before they can go into effect. By giving the Royal Assent, she approves the proposed law. She technically also can reject bills. But the last monarch to do that was Queen Anne, who in 1708 vetoed a measure that would have restored the Scottish militia.Royal Central reports that the queen also has the power to create secondary legislation. She can create Orders-in-Council and Letters Patent, which regulate matters relating to the crown, such as titles and precedence. The queen famously signed off on the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act, which discarded the centuries-old system of male-preference primogeniture to ensure that female heirs — like Princess Charlotte — won’t lose their places in the line of succession to younger brothers, as happened to Princess Anne.She can appoint Ministers to the Crown, and pardon criminalsQueen Elizabeth II | Bruno Vincent/Getty ImagesReader’s Digest reports that Queen Elizabeth II also has the power to appoint Ministers to the Crown. While most government officials in the United Kingdom have to be voted into office, the queen can select advisors and cabinet officials herself. Royal Central notes that the queen is also responsible for appointing the Prime Minister after a general election or a resignation.Other interesting political powers Queen Elizabeth II has? The sovereign retains the power to declare war against other nations. However, as Royal Central notes, the Prime Minister and Parliament usually do this, in practice. And the last monarch to declare war was King George VI, Elizabeth’s father, who declared war on Nazi Germany in 1939. The queen can also grant a royal pardon to anyone convicted of a crime, and in 2013, she granted a posthumous pardon to World War II codebreaker Alan Turing. And under British law, the queen cannot be prosecuted and is free from civil action.The queen is technically responsible for issuing passports and commanding the British militaryQueen Elizabeth II also has powers that ministers exercise for her. For instance, Reader’s Digest reports that anyone with a British passport technically has it thanks to the queen. Each one is issued in her name, even though other people do the work for her.The queen is also the Commander-in-Chief of the United Kingdom’s military, and all British soldiers have to swear an oath to her before they officially join. “With the power to command the army, though, comes the power to delegate that duty as well,” Reader’s Digest explains. “The Queen can assign the position of Commander-in-Chief to another government official, most commonly the Prime Minister or the Secretary of State for Defence.”Queen Elizabeth II can bestow honors on individualsQueen Elizabeth II | Tim Ireland – WPA Pool/Getty ImagesRoyal Central reports that “One of the main prerogative powers that are still used personally by The Queen these days is the power to grant honours. As all honours derive from the Crown, The Queen has the final say on knighthoods, peerages and the like.”She can create peerages for people, either life peerages or hereditary ones (though she hasn’t done the latter in decades). The queen can also create orders of knighthood. And she can grant any citizen honours ranging from the Royal Victorian Order to the Order of the Garter, or making someone a Knight or Dame.Queen Elizabeth II owns every dolphin in Britain and doesn't need a driving license — here are the incredible powers you didn't know the monarchy has also states:It's true that her role as the British head of state is largely ceremonial, and the Monarch no longer holds any serious power from day to day. The historic "prerogative powers" of the Sovereign have been devolved largely to government ministers. But this still means that when the British government declares war, or regulates the civil service, or signs a treaty, it is doing so only on her authority.So although she does not take most actions herself, government ministers and/or civil servants still do everything in her name.I think this is an interesting dichotomy and as we Americans say, check and balance, so neither an aggressive Parliament or an out of control Monarch rules the day. They act in concert for the people’s best interests - a very interesting tango.The Monarch’s duties are deemed primarily ceremonial, but some of these “ceremonial duties” sounds like major authority to me.Her Majesty has what is called Queen’s Assent, quite different from and even more powerful than her other power of Royal Assent. With Queen’s Assent she can block debate of proposed law on any bill that affects the Monarchy’s interests, a Royal filibuster I would say, and quite significant. Queen Elizabeth II owns every dolphin in Britain and doesn't need a driving license — here are the incredible powers you didn't know the monarchy has continues as follows:“The Queen's consent is necessary to turn any bill into an actual law. Once a proposed law has passed both houses of Parliament, it makes its way to the Palace for approval, which is called "Royal Assent." The most recent British Monarch to refuse to provide Royal Assent was Queen Anne, back in 1708.Royal Assent is different than "Queen's consent," in which the Queen must consent to any law being debated in Parliament that affects the Monarchy's interests (such as reforming the prerogative or tax laws that might affect the Duchy of Cornwall, for example). Without consent, the bill cannot be debated in Parliament.Queen's consent is exercised only on the advice of ministers, but its existence provides the government with a tool for blocking debate on certain subjects if bills are tabled by backbench rebels or the opposition.It has been exercised at least 39 times, according to documents released under the Freedom of Information act, including "one instance [in which] the Queen completely vetoed the Military Actions Against Iraq Bill in 1999, a private member's bill that sought to transfer the power to authorise military strikes against Iraq from the monarch to parliament," The Guardian reported in 2013.She opens Parliament each year and after each election must ask the person best able to form a viable government (usually the Head of the Party that received the most votes) to be Prime Minister and form the new government. During HM’s long reign, she has done this more often than any other Monarch.I suppose this dichotomy only works because Her Majesty The Queen has been very wise when wielding her powers over her long reign. The Monarch’s Relationship with Parliament is described in this article. It goes into some detail and then concludes:The Queen's role in Parliament is:• Assenting to Bills passed by Parliament, on the advice of Ministers;• Giving audiences to Ministers, at which Her Majesty may be consulted, encourage and warn;• Opening each new session of Parliament;• Proroguing or dissolving Parliament before a general election.Duties, Rights and Powers of H.M. The Queen is another excellent article and helps clarify the dichotomy that I see. It also makes some very excellent points about the value of the Monarchy to the nation and contrasts the valued attributed to the Monarchy with Parliament. It gives insights into Duties, Rights and Powers of H.M. The Queen, and for the most part, echoes previously mentioned sources that state the Monarchy is just a ceremonial, not a governing, position. From Duties, Rights and Powers of H.M. The Queen: (with my bullets and bold italics)According to a famed British constitutional scholar, Walter Bagehot, Queen Elizabeth II “could disband the army; she could dismiss all the officers . . .she could sell off all our ships-of-war and all our naval stores; she could make a peace by the sacrifice of Cornwall and begin a war for the conquest of Brittany. She could make every citizen in the United Kingdom, male or female, a peer; she could make every parish in the United Kingdom a ‘University’; she could dismiss most of the civil servants, and she could pardon all offenders.”Her Majesty’s actual rights as a Queen are only three:The right to be consulted by the Prime MinisterTo encourage certain courses of actionTo warn against othersHowever her duties are far greater than her rights. Her Majesty’s duties do not just consist one or two, but the many below:“Constitutional Arbitration.” In times of Crisis, as with a hung Parliament, the lack of an automatic choice of Prime Minister or an unjustifiable and unnecessary request for a dissolution of Parliament, the Monarchy provides an impartial and non-political arbitrator, like an umpire called in when the players cannot agree. It would also be able to intervene if the government acted un-constitutionally by, say putting the opposition in jail, abolishing elections, or instructing the police not to prosecute members of the government for criminal offences. The Monarch can also dissolve Parliament, and appoint a Prime Minister to their liking, which has been done throughout Her Majesty’s reign. This duty falls upon the Monarch not only in England, but in the Commonwealth countries that retain the British Sovereign as their Monarch and Head of State.“Stability.” A form of Government that only came into being yesterday can quite easily be overthrown tomorrow; an institution sanctified by 1,000 years of Sovereignty is more deeply embedded in the consciousness of the nation and more closely woven into the fabric of political life. It can still be overthrown (as by Oliver Cromwell in 1649), but people are still likely to think very hard before they pick up the sword. The Monarchy was Restored (1659 Charles II).“Continuity.” Governments come and go, A week is a long time in Parliament, and five years a lifetime. But the Sovereign is always there, and the apparatus of monarchy helps to bridge the discontinuities of party politics.“Experience.” A lifetime of reading state papers, meeting heads of state and ambassadors, and holding a weekly audience with the Prime Minister gives The Queen an unequalled store of knowledge and experience. Politicians see state papers only when they are in office, but the Queen sees them every day. Her constitutional right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn makes this experience available to every government, as it is after all, Her Government.“Unity.” Party politics is about disagreement and confrontation. It encourages polarization – rich against poor, north against south, management against unions, black against white, Catholic against Protestant. Parliament institutionalizes division and conflict. The monarchy is about national unity and institutionalizes cooperation and consensus.“Succession.” The heredity principle does more than provide a formula for unopposed succession. It also means that everyone knows who the successor is likely to be, and that he or she will have been groomed for the job from birth.“Intelligibility.” A family at the head of the nation’s affairs is something everyone can understand and indentify with. It makes the state seem human, personal and accessible. A parliament portrays public life as a battlefield; the monarchy portrays it as a family circle.“Recognition of Achievement.” By honours, awards, visits, patronage and sponsorship the sovereign and the Royal Family can recognize and reward achievement by individuals and organizations, and publicly affirm their value to the nation.“Focus of Allegiance.” A person and a family are a powerful symbol for the armed services of what they are fighting for, and are not so vulnerable to the winds of political favour in supporting the forces and honouring their sacrificing.“Moral Leadership.” Because the monarchy is permanent, it can set a consistent moral standard which people can look to as a guide and example.“Model Behaviour.” The monarchy can also give the nation an example or, to be more precise, a range of examples of acceptable behaviour in the smaller matters of social convention and behaviour. Even when some members of the Royal Family do not behave as well as people expect them to, they are still contributing to the process of reviewing and revising the nations behaviour patterns.“Custodianship of the Past.” Through its ceremony, pageantry and ritual, the monarchy preserves the link with Britain’s history and reminds people of the country’s past achievements and the antiquity of their state.“Trusteeship of the Future.” By being close to the heart of affairs, but outside of the political arena, the Royal Family can focus attention on the country’s long-term dangers and opportunities as a counterweight to the inevitably short-term preoccupations of politicians in the heat of the party battle.“Uniting the Nation with the State.” Most important of all is the combination of the constitutional role as Head of State and the social role as Head of the Nation within a single institution, a single family and a single office. If the sovereign can be the focus of the people’s loyalty, pride, patriotism and a sense of nationhood, then the people are simultaneously focusing these emotions on the state of which the Queen is the constitutional head; they are confirming and supporting the legitimacy of the political, legal and economic system which regulates their daily lives.“The Commonwealth.” A Commonwealth Realm is a country which has The Queen as its Monarch. The Queen is Head of State (Queen) of 15 Commonwealth realms in addition to the UK. She is also Head of the Commonwealth itself, a voluntary association of 53 independent countries. From Australia to Antigua, Canada to Cameroon, the Commonwealth is a remarkable international organisation, spanning every geographical region, religion and culture. It exists to foster international co-operation and trade links between people all over the world“Powers of the Queen”The power to appoint and dismiss the Prime MinisterThe power to appoint and dismiss other ministers.The power to summon, prorogue and dissolve ParliamentThe power to make war and peaceThe power to command the armed forces of the United KingdomThe power to regulate the Civil ServiceThe power to ratify treatiesThe power to issue passportsThe power to appoint bishops and archbishops of the Church of EnglandThe power to create peers (both life peers and hereditary peers).If the Queen pleases, she can ride in a horse carriage down Rotten Row, where others can only ride horseback. Her picture will appear on postage stamps, but she will not need them; her personal mail is franked. She can drive as fast as she likes in a car which needs no license number. She could tell her sister Princess Margaret when she could marry. She can confer Britain’s highest civilian decoration, the Order of Merit—one honour in which the Sovereign retains freedom of choice.What Her Majesty cannot do is vote. Nor can she express any shading of political opinion in public. The Queen cannot sit in the House of Commons, although the building is royal property. She addresses the opening session of each Parliament, but she cannot write her own speech. The Queen cannot refuse to sign a bill of Parliament, and she cannot appear as a witness in court, or rent property from her subjects.It seems that there is some controversy over whether “The Queen cannot refuse to sign a bill of Parliament.” Maybe this is the missing connection I referred to earlier.Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills - seems to show that the Monarchy plays much more than a ceremonial role and actually DOES play a part in governing, more than many realize, and expresses a concern that this calls for more “transparency.”I thought as I read about Royal assent - Wikipedia and Queen's Consent - Wikipedia that these powers seem much more than ceremonial. Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills supports my thoughts. From Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills:The extent of the Queen and Prince Charles's secretive power of veto over new laws has been exposed after Downing Street lost its battle to keep information about its application secret.Whitehall papers prepared by Cabinet Office lawyers show that overall at least 39 bills have been subject to the most senior royals' little-known power to consent to or block new laws. They also reveal the power has been used to torpedo proposed legislation relating to decisions about the country going to war.andIn one instance the Queen completely vetoed the Military Actions Against Iraq Bill in 1999, a private member's bill that sought to transfer the power to authorise military strikes against Iraq from the monarch to parliament.She was even asked to consent to the Civil Partnership Act 2004 because it contained a declaration about the validity of a civil partnership that would bind her.In the pamphlet, the Parliamentary Counsel warns civil servants that if consent is not forthcoming there is a risk "a major plank of the bill must be removed"."This is opening the eyes of those who believe the Queen only has a ceremonial role," said Andrew George, Liberal Democrat MP for St Ives, which includes land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, the Prince of Wales' hereditary estate."It shows the royals are playing an active role in the democratic process and we need greater transparency in parliament so we can be fully appraised of whether these powers of influence and veto are really appropriate. At any stage this issue could come up and surprise us and we could find parliament is less powerful than we thought it was." . . .. . . "There has been an implication that these prerogative powers are quaint and sweet but actually there is real influence and real power, albeit unaccountable," said John Kirkhope, the legal scholar who fought the freedom of information case to access the papers.There is an inate contradiction here. The Queen cannot express a public opinion politically, yet when giving or withholding Royal Assent she may be making a political judgement . . . And in her Oath of Office she promisedLaw and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your judgements?This process has not been necessarily secret in any sinister way, but part of the consultations between the Prime Minister and the Queen. Is it required that all consultations between them be made public? If that were so, how could George VI and Winston Churchill handled WWW II decisions without exposing their decisions and strategy to the Nazis?Does that not defeat the purpose of Constitutional Monarchy where most of the government are elected officials? If every decision must be made public (for public approval?) are you now becoming a pure (and inefficient) democracy?Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills expresses alarm that the Monarchy had any say at all. “Secret Papers” lists the following bills where either The Queen or The Prince of Wales exercised Royal Assent and, in one case, did not give the expected rubber stamp:Royal influenceHere is a list of government bills that have required the consent of the Queen or the Prince of Wales. It is not exhaustive and in only one case does it show whether any changes were made. It is drawn from data gleaned from two Freedom of Information requests.The QueenAgriculture (miscellaneous provisions) bill 1962Housing Act 1996Rating (Valuation Act) 1999Military actions against Iraq (parliamentary approval bill) 1999 – consent not signifiedPollution prevention and control bill (1999)High hedges bills 2000/01 and 2002/03European Union bill 2004Civil Partnership Act 2004Higher Education Act 2004National Insurance Contributions and Statutory Payments Act 2004Identity cards bill 2004-06Work and families bill 2005-06Commons bill 2006Animal Welfare Act 2006Charities Act 2006Child maintenance and other payments bill (2006/07)Rating (Empty Properties) Act 2007Courts, Tribunals and Enforcement Act 2007Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007Fixed term parliaments bill (2010-12 session)Prince CharlesConveyancing and Feudal Reform (Scotland) Act 1970Land Registration (Scotland Act) 1979Pilotage bill 1987Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act 1997House of Lords Act 1999Gambling bill 2004-05Road Safety bill 2004-05Natural environment and rural communities bill 2005-06London Olympics bill 2005-06Commons bill 2006Charities Act 2006Housing and regeneration bill 2007-08Energy bill 2007-08Planning bill 2007-08Co-operative and community benefit societies and credit unions bill 2008-09Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction (Lords) 2008-09Marine and Coastal Access (Lords) 2008-09Coroners and justice bill 2008-09Marine navigation aids bill 2009-2010Wreck Removal Convention Act 2010-12To me, as an American, it makes sense there is a “veto” system in place where the Executive - The Queen - exercises veto power after receiving the advice of her advisors, and this is what IS happening according to Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills:A Buckingham Palace spokeswoman said: "It is a long established convention that the Queen is asked by parliament to provide consent to those bills which parliament has decided would affect crown interests. The sovereign has not refused to consent to any bill affecting crown interests unless advised to do so by ministers."A spokesman for Prince Charles said: "In modern times, the prince of Wales has never refused to consent to any bill affecting Duchy of Cornwall interests, unless advised to do so by ministers. Every instance of the prince's consent having been sought and given to legislation is a matter of public record."It appears to me that the duties of Queen Elizabeth are varied and many - so many that she cannot possibly perform them all without the help of the working Royals she has chosen to assist her. These duties - powers, rights and privileges - have been adequately identified in the sources provided. The Queen does not act alone; only as advised by her ministers. All sources agree on The Queen’s duties except for the duty of Royal Assent. Is it always a rubber stamp or may The Queen withhold Royal Assent?It appears to be a shock to some that Queen Anne in 1708 was NOT the last Monarch to veto a bill by withholding Royal Assent. That honor belongs to Queen Elizabeth II in 1999. Queen Elizabeth II owns every dolphin in Britain and doesn't need a driving license — here are the incredible powers you didn't know the monarchy has reveals that Royal Assent is NOT just a rubber stamp:Queen's consent is exercised only on the advice of ministers, but its existence provides the government with a tool for blocking debate on certain subjects if bills are tabled by backbench rebels or the opposition.It has been exercised at least 39 times, according to documents released under the Freedom of Information act, including "one instance [in which] the Queen completely vetoed the Military Actions Against Iraq Bill in 1999, a private member's bill that sought to transfer the power to authorise military strikes against Iraq from the monarch to parliament," The Guardian reported in 2013.I find it hard to believe that Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills, refers to Royal Assent as:. . . the most senior royals' little-known power to consent to or block new laws.Little-known power? Not by any reasonably informed historian or even history buff. Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia describes the very long history of and attempts to define royal prerogative including:The royal prerogative originated as the personal power of the monarch. From the 13th century in England, as in France, the monarch was all-powerful, but this absolute power was checked by "the recrudescence of feudal turbulence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". [6]An early attempt to define the royal prerogative was stated by Richard II's judges in 1387. [7] [8]If the definition of the concept has been debated since 1387, it is very unlikely that this is a “little known power” as Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills claims.What are The Queen’s powers? states what Secret papers show extent of senior royals' veto over bills fails to remember, again, the bold italics for emphasis are mine:The Royal Prerogative are a set number of powers and privileges held by The Queen as part of the British constitution. Nowadays, a lot of these powers are exercised on Her Majesty’s behalf by ministers – things such as issuing or withdrawing passports that, without the Royal Prerogative, would require an act of parliament each time.Over time, the prerogative powers have been used less and less though the important thing in our Constitutional Monarchy is that they still exist, they remain a means of protecting democracy in this country ensuring that no one can simply seize power.Monarchy of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia says this about the Royal Prerogative with my bold italicized text;The monarch and their immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. As the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces. Though the ultimate executive authority over the government is still formally by and through the monarch's royal prerogative, these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and, in practice, within the constraints of convention and precedent.This does not mean that the Royal Prerogative no longer exists or is some secret, little known power. It has existed for many centuries. It is one of the many duties that Queen Elizabeth II must perform or exercise within the framework of a Constitutional Monarchy.