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There are over a hundred, and every fund is specific. Some funds have area criteria (Aavishkaar, for example, is India-only, and Ignia is Mexico-only); some have stage criteria (my fund, First Light Ventures, will invest anywhere, but only in the seed stage--roughly $100K); some have sector criteria (Invested Development prefers mobile and adapted technology; Aureos will invest in health). In addition, some major players who have traditionally not done these kinds of investments are starting to enter the marketplace. USAID/OPIC are starting to make investments, as well as the Gates Foundation (through PRI loans).Below is an exhaustive, but not comprehensive, list:Aavishkar Micro-Equity FundAcumen FundAfrican Agricultural Capital (set up by Rockefeller Foundation)Agora Venture FundAnnona Sustainable Investment FundsAppropriate Infrastructure Development GroupArison InvestmentsAureos-East Africa Health FundBamboo Finance (Oasis Fund)BarredRock FundBig Issue InvestBridge VenturesCalvert DAFCitizen CapitalCommons CapitalCommunity Power FundCreas FoundationCriterion VenturesDFJ IndiaElevar EquityEnnoventEpiphany VenturesEquilibrium CapitalEquitas VenturesExpansion CapitalFanisi Venture FundFMOFootprint VenturesFrance ActiveFunda-ProFusion Venture PartnersGarrigueGeorge Avenue Social Venturing (Noaber Foundation initiative)Global Impact InvestorsGolden Mean CapitalGolden SeedsGood Capital (Social Enterprise Expansion Fund)Grassroots Business Fund (IDF)Gray Ghost Ventures (Social Venture Group)Humanity FundIFMR Trust-Network Enterprise FundIgniaInnoSight VenturesInReturn CapitalInversor FundInvested DevelopmentJasmin Social InvestmentsLGT Venture PhilanthropyLundin for AfricaManoCapMindful InvestorsNew Island CapitalNew Ventures IndiaNexus Venture PartnersOmidyar NetworkOmnivor CapitalOrient Global/RF ChandlerPacific Community VenturesPeery FoundationPhiTrustPresumed AbundancePyme CapitalRenewal2responsAbility Social InvestmentsRianta Capital (Artha)RSF Social FinanceSEED FundShared InterestSitawiSmall Enterprise Assistance Fund (SEAF)SJF VenturesSONG Investment AdvisorsSolgenixSoros Economic Development FundSpring Hill EquitySustainable VCTandem FundTomorrow VenturesTreco InternationalUniversity Impact FundUnLtd IndiaVenturEast Seed FundVirganceVox CapitalWatershed CapitalVoxtra

Thanks for the A2A.In answering this question, it is important to first distinguish between healthcare and health insurance.Universal health insurance is run by each of the ten provinces and three territories. They all receive money from the federal government, with more money going to poorer provinces in order to maintain a consistent standard of coverage across the country.Healthcare— that is the delivery of health care— is also run by the provinces, but each tends to have different structures— even within a single province. But, I think it is fair to say that delivery is regional with hospitals mostly run on a non-profit basis with different levels of involvement by the province.Private hospitals are not unknown, but not common.Capital funding for hospitals is through a combination of government grants and local fundraising.Doctors are self-employed and bill the provincial insurance scheme according to a fee schedule negotiated between the provincial medical association and the insurance plan.Individual communities recruit doctors to practice in their area. The provincial government has no say in where doctors live and practice. This is a problem for some rural and underdeveloped areas. Fortunately, where I live is not one of those rural areas.

(i)BootstrappingAn individual is said to be boot strapping when he or she attempts to found and build a company from personal finances or from the operating revenues of the new company.Here are some of the methods in which a startup firm can bootstrap:(a)Trade CreditWhen a person is starting his business, suppliers are reluctant to give trade credit. They will insist on payment of their goods supplied either by cash or by credit card. However, a way out in this situation is to prepare a well-crafted financial plan. The next step is to pay a visit to the supplier’s office. If the business organization is small, the owner can be directly contacted. On the other hand, if it is a big firm, the Chief Financial Officer can be contacted and convinced about the financial plan.Communication skills are important here. The financial plan has to be shown. The owner or the financial officer has to be explained about the business and the need to get the first order on credit in order to launch the venture. The owner or financial officer may give half the order on credit and balance on delivery. The trick here is to get the goods shipped and sell them before paying to them. One can also borrow to pay for the good sold. But there is interest cost also. So trade credit is one of the most important ways to reduce the amount of working capital one needs. This is especially true in retail operations.b)FactoringThis is a financing method where accounts receivable of a business organization is sold to a commercial finance company to raise capital.The factor then got hold of the accounts receivable of a business organization and assumes the task of collecting the receivables as well as doing what would’ve been the paperwork. Factoring can be performed on a non-notification basis. It means customers may not be told that their accounts have been sold.Merits to Factoring: The process of factoring may actually reduce costs for a business organization. It can actually reduce costs associated with maintaining accounts receivable such as bookkeeping, collections and credit verifications.In addition to reducing internal costs of a business, factoring also frees up money that would otherwise be tied to receivables. This is especially true for businesses that sell to other businesses or to government; there are often long delays in payment that this would offset. This money can be used to generate profit through other avenues of the company. Factoring can be a very useful tool for raising money and keeping cash flowing.(c)LeasingAnother popular method of bootstrapping is to take the equipment on lease rather than purchasing it. It will reduce the capital cost and also help lessee (person who take the asset on lease)to claim tax exemption. So, it is better to a take a photocopy machine, an automobile or a van on lease to avoid paying out lump sum money which is not at all feasible for a startup organization.(ii)Angel InvestorsDespite being a country of many cultures and communities traditionally inclined to business and entrepreneurship, India still ranks low on comparative ratings across entrepreneurship, innovation and ease of doing business. The reasons are obvious. These include our old and outdated draconian rules and regulations which provides a hindrance to our business environment for a long time. Other reasons are redtapism, our time consuming procedures, and lack of general support for entrepreneurship. Off course, things are changing in recent times.As per Investopedia, Angel investors invest in small startups or entrepreneurs. Often, angel investors are among an entrepreneur’s family and friends. The capital angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business propel or an ongoing injection of money to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.Angel investors provide more favorable terms compared to other lenders, since they usually invest in the entrepreneur starting the business rather than the viability of the business. Angel investors are focused on helping startups take their first steps, rather than the possible profit they may get from the business. Essentially, angel investors are the opposite of venture capitalists.Angel investors are also called informal investors, angel funders, private investors, seed investors or business angels. These are affluent individuals who inject capital for startups in exchange for ownership equity or convertible debt. Some angel investors invest through crowdfunding platforms online or build angel investor networks to pool in capital.Angel investors typically use their own money, unlike venture capitalists who take care of pooled money from many other investors and place them in a strategically managed fund. Though angel investors usually represent individuals, the entity that actually provides the fund may be a limited liability company, a business, a trust or an investment fund, among many other kinds of vehicles.Angel investors who seed startups that fail during their early stages lose their investments completely. This is why professional angel investors look for opportunities for a defined exit strategy, acquisitions or initial public offerings (IPOs).(iii) Venture Capital FundsEvolutionVenture Capital in India stated in the decade of 1970, when the Government of India appointed a committee to tackle the issue of inadequate funding to entrepreneurs and start-ups. However, it is only afterten years that the first all India venture capital funding was started by IDBI, ICICI and IFCI.Formation of venture capital has been depicted in the diagram below:Investors in venture capital funds are shown in the following diagram:Structure of Venture Capital Fund in IndiaThree main types of fund structure exist: one for domestic funds and two for offshore ones:(a)Domestic Funds:-Domestic Funds raises funds domestically.-They are usually structured as:(i) a domestic vehicle for the pooling of funds from the investor, and(ii) a separate investment adviser that carries those duties of asset manager.-Domestic Vehicle may be a trust and a company.India, unlike most developed countries does not recognize a limited partnership.-Trust form is considered best due to its operational flexibility.(b)Offshore Funds: Two common alternatives available to offshore investors are: the “offshore structure” and the “unified structure”.Offshore structure:-Under this structure, an investment vehicle having jurisdiction outside India is created.-It can be an LLC or an LP.[Limited Liability Company or Limited Partnership]-It makes investments directly into Indian portfolio companies.-Typically, the assets are managed by an offshore manager, while the investment advisor in India carries out the due diligence and identifies deals.Unified Structure:-When domestic investors are expected to participate in the fund, a unified structure is used.-Overseas investors pool their assets in an offshore vehicle that invests in a locally managed trust, whereas domestic investors directly contribute to the trust.-This structure is deviced to make the local portfolio investments.Concept of Venture Capital FundVenture capital means funds made available for startup firms and small businesses with exceptional growth potential. Venture capital is money provided by professionals whoalongside management invest in young, rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors.Venture Capitalists generally:.Finance new and rapidly growing companies.Purchase equity securities.Assist in the development of new products or services.Add value to the company through active participation.Characteristics of Venture Capital Financing:(i) Long time horizon:-The fund would invest with a long time horizon in mind. Minimum period of investment would be 3 years and maximum period can be 10 years.(ii)Lack of liquidity: When VC invests, it takes into account the liquidity FACTOR.IT assumes that there would be less liquidity on the equity it gets and accordingly it would be investing in that format.They adjust this liquidity premium against the price and required return.(iii)High Risk: VC would not hesitate to take risk. It works on principle of high risk and high return. So, high risk would not eliminate the investment choice for a venture capital.(iv)EquityParticipation: Most of the time, VC would be investing in the form of equity of a company. This would help the VC participate in the management and help the company grow. Besides, a lot of board decisions can be supervised by the VC if they participate in the equity of a company.Advantages of bringing VC in the company:(1)It injects long- term equity finance which provides a solid capital base for future growth.(2)The venture capitalist is a business partner, sharing both the risks and rewards. Venture capitalists are rewarded with business success and capital gain.(3)The venture capitalist is able to provide practical advice and assistance to the companybased on past experience with other companies which were in similar situations.(4)The venture capitalist also has a network of contacts in many areas that can add value to the company.(5)The venture capitalist may be capable of providing additional rounds of funding should it be required to finance growth.(6)Venture capitalists are experienced in the process of preparing a company for an initial public offering (IPO) of its shares onto the stock exchanges or overseas stock exchange such as NASDAQ.(7)They can also facilitate a trade sale.Stages of funding for VC:(1)Seed Money: Low level financing needed to prove a new idea.(2)Start-up: Early stage firms that need funding for expenses associated with marketing and product development.(3)First-Round: Early sales and manufacturing funds.(4)Second-Round: Working capital for early stage companies that are selling product, but not yet turning in a profit.(5)Third Round: Also called Mezzanine financing, this is expansion money for a newlyprofitable company.(6)Fourth-Round- Also called bridge financing, it is intended to finance the “goingpublic”process.Risk in each stage is different. An indicative Risk matrix is given below:Financial Period(Funds RiskPerception Activity to be financedStage locked inyears)Seed 7-10 Extreme For supporting a concept or idea or R&DMoney for product developmentStart Up 5-9 Very High Initializing prototypes operations ordevelopingFirst 3-7 High Start commercials marketingStage productionSecond 3-5 Sufficientlyhigh Expand market and growing workingStage capital needThird 1-3 Medium Market expansion, acquisition & productStage development for profit making companyFourth 1-3 Low Facilitating public issueAbove answer taken from CA,CS,CMA Faculty Aaditya jain sir’s book.