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What you need to know to build Google Glass.So you want to learn about one of my obsessions, pico projectors. And I will tell you more than you wanted to know. But before I do, let’s build some relevance, and if you are starting out in the devices business, let me tell you why you absolutely need to read this note.In consumer tech design, a display is the first and last thing that matters.Apple’s X-factor is considered to be its ‘device experience’ and display technology has always been the basis used to construct all Apple experiences. It is the silk with which designers weave. No amount of insightful UI or powerful processors or great baseband/memory or security chipsets will help push products if the display, the primary interface between abstract computing and the consumer, is crap. Heck, UI is a thing because displays support it.We are not addicted to smartphones, we are addicted to the screens that shape the content. RAM/processors/GPU’s don’t shape consumer experience; displays do. After the somatosensory system, the visual system is the largest input processor in the brain and an entire cortical lobe (occipital) processes visual input. Great displays make for great marketing. History of consumer computing machinery adoption is that of display technology adoption– not silicon [0]. Current HMD/AR/VR hype is a display tech hype. Everything else is a secondary feature discussed only if the display is good enough[1].And the only hardware research company that Apple has invested in despite a documented aversion to hardware research is, a displays company[2].So from a commercial perspective, display technology is a pretty big deal.Okay, so let’s discuss pico projectors in that context.[0] Woz’s integration of input with output with RGB for Apple 2.[1] An imo more definitive argument for why this is so.[2] LuxVue/Q2 2014; Of 9 h/w acqui-hires since 1999, all were shipping products except LuxVue which was in the research phase; All have been incorporated incorporated into products except LuxVue.Organization of this noteBefore getting to it if you are unfamiliar with the terms used below, you will find some background information in the following links (I am still working on finishing these) :Projection displays: Intro and backgroundProjection displays: Core technologyFigure 01: Image shows different commercial pico projection/optical modules. Details in the image and descriptions follow below. Image to scale.We look at the construction of five systems in this note. Of the five, four are types of pico projection technologies, and the fifth is the Google glass near-eye display system.Digital Light Projection (DLP), Samsung's Galaxy Beam 1 & 2 (ODM/Sekonix)Laser Beam Steering (LBS) Celluon module (uses the Microvision PicoP)Field-Sequential Color Liquid Crystal on Silicon (FSC LCoS), OEM pico projector (ODM/Himax)Color filter LCoS microdisplay (ODM: Himax/3M early prototype)Google Glass FSC LCoS (likely Himax)I also describe a relation between Magic Leap and pico projection that pop media doesn’t seem to have dwelt on yet. I finally conclude with a minor discussion on Cicret/Ritot and ‘repurposing’ existing DLP h/w.[Unless noted, all images are the author's work.]Device teardowns and engineeringDevice 1: Digital Light projection(aka Digital Micromirror Display/DMD, Deformable Mirror Display)Figure T1: Pico projector module from Samsung Galaxy Beam 1 & 2. The top row show top/bottom views of the device. The bottom images show labeled components.Figure T2: Light sources/collimation lenses used in pico projection. (A) shows the wrap-around flex and collimation lenses on which the R+B and G LEDs reside. (B), (C) show closeups of the LEDs and (D) shows the collimation lenses with mounts. All LEDs are mounted on ceramic dies and heat sinks.Figure T3: Fly eye lens array used for homogenizing collimated light input from dichroic mirrors. (A) shows an FEL mounted on a common 532nm laser, (B) shows the effect of the FEL on the laser's spot - The FEL spreads the light uniformly over a rectangle, (C) closeup of FEL and (D) is a closeup of the individual lenses.Figure T4: TI DMD Micromirror unit, images and schematics. The DLP system consists of multiple dies, 4 or 5 bonded layers at least. The die stack is generally proprietary, but it consists of a coverglass layer, a MEMS mirror layer, a CMOS memory layer and a TSV/THV routing+component +high voltage IC layer. (Src: Larry Hornbeck's DLP note; More description here)Figure T5: TI DMD micromirror array. L to R, Penny, DLP2010/0.2inch TRPixel, Closeup of array, closeup of individual pixel, apparently new Tilt-Roll-Pixel. (Src: TI DLPA051 whitepaper/Sep2014)Figure T6: Figure shows a sequential zoom into the DMD mirror array using an optical microscope. The 'greyed out' pixels are stuck. These are easy to damage but I am also clumsy. Not a great combination.Figure T7: Projection lenses used in pico projectors. The left system is used in an FSC LCoS system, the right one is used in the Samsung Galaxy projector. Note that LCoS lens is positioned using a manual thumb wheel, but the Samsung system uses a bipolar stepper to move the projection lens about the guide-rails.OperationFirst thing to note is that we are only looking at the light engine component of the system. Without the driver and power ICs, the light engine doesn't do anything at all. Companies like to make fudged claims that they have the smallest 'light engines', but that's BS without including the driver/power ICs. The least total self-contained volume for this system will be around 30 x 30 x 20 mm3 without video conversion DSPs and external power. That's actually huge.DLP uses unpolarized light and simply flips light around with micromirrors. So unlike liquid crystal based devices, DLP has no need for light polarizing components.LEDs are used as illumination sources in DLP, typically with two primary wavelengths on a single ceramic die and the third one on a second die. Color is obtained through time averaging strategies (field sequential color/FSC) as opposed to spatial averaging [FSC is discussed in the Google Glass section below]. This allows a finer micromirror pixel pitch. The illumination from the LEDs passes through collimating lenses and gets directed to dichroic mirrors. These mirrors act as bandpass filters and only allow certain wavelengths to pass through to a homogenizer optic, typically a fly-eye micro-lens array. This light now passes through a condenser lens which focuses it on a 45-degree first surface type mirror, that reflects the light on to the DMD array.TI DLP technology is based on arrays of electrostatically switched micromirrors that act as bistable light switches. When we turn them 'on', they reflect light into the projection optics. When we turn them 'off', they reflect the light into a light sink (this light/energy is lost as heat). The light sink in this design is located at a truncated corner of the first surface mirror (not shown as it cannot be imaged easily). You can read a little more about how DLP works here or on TI's website. These micromirrors can also be pulse-width modulated to create a grayscale response. The subframe-to-pixel state conversion is handled in a driver IC which passes the information to a power IC that steps voltages up to around 12V required to actuate individual mirrors.So the on-state light reflected by the micromirrors passes through the projection lens onto a screen. This system has a bipolar stepper motor (which also has a limit switch) that can be used to focus the projection lens.Note that unlike full-size projectors we do not use a single, high intensity white light source - that removes color wheel type filter and rotational actuator requirements. Also, larger pico projectors use TIR prism sets to avoid chromatic aberration issues and adjust relative illumination/imager sizes. The biggest advantage DLP has over LCoS is that the switching and settling time on the mirrors is on the order of 10s of microseconds compared to 100s of microseconds for liquid crystals, that implies high refresh and dynamic content.[Finally note that all pico projection systems use 'folded light optics/pathways' - People like to describe the Google Glass as using 'folded light pathways' as if the term carried deep meaning or significance - it doesn't. Generic term. Most cameras/SLRs use folded light pathways.]Device 2: Field-Sequential Color Liquid Crystal on SiliconFigure S1: Shows the internal structure of an FSC LCoS pico projector light engine. Again note that this is merely the light engine, and does not contain any driver or power ICs; these are located on the main system board.Figure S2: shows the illumination pathway. R+B LEDs can be noted to be on the same die. Can you tell anything by the intensity pattern seen in the polarizing beam splitter?Figure S3: Close up of the Polarized Beam Splitter Array and the Louvred wave plate that make up the polarization compensation system. Note that this and the polarized beam splitter cube are different components. (B) shows the top view, while (A) shows the edge and parallel structure of the individual PBS elements.Figure S4: (A) shows a Polarized Beam Splitter cube. (B) shows the PBS splitting the input laser beam into two.Video S1: And here's OK Go performing their 'I won't let you go' in LCoS reflection. Note that we are looking directly at the LCoS screen under a microscope using unpolarized illumation; there are no PBSs here. That's why the images appear to be edge-filtered, ie. only show 'edges'; these pixels are 'turned off' all the way. The grayscale (PWMed) LCs don't show.OperationRegular displays, like the IPS LCD used on Apple devices or the SCTN AMLCDs used in computer monitors have the liquid crystal layer sitting on a glass back-plane (among other things). This glass backplane allows polarized light from a backlight panel that sits behind the glass back-panel to get through. This is described as a 'transmissive' display.Liquid Crystal on Silicon however has the liquid crystal layer on top of a silicon substrate. So there is no backlight. When the liquid crystals are electromagnetically stressed, they either 'close' or 'open' preventing or allowing some part of the light to hit the underlying silicon substrate. If this silicon backpanel is reflective, then we see light reflected out from the pixel cell. Note that display or output light and the input light share the same paths.So LCoS is similar to DMD that way, pixels in both reflect light. But DMDs use geometry to push light out in a different direction from the incident light, where in LCoS, the input/output light share the optical path.You might have noticed that the DLP unit did not have a louvered/half wave plate, a PBS array or a PBS cube. That's because DLPs use 'unpolarized' light. Liquid Crystals however need polarized light to work and can be made to 'shutter' polarized light.So the initial part of illumination production in LCoS is exactly like that in DLP up to the fly-eye homogenization. After that the LCoS needs to convert most of the unpolarized light to that with a single polarization. That is why a PBS array is used to split the incident unpolarized light to its two components (S & P), and louvered wave plate selectively converts either one of the two to the other. These elements in combination represent a Polarization Conversion System. PCS is never 100% efficient, and there are other ways to polarize/recycle light instead of just using a PBS array and a half wave plate (polarizing gratings, reflective polarizers etc.) - we will revisit this point when discussing the Google Glass.Anyway, the fly eye lens, PBS array and half wave plate output P polarized light which is then reflected/condensed through to a PBS cube. The dielectric plane in the PBS cube reflects P polarized light and transmits S polarized light. So the incident P component from the condenser gets reflected into the LCoS, where the activated liquid crystal cells toggle incident P to reflected S again. This reflects S light is now able to pass through the PBS into the projection lens assembly and out into the world. So LCoS projectors, just like LCD monitors, produce polarized light as well.Color is generated using a process similar to DLP, time averaged FSC.Device 3: Color Filter Liquid Crystal on SiliconSee Figure 01 at the very top of this note for what CF LCoS displays look like.Color filter LCoS is more similar to traditional LC displays than to FSC LCoS. Traditional LCDs are transmissive, but CF LCoS is reflective. FSC LCoS uses subframe synchronization to generate time-averaged color, but CF LCoS uses a traditional sub-pixel array to create spatially averaged color. Consequently CF LCoS pixels are larger in size compared with either DLP or FSC LCoS panels.CF LCoS requires front illuminated white light sources, and I have seen devices that don't use any polarizers at all - they just operate at 50% efficiency and use the largest heat sinks you can imagine. The most common source for CF LCoS pico projectors are LCD makers in China. Making LCs on silicon backplanes is easier than on glass, so these units usually come directly from LCD operations. These are poor quality, but cheap. When done right, CF LCoS can create decent projections.These devices look similar to the FSC LCoS devices and can be designed with similar quality optics. These will typically be larger than FSC LCoS or DMD panels.Figure C1: Shows the actual pixel structure from two different CF LCoS panels. The 'glow' in the pixels is from a reflection of the P component of microscope illumination, there's no backlight in these panels!Device 4: Laser Beam Steering/Celluon/MicrovisionFigure B1: Shows the full system for a celluon laser pico projector. It's larger than three iPhone 6 plus in size.Figure B2: (A)/TopLeft shows the LBS projector unit with a credit card and a Samsung Beam pico projector for comparing sizes. The two sheet metal components are covers/heat sinks. (B)/BottomLeft shows the top view of exposed optical module with the cover on the laser diode array intact, and (C)/Right shows the same without the cover from a different perspective.Figure B3: Shows the laser diodes all lit up. Note the micromirror/electromagnet assembly is missing. This image also indicates the optical path of the system.Figure B4: Multiple perspectives of the electromagnetic micromirror actuation system. This thing is huge for something that claims to be a MEMS device.Figure B5: The MEMS micromirror die. The top right corner broke during disassembly.Figure B6: A metal ring is present on the reverse side of the micromirror. The entire die is also bonded to a ferromagnetic metal film to create a flux path for magnetic fields.Figure B7: There are full/4-bridge piezoresistive strain gauges placed at the regions they expect maximum torsion to occur. I could not probe the exact configuration.Let's start with a bit of history on Microvision - Microvision is the company that designed the light engine we just looked at. It was founded in 1993 or thereabouts by a guy called Steve Willey. Steve was a management guy tasked by Tom Furness, director of Human Interface Technology lab (HIT lab) at UofWA/Industrial Engineering dept, to commercialize the virtual retinal display based on the retinal scanning tech developed in the lab. Here's the cool thing about the HIT lab: Eric Seibel developed the scanning fiber endoscope there for his PhD around '96. Who's he, you ask? Well, apparently he's the guy whose technology appears to form the basis for MagicLeap. Microvision started out trying to scan images directly into the retina (exactly like what MagicLeap's trying to do now).Yep. Small world. Old concepts. New spin. Whatever.The idea was originally derived by Mainster et al in 1982 from observing an after-effect of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy which uses lasers to map the retinal surface. Patients reported perceiving images during the procedure. When Microvision started this work in the early 90s, it used very simplistic galvanometric scanning mirrors to steer/scan the laser into eyes. By the late 90s, they had pivoted to MEMS/micromirrors in silicon, during what I like to refer to as the first MEMS commercialization hype of mid 90s. They won quite a few federal/contracts and awards between 1999 to 2005 and had a few interesting concepts to show for the money.Figure B8: Taken from USAARL/AHPD Report No. 2003-03. Microvision and AARL did a bunch of failsafe/exposure studies that claimed everything was fine and cute, but DoD killed the project anyway. Something about lasers and eyes doesn't quite work well together. (Brothersoft was in the same RSD/RID space as well and they didn't pan out either. Marketing a display experience that only a single person can see is a bitch!)OperationSpatial coherence in lasers allows a rapidly 'fluttering' (oscillating) mirror to reflect the beam to precise locations in space. That is the basic idea behind 'Laser Beam Steering' (LBS) which is also described as a 'Flying Spot Mirror' technology. Note that DLP and LCoS can be used with either LEDs or laser emission sources (laser diodes, LDs), but beam steering applications can only use coherent sources.LBS has more similarities with CRT than with any other digital display technology. CRT used a tight beam of electrons and magnetic lenses to move the beam around in space; similarly, mirrors move a laser beam around in LBS. CRT was a quasi-digital technology (the shadow mask layer over phosphors created the pixel structure) and so is LBS. The source is time multiplexed between on/off states to create a pixel through persistence of vision (There are other, similar, strategies as well). The smallest pixel is obviously the smallest spot size, and is directly proportional to mirror diameter and oscillation amplitude.The particular Celluon/Microvision device under consideration uses 5 LDs (two R/639nm/90mW, two G/522nm/85mW and one B/445nm/50mW TO-cans, not sure about thermal/frequency stabilization; Class 3R device) as their illumination sources. The multiple LDs per color seems to be a wavelength diversity based speckle reduction technique. The beams get collimated using lenses in front of the TO-cans and combined to a single optical path through several prims arrays. These get condensed before finally being directed to the micromirror. This is very straightforward as far as optics go. [Note I have no idea of the dielectrics/coatings over any of the optic elements (through out this article). So it's possible I am missing some key points.]The next part is the actuator/micromirror assembly. Their actuation uses a simple galvanometric 2D scanning approach. The basic idea is they have a variable current carrying coil placed in a (permanent) magnetic field and this coil experiences an electromagnetic torque/Lorentz force which causes it to rotate - like a DC motor. However, unlike a DC motor or galvanometer, the mirror needs to be able to rotate in 2 axes (let's call them fast and slow; fast axis addresses rows, slow addresses columns) for a laser beam to scan across a 2D surface.If we wanted the mirror to point in any arbitrary direction, we would use multiple coils t0 generate orthogonal fields. But since arbitrary pointing is not required in this case, they couple the two axes using a single coil and orthogonal fields that are not aligned with the axes of rotation. The micromirror is located on two torsion flexures in a gimbal arrangement. I am not sure what the angle of rotation for the device is (about 17 degrees?).Video B1: Fraunhofer IPMS/Resonant MEMS scanner. Similar technology, but a lot better execution using electrostatic comb actuation strategies.The high stiffness flexures define the fast/row axis scan (vertical axis in Fig. B5) and the compliant/horizontal flexures define the slower column axis. Each torsion flexure appears to have a single piezoresistive full bridge sensor, probably used for simple time keeping (not a feedback signal). I believe this device operates in a resonant mode (too big/heavy to operate in bang-bang/discrete mode). The metal ring at the bottom of the mirror is used to concentrate the flux through the thickness of the MEMS die and the metal plate at the backside constitutes the permanent magnetic circuit of the device.That concludes the description of how LBS operates.Some points to note with LBS:There's a lot of talk about how laser projectors are focus free. They are, but within a restricted range. The image is not crisp at large throws (with large projection image sizes). And we get a very, very distorted/ blurred image at short/ultra-short throws with the optics meant for medium throw projection.Note that achieving ultra-short throws is virtually impossible with commercial micromirror technologies (we can't get high mirror torsion amplitudes that still produce a linear response). We also see extensive nonlinear flying-spot scanlines, and speckle issues. In the early days of this tech, people used a two-torsion mirror setup instead of a gimbal arrangement (for example, Symbol/Motorola). They had to digitally correct pincushion effects and mirror-angular velocity dependent artifacts in displays. The mirrors also deform during oscillation and require correction.This particular device is an example of a really old technology stack dating to early 2000s, and I was frankly surprised to see an unpackaged die with the HUGE permanent magnets and an inefficient magnetic circuit. Fraunhofer IPMS has done a lot of good work in this area using electrostatic comb actuators and Mirrocle/Intel is commercializing this. I really expected to see something like that.As expected with LBS, there's a very nice contrast in the image with saturated colors. My eyes hurt for some reason (Placebo effect from knowing that this is a class 3R device?) and I couldn't stare at it for longer than 20 minutes.Device 5: Google Glass (GG)[Please see the catwig page for better system overview images while noting that their teardown of the optical module is incomplete]Lucky us, I was a Glass explorer and received my GG in 2013. I did tell Google I was going to use it for h/w and HCI research. Anyway, I decided to do a partial disassembly of just the optical module while keeping the system alive. Before opening, I knew that we were looking for an LCoS display which needed polarized light and commonly uses fly-eye lenses and polarization compensation systems with a polarizing beam splitter, like we discussed earlier. One thing to note is that the GG is not a pico-projection system - it is a Near Eye Display.Description of partsFigure G1: (A) shows GG under test with external casing removed. (B) shows optical subsystem prior to disassembly. (C) shows the same after parts are removed [Diffuser mistaken as wave plate]. (D) shows the optical cavity.Figure G1 shows the setup and parts. The LED is an RGB array (see below) butted against the ‘Optics cover-plate’. There are four removable components under this cover plate (in sequence, from top to bottom) –Wedge-shaped reflector cover for fly-eye (outside surface is normal sheet metal, inner light-facing surface has mirrored, Aluminum coated finish),Wedge-shaped fly-eye microlens array to homogenize/recirculate light,Rounded-corner rectangular Polarizing Diffuser,Crossed/Reflective Polarization Grating or something similar, same profile as the diffuser.Catwig did not identify the polarizer/diffuser elements in their article at all, though we can see it in one of their images (the polarizer/diffuser stick to each other). The polarizer and diffuser are the constitutents of the Polarization Compensation System/PCS in this system.Right under the polarizer is a Polarizing Beam Splitter/PBS cube placed against the top of the LCoS panel and is permanently fixed. After removing the four components and rotating the glass around a bit, we can see the internal reflections in the PBS side wall that verifies its presence.Figure G2: Shows interior view of the ‘optical cavity’. There is a PBS (not visible) on top of the LCoS panel . The inset shows the LCoS panel under stray illumination from the LED array, displaying a negative image of the home page/time screen at '5:33'. The dark pixels are the ones that reflect light to create a white characters as shown in image below.The following image shows what the final display is supposed to look like in the display, except the contrast is poorer even though the text is clearly visible.Figure NA: Google Glass screenshotFigure G3: Shows closeups of the optic elements. Top row shows the elements, bottom row shows the close-ups. From L to R, the wedge fly-eye homogenizer, the wire grid polarizer/Polarization grating, and the polymer diffuser.How it worksFigure G4: Schematic of the Google Glass showing the optical path and principle elements.The GG has a simpler design for 2013/Explorer that I have than the one described in their patent. This design is fairly traditional for LCoS and Google does not own the patent to any of the display technologies (neither do they claim to).Unlike projection systems, near-eye applications don’t need to be very bright. So they use that fact to reduce the LED sizes and remove the collimators/dichroics. The LEDs they use is a low-power R+G+B side-emitting array (see video below). Low power operation does not require heat sinks. The LEDs feed light directly into a wedge shaped fly-eye homogenizer lens. This wedge fly-eye has a sheet metal cover with its internal face coated with a shiny reflective coating (likely vapor deposited Aluminum) that reflects all light back to the fly-eye. Note that the two wedges (reflector and fly-eye) are thinner than the PBS cross-section and don’t cover the whole face of the PBS unlike the LCoS system we saw earlier.The fly eye homogenizes the incident illumination and pushes it to the polarization conversion system/PCS. The PCS has two elements, one a polymer reflective polarizing diffuser (apparently based on LCs) and another is (what looks like a) reflective crossed wire grid based polarizing grating. The output from the PCS is a beam with uniform polarization matching that required for the particular LCoS array used.The PBS in front of the LCoS receives the PCS output, allows this polarization to pass through to the LCoS panel which is then modulated as usual. Since LCoS toggles the polarization, the reflected light from the panel gets redirected by the PBS towards the concave reflector/collimating mirror in the eyepiece. The reflector then focuses the light onto the half silvered mirror in the eyepiece which reflects it to the user’s eye. If we look into a Glass worn by someone else, we see a laterally flipped image.Let’s discuss the PCS in a bit more detail because it is the most interesting piece in the whole GG.The homogenizer/fly-eye pushes unpolarized light through the polarizing diffuser that rotates a small part of the S-input to P (and vice-versa) randomly. The remaining S and P-inputs get to the reflective polarizing grating which lets all P component through but reflects the rest of the S input back through the polarizing diffuser while also rotating it to P. The polarizing diffuser again rotates some of the remaining S to P (and possibly the other way round), then pushes this back to the fly-eye and then reflector. This light then gets reflected back towards the flyeye and this process continues till the PCS maximally converts all light from the LED to P-polarized.The random structures on the diffuser seen in the closeup in Fig. G3 closeup are meant for generating that random rotation of the every time it passes through. Removing the diffuser doesn’t noticeably affect the brightness of the display. So its contribution to randomly rotating light is probably very small, while the crossed wire grid/polarizing grating rotates most of the S to P. Flipping the polarization grating (reflective side towards fly eye) causes it to stop functioning – we only get half the illumination through, and the display dims considerably as expected.[Dr. Jingbo Cai helped me identify the crossed wire grid structure operation. I am also not entirely sure of the sequence of the PCS – is the wire grid polarizer closer to the fly eye, or is it the diffuser? They were stuck together when I extracted the PCS and I didn’t note the two elements. By the time I noticed, they were already apart and flipped around randomly, I didn’t remember which side was facing where. Anyway, as long as the wire grid has the reflective side facing the unpolarized light side, the display looks fine. Also note I am not sure if there’s any additional wave-plates or filters that rotate the light in the space between the PBS and the half-silvered mirror. In their patents they say they might, I couldn’t notice any, but I have not done a destructive teardown of the GG yet. (My Glass still works).]Figure G5: Field Sequential Color on GG. Images taken with a Canon T3i with fast exposure. Video below.Video G1: Field sequential color on Google GlassObviously, Google doesn’t seem to have pulled all the tricks on this version and the display module is really just prototypical.As you might be able to tell, I can really go on forever with this - and I will, but elsewhere. This is one of my obsessions. But I am sure this doesn't interest you as much and so I will stop.We saw five mature engineering designs. Each relied on slightly different tricks. Most of the technologies described here were production-ready in the early to mid 2000s. So this stuff isn't exactly new.DLP has a fundamental issue with pixel sizes and they haven't made public any roadmaps for 2 um pixels or lesser. Moving mechanical structures at the microscale is just generally a bad idea.LCoS is here for now and it will remain competitive with DLP for microdisplays/pico projection. But liquid crystals are liquids and there will always be a scaling/pricing threshold associated with handling those. OLEDs and particularly solid-state (GaN/GaAs based) emissive micro-displays are obviously the future, but they need to get more production efficient. Apple has cast its vote in favor of EMDs, so yep. I believe just a matter of time before we have those.Assuming a monochrome display, I would rank these technologies based on the smallest potential light engine volume as follows:(Large) LBS >> CF LCoS > FSC LCoS > DLP >> OLED ~ microLED (Small)How do I build one?You know, I could easily point to the amount of sophistication required for any of these technologies and tell you that it can't be done. It's really easy to say that. But then I think about how I do it. Of course the fact that I work in this field probably has something to do with it, but it wasn't that way that long ago.So here's what I will say: Even though Sparkfun or Adafruit don't cover it, the physics of these systems is fairly well documented. Don't try to build these systems. They are too sophisticated for a home brewing dilettante (except for LBS). Take a different approach - If you have a pico projector or a projector smartphone, you can repurpose its light-engine. I am not sure of their firmware/chip level security, but all systems I have seen are naked at the board level – everything is completely exposed, these don't use the so-called ninja FPCs (black polyimide obfuscation layers). You can literally tell what signal each trace carries based on what they look like (high speed video diff or twisted pairs/stepper/HV/power lines are easily identified). And most Samsung smartphones have MHL buses, so you can repurpose the input at the board level as well.If you know how to rework/solder at 0.15 mm pitch and designing Android apps, you should be able to do anything with a simple MITM vector – you don’t need to use the TI/Himax EVMs or pay or make commitments for reference designs. Non-android or dedicated pico projectors are even easier to work with. Try CF LCoS, they are like $50, have composite video hardware (very low end) and some of the optics you need. You can run the LBS micromirror actuator module off something like an arduino.I want to make/buy something similar to the projector used in Google Glass/ circuit bracelet for a project.If you can get an LCoS display to work, if you can generate FSC at the right frequency and if you are also willing to live with inefficiency, then recreating Google Glass' optics is not difficult at all (it will still be bright enough to be viewable, though your battery life might get iffy).Cicret doesn't have a light engine that fits the formfactor shown in their concept art, so I wouldn't know where to begin (in general I don't believe claims in videos where key technologies are 'not shown for proprietary purposes').My only comment on Cicret/Ritot is that they are having fun playing with fun things, which is all good. They don't exactly inspire confidence with their unique ideas on how optics, illumination and system design works. There is sufficient factual information in this note for someone to generate their own assessments. As far as concept arts go, here's one of an LG concept from 2008 when the first wave of pico projector hype hit. And those guys had great engineering teams! Wonder why they gave up? :)

I can provide you a list of 1297 ideas and projects which you can make for your mechanical engineering projects. I had collected this list from so many friends of different colleges, and major topics are from my domain. I am collecting this from second semester of my college time. I am only providing the list of topics and not the details of each project as the answer would become more lengthy. and you have to do some effort to find out more about the topic you like and I can help you if found any difficulty. I had also arranged the list in alphabetical order.Project topics for final year mechanical students..………………………………………………by vaigyanik Atul Tripathi.1. automobile fuel indicator2. automobile braking systems3. spart distributor4. like other utilities.5. AEMS automotive engine management system using Meqa Squirt Kits6. Redesign of brake assembly of Formula SAE car7. Hydraulic car lift8. Lift for small recreational vehicles (˜Motor cycle jack™)9. Stair climbing hand cart10. Wheel chair accessible transfer seat base11. Paper towel dispenser12. Automatic labeling system13. 1st TYPES OF PRODUCTION14. 3 Axis Digital Accelerometer15. 3D Solar cells16. 3D-Kinematics Of Biological Joints17. 4d visualization in biomedical18. 4-Wheel Independent Suspension19. A Case Study Of Management20. A Clean Biodiesel Fuel Produced from Recycled Oils and Grease Trap Oils21. A Design Theory Based22. A DOUBLE-WALL REACTOER FOR HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW ACROSS THE INNER POROUS TUBE23. A FLUID-SOLID INTERACTION MODEL OF THE SOLID PHASE Epitaxy In Stressed Silicon Layers24. A Hypersonic Hybrid Vehicle25. A Managtoreological Semi Active Isoolator to Reduce Noise and vibration transmissibility in Automobiles26. A Study Of A Displacement Amplifier27. A Theory Of Anharmonic Lattice Statics For Analysis Of Defective Crystals28. Ablative MAterials29. ABRASION WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CAST Al-707530. Abrasive Blast Cleaning31. Abrasive Etching32. Abrasive Water Jet33. Flywheel energy storage device34. Automated MIG weld torch cleaner (all on the market are crap, million dollar idea)35. Temporary house stairs that can be folded up and meet safety standards (used when building houses)36. Cable recoil system that does not use a spring, recoil is on a rotating shaft. (like used on a rowing machine)37. Windmill blade automatic blade pitch system (low or no electricity).38. Automatic automotive block heater connection (just drive up to house and plugs in automatically and cycles on only when cold out)39. Shaft speed differential (different design but same idea as automotive axel differential)40. IC engine valve lift control mechanism (valve lift controlled engine instead of throttle plate) (Mercedes has a model) (investigate "jake brake" in diesel engines)41. ABS System42. ACC-Plus(Adaptive Crusie Control+) System43. Acoustic Emission Based Machining Tool Condition Monitoring “ An Overview44. acoustic parking system (APS)45. Acoustics in Engineering46. Active Control of Near-Wall Turbulent Flow47. Active Decoy Systems48. Active Electrically Controlled Suspension49. Active Electrically Controlled Suspension(16)50. Active Front Lighting System51. Active roll-over protection system in Automobiles52. Active Suspension System A Mechatronic System53. Adaptive air suspension54. Adaptive compensation of DTV induced brake judder55. Adaptive Cruise Control56. Adaptive Cruise Control For Modern Automobile57. ADVANCE IN CAR SAFETY58. Advance Systems In Two Wheelers59. Advanced Airbags60. Advanced Composite Materials61. Advanced Cooling Systems(18)62. Advanced Diesel Common Rail Systems for Future Emission Legislation63. Advanced Energy Conversion Systems64. Advanced In Mechanical Engg. Design And Manufacturing65. ADVANCED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE RESEARCH66. Advanced Off-set printing67. Advanced Plastics68. Advanced Propulsion Methods(8)69. ADVANCED QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES70. Advanced Rocket Motors71. Advanced safety features in nuclear reactors72. Advanced trends in manufacturing technology-optical fiber sensor in medicines73. Advances in automobiles (Hybrid Vehicles)74. ADVANCES IN CAPILLARY FLUIDS MODELING75. Advances in cutting tool technology76. Advances in Gas Turbine77. AdvanCES Trends in manufacturing TECHNOLOGY optical Fiber sensors in medicine78. Aerodynamics79. Aerospace Flywheel Development80. Aerospace Propulsion81. Aerospikes82. AFFECT_AND_MACHINE_DESIGN_A83. Agile manufacturing84. AGP Evolving the Graphics Interface85. Air- Augmented Rocket86. Load tests and many other tests on composite material (for automobile industries).87. Design of pressure vessel to code specification.88. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)89. Variable speed transmission (line Nuvici bike hub)90. This would be very important when trying to make a good electric vehical.91. One way Clutch92. There are sprag and clicker type couplings. Sprag is hard to manufacture and the clicker style (bicycle hub type) are noisy and wear out. Come up with a new way and you are a millionaire93. High speed cutting of thin wall tube without making burr on the end. (low cost)94. Heat recovery system for internal combustion engine. (steam or likewise)95. Effecient pnumatic motor design (compressed air energy recovery system)96. Automated gray water recovery system97. Air Bearing Next Generation Bearings98. Air Bearings99. Air Bearings: - Next Generation Bearings100. Air Brithing Engine101. Air Casters102. Air Cushion Vehicles(21)103. Air pollution from marine shipping104. Air Powered Car105. Air Ship106. Air suspension system107. Airbags & ABS~108. Aircraft design109. Aircraft Egress110. Aircraft Maneuverability111. Aircraft Propeller~112. Airport management113. All- wing Technology114. Alternate Fuel Cells for Automobiles115. Alternative Abrasive To Diamond116. Alternative Fuel117. Alternative Fuel Vehicles118. Alternative Fuels Hydrogen in internal Combustion engines119. Alternative System To The Domestic Refrigerating System120. Aluminium Alloy Conductors121. Amoeba Organization122. Amphibious Army Surveillance Vehicle123. Amphibious Army Surveillance Vehicle124. AMRR125. AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIR FUEL RATIO126. AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIR/FUEL RATIO OF GASEOUS FUELLED ENGINE127. An expert System “ Based design of 3-Dof Robot128. AN EXPERT SYSTEM-BASED DESIGN OF 3-DOF ROBOT129. An overview of nano-manufacturing130. Analysis and Design Methods of Distributed Sensor131. Analysis And Design Methods Of Distributed Sensor Systems For Manufacturing Quality Improvement132. Analysis Of Material Using Digital Radioscopy133. Antilock Braking System134. antimatter135. Antimatter -the ultimate energy136. Antiroll suspension system137. Antiskid System Of Supersonic..138. Application Of Crvoi Reatmkm Fok Enhancement In Tool Like139. APPLICATION OF CRYOTREATMENT FOR ENHANCEMENT IN TOOL LIFE140. Application Of Cryotreatment..141. application of cryotreatment12142. Application of GPS in automobiles143. Application Of Laser Machining In Diamond Processing144. Applications Of Micro-Controller In Auotomobile145. Applications Of Nanotechnology146. Aqua Silencer - A Noise & Emission Controller147. Aque Fuel148. ArcJet Rocket149. Artificial Intelligence150. Artificial Intelligence (Modelling Air Fuel Ratio Control)151. Artificial Intelligence Future Around Us152. Artificial Intelligence In Mechanical Field153. Artificial Intelligence-Present And Future154. Artificially Engineered Material Composites155. Aspheric lenses156. Assembly Of Water Cooler157. Atkinson cycle engine158. ATOMIC BATTERY159. Atomistic Characterization of Dislocation Nucleation and Fracture160. Auto Drilling With Geneva161. Automated Anorectal Lymph Node Sampler162. Automated Assembly System163. Automated Highways164. Automatic Braking System165. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION System166. Automatic transmission tiptronic, 5-speed167. Automation And Robotics168. Automation in building construction, agriculture etc169. Automation Of Ultrasonic Testing Procedures170. AUTOMOBILE AC BY UTILISING WASTE HEAT & GASES171. Automobile Air Conditioning172. Automobile design173. Automobile Tires174. Automotive Infotainment175. Autonomous Submarines176. AUTONOMOUSLY GENERATIVE CMM Part177. Avionics178. Babbitt metal179. Balance Of Tool Holder180. BALL PISTON ENGINE181. Ball Piston Engine A New Development In Rotary Engines182. Ball Piston machines183. Ball valve184. Ballastic Particle Manufacturing185. Batch Production186. Battery Electric Vehicle187. Bearing Life Measurements188. Bench top wind tunnels189. Benchmarking190. Bike Of The Future- Pneumatic Bike191. Bio Diesel192. Bio-degradable polymers193. Bio-diesel - the next generation fuel source194. BIODIESEL & IT™S UTILITY195. Biodiesel From Jatropha196. Bio-ethanol As Fuel197. Biofiltration198. Biogas199. Biologically inspired robots200. Biomass as an Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine201. Biomass As An Alternate Fuel For Diesel Engine202. Biomass Fuelled Power Plant203. Biomass Gasification204. Biomechanics205. Biomechatronic Hand206. BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION207. biometrics security208. Biomimetics209. Bioreactors210. biturbo211. Blasting cap212. Blended Winged Aircraft213. BlueTec214. Boimetrics: An Unparelled Security Check System215. Boosting Gas Turbine Energy Efficiency216. Bose suspension system217. Brake Assisting Systems218. Brake booster219. Breakthroughs in Engine Efficiency220. BUSINESS EXCELLENCE THROUGH QUALITY221. Business Process Analysis By BPR222. Business Process Re-Engineering223. Butterfly Valve224. Butterfly valvecatalytic converter225. cad226. CAD & CAE IN BIOMEDICAL FIELD227. Caged Ball Technology228. Cam less Engines229. Camless engine with elctromechanical valve actuator230. Can a ship fly?231. Car Handling232. Carbon Fibre On F1 Cars233. Carbon Foam-Military Applications234. Carbon nanotube cloths235. Carbonfibre On F1 Cars236. Cargo storage in space237. Catalytic Converters238. Catalytic lean Burn engield Engine With Two239. Cavitation shotless peening240. Cell Integration Into A Manufacturing System~241. Centrifugal Compressors242. Centrifugal Pump243. Ceramic fastners244. Ceramic Hybrid Ball Bearing245. ceramic Inserts246. CeramicLike Coatings247. CFD A Third Approach In Fluid Dynamics248. CFD Analysis Of A Simple Convergent Flow Using ANSYS FLOTRAN 10.0249. CFD In Weather Forecasting250. CFD/FEM/FEA/CAE251. CHALLENGES IN PLASMA SPRAY ASSEMBLY OF Nanoparticles To Near Net Shaped Bulk Nanostructures252. Characterization Of Microchannel Materials For Biochip Development253. Chloro Fluro Carbons254. Cleaning Of Metal255. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION BY BIOMASS GASIFICATION256. Clutch Lining Testing Machine257. CNC SYSTEMS258. COAL GASIFICATION259. Coating Of Corbide Inserts260. Coded Modulation Techniques For Direct-Detection261. Collision warning system262. Combing Developments & Their Significance-Mech10263. Combustion Control Using Optical Fiber264. Combustion Research265. Combustion Stability In I.C.Engines266. Combustion Stability Of NG IC Engine267. Common Rail Direct Injection (Crdi) Engines268. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT Results For Elastic Plastic Stress269. Complex System Development270. Composite Materials271. Composite materials272. Composite materials for aerospace applications273. Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion(44)274. Compresed Air Cars Technology275. Compression Tube fittings276. Computational Fluid Dynamics277. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN278. Computer Aided Analysis of Composite Laminates279. Computer Aided Process Planning (Capp)280. Computer Aided Production Engineering (CAPE)281. Computer Integrated Manufacturing-Building The Factory Of Future282. Computer Modelling283. Computer-Aided Geometric Design284. Concentrating Solar Power Energy From Mirrors285. Concept Cars286. Concept Of Flying Train287. ConCurrent Engineering288. Condenser Bushing289. CONDITION MONITORING OF BEARINGS BY ECHO PULSE METHOD290. Condition Monitoring Through Vibration Measurement291. Conditional monitoring & fault Diagnosis292. CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOR OF Cu-Co-Fe PRE-ALLOYED Powers293. Constitutive Modelling of Shape Memory Alloy Using Neural Networks294. Contactless energy transfer system295. Continuously Variable Transmission296. Control of Cure Distribution in Polymer Composite Parts Made by Laminated Object Fabrication (LOF)297. Cooling And Lubrication Of Engines298. Cordless Tools299. Corrosion resistant gear box300. Corrugated Metals301. Cost Effective Safety Instrumented Systems302. crap & bipip303. Crew Exploration Vechicles304. Crop Harvester305. Crop Harvesting Machine306. CROSS HYBRID SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS ADHOC NETWORKS307. Cruise missile technology308. Cryogenic Automotive Propulsion Zero Emission Vehicle309. Cryogenic Ball Valves310. Cryogenic Grinding311. Cryogenic Processing of Wear Control312. CRYOGENIC ROCKET ENGINE & THEIR PROPELANTS313. Crystaline Silicon Solar Cells314. Cummins Diesel Fuel System315. Cushioning Impact in Pneumatic Cylinder316. CVCC317. CVT318. Cybernetics319. Cylinder Deactivation320. Damage Detection By Laser Vibration Measurement321. Damage identification in aging aircraft structures with piezoelectric wafer active sensors322. DARK ROOM machining323. Data Fusion For Quality Improvements In Complex Solar Cell Manufacturing Processes324. Deformation-Assisted Transformations In Nanocrystalline And Amorphous Alloys325. Dendritic Solidification Using Phase-Field Method326. desert cooler327. Design And Development Of Automated328. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED OPERATIONAL CONTROLS ON SINGLE MOLD MACHINE329. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WEEDING MACHINE330. Design And Fabrication Of Artifically Engineered Material Composites For Electromagnetic Systems331. Design for Manufacturing332. Design for manufacturing “ A giant lip in world class manufacturing333. Design of a medical device and its network for generating334. Design of an active car chassis frame incorporating magneto rheological fluid335. DESIGN OF AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES FOR FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS336. Design Of Efficient Production337. Design of Efficient Production Systems Using Petri Net338. Design, Analysis, Fabrication And Testing Of A Composite Leaf Spring339. Design, Implementation, Utilization Of FEM340. Desktop Manufacturing341. Determination Of Transmission Specta Using Ultrasonic NDE342. Development & Application343. Development In Arc Welding Process Using Robot344. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AGV MATERIAL. Development Of High Performance345. Development Of An Ultrasound Sensor For High Energy Medical Applications346. Development Of Coated Elecrodes For Welding Of HSLA Steels347. Development Of High Performance348. Development Of Self Lubricating Sinterd Steels For Tribological Applicants349. Development Of Self Lubricating Sintered Steels For Termilogical Application350. Development Status Of Superconducting Rotating Machines351. Diamond Cutting Tool And Coatings352. Diesel Particulate Filter353. Different Types Of Injection Systems And Emission354. Diffusion Flame Shapes And Thin Filament Diagnostics355. Digital manufacturing356. Digital Manufacturing Using STEP-NC357. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING358. Digital Water Marking for color images using DWT and its applications359. Direct Injection Process360. Direct Manufacturing361. Direct Reduction Iron362. Direct shift gearbox (DSG)363. Directed Energy364. DISASTER EARLY WARNING SYSTEM365. Distribution Side Management For Urban Electric Utilities In India366. D-M-A-I-C MODEL IN SIX SIGMA367. Dose Evaluation In Moving/Deforming Anatomy: Methods And Clinical Implications368. Double-wishbone suspension369. Drag Racing370. Drive-By Wire Systems(23)371. Driver information system (DIS)372. DRY MACHINING373. DRY SLIDING WEAR STUDIES ON HYBRID MMC™S “ A Taguchi Technique374. Dual Clutch Transmission375. Ductile Mixed-Mode Fracture Criterion Development And Crack Growth Simulations376. Durability in Design377. Durable Prototyping378. DurAtomic Process379. Dynamic Ride Control (DRC)380. Dynamic shift program (DSP)381. Dynamics of Cutting Viscoelastics Materials382. Dynamics Of Cutting Viscoelastics Materials383. Dynamics Of Sport Climbing384. E85Amoeba Organization385. Eco-Freiendly Surface Treatments386. Ecofriendly rac387. Ecofriendly technology1388. Economical E-Beams389. Effect Of Catalytic Coating390. Effect Of Grash Of Number391. Effect Of Preload On Stability And Performance Of A Two-Lobe Journal Bearing392. Effect Of Pressure On Arc Welding Process393. Effect Of Stacking Sequence On Notch Strength In Laminates394. Efficiency In Boring395. E-gas396. Elasto-Capillary Thinning And The Breakup Of Complex Fluids397. Elecro Magnetic Flowmeters398. ElecroHydraulic Sawmills399. Elecromagnetic Valves400. Electric Automobiles401. Electric Cylinders402. electric power steering units403. Electric Rocket Engine404. Electric Vehicles405. Electrical Energy Generated in a Power Station406. Electricity From Ocean Waves407. Electrochemical Machining (ECM) & EBM~408. Electromagnetic Bomb409. Electromagnetic Brakes410. Electromagnetic Clutches411. Electronbeam Machining~412. Electronic Multipoint Fuel Injection System413. Electronic Road Pricing System~414. Electronically Controlled Air Suspension System415. Electronics For Better416. Electronics for Better Diesel Engine Management417. Electrostatic precipitator418. Embedded Applications Design Using Real-Time419. Embedded Computing in Mechanical Systems420. emergency caller421. Emission Control Techniques422. Energy Conservation Of Rubber Industry423. Energy Conversion and Management424. Energy efficient turbo systems425. Energy Engineering: Biodiesel426. Energy saving motors427. Energy-absorbing bumpers428. Engineering Applications of Nylon 66429. E-NOSE430. Ergonomics431. Esterfied Jatropha oil as bio fuel432. Ethanol433. ETHANOL an alternate fuel434. EURO V435. Evaluation Of A Gamma Titanium Aluminide For Hypersonic Structural Applications436. Evaluation Of High-Power Endurance In Optical Fiber Links437. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT PIPE438. Experimental Analysis of Modified Machine Tools439. Experimental Characterization And Numerical Modeling Of A Float Glass Furnace440. Experimental Stress Analysis For Pipes441. Expert Technician System442. Explosive Welding443. External Nodes In Finite Element Analysis444. EYE READER445. F1 Track Design And Safety446. Facility Layout Design Using Genetic Algorithm447. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control(41)448. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control.449. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control.450. Failure Analysis of Lap & Wavy-Lap Composite Bonded451. Failure mode evaluation and criticality analysis452. Fast Boundary Element Calculation Of Acoustic Radiation From Vibrating Structures By Mortar Coupling453. Fast breeder reactor technology454. Fast Convergence Algorithms For Active Noise Controlin Vehicles455. Fiber-Optic Telecommunication And The Economic Benefits456. Finite Element Analysis457. Finite Element Analysis for an Effective cross-sectional Beam458. Finite Element Analysis Of Robotic Arm For Optimal Work Space Determination459. Flexible Manufacturing System460. Floating Power Stations~461. Floating Solar Power Station462. Floating Wind mills463. Fluid Energy Milling464. FLUID POWER A DOUBLE-WALL REACTOER FOR HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW ACROSS THE INNER POROUS TUBE465. Flyash Utilisation466. Flying on Water467. Flywheel Batteries468. Flywheel Energy Storage469. FMS (Flexible Manufacturing Systems)470. Forge Welding471. Fractal Robot472. Fracture Mechanics In Design And Failure Analysis473. Free Electron Laser474. Free Form Modelling Based on N-Sided Surfaces475. Freezing Of Biological Tissues476. Friction Stir Welding477. Friction Welding478. Friction Welding Of Austenitic Stainless Steel And Optimizatin Of Weld Quality479. Frictionless Compressor Technology480. Frictionless Compressor Technology(48)481. Fuel Cell Airplane482. Fuel cell powered Go-Karts483. Fuel Cell Today484. Fuel Cells & Their Substitutes485. Fuel Cells on Aerospace486. Fuel Energizer487. Fuels from Plastic Wastes488. Full Colour 3D Modelling Using Rapid Prototyping489. Functional Nanocrystalline Ceramics490. Fundamental Aspects Of Micro/Meso-Scale Manufacturing And Micro-Scale Milling491. Fused Deposition Modelling492. Future Cars493. Future Electrical Steering System494. FUTURE OF BAG FILTER FOR REMOVAL OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN POWER STATION495. Future of FEA iN MAnufacturing496. Future of Portable Power497. Future Trends In Automobiles498. Fuzzy Logic499. FUZZY LOGIC AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE500. Fuzzy logic in Aircraft stability501. Fuzzy Logic In Automotive Engineering502. Gas Hydrates503. Gas Hydrates: Alternative for Natural Gas in Future504. Gas Transfer Systems505. Gas Turbine506. Gaseous Pyrolysis507. Gasoline Direct Injection Or GDI508. gate valve509. Gauges510. Gear Box511. Gear Drives512. GEAR NOISE REDUCTION BY NEW APPROACHES IN GEAR FINISHING PROCESSES513. Genetic Algorithm Based Optimum Design Of Composite Drive Shaft514. Geothermal Energy Utilization515. Geo-Thermal Energy(19)516. Geothermal Power517. Glass Glue518. Glass Making519. Global Environment Problems520. Global Positioning System521. Global warming522. Globalization523. Globe Valves524. GPS525. Green Energy526. green engine527. Green Factory528. Green fuels529. Green Manufacturing530. Grid Generation And Simulation Using CFD531. Guided Missile532. HalBach array533. Handfree Driving534. Handheld Radiation detector535. HANS536. HANS-In F1 Racing(45)537. Harvesting Wave power538. Heat caps539. Heat Pipe540. HEAT PIPES FOR DEHUMIDIFICATION AND AIR CONDITIONING541. Heat Transfer542. Heat Transfer Along A Vertical Insulated Chimney543. HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR BUOYANCY INDUCED FLOW THROUGH TUBES544. Heat Transfer Enhancement By Forced545. Heavy duty Gasoline engines546. Helicopters547. HELIUM-A CRYGENICS FLUID548. Hexapod Machine Tool549. High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms550. High angle of attack aerodynamics551. High Efficiency Heat Exchanger552. High Performance Heat Sink Based On Screen-Fin Technology553. High Performance Microprocessor554. High Speed Precise Gear Boxes555. High speed Propellers556. High speed Railway coaches557. HIGH SPEED TRAINS558. Highly Productive And Reconfigurable Manufacturing System(Hiparms)559. High-Wire car560. Hologram561. Hovercrafts562. How To Increase Starting Torque Of A Locomotive.563. Human Artificial organs564. Human Transporter565. Humans and Energy566. HVDC Transmission567. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)568. Hybrid energy Systems569. Hybrid Engine570. Hybrid Motorcycles*571. Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)572. Hybrid Wind Electrolysis System573. Hydraulic Analysis Of Hydrostatic Bearing Of Primary Sodium Pump Of A Fast Breeder Reactor574. Hydraulic Elevators575. Hydraulic free pistan engine576. Hydraulic railway recovery systems577. Hydro Drive578. Hydro Electricity579. Hydro Jetting580. Hydrodynamids & gas liquid581. HYDROFORMING582. Hydrogen583. Hydrogen Car584. Hydrogen Energy585. Hydrogen Fuel Tank586. Hydrogen Generation via Wind Power Electrolysis587. Hydrogen Production using Nuclear Energy588. Hydrogen the next generation fuel589. Hydrogen Vehicle590. Hydroplane591. Hydroplanning592. Hydro-Pneumatics593. Hydro-Pneumatics An Efficient Tool for Automation594. Hydrulic Launch Assist 21595. Hyperplane596. Hypersonic Space Planes597. HyperTech Engine598. Hy-Wire Car(43)599. IC Engine (Internal Combustion)600. Ic Engines601. ICE Blasting602. Iddq Testing For CMOS VLSI603. IGES CAD604. Image Processing Software To Detect Defects In Glass605. I-Mode606. Impact hammers607. Impact Of Fuel Quality608. Implication of Molecular nanotechnology technical performance parameters on previous defined space system architecture609. Improved efficiency of gas turbine610. IMPROVEMENT IN TOOL LIFE OF MILLING CUTTER BY APPLICATION OF CRYOTREATMENT611. Improving aerodynamic performance of an aerospace vehicle612. Improving Service Quality..613. In Mould Lamination Technique614. In View Of The High Commercial Gains Of A Commercial Place I615. Independent Wheel Vehicle Suspension616. Indian Manufacturing Scenerio617. Industrial Robots618. Industrial Team Behavior And Management Tools619. Influence of an iron fuel additive on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine620. Influence Of An Iron Fuel Additive On The Performance And Emissions Of A DI Diesel Engine621. Information Technology And The Analysis Of A Complex System622. Infrared623. Infrared Curing And Convection Curing624. Infrared Thermography625. INITIAL CURVATURE GENERATION FOR OBJECTIVE MIRRORS OF NEWTONIAN TELESCOPE626. Injection Molding627. INNOVATION IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES 1628. Instrument Landing System629. Integrated Web Enabled Information...630. Integration Of Reinforced631. Intelligent Braking And Vehicular632. Intelligent Compact drives633. Intelligent manufacturing634. Intelligent Vehicles and Automated Highways635. Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)636. Internal Combustion Engine637. Inverse Design of Thermal Systems638. Investigations On Laser Forming639. Iontophoresis640. IT Application in Complex Syatem Analysis641. Jack Hammer642. Jatropa oil- Alternative fuel643. JATROPHA CURCAS644. Jelly Filled Telephone Cables645. Jet Engine646. Jet Powered Boat647. Jet Stream windmill648. Jetex Engine649. Jetropha based biodiesel650. JKJ651. Job Scheduling Using Neural652. Job Scheduling Using Neural Network Foe Rapid Manufacturing653. Just In Time654. Kaizen655. Kaizen Culture656. Kalina cycle657. KANBAN-AN Integrated JIT System658. Knowledge Based CAD for Technology Transfer659. Laminated Object Manufacturing660. Laod Sensing Hydraulics661. LASER 3_D SCANNER662. Laser Beam Delivery Through663. LASER BEAM MACHINING664. Laser Machining (Case study: Stereolithography)665. Laser Micromachining666. Laser radar Guns667. Laser Shot Peening668. LASER Sintering669. Latest in hitech petrol fuel injection GDI (Gasoline direct Injection)670. Latest Trends in Automotive Engg.& Technology671. Launching Space Vechicles from Moon672. Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engine673. Lean engineering674. Lean Manufacturing675. Lean to Steer Concept676. Lenoir cycle677. Level Measurement Of Bulk Solids678. Light weight material-Carbon fibre679. Liquid Engineering680. Liquid Hydrogen as an Aviation Fuel681. Liquid Injection Thrust Vectoring (LITV)682. Liquified Natural Gas683. Lng Vehicles684. Load Cells685. Logistics and supply chain management686. Logistics In A Competitive Milieu687. Long Term Mine Reconnaissance System688. Low Cost Spacecraft Simulator689. Low emission gas turbine690. Low Gloss ABS system691. Low inertia dics clutches692. Low-Power, High-Speed CMOS VLSI Design693. Lubrication Of A Ball Bearing- A Review694. Machine Phase Fullerene695. Machine tools vibration, Noise & condition monitoring696. Machine Vision697. Machining Technology For698. Machining Technology Of Leaf Spring699. Macromolecular Hydrodynamics700. Magnegas-The Fuel Of Future701. Magnetic Bearing702. Magnetic Launching703. Magnetic Levitation704. Magnetic Nanocoposites705. Magnetic refrigeration706. Magnetic Resonance Imaging707. Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining (5)708. Magnetorhilogical Semi-isolator to reduce noise and vibration transmibility to automobile709. Managerial710. Manufacturing Of Leaf Spring711. Manufacturing Through Electro Chemical Machining712. MAP Sensor713. Marine electric propulsion714. Mass Airflow Sensor715. Mass Production716. Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)717. Master Planning For College Campus718. MATERIAL BALANCES IN THE MISSILE719. Material Requirements Planning720. Material science including Nano-science721. Materials Of The Future722. Mechanical Behavior of Filament-Wound Pipes723. Mechanical Behavior Of Filament-Wound Pipes724. Mechanical Design Education At WPI725. Mechanical Model Of The Finger726. Mechanical Properties Of Mmc™s- An Experimetnal Envestigation727. Mechanical Seal728. Mechanical torque limitors729. Mechanics Of Composite Materials730. Mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids731. Mechanosynthesis732. Mechatronic733. Mechatronic Strategies for Torque Control of Electric Powered Screwdrivers734. Mechatronic Strategies For Torque Control Of Electric Powered Screwdrivers735. Medical Application Of Nano Tech.736. MegaSquirt737. MEMS “ a pollution free option for power generation738. MEMS & APPLICATION739. MEMS (New)740. MEMS In Industrial Automation741. MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)742. Mesotechnology743. Metal Deposition744. Metal Matrix Composites745. Metal Nanoshells746. Metal-Matrix Composite Processing747. Metal-Matrix Composite Processing(49)748. Metamorphic Robots749. Methanol Vehicles750. Methods In Accelerator-Driven System Dynamics751. MHD submarine752. Micro- And Nano-Mechanics Of Surface Contact Plasticity753. Micro Batteries754. Micro Electro Mechanical System 123755. Micro Fluidic Chips756. Micro Gravity757. Micro Heat Exchangers758. Micro Hydraulics759. Micro Machines760. Micro Moulding761. Micro Pumps762. Micro scale regenerative Heat Exchanger763. Micro Turbine764. Micro/Meso-scale Manufacturing765. Microair Nozzles For Precision766. Microbial Fuel Cells767. Microcellular Foam Technology10768. Micro-Electromechanical Systems769. Microengines for microprocessors770. Microfinishing Of Rollers In Roller Bearings771. Microfluidics772. Micromanipulating Micromachines773. Micromixers774. Microscale Breaking Waves And Air-Sea Gas Transfer775. Micro-Scale Milling776. MicroTopography777. MICROTURBINE778. Military Radars779. Miller Cycle780. Miller Cycle Gas Engine781. Minimum Quantity Lubrication782. Mission Of Mars783. Modeling And Optimization Of Electron Beam Wealing Proces Using ANOVA784. Modeling and simulation785. Modeling of circulatory system and adventure in computer786. MODELLING OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM787. Models And Methods In The Neutronics Of Fluid Fuel788. Models Of Random Damage789. Modern Air Pollution Control Technologies790. Modern Centrifugal Compressors791. MODERN TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING792. Modified four stroke engine793. Modular Cam Locks794. Modular conveyor Belts795. Modular Gear motor796. Modular workstations797. Molecular Engineering798. Molecular hinges799. Molecular Manufacturing800. Molten oxide electrolysis801. Monitoring of bearings802. Mordern Prototyping Methods803. Motors Without Mechanical Transmissions804. Motronic Engine Management805. Moulds in Casting of Plastics and Thermoforming806. Multi Valve Engine(50)807. Multifunction Control System For Robotic Fire Detection808. MultiJack Bolt Tensioners809. Multiple material milling platform810. MULTI-PURPOSE WHEELCHAIR CUM STRETCHER811. Namotechnology future perfect812. Namotechnology Shaping the future813. Nano in navy814. Nano Robotic Manipulation System815. Nano Robotic Manipulation System816. Nano Spreader Cooling817. Nano Technology818. Nano Technology Binding Experiment With Biosensor819. Nano Technology It's Small, Small, Small, Small World820. nanobatteries821. Nanocrystalline Thin-Film Si Solar Cells822. Nanomaterial Based Catalyst823. Nanorobotics824. Nanoscale Armor825. 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Laser-assisted MOCVD has been proposed in the past to get around the shortcomings of the high-growth temperatures associated with nitrides and carbide allotropes.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pssc.200303433 [paywall]https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=elecengtheses [thesis]The problem therefore lies with the correct identification of carbon migration over the surface, and which wavelength and pulse energy could effectively couple into the atomic momentum on a certain substrate (there isn’t a “standard” way to grow graphene, as of now, though conventional inorganic substrates are preferable due to the century of experience from metallurgy and semiconductor industries). A too powerful laser pulse is likely to eject or displace atoms in 3D rather than re-arrange them in-plane.i don’t see why not, in principle, but beside some advanced physical chemistry simulations which would take years to complete if starting the project from zero (i.e. the best-equipped people to do it are those who have already done similar things), it will also be a significant dark art when attempting it (fiddle factors, redesigning pieces of kit, trying not to compromise safety - MOCVD is dangerous stuff, trying to find out what went wrong and trying again etc.)This would only be worth trying imho if the simulation predicts an order of magnitude of decrease in defects and a laser with a large beam (thus lower energy density) can be used, such that the process is useful for mass-manufacturing instead of a slow, sequential process.Personally, I suspect this is not very likely to be adopted at a mass scale, because it is likely high power, highly precise, and highly tunable lasers are required for the job, tooling that may end up costing as much as the reactor itself. Not many optoelectronics companies, even corporations, have the budgets these days to sink into such high-risk investments.Re: the paper itself:There is no mention of the word “laser” in the paper, excepting for Raman spectroscopy (ex-situ).Optical tweezers and manipulation of a few gaseous molecules can only work semi-reliably at much below room temperature. The authors report a Ni(10%)-Cr alloy substrate with the susceptor set at 1100 degrees C.For normal epigrowth purposes, lasers are only used as in-situ reflectometers for growth conditions. Since a sheet of graphene is largely transparent, it is unclear to me whether ellipsometry/reflectometry would produce enough of a difference to deconvolute from “noise”.