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How to apply for masters in Canada - Over 300,000 international students make way to Canada, one of the hottest destinations to pursue higher education. In fact, the last few years have seen a four-fold increase in the number of international students exploring the country's educational system. One of the major factors why Canada continues to attract foreign students is because of its vibrant cities and a plethora of multi-cultural communities. Canada has students from all over the world coming to study in its quality institutions, thereby making it a truly diverse student nation.Although Canada offers a wide variety of options for graduate studies, many international students are unaware about how to apply for Masters in Canada and what makes them eligible to study at one of its top universities.Here we have explained the entire process for applying for a Masters’ programme in Canada right from the time you need to research to finally submitting your application form.Read the steps below to know how to apply for Masters in Canada:Choose the course you want to study: While most students who plan to study abroad are sure of the programme, there is still room for further research. Canadian universities offer a wide range of courses to international students to explore. So, it is always better to research for courses that you might not be aware of but definitely fall within your area of interest. Not many would be knowing that universities in Canada offer courses in international forestry or petroleum land management.Shortlist UniversitiesIn order to apply for MS in Canada the ideal time is to start about two years before admissions. Yes this sounds like a LONG time in advance but that is only so that you can make an informed decision and not rush before the deadlines like most people do. Utilize one year to sort out your GRE and TOEFL/IELTS exams and one year for your actual application process. GRE is optional and not required for most universities there, but you can always submit it if you want to since it will add value to your evaluation. I would advise you to finish your toefl/gre exams before the third year of undergrad, or at least by October of the year before your admission. By September of your final year, you need to start filling out and sending applications.FactorsThe predominant (but, by no means the only) factors that influence the choices made by prospective Graduate students from India are – Job prospects, fees, location (density of Indian population), possible immigration after studying.Though in reality, the driving forces should be – Validity and relevance of the course, reputation of the University of that subject, current work scenario of alumni, racial assimilation of that country and the time you can spend on your masters.The first thing you should check out are the universities that have the biggest grants for the subjects you are interested in working in. Let’s look at an example. University of Ottawa became the largest center for photonics/optics in the world and has received significant funding. This means that it will have a lot of scholarships available in the field. So even though University of Ottawa is not in the top 3 or 4 universities in Canada, it is the best for photonics research.The University has approved 3 different sources of funding; $47 million from the university’s board of Governors, $10 million from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and possibly another $70 million during the duration of the project.Decision TimeHere’s what is recommended when it comes to actually deciding what course you can pick in Canada –Look at WHAT you want to study. Check out the research in those fields. See what interests you.Then look at thesis and non-thesis based options. One has more research and the other has more course-work, and they are both equally good when it comes to future opportunities.Try to check where their alumni are working now. That will tell you what impact the university is making in General.Consider finances too. Check out the fees and the availability of financial aid.Ask them to provide you with a statistic of number of applicants and number of admits. That will also give you better insight.Talk to more people and ask them about their opinions and reasons for those opinions as well.Discuss with professors in your college. They should have a general idea about who is doing what in which part of the globeWhenAn pragmatic timeline would be –Let’s assume you are looking for 2021 Fall intake. You should ideally plan and finish your exams by now. By May of this year you should already have started short-listing universities. The rule of thumb is to choose universities in three categories –Safe options – These are universities where you have a very good chance of getting into. Look at the average admission profiles of previous students and use various forums to figure out where you stand. Again, these are not “definite” chances but those with high probability.Moderate options – These are universities that you might get into or might not. The admission standards might depend on your course and other factors. You should definitely try for them though. To improve your chances, try to take different programs rather than the crow favorites such as EE, CS, Mech etc.Ambitious – As the name suggests, you will find it tough to get into these. Not impossible, but tough. Getting into these universities is tricky because their application pool is big, and their profiles are pretty good.List of UniversitiesBy September to October of this year, have your list of universities ready. Maybe 2 to 3 in each category, But that is your wish.On an average, the top 15 universities (in no particular order) for Masters (engineering stream) in Canada are –University of TorontoMcGill University, MontrealUniversity of British Columbia, VancouverUniversity of Alberta, EdmontonUniversity of WaterlooQueens University, KingstonUniversity of OttawaUniversity of MontrealMcMaster University, EdmontonWestern University, London, OntarioSimon Fraser University, VancouverUniversity of Montreal, MontrealUniversity of CalgaryDalhousie UniversityUniversity of VictoriaThe above are not in any particular ranking. These will vary on many factors and will also vary from course to course. For instance, UWaterloo is the best for Computer Science and is highly ranked in North America for CS.Shortlist of UniversitiesTo help you shortlist –Look at groups and forums online to talk to existing students. Get their profiles and form an idea.Talk to professors in those universities in case you want to work with them.Get your LORs and SOPs evaluated by many people. Get their feedback and include those in your edits. A good SOP and strong LORs can make a big difference.More projects and/or publications = better chances of an admit even if your GPA is low.Find the Facebook groups for these universities and meet other prospective students like yourself. Information flows best when it is two-ways.The best and most effective way is to talk to students who are already in Canada. They will form your base-line and help you place yourself on their scale.It is a multitude of factors that decide where you will get in.For example a student with a 8.7 GPA and 2 summer internships might get into Alberta. Someone with a 7.9 GPA might not be able to, but if he/she has good extracurriculars and perhaps 2 publications, then Alberta would be a strong contender.I just also may do a shameless plug of my company Leap Scholar Study in Canada for Indian Student wherein you can find more about Canadian universities and how you can be a part of one of them.

To put it frankly, DC have made the critical mistake of attempting to quickly catch up with Marvel, who managed to turn lesser known protagonists such as Ant-Man and Hawk-eye into solid fan favourites. But every serious comic fan knows that there is a massive difference between modern DC and Marvel. Both are amazing in their own unique way, so why on Earth-2 did DC attempt to catch-up to Marvel instead of developing it’s cinematic universe at it’s own pace? I have absolutely no idea. But in all honesty the best thing DC could do right now is reset itself to zero & gradually develop natural relationships between the protagonists & the audience, and that’s coming from someone that has quite enjoyed the movies so far. So in my fictitious world here’s how the movies would go, in order:Phase 1:Batman: World’s Greatest Detective – (Villain – Mr Zsasz) In a city caught up in mob warfare, the vigilante known as The Batman must navigate the dark streets of Gotham in the search for 5 missing influential figures; all whilst saving the city – as Bruce Wayne – from the clutches of gang rivals Carmine Falcone & Oswald Cobblepot. Can the Dark Knight bring peace to his beloved city and track down the few honourable people left in Gotham? One thing is for sure, the name Zsasz seems to give even the toughest of the criminal underworld chills.Superman: Truth – (Villain – The Elite) Metropolis stands as a shining example of the perfect American city, protected by it’s hero: Superman. Crime is at an all time low, people are living longer and the Kryptonian seems to have everything under control. That is until a group of powerful meta-humans set out to educate the general public on how dangerous Superman can really be. The Man of Steel soon finds himself outshone by a new team of ruthless superheroes who hold his idealism in contempt. As Lois Lane digs in to the background of this unusual team, Superman must find a way to tackle the threat at hand.Wonder Woman – (Villain – Cheetah) Barbara Ann Minerva, an archaeologist from Metropolis has spent her life obsessing over the Amazons. Convinced of their existence, she travels the world in search of clues & proof that the Amazonian world co-exists with our own. On her travels she comes across the story of the Cult of Urzkartaga, but unfortunately gets too close to her work as she is transformed in to the infamous Cheetah. Blaming the Amazonian’s for her fate she seeks out Themyscira in search of revenge. It’s now up to Diane, Princess of the Amazonian’s to save her family from this dangerous new villain.Green Lanterns: Democracy – (Villain – White Martians) There is severe un-rest in Sector 2814, Mars is at war and Abin Sur has fallen in the conflict, but before doing so he manages to evacuate two Martian teenagers to Earth. With his power ring now searching Earth for it’s next protector it lands in the hand of Hal Jordan. The Guardians have now tasked the newest Green Lantern with stopping the White Martian threat from spreading to Earth, but can he keep hope alive long enough to save the planet? And who’s is this voice that’s always in his head?Batman: A Death in The Family – (Villain – Joker) Arkham Asylum is at full capacity when all hell breaks loose. A plan, years in the making, has been hatched from the inside, and it’s resulted in mutiny inside the prison, as well as several high notoriety criminals making it back out on to the streets of Gotham. To make matters worse, Jason Todd (A.K.A. Robin) has gone missing. Batman knows he must restore order, but can he make it to the top floor of Arkham alive? And what waits for him at the peak?The Suicide Squad [Led by Green Arrow & Black Canary]: (Villain – Arkham Round-up) “Come in Mr. Queen, we require your assistance in Gotham. The Batman is missing.” Alfred Pennyworth’s voice breaks through the radio waves to a walkie talkie in the hands of Oliver Queen: the Green Arrow. Informed that Gotham is under attack from escaped Arkham inmates, Oliver Queen assembles the best team he can in a short time – using his wealth to buy their help – and joins them as the Green Arrow to round-up those terrorising Gotham.Phase 2:The Flash – (Villain – Task Force X) Young crime lab intern, Barry Allen, is working late one night, when his lab is ransacked by two criminals searching for a weapon that is currently in his hands. After figuring out what they’re after he dashes out of the lab and into an alley adjacent, but as he runs a shot is fired hitting him directly in the spine. He drops the weapon causing it to open and emit a blinding yellow flash of light that strikes Allen’s body… Waking up in a hospital bed 2 days later with investigative reporter Iris West by his side, he soon discovers he can move fast. Like, really fast. Dying to know what it was that gave him these powers, Barry enlists the help of Iris to track down the criminals responsible; but it seems he may find more than he was looking for.Superman: Return from The Phantom Zone (Villain – General Zod) After the events caused by The Elite, Superman is stranded in the Phantom Zone, pitted against the criminals the Kryptonian elders had seen fit to banish there. But help is found in the form of General Zod and his companion Faora-Ul, who tell Clark tales of his homeland & how they could only get off of Krypton by throwing themselves in to the Phantom Zone. With the three re-united they have the power to escape back to Earth, but once home Kal-El soon realises his new companions may not be as just as they had led on. He learns that Zod intends on destroying humanity and hand-picking the reformable residents of the Phantom Zone to start a new powerful society on Earth. Aided by a new ring bearing friend, Kal-El must now fight harder than ever to protect his Home.Atlantis – (Villain – Black Manta) A young boy has been kidnapped and forced to work on a ship for an unspecified amount of time, where he was sexually abused by his captors. One day whilst crying on the side of the ship he sees a man dive in to the water followed by a beautiful array of sea creatures. From this moment on he dedicated his life to finding the “Aquaman”. Now in his 30’s David Hyde believe’s he’s found the lost city however years of torment and torture have given him a dark outlook on life. He doesn’t just want to find Atlantis. He wants to rule it.Martian Manhunter – (Villain Mongul) Living in the shadows, J’onn J’onzz has done his best to hide his alien origins. But he can hear something evil on the horizon, on it’s way to Earth. He can feel war coming ever-closer. Determined not to see a repeat of the atrocities that happened on his home-world – and with the kryptonian back on the planet – Martian Manhunter decides it is time to step up and defend Earth from the threat that comes: Mongul, the ruler of the warwold.Justice League: Unite (Villain – Sinestro Corps) Enticed by the fear that lingers on Earth following Monguls defeat, the Yellow Lanterns decide to head to Earth to capitalise on this time of mourning. Hal Jordan is the first to encounter the threat, but is unable to contact the Guardians. Worried about their fate he instructs Batman that more are coming to Earth, and heads off to Oa to find his comrades. In preparation Batman initiates “Project Justice” and assembles a team of the strongest residents of Earth. Soon after, Sinestro and his army arrive to make everyone face their fears.Darklands [Zatanna & John Constantine] (Villain – Nicolas Nolan) The year is 2005 and in a pub in London exchange students (and lovers) Nicolas Nolan and Zatanna Zatara sit down to enjoy a night of magic. During the performance they are approached by a young man in a trench-coat that asks them why they are being followed. A fight breaks out, but the three make it out alive. Determined to know why they were attacked in the first place they follow this Englishman back to his empty home where he explains he is John Constantine and he is one of the most powerful Sorcerers in the room. Under John’s guidance the three set out on an adventure to learn & better their skills; ultimately searching for The Books of Magic.Phase 3:Flashpoint – (Villain – Reverse Flash) With Earth still reeling from the attack by Sinestro Corps, Barry Allen finds himself being one of a few heroes left trying to fight for justice. However his grit & determination is dwindling and unfortunately some ghosts from his past spark a selfish thought; what if he went back to save his Mother and give himself a family? With nothing left to lose The Flash soon acts on his impulse sending his reality into disrepair. Can the fastest man alive rectify his mistake or is this the end of the peaceful world the Justice League had been fighting for?Gotham City Sirens [plus Nightwing] – (Villain – Black Mask) A New villain is making a mark on Gotham. Fresh from the streets of Bludhaven, Black Mask is rapidly taking over the criminal underworld, but there are some that aren’t going down without a fight. Join Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn and Catwoman as they fight to defend the city they call home. All the while being tracked by the bats “favourite son”.The Batman – (Villain – The Court of Owls) Black Mask seemed to just vanish, or so that’s what the press are proclaiming, and along with him Nightwing. A few months later a series of brutal murders rocks not only Gotham City to its core, but also the Caped Crusader himself when the prime suspect is one of Batman’s closest allies – Dick Grayson! Determined to clear Dick’s name, Bruce Wayne sets out to discover what exactly is happening and disprove the myth of The Court of Owls for good.Cyborg and the Titans – (Villain – Brotherhood of Evil) Following an explosion that cost him his job & his son, Silas Stone now runs “The Tower”, an orphanage for stray meta-humans. With his debt to society slowing being paid back, he unveils to the kids what he’s been working on in the shadows for such a long time – and in doing so their newest brother – Cyborg, his son. Though apprehensive at first, Victor Stone soon settles back in with his newfound younger brothers and sisters. But there is a rumour going round that not everyone agrees with what Silas has achieved, some want to see him suffer more for the pain he caused.The Man of Steel – (Villain – Lex Luther) Thanks to a hefty investment from LexCorp, Metropolis is beginning to recover from the Yellow Lantern attacks and prosper once again. Now with the public on-side Lex is beginning to have a strong political standing in America’s greatest city, meaning he can stand shoulder to shoulder with The Superman himself. Preaching the danger of meta-humans & aliens alike, Lex rallies to have his “Ozama Formula” made commercially available. A formula which temporarily negates meta-human powers; meaning anyone on Earth could “defend themselves from the foreign threat of powered individuals”. However, the Daily Planet seems to be set on demonising the billionaire, and they also appear to have a Kryptonian on side. Can Clark, Lois and Perry White expose Lex Luthor for the monster he is? And Can Superman save his fellow heroes?Injustice – (Civil War) It didn’t take long for Lex’s synthetic strength enhancement drug to start circulating prisons, “Amazos” as the inmates called them, were soon in every prison-yard across the US. Though the billionaire mogul was still tucked up in his white collar “cell”, Lex has some warped friends on the outside, and his first task is to bring down the man that put him in this cage. How do you take down the Superman? You aim for the heart… With Lois lifeless in his arms, Superman decides there is no room for tyranny on this planet anymore; it’s innocent citizens need to be protected and he will do so with an iron fist. Soon our heroes are divided, and it’s un-clear who stands on the side of the greater good. However, sometimes we have to see ourselves through someone else’s eyes to truly see what we have become.Phase 4:Worlds at War Part 1 – (Villain: Steppenwolf) It’s been almost 1 year since the Man of Steel was last seen, and the world that he left behind is slowly re-building. But a new threat seems to have been awakened; the Motherboxes are activating, catching the attention of some of the most sinister beings in the Universe. Steppenwolf has arrived on Earth and all of it’s protectors must unite to stop him & his Parademon army.JL: Dark – (Villain: Felix Faust) In an attempt to become the most powerful sorcerer known to man, Felix Faust is on the hunt for the “Dreamstone” which contains immense power. But on it’s restoration it becomes clear that this stone contains more than just power. With Earth facing a darker future than ever before it is up to John Constantine, Zatanna, Deadman, The Phantom Stranger, Swamp Thing and Raven to put an end to the chaos; however one friendly face confuses Destiny with Fate.Worlds at War Part 2 – (Villain: Darkseid) With Steppenwolf defeated the Justice League barely has time to lick it’s wounds before the planet is in crisis once again. On “the day the earth stood silent” every screen on Earth went blank before displaying the message “L+A+F+D+SW÷M÷C÷M×G×S×F×J n=y where y=Hope and n=folly, love=lies, life=death, self=DARKSEID” for only 20 seconds before Cyborg manages to shut the screens down. But it’s too late, suddenly in unison three billion people say: “I. Am. The. New. God. All is one in Darkseid. This mighty body is my church. When I command your surrender, I speak with three billion voices. When I make a fist to crush your resistance. It is with three billion hands. When I stare into your eyes and shatter your dreams. And break your heart. It is with six billion eyes! Nothing like Darkseid has ever come among you: Nothing will again. I will take you to a hell without exit or end. And there I will murder your souls! And make you crawl and beg! And die! Die! Die for Darkseid!”. Darkseid is coming and this time our heroes must prepare for the worst.Batman Beyond – (Villain: The League of Assassins) Bruce Wayne has been mortally wounded by Darkseid, and without drastic action he will surely succumb to his fate. So he calls on Dick Grayson one more time, and shares with him some stories of his younger days. How he trained under Rhaz Al Ghul and how he fell in love. Most importantly, he tells Dick about the Lazarus pit and that he needs to get there as soon as possible if he is to live. Ecstatic at the chance to save his mentor, Dick suggests asking the Justice League to take Bruce to the Lazarus pit, but there is a secret within the League of Assassins that the Justice League cannot know about: A boy that Batman had forgotten for too long. This is one task the Bat Family must do alone.The End of Justice – (Villain: Braniac & Doomsday) Believing this power is the key to finally besting Superman, Lex Luthor invites the voice on the other end of a mysterious transmission to Earth, he supplied the co-ordinates and strikes up a partnership agreement. However, on his arrival it is clear this being, known as Braniac, has no intention of being a partner to an Earthling. Now to save Earth from extinction, heroes and villains must unite. But alas, it seems Braniac knows every powered being on Earth better than they know themselves, and it seems he got this information from a computer underneath Gotham. He even has something very special planned for the Kryptonians. This looks like it could be the end.Main Protagonist & Antagonist Casting Key:Batman – Jon HammVicki Vale – Mila KunisMr Zsasz – Iwan RheonAlfred Pennyworth – Bill NighyCommissioner Gordon – Kevin CostnerCarmine Falcone – John VentimigliaOswald Cobblepot – Peter SarsgaardManchester Black – Christopher EcclestoneThe Hat – Aaron YooColdcast – Chad ColemanMenagerie – Victoria JusticeLois Lane – Olivia WildeCheetah – Jessica SzohrWonder Woman – Gal GadotSuperman – Henry CavillRobin – Callan McAuliffeHal Jordan – Bradley CooperAbin Sur – Bruce WillisJ’onn J’onzz – Jamie FoxxMa’alefa’ak – Idris ElbaM’gann M’orzz – Keke PalmerJoker – Jake GyllenhaalHarley Quinn – Cara DelevingneGreen Arrow – Jenson AcklesBlack Canary – Charlize TheronDeadshot – Will SmithNightshade – Anya Taylor-JoyCatwoman – Ruby RoseThe Flash – Adam BrodyIris West – Kiersey ClemonsAmanda Waller – Gina TorresRick Flag – Channing TatumHeatwave – Jim SturgessCaptain Cold – Ross MarquandGeneral Zod – Clive OwenFaora-Ul – Daisy RidleyAquaman – Jason MomoaBlack Manta – Michael Kenneth WilliamsMongul – Adewale Akinnuoye-AgbajeSinestro – Luke EvansZatanna – Tatiana MaslanyJohn Constantine – Ewan McGregorNicholas Nolan – Zachary QuintoCyborg – John BoyegaBraniac – Benedict CumberbatchDoomsday – Tom WellingLex Luthor – Michael C. HallReverse Flash – Matthew McConaugheyNightwing – Kit HarringtonPoison Ivy – Emma StoneBlack Mask – Gabriel MachtSteppenwolf – Dominic PurcellFelix Faust – Martin SheenSwamp Thing – Tom HardyAbby Holland – Emelia ClarkeDeadman – Jesse EisenburgThe Phantom Stranger – Joseph Gordon-LevittDarkseid – Andre BraugherRhaz al Ghul – Naveen AndrewsTalia al Ghul – Sofia BoutellaThomas Wayne (Batman) – Jeffrey Dean MorganMartha Wayne (Joker) – Alicia SilverstoneBeast Boy – Ryan PotterStarfire – Jane LevyTerra – Chloe Grace-MortezRaven – Taissa FarmigaBlue Beetle – Tyler PoseySilas Stone – Chiwetel EjioforJinx – Emma DumontMadam Rouge – Sarah RaffertyGemini – Elena SatineWarp – Ross ButlerDeathstroke – Norman ReedusScarecrow – Bill SkarsgårdDr Fate – Pedro PascalDamien Wayne – Asa ButterfieldSo there we have it, 4 full phases of cinematic history. Now I’m no Hollywood writer; just a guy that grew up loving DC. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading how I’d do the DC cinematic universe; I’ve combined elements from popular comics with some new ideas and tried to cast who I genuinely believe would bring a mixture originality, charisma and comic-book likeness to each role.Update 1 - Just wanted to say a huge thank you to everyone that has read my answer, the feedback has been overwhelming. I’m so glad I’ve managed to entertain so many people and have thoroughly enjoyed debating in the comments as well. This is by far my best performing Quora answer with now 650+ upvotes, thank you so much all!

Short Answer first -The term ‘British India’ can broadly cover a long period of 350 years, starting from the early 1600s when East India Company ships landed on coastal India, until 1947. However, I have covered the 90 year period call the ‘British Raj’ from 1857–1947.They were the best of times - This period witnessed the creation and explosive growth in Infrastructure that came to define modern India (and Pakistan, Bangladesh) - Major Urban Centers, Hill Stations, Cantonments, Railroads, Major Highways, Bridges, Communication system (Post, Telegraph, Telecom), Irrigation system (Canals), Legal system, Major Universities and Colleges, Institutions, Archaeological Department, Political system, Bureaucracy, Armed forces, Police forces, and even some of the largest Business and Industrial Groups. There prevailed an air of intellectual curiosity, and many bright people and ideas from Europe flowed into India. The great Middle Class of India which numbers around 300 million today has roots in this period. People could own land or transfer ownership while being protected by law. First time in thousands of years, the lowest castes got an opportunity to improve their lot and were covered by law rather than customs. Lastly, India managed to escape from the clutches of a foreign power after hundreds of years.They were the worst of times - OTOH this period witnessed the most savage massacre of Indian rebels at the hands of the British after the 1857 Rebellion was suppressed. Over a 100,000 were butchered, many blown directly from the cannons. In 1919, General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a peaceful demonstration that left over 1,000 dead. The British introduced Indenture system which was sort of Debt Bondage under which they sent 3.5 million Indian laborers to far away colonies like Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Fiji, etc. Around 200,000 Indian soldiers died in the 2 World Wars fighting for the British Indian Army. The Partition in 1947 lead to the largest population migration in the human history with 15 million people getting uprooted and anywhere from 200,000 to 2 million killed in riots. There was widespread discrimination against Indians, including the elite Indians, and mingling with the natives was strongly discouraged. Though the caste divide has been ingrained in the subcontinent for thousands of years, the British rule formalized and accentuated the divide. However, the most shocking part of this period was the reckless management that was a major cause of several Famines and lead to anywhere from 30 million to 50 million people dying of starvation or subsequent epidemic.So how was life in this 90 year period? It depended on who you were. If you were one of the top ranking British officials or one of the 1,000 odd British Civil servants, you literally lived like a king. The remainder of British officials, soldiers, businessmen lived a very comfortable life too as a superior. The rulers of the Princely states lived luxurious lives too, some of them living like Sheikhs of the Middle East. The minority elite Indians who got access to Western education and worked closely with the British lived a life full of opportunities too. Then there was the newly emerging Middle Class comprising of thousands of Zamindars and Jagirdars, Moneylenders, Government Clerks, Army men, Railway employees, Supervisors, Engineers, Lawyers, Academics, Printers, small businessmen catering to the British, who were living in urban centers lived reasonably comfortable lives. However, the bottom 90% Indians or more were tied to agriculture, toiled in the fields, often looking up towards the sky for rains, worrying about debt, the village moneylender, and worst case starvation and disease.Yes, that was the short one :-)Now the long answer. Just to warn you, this turned out to be much longer than I had planned for. Appreciate any feedback on what can be removed. (Bonus: it comes with pictures) -British India (1857 - 1947) - During this period, the Provinces (called Presidencies or Presidency towns earlier) were collectively referred to as British India. The major provinces were Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Punjab, Assam, and Burma.Then there were 600 odd Princely states or Native states in the Indian subcontinent with major ones being Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, Jammu and Kashmir, Baroda, Gwalior. The British Crown had suzerainty over 175 of these Princely states that were generally the largest and most important. The remaining approximately 400 states were influenced by Agents answerable to the provincial governments of British India. Wonder why they were called Princely states? After all, their rulers had the native titles of Raja, Raje, Rana, Rao, Rawal, Sardar, Sardesai, Deshmukh, Thakur and none of these translate to the word Prince. It was meant to keep them a level or two below the Queen!Population - The British started the first census of India in 1871. As of 1881, there were estimated to be 255 million people. By 1947, the population had grown by 50% to 390 million. Note that in the next 70 odd years (1947 till date), the population of the region has quadrupled to 1.6 billion! Of course, the advancements in healthcare, better sanitation, and green revolution have contributed to this growth. During the British Raj, the 50 million odd deaths due to Famines had put brakes on the population growth.Indian Rebellion of 1857 - The rebellion had enraged towns like Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur (called Cawnpore), Lucknow, Jhansi, Indore with Hindu and Muslim soldiers joining hands.British finally managed to suppress the rebellion. Bahadur Shah Zafar was captured at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi in September, 1857 and exiled to Burma, while several of the Mughal princes were executed.The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed.British soldiers as well as people back in Britain were hungry for revenge and the rebels who were caught were hanged or shot or worst case blown from cannons. Around 100,000 Indians were executed.The rebellion saw the end of the East India Company's rule in India. In 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown.After the British victory in Revolt of 1857, they confiscated the Jama Masjid in Delhi and stationed their soldiers here. They also wanted to destroy the mosque to punish the people of the city. But due to opposition faced, the demolition was not done. The period after 1857, put the Muslim community in India at a disadvantage and some of the damage has lasted till date.Education Infrastructure -Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. The Government College, University in Lahore, was established in 1864. The institution was initially affiliated with the University of Calcutta for examination. The prestigious University of the Punjab, also in Lahore, was the fourth university established in the year 1882.Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, founded in 1875, was the first modern institution of higher education for Muslims in India. By 1920 it became The Aligarh Muslim University and was the leading intellectual center of Muslim political activity.The Thomason College of Civil Engineering was set up at Roorkee in Uttarakhand in 1847, that later became University of Roorkee and then IIT, Roorkee.The Allahabad University was set up in 1875. The institute was once termed as the 'Oxford of East' due to its scholarly alumni and vast potential.In Delhi, St. Stephen's College was founded in 1881, Hindu College in 1899 and Ramjas College in 1917.By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. And by 1890, some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the liberal arts or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887, of the 21,000 mid-level civil service appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Anglo Indians (European father and Indian mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an Oxbridge degree.The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186 universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrollment reached 145,000.Growing awareness for the need of technical education in India gave rise to establishment of institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science, established by philanthropist Jamshetji Tata in 1909. By the 1930s India had 10 institutions offering engineering courses.One of the great aspects in those days was the faculty who would bring the best ideas from Europe and Indians (at least some Indians) had first hand access to them.For instance, the famous Hungarian-British Archaeologist, Sir Marc Aurel Stein, (26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) who is known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, left Hungary in 1884 and went to England to study oriental languages and archaeology. In 1887, Stein came to India, where he joined the Punjab University as Registrar. Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was the Principal of Oriental College, Lahore.Railways and Highways - During Lord Dalhousie’s period, the first railway line was built and the train ran between Bombay and Thane in 1853. Then the Calcutta-Raniganj Railway line was built and later on the Madras-Arcot railway. Similarly, right from the time of Lord William Bentinck, the highway building activities were carried on. In 1839, the Grand Trunk Road was built, that connected Delhi and Calcutta Later on it was connected with Lahore and Peshawar.The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 km (838 mi) in 1860 to 25,495 km (15,842 mi) in 1880 – mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.The Railways started to generate employment in large numbers, and to this date I believe is the largest Employer of India with 1.4 million on payrolls. It also figures in the Top 10 largest employers in the world. Note that the Indian Armed Forces is the next in line with 1.3 million personnel.Urban Centers - Cities of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay had anyways grown as urban centers and they continued to see more and more city infrastructure being built.Victoria Terminus (VT), now called Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), and a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an historic railway station was built in Bombay (now called Mumbai) in 1887 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.The Victoria Memorial of Calcutta was built between 1906 and 1921 by the banks of the Hooghly River to commemorate Queen Victoria.New Delhi - From 1911 onward, fortunes of Delhi changed too as they decided to shift the capital from Calcutta to Delhi and built the city of New Delhi over a 20 year period till 1931.Cantonments and Hill Stations - As part of the reorganization measures after the 1857 Rebellion, the British decided to leverage the Rail Network and built over 100 Cantonment towns (also called Cantts in short form), that are key centers for the current Indian Army (as well as in Pakistan and Bangladesh).The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a center for Theatre and Art exhibitions. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery.After the revolt of 1857 the British sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by escape to the Himalayas in the north and Nilgiri Hills in the south. Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land." The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country.and thus The British Raj, and in particular the British Indian Army, founded around 50 odd hill stations in the Indian subcontinent.In 1863, the Viceroy of India, John Lawrence, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla. He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach.Many Hill stations were the summer capitals of their Province. For instance, Murree (now in Pakistan) was the summer capital of the Punjab Province of British India until 1864. Ooty served as the summer capital of the Madras Presidency; Soldiers were sent to nearby Wellington to recuperate.The Dalhousie is a hill station in Himachal Pradesh, was established in 1854 by the British Empire's government in India as a summer retreat for its troops and officials.Around 1860s, the British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in North Indian plains. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women. In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted one each during Christmas and EasterMussoorie was founded in 1840s by Lt. Frederick Young and being close to Dehradun, it became a popular destination for the British. In 1850 the first beer brewery in India was built in Mussoorie. By 1894 there were 22 breweries in India producing 6 million gallons a year.I have heard of racist signs posted on the Hill stations during the British Raj, expressly stating that Indians are not allowed. Not sure how true these stories are, however a dress code was enforced on the Mall Roads. Probably not very different from the upscale shopping malls in India, where you come across only those who seem a certain income level.Darjeeling was developed as a sanatorium initially but as the station was developed, the population grew rapidly between 1835 and 1849.Founding of the Indian National Congress - Allan Octavian Hume, helped conceive the idea of the Indian National Congress in 1881 - the political party that would eventually lead the country to Independence. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee organised a national conference - the first of its kind in 19th century India. This conference heralded the birth of The Indian National Congress.Legal system - Following the First War of Independence in 1857, the control of company territories in India passed to the British Crown. Being part of the empire saw the next big shift in the Indian legal system. Supreme courts were established replacing the existing mayoral courts. These courts were converted to the first High Courts through letters of patents authorized by the Indian High Courts Act passed by the British parliament in 1862. Superintendence of lower courts and enrollment of law practitioners were deputed to the respective high courts.The High Court of Calcutta is the oldest High Court in India and was built in 1862.Famines in India - Famines in India resulted in more than 60 million deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Famines in British India were severe enough to have a substantial impact on the long term population growth of the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Timeline of major famines in India during British ruleAmartya Sen found that the famines in the British era were not due to a lack of food but due to the inequalities in the distribution of food. He links the inequality to the undemocratic nature of the British Empire.The famines were a product both of uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies. Colonial polices implicated include rack-renting, levies for war, free trade policies, the expansion of export agriculture, and neglect of agricultural investment. Indian exports of opium, rice, wheat, indigo, jute, and cotton were a key component of the economy of the British empire, generating vital foreign currency, primarily from China. These export crops displaced millions of acres that could have been used for domestic subsistence, and increased the vulnerability of Indians to food crises.But then suddenly, the famines disappeared after 1943 even though India’s (or rather subcontinent’s) population quadrupled from 400 million to 1.6 billion today. Of course, Green revolution of 1970s has much to do with it as well as the increase in irrigated land. But the leadership change in 1947 seems to surely have something to do with it.I am not posting any pictures, as there already are many depressing ones circulated on Quora :-(Mark Twain’s visit to India in 1896 - Mark Twain traveled through India and Sri Lanka from January to April, 1896. Twain's three months in India were the highlight of his year-long trek and the intriguing centerpiece of his revealing 700 page book, Following the Equator.Many members of Indian audiences, accustomed to British speech and pronunciation and formality, found in his American accent a certain piquancy. They liked it. America was something of a mystery for most people he encountered. They knew about George Washington, about Chicago and its World's Fair that made Swami Vivekananda a world figure. That was about the extent of general knowledge in those days.Most of the theaters where he appeared accommodated about 1,000 people and in some extra seats had been provided. In Bombay the Novelty Theater held 1,400. Prices in India were Rs 1, 2, 3 and 4, depending on how close one wished to be to the celebrity. He collected about Rs 2,600 (or $650 in those days) for each evening.As he traveled through Bombay, Poona, Allahabad, Banaras, Calcutta, Darjeeling, Agra, Jaipur, Delhi and other cities, mostly by train, the American humorist gathered impressions and crafted them into descriptions. He later wrote about the animals in India, with special reference to the crows and lions and an elephant ride that made him feel quite regal. He gave quaint tales of life in Indian hotels, of fancy parties and horrible long names, of street scenes and fakirs, of the fancy Indian costumes that made him wax poetic and even of long-forgotten historical events. An example:A two-day visit to Banares presented Twain and his party with an opportunity to explore Hinduism and investigate especially its contradictions, orthodoxy and superstition. The filthy waters of the Ganges disgusted him and the fact that pilgrims looked upon it as pure and purifying and drank it eagerly absolutely repelled him.He noted that wherever there was room for one more Linga, a Linga was there. "If Vishnu had foreseen what this town was going to be, he would have called it Idolville or Lingamburg."Despite the crowded and often funereal experiences, Banares was not entirely a disappointment to Mark Twain. He called it "the Oxford of India" for its wealth of Hindu and Sanskrit studies.It is all the more remarkable that he wrote cheerfully and with great humor about India and her peoples, that he was able to watch dhobys laundering their master's clothes at the river and inquire: "Are they trying to break those stones with clothes?"British people in India - Despite the country's vast population, there were never more than 100,000 British people in India. At the top of the hierarchy were the Viceroy, Governors of Provinces, 1,000 odd Oxbridge educated British Civil Servants. A large number of the British people were Soldiers, followed by Entrepreneurs, and then Employees of the Raj machinery.Given the fact that there were 50 hill stations built and the prestigious Gymkhanas, Clubs, Cricket clubs, Golf courses, Ski resorts, Lounges, Bungalows built for a very small group of people, you can imagine the lifestyle.An average Sahib’s morning would start with elaborate breakfast, a horse ride, reading, a beer or a whiskey drink at the club in the evening, while the Memsahibs had an army of servants working on the garden.Some of India’s current VIP culture of Politicians, Army leaders, and Senior Bureaucrats seems directly inherited from the days of the Raj.While the popular imagination leads us to the Sahibs and Memsahibs, David Arnold, a respected scholar of South Asia, has estimated almost 50% of the European population in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century could be classified as poor whites. There were low class soldiers, seamen, adventurers and chancers, and many semi-skilled workers, especially in the railways.Just as Indian society was divided by caste, class and religion, the British too were not a homogeneous group. They were divided, principally by class, and, to a lesser extent, by the English/Scottish/Irish distinction. ‘Whiteness’ and ‘Britishness’ were stratified, and full possession of ‘whiteness’ depended on superior social class. The elite saw the very poor, or the ‘great unwashed’ of the nineteenth century as a different race, and they applied a similar understanding to poor, white ‘riff-raff’ in India.In 1869, the European Vagrancy Act established a network of workhouses, and a system for deporting white beggars and ‘loafers’.Indians who prospered during the British Raj - Many Indians grew immensely in their rapid fields. Upper class Bengali Hindus were the first ones to get into the Civil Service and many became Judges, Lawyers as well as Academics. Parsis had been in India for few hundred years but had lived an unnoticed life in Gujarat. The British realized their potential and the ethical values that they were endowed with. As a result, the minority Parsi community reached new heights. Likewise, Punjabis and Marwaris, found business opportunities and created large enterprises.Here are few instances/success stories -Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (3 March 1839 – 19 May 1904) was an Indian pioneer industrialist, who founded the Tata Group, India's biggest conglomerate company. He was born to a Parsi Zoroastrian family in Navsari then part of the princely state of Baroda.He founded what would later become the $100 billion worth in revenues, Tata Group of companies. Tata is regarded as the legendary "Father of Indian Industry"He founded a trading company in 1868 with 21,000 capital, bought a bankrupt oil mill at Chinchpokli in 1869 and converted it to a cotton mill, which he renamed Alexandra Mill. He sold the mill two years later for a profit. He set up another cotton mill at Nagpur in 1874, which he christened Empress Mill when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India on 1 January 1877.The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees in 1945.JRD Tata - He guided the destiny of India’s largest Industrial house for well over half a century.Headed Tata Sons in 1938; Tata Chemicals in 1939; Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) in 1945.M. S. Oberoi was born in a Punjabi Sikh family in a minor village of Jhelum District, Punjab, British India. In 1922, he came to Shimla to escape from the epidemic of Plague and got a job as front desk clerk, at The Cecil Hotel at a salary of Rs 50 per month. The manager of Cecil, Mr. Ernest Clarke and his wife Gertrude took a great liking to the honesty of a hardworking of young Mohan Singh Oberoi. During their six months absence, he doubled up the occupancy to eighty percent which gave them enough reason to offer the hotel - on a decided amount to Oberoi, as they wanted to return to England.After continuous hard work for five years, on 14 August 1934, Mohan Singh Oberoi became the sole and absolute owner of Hotel Carlton, Shimla. Subsequently, it grew from one hotel to an empire of it’s own, and today the Oberoi group of hotels owns the Top rated hotels of India.Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of the his industrial empire by establishing GM Birla Company, trading in jute, in 1911. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks. It is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh. In 1919 he became among the first group of Indian entrepreneurs to become owner of a Jute mill named Birla Jute.[12] In the next few years he acquired several cotton mills. He later started several sugar mills. The publication Hindustan Times was co-founded by GD Birla in 1924 and fully acquired it in 1933. Hindustan Motors was started in 1942.Now Aditya Birla group operates in more than 33 countries, employs over 133,000 people and has annual revenues of over $35 billion.Sir Ganga Ram Agrawal (April 1851 – 10 July 1927) was born in Mangtanwala, a village of Punjab Province inBritish India. He graduated from Thomason College of Civil Engineering in 1873. After a brief Service in Punjab P.W.D devoted himself to practical farming. He obtained on lease from Government 50,000 acres of barren, un-irrigated land in Montgomery District, and within three years converted that vast desert into smiling fields, irrigated by water lifted by a hydroelectric plant and running through a thousand miles of irrigation channels, all constructed at his own cost. This was the biggest private enterprise of the kind, unknown in the country before. Sir Ganga Ram earned millions most of which he gave to charity.Wadias - In 1879, Bombay was next only to New Orleans as the world's largest cotton port. It was at this time that Nowrosjee Wadia, the second generation Wadia, set his sights on India's mushrooming textile industry. In a humble redbrick shed, he began a small operation. Here, cotton yarn spun in India was dip dyed by hand in three colors-turkey red, green and orange-and laid out in the sun to dry. The Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. Ltd. had been born. A modest beginning for a company that was to grow in the following 115 yr. into one of India's largest producer of textiles.Sir Sobha Singh (1890–18 April 1978) was a civil contractor and a prominent builder of Lutyens' Delhi and real estate owner of Delhi. He is the father of famous Indian writer Khushwant Singh. When Hardinge, the Viceroy of India, announced the plan to move the British Indian capital city to Delhi was along with the Coronation Durbar for King George V and the Queen Mary, would take place in Delhi in December 1911, Sujan Singh and 22-year-old Sobha Singh, who was then a contractor working on the Kalka-Shimla railroad, shifted base to Delhi as building contractors. Building contracts then being given out. Sujan Singh-Sobha Singh were accepted as senior-grade contractors.Sir Sobha bought as much land in Delhi as he could. He bought several extensive sites at as little as Rs 2 per square yard, freehold. There were few other takers, and he came to be described as adhi dilli da malik (the owner of half of Delhi),Ardeshir Burjorji Sorabji Godrej (1868–1936) was an Indian businessman. With his brother Pirojsha Burjorji, he co-founded the Godrej Brothers Company, the precursor of the modern Godrej Group. Taking a loan from his father's friend he started to manufacture medical equipment used in surgery, such as scalpels, surgeon's scissors, forceps, etc. Later, one morning he read in the newspaper that burglary rates in Bombay were increasing and that locks weren't working as well as they should. He saw that as a business opportunity and started to research lock making. This venture was so successful he is now known as the lock-master of India.Govindram Seskaria - Not many people may know about him, but he is one of the most famous businessman of pre-independence India. At that time, British rule made it difficult for Indians to enter into business. Foreign businesses controlled most of India’s trade and those businesses were in turn supported by the government. But that didn’t deter Govindram. Govindram first joined the Bombay Cotton Exchange and was so successful as a cotton trader that he became known as the Cotton King of the World. After his success in the cotton market, Govindram diversified and began trading in bullion and other commodities. A founding member of the Indian Stock Exchange, Govindram founded Govindram Brothers Private Limited in 1937. This company got into the sugar, textile, minerals, banking, printing, and movie businesses.K.C. Mahindra was born in 1894 in the Punjab, the second of nine children. After studying at Cambridge, he worked at Messrs. Martin & Company editing INDIA and the Hindustan Review. In the 1940s, he went into the energy business, and helped develop the nation’s coal policy by implementing the latest methods of coal mining. In 1946, he moved to Bombay to found Mahindra & Mohammed, which later became Mahindra & Mahindra, an industrial powerhouse in many sectors of the economy.Religion in India - From early on, the British found the Indian culture and religions at odds with the rationality of the West and considered it to be regressive. Some practices like Sati were bizarre and abhorrent to them and were finally banned by efforts of Indian elite as well as the British. However, at one point they realized that the traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; Consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion.Therefore, the holy pilgrimage sites like Banaras, Haridwar, Ujjain, Pushkar, Chitrakoot, Kishkindha, Somnath for the Hindus, Amritsar and other major Gurudwaras of the Sikhs, and Muslim centers of Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Hyderabad, etc continued their customs unhindered. The Missionaries from Britain and Europe worked with zeal, as they did worldwide and established many Churches and Missionary schools. As a result, the Christian population grew in India during the Raj.Literature and Writings of that period - One key difference between writers of India and the West has been that the Western scholars, travelers, observers have been really good at capturing objective information, as in a Travelogue or describing Geographical features of a region or Cataloging of anything, be it Flora, Fauna, People, etc. As a result, there’s a wealth of information that was gathered by the British and other Westerners on all the aspects of India. Of course, the motivation to write about a foreign land is higher than writing about your own homeland.You may think that Indians were mostly illiterate, and hence we have to rely on the works of Westerners. It’s probably not true. If you look at the lists of Indian writers who wrote in the Vernacular (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Urdu, Telugu, etc), there’s amazing amount of work that was written. More than often, the native writing is in the story form or poetry or some form of fiction. However, you can still draw a lot of insight from these works.Here are few names that came to mind -Premchand (31 July 1880 – 8 October 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand, was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindi-Urdu literature. He is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent, and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindustani writers of the early twentieth century. His works include more than a dozen novels, around 250 short stories, several essays and translations of a number of foreign literary works into Hindi. Notable works Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke khiladi, Gaban.Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) is considered one of the leading Bengali novelist and essayist of the 19th century. His first novel Durgeshnandini, considered a benchmark in the history of Bengali literature, was published in 1865. He also wrote "Vande Mātāram", the national song of India, which appears in his novel Anandamath (1882).Rabindranath Tagore, Asia's first Nobel laureate - Possibly the most prolific writer in Bengali. Tagore dominated both the Bengali and Indian philosophical and literary scene for decades. His 2,000 Rabindrasangeets play a pivotal part in defining Bengali culture, both in West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is the author of the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh, both composed in Bengali. Other notable Bengali works of his are Gitanjali, a book of poems for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and many short stories and a few novels.Uttamadhanapuram Venkatasubbaiyer Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942) was a Tamil scholar and researcher who was instrumental in bringing many long-forgotten works of classical Tamil literature to light. His singular effort over five decades brought to light major literary works in Tamil and contributed vastly to the enrichment of its literary heritage. Iyer published over 91 books in his lifetime, on a variety of matters connected to classical Tamil literature, and collected 3,067 paper manuscripts, palm-leaf manuscripts and notes of various kinds. He is affectionately called Tamil Thatha (Grandfather of Tamil)Devaki Nandan Khatri (June 18, 1861 – 1913) was an Indian writer, who belonged to the first generation of popular novelists in the modern Hindi language. Also known as Babu Devakinandan Khatri, he was the first author of mystery novels in Hindi. Chandrakanta and Bhootnath is the most popular of his works.Michael Madhusudan Dutt, (25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was a popular 19th-century Bengali poet and dramatist. He was a pioneer of Bengali drama and his famous work Meghnad Bodh Kavya, is a tragic epic. It consists of nine cantos and is exceptional in Bengali literature both in terms of style and content. He also wrote poems about the sorrows and afflictions of love as spoken by women.Ghalib, Iqbal, Zauq, … - The language of Urdu got its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.**************************************************************************Few Random pictures from the British Raj -A ship arriving at a ghat in Calcutta -2. Calcutta in 1902 -3. Tram in Chandni Chowk, Delhi4. Delhi Durbar of 1911 -5. Hyderabad in late 1800s -6. Muharram procession in Calcutta -7. Women protesting in Bombay -8. Random scene on a street -Resources -Poor whites - Loafers, Vagrants and 'Low Europeans'http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1964_16/15/the_middle_class_in_india.pdf