Constitutional Amendments And Revision Of Codes ( July 17, 2018: Fill & Download for Free

The special status of Jammu and Kashmir (and now it’s abrogation) can be explained by checking the legal aspects of the following documents:1. Indian constitution(Article 370,35A,Appendix 1 and 2)2. Jammu and Kashmir constitution3. Instrument of accession4. Presidential notification on article 3705. Jammu and Kashmir reorganization bill 2019Hope you enjoy this.As you can see, there is a door. On one side of it is India and on the other side of it is Jammu and Kashmir. The wall is made of constitution (applicable to Jammu and Kashmir order 1954, which in turn includes the ‘unconstitutional’ 35A) and the door is article 370.The Indian side has two members who have the power to pass through that door1. Parliament2. Indian PresidentThe Kashmir side has to answer the door, they have1. Kashmir legislature2. Kashmir Governor (earlier sadar-i-riyasat)So let’s start,1. What was the need for such a ‘door’?Ans: When India became independent in 1947 as an Independent dominion, it also made independent 565 princely states along with British India (refer Indian independence act). These states had 3 options- to accede to India, to accede with Pakistan or remain as an Independent kingdom.Many kings chose among them, under Iron Man Sardar Patel we could unite our Land as the Indian Union. This was done by signing an accession treaty, called INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION. This was the will of the king- no voting or plebiscite had to be done by the subjects- to join the Indian Union.Kashmir was an exceptional one- it had a peculiarity of a Hindu ruler over a majority Muslim subjects and the ruler wanted to remain independent. So the map of India didn’t have Kashmir (until October 1947).Pakistan had eyes on Kashmir but since it had a Hindu ruler, they figured he may not just accede to Pakistan and once they found out that he won’t accede to India too, they began training militant groups to revolt and seize Kashmir from the king. A war was under place.The king understood that he will lose the war and Pakistan will overthrow him- he requested his neighbor India to help him fight Pakistan. The distress call fell on Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then Governor General Lord Mountbatten.India agreed to help on one condition- Kashmir should accede to the Indian Union, which the King agreed “on certain conditions” and Indian army was on Kashmir soil, fighting Pakistan militants, as Kashmir became an integral part of India.Nehru decided to seek international help in Kashmir issue- he went to the UN without consulting the Parliament or the President.- the UN which was controlled by US, a friend of Pakistan then, asked for1. Complete demilitarization of Kashmir2. Plebiscite/referendum conducted among people of Kashmir whether to stay with India or Pakistan.Which contradicted the Instrument of accession and we were nicely fooled (thank you)!A separate constituent assembly was formed in parallel with our constituent assembly to define the relation of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India. They drafted the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir and simply said “JAMMU AND KASHMIR WILL BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE INDIAN UNION”(wow)- This was on November 1956.But our constituent assembly had proclaimed India as a sovereign territory in 1950 January. So it meant no outside opinions need to be taken on matters which are under diplomacy of the Indian Union. This was again in contrast with UN intervention.So as a solution to this problem, until Kashmir issue is solved in the UN(thanks to then Prime Minister), our constituent assembly decided to give Kashmir a ‘special’ status which was ‘temporary’-which barred the Indian constitution in being valid in Kashmir unless through a DOOR- that door is article 370.2. HOW DOES THIS DOOR (ARTICLE 370) WORK?ANS: This door is the path by which Indian laws and constitution are made applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. Indian side has one constitution and a penal code(IPC) and procedure ( CrPC and civil laws) and Kashmir side has 2 constitutions and a penal code(ranbir penal code) and civil laws.Article 370 says how Indian constitution can be applied to Jammu and Kashmir1. Article 1 and Article 370 are applicable to Jammu and Kashmir (what about the other articles? Wait, 370 will say)Article 1- India that is BHARAT shall be a union of statesThe ‘states’ are specified under First schedule of the Indian Constitution and J&K is the 15thstate in the Indian Union2. Article 238 does not apply to J&K( what is article 238- part B states )Fun fact: there is no article 238 in the Indian constitution (after 237, constitution moves to 239). It was removed by 7thamendment of Indian constitution on 1956. (That trouble is over!)3. The power of parliament is limited to 4 areas specified under Instrument of Accession:a. DEFENSEb. EXTERNAL AFFAIRSc. COMMUNICATIONd. ANCILLARY(Read on boys, explanation follows)4. On other matters of the Instrument of accession, the President has to make an order, on approval of the Government of J&K. (at that time it was the king)5. All other articles of the constitution shall apply with modifications as the President says, with the approval of the state(except a,b,c,d all other matters need the approval of state and it may be modified)6. Also the approval of the constituent assembly is needed(this was of no importance in as the constituent assembly(J&K) dissolved in 1956 and they stated that J&K was an integral part of India)FUN FACT: Nowhere in the Jammu and Kashmir constitution says about article 370 (wow again)7. The president can remove, modify and change any provisions of article 370 by consulting the constituent assembly.Explanation: Article 370 does not come under article 368(power of parliament to amend the constitution of India). So parliament cannot change, modify or remove article 370. Only the President can do it.( he did it twice, I will explain it in this article)Any other article/law has to pass the door- so the President knocks the door and he is answered by the Kashmir government. If they wishes to apply the article president is welcome and it is passed in J&K assembly. If they don’t like it- it does not apply to J&K but applies to ‘rest of India’.(president can go back)The parliament doesn’t need to knock the door for a,b,c,d. they can simply walk in and out(even kick the door open) but for all other provisions they need the president to help them pass the 370 door.SCENARIO 1:(Knock knock)J&K: Hello Mr. President, what do you want to pass?Indian President: I want the Fundamental rights and fundamental duties to be valid in J&K (part 3 and 4 of the Indian constitution)J&K: OK you can pass 370- fundamental rights and duties will be applicable to J&K.SCENARIO 2:(knock knock)Hello Mr. President, what do you want to pass?“I want to pass the GST bill”You will have to wait for approval.(After one week)Okay Mr. President, GST is applicable to J&K.GST- Goods and Services tax took extra 1 week to implement in Kashmir.SCENARIO 3:(knock knock)Hello Mr. President, what do you want to pass?“I want to announce financial emergency under article 360”Sorry Mr. President, financial emergency can be valid across rest of India but not here. You may leave.THUS, one by one, law by law each provision of the constitution had to pass through 370. Some didn’t pass. Many Indian laws were not ‘applicable to J&K’ due to this constitutional wall.Indian constitution was ‘different’ in J&K and the rest of India. Some articles had modifications and changes on two sides of the door.3. How did Kashmir become an Integral part of India?ANS: It became an integral part through the INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION signed between Maharajadhiraj of Jammu and Kashmir and Mountbatten of Burma (Governor General of India) on 27 October 1947.It had certain conditions (go on, do you think anyone would read your article)a. I, Shriman Inder Mahendra Rajarajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Shri Hari Singh Ji, declare that I accede to the dominion of India, with certain conditions (well done sir).b. The central government can make laws on those matters which I say for this state, and for all other matters, they need to be in agreement with the ruler of this state(that’s me folks)c. The conditions in this accession treaty cannot be changed except by me. No amendments can change this(tactical move)d. If the central government wants to acquire some land (IN J&K) for any purposes, they need to consult me and I will give it to them on an agreement that is overseen by a person appointed by the Chief Justice of India.(wow)e. Don’t think that I am committed to any future constitution that you make- I will continue to make arrangements with the Government of India(once a king, always a king)f. I will continue my sovereign rights over this state.(king indeed)(Thank god he is no more)4. What are the laws that parliament can directly make (directly pass through the door without asking)?ANS: a. defense-military, naval, air forces of India and all other armed forces, their administrationb. external affairs- treaties and agreements with other countries etc, emigration, admission etc and NATURALIZATION.c. communication- post, telephone, wireless, broadcasting etc, railway, marine shipping, ports etc.d. Ancillary- Elections, offenses against laws, Judiciary(High court).5. Okay, so what was ‘unconstitutional’ about Jammu and Kashmir?ANS: What was so special about Kashmir- It had it’s own constitution, Flag, citizenship and citizen rights along with Indian rights and their legislature was elected once every 6 years( rest of India is 5 years).It had two houses in their legislature.Kashmir Flag would be hoisted in equal respect as the Indian flag on government Institutions.Up to 1954, they didn’t have the constitutional institutions like Election Commission, Supreme Court etc. It was provided to them by a constitutional amendment, called Constitution (applicable to Jammu and Kashmir) order 1954 May- which extended the fundamental rights and duties too, but with an extra article, called article 35A.Any amendment to the constitution can only be done by the Parliament by article 368. First the bill has to be presented in the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha and has to be passed by both houses with a 2/3rd majority. Then it is the President who issues order to amend the constitution.Also if you want to amend:a. article 54(election of President), 55(Method of election of Indian President), 73(extent of executive power of India), 162(executive power of a state), 241(High Court for Union territories)b. 7th schedule (union list, state list, concurrent list)c. Representation of a state in Rajya Sabhad. Chapter 4 of Part 5(Judiciary-supreme court), Chapter 5 of Part 6(Judiciary-High court), Chapter 1 of Part 11(relation between center and state)e. Article 368 itselfHas to be passed by at least half the states in the Indian Union by the legislatures of the states.This is the only way in which you can change the Indian Constitution.BUTNone of these steps were followed when Indian President issued the Constitution order in 1954, which applied Indian constitution with amendments to J&K. The bill for amendment was never put in neither Lok Sabha nor Rajya Sabha. It was unconstitutional and you cannot find article 35A in Indian constitution (if you look between article 35 and 36)!Instead article 35A was included in the Appendix of the constitution, along with the unconstitutional amendment.So, The president applied by virtue of article 370 an amended Indian constitution on J&K. That amendment itself was unconstitutional so by virtue of that, the application of Indian constitution also became unconstitutional.Simply, everything except article 1 and 370 became unconstitutional from the side of J&K.6. What was article 35A?ANS: It was inserted in the Indian constitution to save the rights of Permanent Residents of Kashmir.(Kashmir citizens)Only those with PRC (permanent residential certificate) issued by J&K government hada. Government Jobsb. Right to propertyc. Right to settlement in J&K.d. Right to scholarships and aids of state governmentIt bypassed our fundamental rights for Kashmiri citizens. It was like Indian Citizens had no rights in Kashmir.7. So who are permanent residents of Kashmir?ANS: Anyone who is and will become citizen of India shall be eligible for Kashmiri citizenship (PRC), if he/she satisfies certain conditions, under part 3 of Kashmir Constitution.a. He was a state subject (under maharaja)b. He has property in the state and has been staying in J&K for 10 years.c. If he had migrated to Pakistan and has now returned for resettlement under state government (who migrates to Pakistan from Kashmir after partition and returns back?)The state can define who are the Permanent residents and can confer special rights and privileges and modify those. (2/3rd majority of the state is required for altering PRC).Persons with PRC will have all the rights under Indian Constitution.8. What is the problem with this special rights?Ans: They could bypass the fundamental and basic structure of our constitution. Kashmiri women, a state subject, if she marries a non-Kashmiri, she remains in PRC only if she stays in Kashmir and loses it if she moves out of Kashmir and her children were not eligible for PRC.(Maharaja’s proclamation in April 20, 1927).This was not applicable for Kashmiri men marrying non-Kashmiri women.Also, a widow loses her PRC rights if she moves out for settlement from Kashmir, and her children too.Dalit (valmikis) were brought by Kashmir government to Kashmir valley in 1951 for sweepers and cleaners in Jammu municipality. They would never get PRC and their children too couldn’t never apply for any job except sweeper in Municipalities.Public Institutions and Jobs were reserved for Kashmiris (PRC) only. Other Indians had no right even to buy property and settle there.Sharia law was applied to women in Kashmir. The Muslim personal law (Sharia) Bill was passed by both houses of the Legislature in 2005.West Pakistan refugees and gorkhas from Nepal also were in Kashmir but was never given PRC.The list went on.None of the above groups hada. Property rightsb. Employment rightsc. Election representationsd. Admission to state jobse. Scholarshipsf. Rationsg. Voting rightsSo Dalit community was deprived of all these rights (along with other Indians too).J&K had no reservation for minority communities- SC/ST had reservation in educational institutions only(no representation in elections). There was no reservation for minorities. That act had to be amended to even include 10% economic reservations.No business firms could be started by ‘Indians’ in J&K.CAG (comptroller and auditor general) was not applicable.National symbols were double, so disrespecting one (Indian) was not seen as a serious crime.No rights for Panchayat Raj.Presidential rule cannot be imposed-only sadar-i-riyasat (Governor) rule could be imposed.If one was a Dalit and had an MBBS degree, the highest government job he/she could apply was for that of a Safai-karamcahari( sweeper/cleaner) as PRC stopped them from attaining government jobs.Even the Supreme Court was helpless at the denial of basic rights as it said for Bachan Lal Kalgotra vs the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Even after staying for 40 years as legal immigrants, the people were not given PRC so they couldn’t get any property in the state, no scholarships, no government jobs other than sweeper/cleaner, no right to vote and representation.Everything would have been justified if the special rights went to the hands of the right people. But J&K had something else in mind.Almost 5 lakh Kashmiri Pandits were thrown out of Kashmir and deprived of PRC during the exodus of Hindus from 1985-1995. Radical Islamic terrorists gave them 3 options to Pandit men-1. To convert to Islam 2.die 3.leave Kashmir(and never return)As the exodus was going on, Kashmir assembly had passed Jammu and Kashmir Resettlement Act, 1982.9. What was the resettlement act in J&K?ANS: The Jammu & Kashmir Grant of Permit for Resettlement in (or Permanent Return to) the State Act, 1982 or the Jammu and Kashmir resettlement act was an act aimed to give PRC to Muslims from Xinjiang, Tibet and Pakistan.The act was passed stating the reason that section 6 of Kashmir Constitution gave rights for Muslims who migrated to Pakistan from Kashmir and once they return, they would be entitled for Kashmiri citizenship and those people having their property would have to pay them compensation as fixed by the magistrate.This was done amidst the Hindu exodus and 1.5 million people(dalits and immigrants) were deprived of PRC. The message now was loud and clear- Kashmir belongs to ‘us’.10. How was it done ‘constitutionally’?ANS: Section 6 of Jammu and Kashmir constitution had a very special clause which said that any person who was a state subject of Kashmir before 14 may 1954 and have migrated to Pakistan after 1 March 1947, upon returning for resettlement, shall be provided PRC by the state.It was very clear that Muslims migrated from Kashmir to Pakistan after partition when Kashmir decided to accede to Indian Union. If they were coming back, they would be given PRC but that was not the only problem.The same section 6 had a very dangerous provision- any person who is a citizen of India or is deemed to be a citizen of India shall get PRC according to the conditions- so it was clear- you may become an Indian citizen in near future, you are a Muslim from Pakistan and has come back to Kashmir- you get PRC- that was the result of the section 6 plus the resettlement act 1982.Indian constitution had sensed the danger- so it had article 7 which said that if you are from Pakistan ( you had migrated after March 1947), you will not be considered as a ‘deemed citizen’of India.BUTIndian constitution was amended unconstitutionally (only for J&K) in the order of 1954 and it said-every such person will be a deemed citizen of India- making it easy for Muslims from Pakistan to get PRC.And they got special rights that no Indian citizen living in other parts of the country and the minorities living in J&K ever had.Judiciary was ‘helpless’ in Kashmir.The resettlement brought 2 things- one a major Muslim vote bank and two, an increase in radical Islamic militancy in the state.Let’s look at how the vote bank functioned.It was stated in the constitution (applicable to J&K) order 1954(Appendix 1 of Indian constitution) that Kashmir would be divided into electoral constituencies based on the Delimitation Act of 1972.It also said that state constituencies would not have the areas illegally occupied by Pakistan.This had a major vote share going to Kashmir valley. The delimitation commission act was revised in 2002 and it deleted the act of 1972, but it was not applied to J&K (the door was shut before the President).Also it was put in section 47 of J&K constitution that until and unless a census is done in 2026, there is no need to readjust the constituencies of J&K.11. What is the Delimitation Act?ANS: The act that determinesa. The number of seats in the Lok Sabha from each state.b. The number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each states and Union Territories with legislatures.c. The division of seats, based on geography, administrative units and public convenience.The delimitation Act of 2002 was not made applicable to J&K to retain the legislative voter share of 1972- which ensured that Kashmir valley would have a major share in J&K assembly.Thus, the basic ideas and fundamental provisions of our constitution was being violated and IT WAS TIME FOR THE JUDGEMENT DAY- The special status had to go. But that was not easy, and it had to be done ‘constitutionally’.12. Why was removing the special status difficult?ANS: Removing special status means making Kashmir just like any other state in India- their constitution, flag and all other special provisions had to be dealt withAndTheir special status could only be removed using the same article that gave them the status- 370. It had 3 problems a,b,c.a. It requires the recommendation of the constituent assembly-But the constituent assembly of J&K was dissolved in 1956 and they recommended that Kashmir be an integral part of India. None of the members in the assembly are alive today.b. Removing special status meant applying full Indian constitution-That required every bill to be validated by the Kashmir legislature and the consent of the Kashmir legislature was necessary to remove the special status- which they NEVER agreed.(Which means if the parliament has to change the name, change the area, remove special status or divide the state into union territories (article 3), they needed the consent from the state legislature).c. Kashmir High court once observed that article 370 had achieved a permanent status in the constitution and was beyond abrogation.13. The question is clear- how was 370 abrogated then?ANS: FUN FACT- article 370 was NEVER abrogated. It was only amended to make some changes.(Brother, if you abrogate article 370, you can never take away the special status).Problem c is over.14. What about the consent of the constituent assembly?ANS: The constituent assembly of J&K was dissolved in 1956 and they recommended J&K to be an integral part of India. Their consent was never taken in any future amendments applied using 370.So, you are saying this was not the first time it was done without their consent-YESa. 19th, 21st, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 30th, 31st, 33rd, 38th, 39th, 40th, 52nd, 61st amendments of the Indian constitution( all these are after 1966- constituent assembly was dissolved then) was made applicable to J&K with such exceptions and modifications by the concurrence of the Legislature of the state but not the constituent assembly. Still, it was legal.b. Jammu and Kashmir constitution 6th amendment act 1965 replaced the word sadar-i-riyasat as ‘Governor’ of J&K. It was done using article 370, without the consent of constituent assembly and it was legal.Congratulations- problem a and c are over. Now moving to b.15. How could you obtain the consent of the state Legislature since they never agreed to remove their special status?ANS: This can be viewed from the eyes of BJP/PDP (Peoples Democratic Party).BJP wanted to remove the special status- for that they needed to win Kashmir Assembly elections.It was impossible for a party to win assembly elections in J&K without a hold in Muslim vote bank of the state (BJP fails miserably there)So, they formed an alliance with PDP.AndIn 2014 Assembly elections (11th assembly elections of J&K), PDP won 28 seats and BJP won 25 seats. (Well done, now you remove the special status).The assembly of J&K consisted of two houses- Legislative assembly and legislative council.The Legislative assembly had 111 members.24 seats were kept vacant for the members from POK (Pak occupied Kashmir)Legislative Council had 36 members, out of which 11 was selected by the Assembly, 8 nominated by Governor, 1 member from Municipal councils of Jammu, Kashmir etc.As expected, PDP never agreed to remove the special status and the alliance broke, and nobody was in power- so as per article 92 of J&K constitution, Governor Rule was imposed in the state.PLAN A of BJP – Form government with PDP, remove special status (failed miserably)PLAN B of BJP – There was no plan B, as they couldn’t win independently there. (Again failed miserably)So, it was almost certain that special status could not be removed in J&K.( I apologize to my readers)16. Then how did you take away the special status?ANS: Article 92 of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution. It was called the Breakdown of constitutional Machinery. (Simply Governors rule)a. In case there is an absence of Legislature in the state (the situation when nobody is there to rule the state), the Governor can assume himself of all powers of the state Government.b. All powers except the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir can be taken up by the governor.c. Such Governor orders have maximum duration of 6 months- if he wants to extend it has to be done by issuing another order.d. If the governor makes any orders as the state government, it will have an effect of 2 years and 6 months normally and have to be replaced by Legislature order to continue the effect.e. All the orders of the Governor has to get approved by the President of India.f. All governor orders will have to be placed before the Legislature, once it is formed in future.So you get it, do you?In the absence of a state legislature, the Governor is assumed to be the State Government.ANDIf he wishes to remove the special status, it can be seen as the ‘wish’ of the Kashmir legislature as long as there was absence of Legislature in the state. Now a new plan, called Plan C was undertaken by BJP.Article 27 of J&K constitution clearly says that the Governor shall be appointed by the President of IndiaAndHe will be the Executive head of the state (article 26)Jammu and Kashmir Governor issued an order on 20 June 2018 under section 92 of the Kashmir constitution imposing Presidential (Governor’s) rule in the state. The state legislature was completely dissolved on 21 November 2018 (nobody could get a majority).After 6 months, on 20 December 2018, the duration was over- Then Indian President under article 356, issued Presidential rule in J&K.Presidential rule expired on 2 July 2019, and it was further extended by the Parliament for another 6 months, where the Judgment day occurred.17. What is article 356?ANS: If the President gets a report from the Governor that Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery has happened in a state, he cana. Take all the powers over the state as the Government of the state.b. All the powers of the state government will be transferred to the Indian Parliament.c. The president can take all powers except the power of the High Court of the state.d. All the Presidential orders has to be placed in Indian Parliament, and passed by both Houses.( if not, it will be invalid after 30 days).e. All orders issued by the Indian President as the state Government will have a duration of 6 months, and it can be continued for another 6 months and go on up to 3 years if parliament agrees.YOU REMEMBER THE DOOR, RIGHT?One side it was Jammu Kashmir legislature and governorOther side it was Parliament and President.NowThere was an absence of Legislature and its powers shifted to the Governor, which in turn shifted to the President and the Parliament of India.Simply speaking, both sides of the door had Indian President and Indian Parliament.But before that, we needed to trial run our PLAN C.THE TRIAL RUN:On January 2019, 103rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution bill was presented at the parliament. The amendment was for providing 10% reservation for EWS (Economically weaker sections) of society in Central Government institutions and Central Government jobs.The conditions were:a. Annual gross household income limit is Rs. 8 lakh per annum.b. Family should not own more than 5 acres of land.c. House should not be over 1000 square feetd. A plot should be less than 100 yards in Municipalities and 200 yards in non-municipalities.e. SC/ST/OBCs are not eligible for EWS reservation.Some state governments too implemented this EWS reservation. Kashmir was one of them.But at the time of implementing the amendment, there was no state legislature in Kashmir (The state was under Presidential rule).The Governor, on behalf of the President, passed the amendment which was to be passed by the Kashmir legislature.That was a trial run.If it was legal and constitutional, then the amendment to remove the special status can also be passed by the Governor, on behalf of the President as the Executive head of the state.To our surprise,It was legal and 10% reservation for EWS was implemented in J&K.The trial run was a success.The JUDGEMENT DAY arrived.(Knock Knock.)Governor of J&K alias President of India: Hello Mr. President, what do you want to pass through 370?President of India: I want to apply entire Indian Constitution to the state of J&K.Governor of J&K: But sir, for that you would need to destroy this door.President of India: There is no need of that, it can be done without destroying the door.Governor of J&K: How?President of India: Destroy the wall(BOOM)And finally, the place looked like this:The entire wall (constitution applicable to J&K order 1954) was destroyed but the door, article 370 was kept in place. Every condition was satisfied, every elements and moves were ‘constitutional’, and the entire process was completely legal. This is how you utilize the loopholes in the constitution.18. How did the President modify 370 to apply Indian constitution?ANS: On 5 August 2019, Indian President issued a notification known as the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order using article 370, along with the concurrence of the state government (Governor)a. It replaced the Constitution(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order 1954 (The wall was destroyed)b. All the articles of the Indian Constitution was applicable to Jammu and Kashmir with 2 modifications- article 367 and 370 was modified with the consent of the State, and parliament.c. In article 367, references to sadar-i-riyasat was changed to Governor and ‘Government’ was to be considered as Governor of State.d. Article 370- the word “constituent assembly” was replaced with “legislative assembly”.Thus, all loopholes were closed and Kashmir ‘constitutionally’ and ‘practically’ became an Integral part of the Indian Union. All special rights and privileges were abolished and since there was an absence of Legislature, the powers shifted to Parliament.19. How was Kashmir divided into 2 union territories?ANS: Under article 3 of the Indian Constitution, the parliament cana. Form a new state from a state(Andhra-Telengana)b. Unite two or more states or part of states or add a union territory to a state or divide a state into union territories.c. Increase/decrease the area of a state, change the boundaries and name of the state.ANDIf c is involved, then the bill has to be moved to the state Legislature by the President for expressing the states opinions as long as the President wishes to.Thus using article 3, The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill was introduced in the Parliament on 8 August 2019.20. What was the conditions of the reorganization bill?ANS:a. Union territory of Ladakh was formed by uniting Kargil and Leh districts of J&K.b. All remaining districts of J&K would form a new union territory called Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.c. J&K Governor was appointed as the Lieutenant Governor (Administrator) of Union territory of J&K and Ladakh.d. 4 Rajya Sabha MPs from J&K would continue as representatives of Union territory of J&K.e. 5 Lok sabha seates will be for UT J&K and one for UT Ladakh.f. Lok Sabha MPs from J&K would continue.g. UT J&K would be like UT Puducherry, under article 293A(Union territory with a legislature)h. UT J&K will have 107 members- out of which 24 remains vacant until POK is merged.i. SC/ST will have seats reserved in UT J&K elections.j. 2 women can be nominated by Lieutenant Governor to UT J&K.k. The period of Legislative assembly shall be 5 years. There will not be a Legislative Council.l. Delimitation Act 2002 will be applicable and constituencies will be based on 2011 census. CAG will be applicable to both UTs.m. High Court of J&K would be the common high court of both UTs.21. What was the need for a reorganization?ANS: The statement of objects and reasons of the bill says why it was needed to divide the state into 2 union territories:a. Ladakh is large in area but sparsely populated with a difficult geography. There was a long demand by people of Ladakh to make it a UT.b. Internal security, cross border terrorism are the issues behind creation of UT J&K.The laws that are now valid in UT J&K and UT Ladakh:1. AADHAR Act 20162. Code of civil procedure 19083. CrPC 19734. Consumer protection Act 19865. Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act 19396. Dowry Prohibition Act 19617. Family Courts Act 19848. Hindu Adoption, Maintenance Act 19569. Hindu Disposition of Property Act 195610. Hindu Marriage Act 195511. Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 195612. Hindu Succession Act 195613. Christian Marriage Act 187214. Muslim Personal Law(Shariet) Application Act 193715. Muslim Women(Protection of Rights on Divorce)Act 1986.16. National Commission for Minorities Act 199217. National Commission for Minority Educational Institution act 200518. National Security Act19. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act20. Protection of Children from sexual offences Act21. Indian Penal Code(IPC)The list goes on and on. If you want to have the complete details of such laws you can refer Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill 2019.Scrapping the special stats was indeed constitutional.In this article, I have tried to cover legal aspects of the special status of J&K and it’s abrogation. The political history of Kashmir and border issues with our neighbors are not discussed in this article. I hope to write another article explaining the political history of Kashmir.My references were the documents mentioned in the beginning, Hindu newspaper and I got many corrections and clarifications from Dr. Subramaniyan Swamy’s speeches.My message to my friends is that if you find it difficult to express your opinion on a matter which has been undergoing a political debate due to the fear that you would be forced to associate with a political ideology,AndDue to that reason you choose to remain neutral always in a scenario can be overcome with a legal analysis of the situation- because the law does not differentiate- Kashmir issue can be explained on 2 ways – one legal and other political. I choose the first one- but that’s the most difficult one too because once you try to read the above documents- sections, clauses, sub sections…. You get mad normally.So I tried to explain the issue on a Question and answer basis and a short story basis.Images used are subject to copyright from the respective owners.Sathyameva JayateHarisankar Arun(feel free to comment on any corrections and clarifications)

The Constitution of India (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of India.[1] The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth.[b][2][3][4] B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble.[5] Parliament cannot override the constitution.It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950.[6] The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395.[7] India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[8]The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[9][10] democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.[11]Contents [show]BackgroundA smiling Babasaheb Ambedkar and Rajendra PrasadBabasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950.[12]Previous legislationThe constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.[13]Constituent AssemblyMany men in a room1950 Constituent Assembly meetingMain article: Constituent Assembly of IndiaThe constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[14] The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.[2][13]MembershipB. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly,[2][13] which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,[2] and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi.[2] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.[2] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.[2] Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly.[2] Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.[2]The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president.[13][14] It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[2][14][15]DraftingBenegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946.[16] Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[16][17][18]At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.[14] Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair.[2][15] A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947.[15]While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.[13][19] Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days.[2][13] On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution,[2][13][15][18][20] which was signed by 284 members.[2][13][15][18][20] The day is celebrated as National Law Day,[2][21] or Constitution Day.[2][22]A bespectacled Jawaharlal Nehru bending over a large bookJawaharlal Nehru signing the constitutionThe assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English.[2][13][18] The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose.[15][18] Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada.[15] The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India.[15][23] The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 crore (₹63 million).[13] The constitution has had a number of amendments since it was enacted.[24] The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi.[15]Influence of other constitutionsUnited Kingdom Parliamentary government[2]Concept of single citizenship[2]Rule of lawThe legislative speaker and their roleLegislative procedureUnited States[25] Bill of Rights[2][15]Federal structure of government[2]Electoral CollegeIndependent judiciary and separation of powersJudicial reviewPresident as commander-in-chief of the armed forcesEqual protection under lawIreland Directive principles of state policy[15]Australia Freedom of trade between states[13]National legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdictionConcurrent List[26]Preamble terminologyFrance Ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité[2][15]Canada Quasi-federal government — a federal system with a strong central government[13]Distribution of powers between the central and state governments[2][13]Residual powers, retained by the central government[citation needed]Soviet Union Fundamental Duties under article 51-A[2]Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development[2]Other constitutions The emergency provision under article 356 (from the Weimar Constitution)[15]Amending the constitution (from South Africa)Due process (from Japan)StructureThe Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation.[b][2][3][4] At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.[13] At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.[27][28]The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles,[c][15] which are grouped into 25 parts.[d][15] With 12 schedules[e][15] and five appendices,[15][29] it has been amended 101 times; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017.[30]PartsThe constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts:Preamble,[31] with the words "socialist" and "secular", and 'integrity' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment[32][33]Part I[34] – States and union territoriesPart II[35] – CitizenshipPart III – Fundamental RightsPart IV[36] – Directive Principles of State PolicyPart IVA – Fundamental DutiesPart V[37] – The unionPart VI[38] – The statesPart VII[39] – States in the B part of the first schedule (repealed)Part VIII[40] – Union territoriesPart IX[41] – PanchayatsPart IXA[42] – MunicipalitiesPart IXB – Co-operative societies[43]Part X – Scheduled and tribal areasPart XI – Relations between the union and the statesPart XII – Finance, property, contracts and suitsPart XIII – Trade and commerce within IndiaPart XIV – Services under the union and statesPart XIVA – TribunalsPart XV – ElectionsPart XVI – Special provisions relating to certain classesPart XVII – LanguagesPart XVIII – Emergency provisionsPart XIX – MiscellaneousPart XX – Amending the constitutionPart XXI – Temporary, transitional and special provisionsPart XXII – Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repealsSchedulesSchedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy.First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – Lists India's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change.Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) – Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the Comptroller and Auditor General.Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges.Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory.Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[f] and Scheduled Tribes[g] (areas and tribes requiring special protection).Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilitiesEighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351) – Official languagesNinth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain acts and regulations[h]Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) – Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures.Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government)Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government)AppendicesAppendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954Appendix II – Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and KashmirAppendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003Constitution and governmentThe executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.[44] With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75(3).The constitution is considered federal in nature, and unitary in spirit. It has features of a federation (a codified, supreme constitution, a three-tier governmental structure [central, state and local], division of powers, bicameralism and an independent judiciary) and unitary features such as a single constitution, single citizenship, an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong central government, appointment of state governors by the central government, All India Services (the IAS, IFS and IPS) and emergency provisions. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[45]Each state and union territory has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a governor or (in union territories) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister. Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as president's rule, was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India decision,[46][47] such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review.[48]The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas.[15] Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.Constitution and legislatureMain article: Amendment of the Constitution of IndiaSee also: List of amendments of the Constitution of IndiaAmendmentsAmendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.[49] The procedure is detailed in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a with a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 (except for money bills), there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123, Chapter III. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368(1) in the Twenty-fourth Amendment.[49]By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament; of these, 101 became Amendment Acts.[50] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.[51] The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.In 2000, the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update.[52] The government of India establishes term-based law commissions to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law.LimitationsMain article: Basic structure doctrineIn Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined,[44] and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts.[53]The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:[54]1.Supremacy of the constitution2.Republican, democratic form of government3.Its secular nature4.Separation of powers5.Its federal character[54]This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a judicial review. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power.In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[55] The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights.[56] The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[56]Constitution and judiciaryThe judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution.[57] Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.[58] The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states).The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution,[59][60] which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive.[61]Judicial reviewJudicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[62] In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in Article 13. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13,1.All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).[63]2.Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void ab initio.http://3.In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review.[64]Due to the adoption of the Thirty-eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).[65] The Forty-second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.[66]FlexibilityAccording to Granville Austin, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[i][67] The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.[68] John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."[69] A document "intended to endure for ages to come",[70] it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.The "right to life" guaranteed under Article 21[A] has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,;[2][71] the right to water;[2][72] the right to earn a livelihood,[2] the right to health,[2] and the right to education.[73]

Jagranjosh Exam Prep: Government, MBA, Engineering, CBSE Notes are very useful for non technical exams.India received highest remittances of USD 69 billion in 2017: World BankApr 24, 2018The top remittance recipients were India with USD 69 billion, followed by China at second (USD 64 billion), the Philippines at 3rd (USD 33 billion), Mexico at 4th (USD 31 billion), Nigeria at 5th (USD 22 billion) and Egypt at 6th (USD 20 billion).President promulgates Fugitive Economic Offenders OrdinanceApr 23, 2018President Ram Nath Kovind has promulgated the Fugitive Economic Offenders Ordinance, which will allow the government to confiscate properties and assets of loan defaulters who flee the nation. The Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on March 12, but it could not be taken up for discussion due to disruptions in the house over various issues.55 percent of all new bank accounts in the world opened from India: Global Findex Report 2017Apr 23, 2018Despite having a relatively high account ownership, India claims a large share of the global unbanked population, after China. Over 190 million Indian adults still do not have a bank account.India to set up natural gas trading hubApr 16, 2018The Union Government plans to set up a natural gas trading hub to boost consumption of natural gas in India. The hub would be used for the trade and supply of natural gas through a market-based mechanism instead of multiple formula driven prices.Indian economy has recovered from impact of demonetisation, GST: World Bank ReportApr 16, 2018India’s growth decelerated during the most of 2016. The withdrawal of currency from circulation (demonetisation) in November 2016 and the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax regime added to the slowdown in the economy.RBI directs banks to stop services to businesses dealing in virtual currenciesApr 6, 2018The Reserve Bank of India has directed all the entities regulated by it including banks to stop providing services to businesses dealing in virtual currencies such as bitcoin, in order to protect consumer interest and check money laundering.Panel set up to examine tax evasion risks posed by super richApr 6, 2018The Central Board of Direct Taxes has set up an internal working group to examine the taxation aspects of high net worth individuals (HNWIs). There has been a trend of HNWIs migrating from their country of residence to other jurisdictions, which poses a substantial tax risk, as they may treat themselves as non-residents for taxation purposes.RBI releases First Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement 2018-19Apr 5, 2018The retail inflation based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) fell to 4.44 percent in February 2018 from 5.07 percent in January 2018.Government launches Digital Initiative for Ease of ExportApr 4, 2018Digital initiatives will boost India’s potential for agricultural and food export.Total subscribers under under Atal Pension Yojana crosses 97 lakhApr 3, 2018The subscriber base of Atal Pension Yojana (APY) stood at 97.05 lakh at the end of the 2017-18 fiscal, a tad lower than the target of 1 crore set by the pension regulator PFRDA.E-way Bill System rolled out in IndiaApr 2, 2018The Central helpdesk of GST has made special arrangements with 100 agents to answer queries of taxpayers and transporters related to e-way Bills.Top Cabinet Approvals: 29 March 2018Mar 29, 2018The Union Cabinet approved signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India, United Kingdom and Northern Ireland regarding cooperation and Exchange of Information for the purposes of combating international criminality and tackling serious organised crime.NITI Aayog releases baseline ranking of Aspirational DistrictsMar 29, 2018The NITI Aayog has launched the baseline ranking for 101 aspirational districts based on 49 indicators across several sectors including health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion, skill development and basic infrastructure.SEBI accepts most of recommendations of Uday Kotak Committee on Corporate GovernanceMar 29, 2018One of the major recommendations of the committee was to separate the post of CEO or MD and Chairperson of the listed companies.EPFO launches portal for pensionersMar 28, 2018The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation has launched a new portal for pensioners, through which EPFO pensioners would be able to the details of pension-related information. The portal will assist users with details such as pension payment order number, payment order details, passbook information and other related information.India, Hong Kong sign double taxation avoidance agreementMar 21, 2018India and Hong Kong have signed a double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) to improve transparency in tax matters and help curb tax evasion and avoidance. The treaty will improve transparency in tax matters and prevent double taxation.India, ADB sign $120 million loan to improve rail infrastructureMar 17, 2018The Union Government has signed a $120 million loan agreement with the Asian Development Bank for completion of works for double-tracking and electrification of railway tracks along high-density corridors to improve operational efficiency of Indian railways.US challenges India's export subsidy programmes at WTOMar 15, 2018As per US trade representative, export subsidy programmes harm American workers by creating an uneven playing field on which they must compete.Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India signs MoU with Reserve Bank of IndiaMar 13, 2018The MoU provides for sharing of information between the RBI and the IBBI, subject to the limitations imposed by the applicable laws.NITI Aayog launches Women Entrepreneurship PlatformMar 8, 2018NITI Aayog launched the Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) on March 8, on the occasion of International Women’s day. The initiative is aimed at building a vibrant ecosystem for women across India to help realise their entrepreneurial aspirations, scale-up innovative initiatives and chalk-out sustainable, long-term strategies for their businesses.Iraq becomes India’s biggest oil supplierMar 6, 2018Iraq has overtaken Saudi Arabia to become India's top crude oil supplier, meeting more than a fifth of the country's oil needs in the current financial year.Union Cabinet approves setting up of National Financial Reporting AuthorityMar 5, 2018The NFRA will be established as an independent regulator for enforcement of auditing standards and ensuring the quality of audits to strengthen the independence of audit firms and therefore, enhance investor and public confidence in financial disclosures of companies.Union Cabinet approves Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, 2018Mar 5, 2018Union Cabinet has given its assent to the introduction of the Fugitive Economic Offenders bill that aims to punish those who fled India after committing major economic offences such as Nirav Modi and Vijay Mallya.RBI launches Ombudsman Scheme for NBFCsFeb 26, 2018The scheme will provide a cost-free and expeditious complaint redressal mechanism relating to deficiency in the services by NBFCs.NITI Aayog to soon launch special cell for women entrepreneursFeb 23, 2018The cell, to be called Women Entrepreneurial and Innovation Cell of Niti Aayog, will be headed by Niti Aayog advisor Anna Roy and will offer women financial support through the MUDRA micro-loan scheme.India 7th most targeted nation for Web Application Attacks: Akamai ReportFeb 21, 2018India’s financial industry saw a sharp increase in the number of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in 2017, experiencing 298 DDoS attacks against 37 distinct organisations in the last quarter. The DDoS attacks can bring down websites, disrupt businesses, and divert resources, sometimes serving as cover for more insidious data or systems breaches.UP government signs 900 MoUs ahead of Investors Summit 2018Feb 20, 2018According to the UP’s Industry Minister Satish Mahana, more than 900 MOUs have been signed so far. He claimed that this is the highest number of agreements that have ever been signed with private companies.Ministry of Railways extends upper age limit for ongoing recruitmentFeb 20, 2018The Indian Railways has decided to increase the upper age limit for its ongoing recruitment process for Group C Level-1 and Level-2 posts. The Ministry stated that the last date for submission of the applications will also be extended suitably.India, Iran sign MoU to avoid Double TaxationFeb 19, 2018India and Iran have signed 9 agreements to strengthen their cultural ties, boost connectivity and trade and expand cooperation in various sectors including health, medicine, agriculture, traditional systems of medicine and postal cooperation.PNB’s $1.8 Billion Scam: ExplainedFeb 15, 2018State-owned lender, Punjab National Bank has suspended 10 of its officers and lodged a complaint against celebrity jewellery designer Nirav Modi for committing fraudulent transactions worth over USD 1.77 billion in one of its Mumbai branches.RBI announces Revised Framework for Resolution of Stressed Assets; withdraws CDR, SDR, S4A and JLFFeb 13, 2018Through the new set of rules, the RBI aims at creating a harmonised and simplified generic framework for resolution of bad loans. This will force lenders to identify and tackle any stressed-asset accounts more rapidly.India Post Payments Bank to enable Digital Payments in Post Offices by April 2018Feb 10, 2018IPPB plans to leverage the unparalleled reach of the India Post network to achieve a Pan India roll out of 650 branches by 2018.CCEA approves enhancement of target under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala YojanaFeb 8, 2018The Cabinet also approved expansion of the Scheme to cover all SC/ST households, beneficiaries of PMAY (Gramin) and Antyoday Anna Yojana (AAY), Forest dwellers, Most Backward Classes (MBC), Tea and Ex-Tea Garden Tribes, people residing in Islands and rivers, SECC identified households, etc.IBBI amends IBBI (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016Feb 7, 2018The Resolution Professional shall appoint two registered valuers to determine the fair value and the liquidation value of the corporate debtor. After the receipt of resolution plans, the resolution professional shall provide the fair value and the liquidation value to each member of the committee of creditors in electronic form, on receiving a confidentiality undertaking.In Detail: Union Budget 2018-19 and Economic SurveyFeb 3, 2018The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 presented the Union Budget 2018 in the parliament. In the independent India, this is the 88th budget and the fifth of the Modi Sarkar.Key takeaways from Union Budget 2018Feb 2, 2018NITI Aayog will establish a National Programme to direct government's efforts in the area of Artificial Intelligence towards national development. The government will also explore use of blockchain technology proactively to boost digital economy. However, the government will not consider cryptocurrency as legal tender.India joins Ashgabat agreementFeb 2, 2018India has joined the Ashgabat agreement which envisages the establishment of an international transport and transit corridor linking Central Asia with the Persian Gulf to significantly ramp up trade and investment.Union Budget 2018: Fiscal Expenditure & Taxation ReformsFeb 1, 2018No changes in personal income tax slabs. Majorly, the personal income tax collection comes from the salaried class. Around 1.89 crore returns were filed in 2017 and Rs 1.44 lakh crore was paid as taxes.Union Budget 2018: Major HighlightsFeb 1, 2018This year's budget session is crucial as it comes after government's two big financial decisions - demonetisation and the implementation of Goods and Services Tax. It will be also NDA government's last full budget presentation before next year's Lok Sabha elections.Union Budget 2018: Health, MSME and Social WelfareFeb 1, 2018National Health Protection Scheme will be launched to cover 10 crore poor and vulnerable families. Under this, up to Rs 5 lakh will be provided to each family per year in secondary and tertiary care institutions. This scheme will have 50 crore beneficiaries. This scheme will generate lakhs of jobs, particularly for women.Union Budget 2018: Financial SectorFeb 1, 2018Emoluments will revised for the President to Rs 5 lakh, Rs 4lakh for Vice-President and Rs 3.5 lakh per month for Governors. Emoluments to MPs will be refixed with effect from April 1, 2018. The law will provide automatic revision of emoluments of MPs after every five years, indexed to inflation.Union Budget 2018: Education SectorFeb 1, 2018the Union Budget 2018 proposes to treat education holistically without segmentation from pre-nursery to Class 12. To improve the quality of teachers and education, the government would be initiating an integrated B.Ed. programme for the teachers.Union Budget 2018: Agriculture SectorFeb 1, 2018Under the Union Budget 2018, the government would be doubling the farmer’s income by 2022 and would be working with the states to ensure that all farmers get a fair price for their produce.Union Budget 2018: UnderprivilegedFeb 1, 2018Under the underpriviledged sector in Union Budget 2018, the government plans to build houses for all the poor in the country by 2022. To ensure the same, it launched the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana in rural and urban areas of the country.India and ADB sign USD 250 million loan to improve rural connectivity in five statesJan 31, 2018This investment program is an addition to the USD 800 million ADB-financed first Rural Connectivity Investment Program in 2012 that added about 9000 kilometres of all-weather rural roads in the same States.India ranked as 6th wealthiest country in the world: ReportJan 31, 2018A report by New World Wealth has ranked India in the sixth position in the list of wealthiest countries. It noted that India was the best-performing wealth market globally in 2017, as its total wealth increased from USD 6,584 billion in 2016 to USD 8,230 billion in 2017, registering a 25 per cent growth.Union Budget 2018: Everything ExplainedJan 31, 2018The union budget is an important part of Indian economy and polity. There are some changes in the budget due to its merger with railway budget. We have elaborated the entire constitutional procedure of the budget that how it is formed and presented.Centre launches GeM 3.0 with enhanced featuresJan 31, 2018The third version of the Government e-Marketplace, GEM 3.0, envisaged by the Union Government as the National Procurement Portal of India has been launched.Economic Survey 2017-18: Ease of Doing Business’ Next Frontier-Timely JusticeJan 30, 2018The government’s efforts to make business and commerce easy have been widely acknowledged. The next frontier on the ease of doing business is addressing pendency, delays and backlogs in the appellate and judicial arenas. Coordinated action between government and the judiciary-- a kind of horizontal Cooperative Separation of Powers to complement vertical Cooperative Federalism between the central and state governments would address the “Law’s delay” and boost economic activity.Economic Survey 2017-18: Top 10 facts on Indian EconomyJan 30, 2018The new Economic survey of 2017-18 reveals that there has been a 50 per cent increase in unique taxpayers under the GST in comparison with the pre-GST system and also a boost in exports of ready-made garments.Economic Survey 2017-18: Key HighlightsJan 30, 2018The Economic Survey 2017-18 was tabled in the Parliament on January 29, 2018 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. Major reforms were undertaken in 2017 including the launch of the transformational Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July.India, ASEAN member states release joint statement ‘Delhi Declaration’Jan 27, 2018India hosted the leaders of the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for two-day ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit that began on January 25, 2018 in New Delhi, under the theme of ‘Shared Values, Common Destiny’.Small Finance Banks, Payments Banks to offer Atal Pension YojanaJan 27, 2018The Union Government has allowed Small Finance Banks and Payments Banks to offer Atal Pension Yojana (APY). The Small Finance Banks and Payment Banks are new age banks and given the strength, expertise and reach of these banks, they can play a pivotal role in the outreach of subscribers under APY.India ranked 81st on Global Talent Competitiveness IndexJan 24, 2018India has been ranked 81st on the annual global index of talent competitiveness, which was released on the first day of the 48th World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland.India to surpass China as fastest growing large economy in 2018Jan 22, 2018The Sanctum Wealth Management report predicts that India will become the fastest growing large economy in the world in 2018, surpassing even China and the country’s equity market will jump to become the fifth largest in the world.GST Council cuts rate on 82 goods and services, introduces measures against tax evasionJan 20, 2018The 25th GST Council meeting chaired by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has recommended rate cuts on 83 items including 53 services and 29 goods and the introduction of ‘anti-evasion measures’ to take care of faltering indirect tax revenue.Department of Commerce, CII sign MoU for development of Logistics sectorJan 17, 2018The Department of Commerce has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) for setting-up of an institutional mechanism for the integrated development of Logistics sector in the country.Cabinet approves continuation of MPLAD Scheme beyond 12th PlanJan 10, 2018The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) led by the Prime Minister has given its nod to the continuation of Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) till the term of the 14th Finance Commission i.e. 31st March 2020.India to regain top spot with GDP pegged at 7.3% in 2018-19: World BankJan 10, 2018According to the World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects report, India’s economy will grow by 6.7% during the current fiscal year, higher than the 6.5% estimate by the Indian government. The report said that With this growth, India is set to regain the top spot in world's fastest-growing economies.RBI introduces Rs 10 banknote in Mahatma Gandhi (New) SeriesJan 5, 2018The new denomination has motif of Sun Temple, Konark on the reverse, depicting the country's cultural heritage. The base colour of the note is Chocolate Brown. The dimension of the banknote will be 63 mm x 123 mm.GOI launches 7.75% Savings (Taxable) Bonds, 2018Jan 5, 2018The Government of India has launched 7.75% Savings (Taxable) Bonds, 2018 scheme to enable resident citizens/HUF to invest in a taxable bond, without any monetary ceiling. This new saving scheme will commenced on 10th January 2018.CCEA approves construction, operation and maintenance of Zojila tunnel in J&KJan 4, 2018The construction of this tunnel will provide all weather connectivity between Srinagar, Kargil and Leh and will bring about all round economic and socio-cultural integration of these regions. The project excludes approaches on Srinagar-Leh section connecting NH-1A at Km 95.00 and at Km 118.00.CCEA approves mandatory packaging of foodgrains in Jute MaterialsJan 4, 2018CCEA approved the mandatory packaging norms under the Jute Packaging Material (JPM) Act, 1987. The approval mandates that 90 per cent of the food grains and 20 per cent of the sugar products shall be mandatorily packed in jute bags. It's provision for 100 per cent packing of food grains in jute bags is subjected to the ability of the jute industry to meet the requirement.Government notifies terms of Electoral BondsJan 3, 2018In a bid to cleanse the system of political funding in the country, the Government of India notified the Scheme of Electoral Bonds. With the issuance of electoral bonds, the donors can purchase electoral bonds from specific State Bank of India (SBI) branches, and receiving political parties can encash them only through a designated bank account.Saudi Arabia, UAE become first Gulf nations to introduce VATJan 2, 2018Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) introduced the Value Added Tax (VAT) for the very first time on 1 January 2018. The move is a first for the Gulf region, which has long boasted of a tax-free system.India signs USD 40 Million Loan Agreement with World Bank for UP TourismDec 29, 2017The Project will support the state government’s priority of re-structuring tourism benefiting poor residents and local entrepreneurs such as rickshaw drivers, local artisans and street vendors.India signs US$ 125 million worth financing agreement with World BankDec 20, 2017India has signed a financing agreement worth US$ 125 million with the World Bank for ‘Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement Operation (Strive) Project”.Niti Aayog to set up Methanol Economy FundDec 20, 2017The Niti Aayog is planning to set up a Methanol Economy Fund with a corpus of Rs 4,000-5,000 crore to promote production and use of the clean fuel. Methanol can be used as a transportation fuel, energy producing fuel and cooking fuel. It could play a huge role in bringing down India’s oil import bill by an estimated 20% over the next few years.CBDT extends deadline for linking of Aadhaar with PAN to 31 March 2018Dec 8, 2017All taxpayers having Aadhaar Number or Enrolment Number are required to link Aadhaar with Permanent Account Number as per the provisions of recently introduced section 139AA of the Income-tax Act, 1961.RBI releases Fifth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement 2017-18Dec 7, 2017After assessing the current and evolving macroeconomic situation in the economy, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) decided to keep the Repo Rate under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) unchanged at 6.0 per cent. Consequently, the Reverse Repo Rate was also kept unchanged at 5.75 per cent and the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate and the Bank Rate remained at 6.25 per cent.RBI rationalises charges on debit card transactionsDec 7, 2017The Reserve Bank of India, In order to promote digital payments, came out with differentiated merchant discount rates (MDR) for debit card transactions, prescribing separate caps for small and large traders. The shift is aimed at giving a boost to the digital transactions in the country, as the government is not seeing any expected result despite giving a major thrust to digital payments.India submits document to oppose e-commerce talks at WTODec 4, 2017India has for the first time submitted a formal document opposing any talks on e-commerce at the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The submission comes ahead of the key ministerial conference of the WTO, where India is likely to face pressure from many countries to begin talks to open cross-border digital trade. The document submitted by India at WTO is a proposed agreement that could become an actual announcement if enough members are in agreement with it and pertinent changes are made to it to suit all.Finance Minister Arun Jaitley launches Paytm Payments BankNov 30, 2017Paytm Payments Bank aims to bring Indians into 'digital economy'. With the launch of the Bank, Paytm account holders can enjoy the benefits like zero-balance account, free IMPS, NEFT, RTGS, UPI transactions and a complimentary virtual Rupay cards for online transactions.15th Finance Commission constituted under the chairmanship of NK SinghNov 28, 2017The other members of the 15th Finance Commission are Shaktikanta Das, former Secretary to Union Government and Anoop Singh, Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University. While, Chairman of Bandhan Bank Ashok Lahiri and Member of NITI Aayog Ramesh Chand will be the Part time members of the Commission. Arvind Mehta will be the Secretary to the Commission.CCEA approves expansion of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao for Pan India coverageNov 23, 2017The expansion includes Multi sectoral intervention in 244 districts in addition to existing 161 districts and 235 districts will be covered through Alert District Media, Advocacy and Outreach.Cabinet approves setting up of the 15th Finance CommissionNov 23, 2017The Union Cabinet led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the setting up of the 15th Finance Commission. The decision was a constitutional obligation under Article 280 (1) of the Constitution. The Terms of Reference for the 15th Finance Commission will be notified soon.Moody's upgrades India's sovereign rating after 14 yearsNov 17, 2017US credit rating agency Moody's raised India's sovereign rating to Baa2 from its lowest investment grade of Baa, while changing the outlook for the country's rating to stable from positive. Since 2004, Moody raised the sovereign rating for the first time ignoring a haze of short-term economic uncertainties to bet on the nation’s prospects from a raft of policy changes by the government.Cabinet approves the establishment of the National Anti-profiteering Authority under GSTNov 17, 2017The Union Cabinet led by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi has given its consent for the creation of the posts of Chairman and Technical Members of the National Anti-profiteering Authority (NAA) under GST. The decision was followed up immediately after the sharp reduction in the GST rates of a large number of items of mass consumption. This paves the way for the immediate establishment of this apex body, which is mandated to ensure that the benefits of the reduction in GST rates on goods or services are passed on to the ultimate consumers by way of a reduction in prices.Union Government launches BHARAT-22 Exchange Traded FundNov 15, 2017Union Government's key Economic Reforms may also benefit ETF. These reforms are Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016, Digital Economy, Bank recapitalization, GST, Liberalization of FDI, Introduction of Daily Fuel pricing, Revival package for DISCOMs, etc.India to be third largest economy by 2028, says reportNov 14, 2017India is likely to achieve strong growth over the next decade and emerge as the world’s third-largest economy, overtaking Japan in nominal GDP by 2028, says a report titled ‘India 2028’ by Bank of America Merrill Lynch.Cabinet approves Joint Interpretative Declaration between India and ColombiaNov 12, 2017The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has given its approval for signing the Joint Interpretative Declaration (JID) between India and Colombia.RBI directs banks to provide doorstep banking facilities to senior citizens, differently-abledNov 10, 2017The Reserve Bank of India has asked banks to provide doorstep banking facilities to senior citizens who are more than 70 years of age and differently-abled persons by December 2017.GST rate on various mass consumption items reduced to 18 per centNov 10, 2017All types of chewing gum, chocolates, preparation for facial make-up, shaving and after-shave items, shampoo deodorants, washing powder detergent and granite and marble will now attract 18 per cent GST rate.RBI to launch public awareness campaign through text messagesNov 9, 2017The Reserve Bank of India would soon be launching a new public awareness campaign through text messages to educate public about various banking regulations and available facilities.India slips to 7th position in Business Optimism RankingNov 9, 2017According to the most recent Grant Thornton International Business Report India has slipped to the 7th position in the Business Optimism Index (BOI) in the September quarter, from the second position in the previous three months. The survey suggests that this ranking is showing the clear signs of lag in the economy.Haryana government signs Rs 20,000 Cr worth MoU to set up trading hubNov 3, 2017The state government Haryana on 2 November 2017 signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with an integrated trade facilitation services organisation - Verbind - to set up a logistics and trading hub in the state.CBDT notifies rules for furnishing Master File and Country-by-Country ReportNov 2, 2017The report of Master File needs to be submitted in Form 3CEAA and the Country-by-Country Report in Form 3CEAD. An international group having multiple Indian constituent entities can designate one constituent entity to furnish the Master File.PFRDA increases maximum age of joining under NPS-Private Sector to 65 yearsNov 2, 2017With this, any Indian Citizen, resident or non-resident, between the age of 60- 65 years can now join NPS and continue up to the age of 70 years in NPS. Moreover, the subscribers who are willing to join NPS at the later stage of life will be able to avail the benefits of NPS.CCEA approves Special Banking Arrangement for payment to fertilizer companiesNov 2, 2017Union Government is making fertilizers available to farmers at subsidized prices through fertilizer manufacturers or importers. For making funds available to the fertilizer companies against the subsidy claims, Union Ministry of Finance had approved SBA for an amount of Rs 10000 crore with Government interest liability limited to G-Sec rate.World Bank releases Doing Business Report 2018: India ranks 100 among 190 countriesNov 1, 2017India jumped over 30 ranks this year to attain 100th spot in the ease of doing business list. It was ranked at 130th position in the 2017 Doing Business Report. India is the only country in South Asia and BRICS economies to feature among most improved economies of the DB Report this year.Union Government constitutes Arun Jaitley led committee to oversee PSU bank mergersNov 1, 2017Earlier in 2017 itself, the banking sector witnessed the consolidation of State Bank of India (SBI), which merged operations of its five associate banks and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself, marking the first consolidation move following the bad loan crisis.India sends first shipment to Afghanistan through Iran’s Chabahar portOct 30, 2017India has sent its first consignment of wheat to Afghanistan through Iran’s Chabahar port. The move has been seen as a landmark one to operationalise the new strategic transit route, bypassing Pakistan. The shipment was flagged off from Kandla port in Gujarat by Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj and her Afghan counterpart Salahuddin Rabbani.India imposes anti-dumping duty on stainless steel from US, EU and ChinaOct 26, 2017India has imposed anti-dumping duty on certain stainless steel products from the European Union and other nations including China and Korea, in order to protect the domestic industry from cheap imports.Qatar to introduce minimum wage for workersOct 26, 2017Qatar has announced that it would be introducing a minimum wage for workers. The country has been under global scrutiny over its alleged ill-treatment of migrant labourers.RBI sets up task force on Public Credit RegistryOct 24, 2017The task force will be headed by YM Deosthalee, ex-CMD of L&T Finance Holdings. The other members of the task force are Sekar Karnam, Vishaka Mulye, Rashesh Shah, Sriram Kalyanaraman, Bidisha Ganguly, Sharad Sharma, Vivek Srivastava, Parvathy V. Sundaram and Anujit Mitra.GSTN launches offline option for GSTR-3B returns filingOct 23, 2017This offline facility will provide an opportunity to the taxpayer to verify the details of GSTR 3B before filing GSTR-3B returns and minimise chances of error. It is designed to help taxpayers to prepare their GSTR-3B return on their computer system.Banks to now match original IDs with photocopies: PMLAOct 23, 2017The Government has set a mandatory rule for banks and financial institutions (FIs) to check the original identification documents of individual person dealing in cash above the prescribed threshold of fifty thousand rupees, to tackle the use of forged or fake copies.Three- pronged approach for structural reform in India: IMFOct 14, 2017The IMF has suggested a 3-pronged approach for structural reform in India that includes Addressing the banking and corporate sector weaknesses, continued fiscal consolidation through revenue measure, and Improving the efficiency of labour and product markets.Union Minister launches Sampoorna Bima Gram YojanaOct 13, 2017The Union Minister for Communications, Manoj Sinha has launched the Sampoorna Bima Gram Yojana, an initiative for expansion of client base of Postal Life Insurance. The main objective of the scheme is to cover all households in the identified Sampoorna Bima Gram village.RBI introduces strict KYC guidelines for Prepaid Payment InstrumentsOct 13, 2017RBI has announced a fresh guideline on the issuance and operation of PPI (Prepaid Payment Instruments). It has also has issued stricter Know Your Customer (KYC) norms for the users of prepaid instrument or mobile wallets. With these guidelines to complete full KYC formalities, the mobile wallet user can now send-receive money between wallets of different companies and banks seamlessly through Unified Payments Interface (UPI).