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The “Bickering Bills”, “We Were Soldiers” — are the only team in N.F.L. History to lose Four Consecutive Super Bowls.It probably doesn’t happen more than once in one’s human life, but the Buffalo Bills did it four consecutive times in a row.Over the course of four seasons, the month of February has been the most unpleasant in the History of the Buffalo Bills. The Bills are the only Team in N.F.L. History to lose, four straight. First, losing to an above-average Giants team; then, losing to a team with more size in Washington; afterwards, the Bills looked just completely saturated and turned around on the Cowboys. The damage was done. The Bills, are an uncontrollable road, and when there’s usually excess of traffic, there are bound to be accidents.Sterling snow and crystal icy-glaze are the hardwood of Buffalo. But sometimes ice, does melt, and evaporate. Which is exactly what happened to the Buffalo Bills. It seems, that, every Super Bowl loss was a repeat of the previous one a year before, but only with a higher number of disproportionate amount of turnovers.The unsightly faulty arranged inner-city known for its impossible whirlwind of highways with no terminals, buildings that aren’t directly connected to sidewalks mixed with a very repellent air, dusky brown sky and egged-plant colored trees, provides little to no enthusiasm…Except for its Football Team.Wind that blasts your cheeks like cement and pierce your thighs as painfully as salt on a wounded flesh; the Sun does not rotate on this part of the Earth. In Buffalo, the dews of morning do not splash the air fresh. There is no spring in this City. The winter, is indestructible.The rounded stadium which still featured chamfered seats up until five years ago, was the least recommendable in the league. There is no futuristic curb, there is no parabolic state-of-the-art metallic roof, there is no sky-fall entertainment jumbotron; this “Snow Bowl”, is wrapped around all of the energy its fans put into, on gameday. The Stadium goes, as the Team does.These people are crazy!!!!Marv, ”Dick Van Dyke”, Levy; the Most Overrated Coach in N.F.L. History, who will give you a speech in honor of heroism about a World War II fly-over patrol pilot serving the Royal Air Force, who’s aircraft has just been hit over the middle of the English Channel, and has to paddle all the way back in a lifeboat to the beach — but can’t go for it on 4th down, down by 18 in the 4th quarter against the Cowboys in ‘92. Sad.The quacking-duck nasal twang accent Head Coach with his high cheekbones and eyes that don’t shut, tried to convince us that his mumbo-jumbo K-Gun offense was going to “revolutionize” Football when all it did is make the Bills lose by a combined score of 139–73 in their Four Super Bowls. He just overheard it at a coffee shop. Can’t stand the guy, always talked like he was rehearsing a wedding.The big issue is that, those Bills teams were not able to stop the run in any of these Four Super Bowls:-Super Bowl XXV, they surrender a 172-Yards on the ground…That’s unacceptable.-Super Bowl XXVI over a 130-Yards.-Super Bowl XXVII a 137.-Super Bowl XXVIII a 137 again.This team can’t stop the run! A team that can’t stop the run in a Super Bowl, will always lose.With their rosepink helmets and aquarelle blue uniforms, the Bills were the laughing-stock of the N.F.L. in the early part to the late ‘80s. A team that played in skirts, losing 23 Games just in their last six seasons. But in 1988, the helmet reddened and the boys became fighters, clinching their First Playoff Berth since 1981, featuring the #3 Ranked Defense in the League, even advancing to the Conference Game losing to Cincinnati (you read that right, back in the days) 21–10. Soon, they were gradually rising as one of the League’s Best Contenders to win a Championship, with superstar players on Defense such as Bruce Smith, Cornelius Bennett and Shane Conlan, along to pair-up on the offensive side of the ball with Andre Reed, Jim Kelly and James Lofton.The Bills were however not so potent in 1989, finishing with a lower-than-expected 9–7 record, but still able to grab a hold of a playoff seed — facing the Browns in the Wild-Card Game.The team unloaded an unusual but deadly-effective high-octane offense, known later as on as the Christened “K-Gun Offense” (named after tight-end “Keith McKeller”). It is designed to make the defense run in circles, the quarterback is in the Shotgun, calls the plays himself on his index-playcard in no-huddle offense, gets the ball out quicker.The Browns that season had the best defense in the A.F.C., had only surrendered less than 254-Points on the Season, intercepted 27 passes and registered 45 sacks. The Bills had 453-Yards of Offense in that game, scored first on a 72-Yard Touchdown pass from Kelly to Reed. Cleveland answered right back with a 52-Yard bomb from Kosar to Slaughter. Buffalo still had the lead, when Kelly threw a 33-Yard Touchdown pass to Lofton. But the Browns never gave-up, and cut-back in front, with first a touchdown pass from Kosar to Middleton, then another one to Slaughter. The Bills had missed an extra point, and needed a six-point score down 34–30.But the Bills’ comeback from behind failed, when Kelly tried to connect with running-back Ronnie Harmon in the corner of the end-zone with 14-seconds left to go in the game. Kelly then threw the final game interception. The Bills lost 34–30.“Dick Van Dyke” Marv Levy, a freemason Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Coe College, who noticed that the Bills’ hurried-up mode offense was affecting the opposition’s ability to substitute, decided to now make this change-of-pace offense their standard offense.The shallow-finesse offense was looking as pleasant as it sounds, as the Bills’ offense in 1990 lead the league in points scored on the season: with 428. Averaging 26.8-points/game.Kelly threw for 24-touchdowns and just 8-interceptions, but completed only 219 passes which suggests me he mostly operated off bootleg. The goal of the K-Gun is to distribute the ball at a bleeding-pace to force teams to play catch-up the entire drive. The Bills geared-up an unstoppable engine combining Andre Reed’s crossing-breakaway patterns and a dual-threat backfield through snaky trap-schemes.The only hindrance, is the inability to control the clock and play with deception.In the A.F.C. Divisional Round, the catalytic offense purged the Dolphins with their speed and execution. Buffalo amassed 493-Yards of offense and scored ten times in their twelve possessions. Lofton and Reed combined for 11 catches and 271-Yards. The Bills advanced to the A.F.C. Championship Game, winning 44–34.The following week: the Bills administered the same trouncing to the Raiders and left them little optimism that they could win. After only 30 minutes of playing time, Buffalo was already up 41–3.Buffalo’s high-tempo no-huddle offense overwhelmed the Autumn Pirate — one team looked like world-class competitors, the opposing one looked like they were running in sand.The Bills eviscerated Oakland generating over 500-Yards of offense, with 202 on the ground.In Oakland’s last 19-playoff games, they only lost by more than 9 points just once. They didn’t just look like a team whose calves are stuck in the sand, they actually ate the sand along with it too.The Raider rush were so worn from exhaustion that they were about to shrink and slip through their equipment.After feasting on the Raiders with no resistance, 51–3, the Bills would advance to their first Super Bowl in Franchise History. Finally some spice in this Cold Country.But the spicy salsa got up to the Bills’ head, who seemed much too unduly lenient during Super Bowl week. Already seeing themselves with the Award or not having the awareness to measure up the importance of the event, Head Coach of the Team made an announcement during the week that “team meetings” and “curfew” would be mandatory…Since classes are dismissed, why bother study for the exams right?Buffalo took the “cool” approach and threw off their preparation. To kill a season this way like Marv Levy did, unacceptable. The scary part about it, he probably doesn’t seen the wrongdoing in it.The Bills entered the game as 6. 1/2-point favorites against the Simms-less Giants. But “Big-Blue” had baked an eccentric defensive-gameplan that got the Bills crotchety. The Giants went with two down linemen, usually nosetackle Erik Howard and Leonard Marshall, and linebackers, Pepper Johnson or Lawrence Taylor, would line up in a rush position, sometimes coming, sometimes dropping back.Like the Bills, the Giants finished the season 13-3 and had allowed the fewest points in the N.F.L.. The Bills had already beaten the Bills during the regular season 17–13. New York’s style was no fancy filet-mignon, but wild-hog rosebeef.The Bills’ deep passing-attack was euthanized as Kelly finished the game with 0 Touchdowns. It’s funny because in the end Hostetler and Kelly finished with the same amount of pass attempts.With passes merely dropping at their feet and their knuckles being sectioned when balls would hit them; Buffalo moved the ball painfully, through small steps. However, the Bills were tenacious and at the bottom of the first quarter connected with Lofton for a 66-yard pass tipped off Perry Williams’ fingertips.Buffalo took the lead, with a 1-Yard score by Don Smith.Every coach must go through a phase of self-evaluation, to put his team on the best winning course. You would think, that a military history buff like Marv Levy, would have understood how to prepare against the limitations of the Giants’ passing-offense.Back-up quarterback Jeff “Rudy” Hostetler was feeling the rush, being smashed like a crockroach in a dirty corner against a fierce pass-rush from both side of the field. Despite the beating, he never flushed and grew uneasy.Instead of putting astronomical numbers, the Bills ended the first-half with molecular figures. A rather sloppy overture of football.The Bills were embarrassed and jammed the Giants’ jugular for a 31-Yard score. They were not going to be stollen this game.The intent was there, however the Bills were about to burn along with the building. It was time for the Fireman Helmets, to make it stand.The Giants held the ball for nearly 8 minutes for a 74-yard drive that ended in a field-goal by Matt Bahr giving New York a 20–19 lead. With 02:16, it was time for Jim Kelly to clinch his name into Football Immortality.Kelly who was so pathetic, had to take snaps from the shotgun and send everybody down the field so that he can rush upfield because he couldn’t complete a pass. Sad.The Bills in fact did not move the chains by completing a single pass. At the time, only the 1971 and 1988 Super Bowls featured come-from-behind Wins. From a Football Purist Standpoint, you want come-from-behind drives, they give you the most chills.With his fire-red sand-pot and his big white-tooth wishbone facemask; the oldest looking kicker in the History of the N.F.L., Scott Norwood, was now every single member of his team’s pacemaker.Just before the Bills’ last offensive-play on the field, McKeller made one of the most forgotten Great Super Bowl Catches of All Time, snatching a pass from Kelly down to his toes. One of the best grabs that I ever saw on T.V.. He pulled it off from his foot, it was so crazy. It wasn’t the “Hand of God” it was the “Arm of God”.“At the 29-Yard Line — Kelly throws it into the Ground — with 8 seconds.”Norwood had only converted 1 out of 5 field goal attempts of 40+ yards in his career on grass. It was for 47-Yards. With 8 seconds left, no one in the stands was sitting.And see this is something you don’t do, this is where the Bills lost the game — you never hold hands with each other when a kicker attempts a game-winning field-goal. It is the worst jinx sabotage job you could ever do to him.In what unexpectedly turned out to be one of the Best Hosting Stadiums for the Super Bowl Event, the snap-hold carried itself over for a lifelong fever disease.Heavy pressure was on this walking white skeleton to clinch Buffalo’s Diamond Rings off his square right-foot.The ball traveled airspace and in that ball: are the last six months of body of work to get to this point.“No good — Wide Right!!”Marv Levy’s face so unforgettable. The eyes dropped under his nose and his face shrinked like a straw.One thing about Scott Norwood that people may not know:He was injured.He had a bad groin, he had a torn hamstring, his knees was short. He just couldn’t hit a 50-yarder. He’s not Sebastian Janikowski. He was just not a big-range kicker and he screwed his foot, it wasn’t even close to the nearest post.The Bills had left a lot points on the field. Andre Reed did catch seven passes in the first half, but only in the second half and was starting to experience stone hands at the end of the second quarter.Defensively the tackling was awful, which says a lot because the Giants’ average height of their wide-receivers that year was no higher than 5ft9–160 lbs. If you can’t tackle undersized pass-catchers, you’re in trouble. This would be the First, of a Series of Four, Clunker Games.Get the joke, “Clunker/Hunger games”? No? Forget it. On their way back to Buffalo, the Bills reunited with their fans who had flocked all over the welcome them back in front of the City Hall. Absolutely ridiculous. Using the Flag, are you kidding me, the Symbol of our Nation for your stupid football game? You have to do this for your Football Team? They were chanting “We want Scott!! We want Scott!!”Acting like he’s the President.But that Super Bowl loss aroused the Bills’ pride, and to their credit they ventured back into the playoffs with a 13–3 record. The vegetation grew back in Buffalo.Offensively, Buffalo scored a impressive 458-total points on the season, and highly-spirited in the post-season, they stomped the Kansas City Chiefs 37–14 waiting for the Denver Broncos to come into their house scratching at the door.The “Bickering Bills” offense, which had averaged almost 400-yards of offense almost every game, bumped down to 213. As a matter of fact, the last time those Bills had won a game without scoring a touchdown, was in 1998 against the Jets where Buffalo won it 9–6 on November. 26th.But it was their defense, ranked only 27th in the N.F.L., that generated the turnovers they needed. Carlton Bailey intercepted a 11-yard screen to return it four a touchdown. Jesus-Christ Elway sucked. And when Buffalo needed a game-wrapping kick with 04:18 left —Norwood packaged a 44-Yarder right through the uprights. The Bills won a slug-fest, 10–7. Only four of the Previous 24 Super Bowl Losers, had made it back. to a Super Bowl.When the Bills arrived in hibernating Minneapolis, they had agreed to not shoot themselves in the foot like they did last year’s Super Bowl. Everyone agreed, except for:Chuck Dickerson, the defensive-line coach for the Bills, who decided to not behave like an adult. Dickerson called out the names of Washington’s famous offensive-line “The Hogs”, saying they were “pansies”, that Joe Jacoby drooled, that Russ Grimm had bad breath and Jeff Bostic ate gease. He was fired the following Monday.This guy’s out of his mind!!!He’s a Maniac!!!!But there were no hunting-pal marches between both teams on Super Bowl Sunday, Washington was 14–2 that year — #1 ranked offense and defense in the N.F.L.. The Native-American this time slung the Cowboy over his shoulder without much difficulty. $100 bucks people can’t name me that running-back.Washington beat 10 teams that finished .500 or better that year. They whipped Atlanta and Detroit by a combined score of 62–17. Rypien somehow had 300-Yards in that game. Rypien is basically a taller version of Mark Brunell but with a stiff back. Can’t throw. Kelly was just 28 of 58 with four interceptions.Buffalo lost big, 37–24. They only gained 43-Yards on the ground.Kelly was sacked five times, and the Bills fumbled six. Won’t say how much they fumbled in next year’s following Super Bowl.Interrogations swirled around abnormal chin-sized quarterback Jim Kelly, who had not inhibited any ability to exhale the pressure off his chest. Kelly finished with a 44.8 passer rating against Washington in ‘91.Accused of being too relaxational, preferring to being a big party boy in his spare time, Kelly only had the present to respond to doubters but it would never be more difficult —When he got hurt against the Oilers in a regular-season game in the 1992 season.The Bills were marching on Houston with 07:58 left-to-go in the half, when two defenders fell on top of Kelly’s knee. Forcing him out of the game.The 1992 season was looking seriously compromised when the team lost more players to their ambulance including notable All-Pros such as Cornelius Bennett and Bruce Smith.To the rescue:Frank Reich, “The Savior” — was going to have to Quarterback the Buffalo Bills for a Signature Performance in what would be, the Greatest Comeback in N.F.L. History.People would be asking themselves: could he even be helpful, to give the Bills a chance to win?With his holy face and chaste eyes, Reich an unknown back-up, had only completed 41 passes in his career up until having his number called for that game. The Bills were down 28–3 by half-time, and the deficit would be deeper than abyss after throwing an interception in the hands of Bubba McDowell that he returned 58-yards for a touchdown.Down 35–3, the Bills were facing the Largest Deficit ever to be Overcome. On December 1980, the 49ers overcame a 28-Point Deficit against the New Orleans Saints, and won the game 38–35. Yeah with Joe Montana.It would require superhuman resources from Frank Reich to device an impossible task ahead: Climbing a 32-Point Deficit.With the seats of Rich Stadium emptying and nobody to cheer, Frank Reich never gave-up: and just like he did at Maryland against the Hurricanes in the 1984 Orange Bowl when he rescued the Terrapins from a 31–0 deficit against Miami to win it 42–40, Reich orchestrated a furious come-from-behind win, completing 21–34 for 289-Yards. First down 35–10, after a scoring drive ended with a 1-yard run TD by Davis —Reich threw three TD passes in less than four minutes to Bebee and Reed, to make it 35–24 at the top of the Fourth Quarter.In about twenty minutes, the Bills produced 28-points — all on touchdown passes from Reich.The key play was the muffed snap by Montgomery, Houston’s holder, who babbled the ball and Buffalo took over at the 26. It only took seven plays that ended with a beautiful touchdown passes to Reed for the Bills to inexplicably gain the lead for the first time in the game 38–35. Unreal.The Oilers tied the game to send it to overtime and won the Coin Flip, but with flipper-arms Moon threw an interception to Odomes. The Bills stunningly, were in field-goal range to kick the game-winning field-goal. I’d rather have Frank Reich than Warren Moon.What people forget, is that Reich was the place-holder on that kick. Steve Christie who was actually a great kicker, booted it through the uprights, and the Bills won 41–38. It is the Greatest Comeback of All Time.But the Bills crafted their own sarcophagus when they elected to start disabled Jim Kelly as their starting quarterback.Huh Kelly, four passes — four passes and Two Interceptions. This is had to be a charade.After an Olympic hurdling tackle by Ken Norton Jr. Kelly went down and it was once again up to Frank Reich to rescue the Tomato Juice and Navy Blue Bills.Well Frank Reich comes in and immediately the Bills fumble.So now, the Bills abandoned the no-huddle offense even though they are down by 18, run a bunch of shotgun-draw plays, the team can’t pass protect and catch a pass; so basically Levy decided he wasn’t going to win that game with Reich. Didn’t want to make Kelly look bad. Triumph favors the bold, and Levy who is a good hype-up coach, shut the curtains and refused to go on stage.Leon Lett made the Dumbest Play in Super Bowl History, intentionally botching a defensive-touchdown lowering the ball right before crossing the goal-line so that Bebee could swat it. Absolutely the dumbest boneheaded play I ever saw. Plus he had to run from almost 50-yards to get there.The Bills were routed 52–17.Three is a charm as they say, the Bills went 12–4 in 1993 but regressed as the Seventh Best Offense in the League that year.In the fourth coldest playoff game of all time, the Bills iced the Raiders 29–23.Kelly threw a touchdown pass to Colt Brooks and unaccustomed to the cold, the Raiders were not productive enough in the run-game to help their passing game flourished. The Bills advanced once more to their fourth consecutive Super Bowl after beating Kansas City 30–13.Strangely the Bills lost by that score against the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII.But Buffalo had the lead at half-time — yes they were up in this game, 13–6.The Bills and the Cowboys are neck-and-neck in this game. There really is no evidence that the Cowboys are superior despite being 10. 1/2 top-dogs.But as they always do, the Bills showed-up placid and nose-dove in the Second Half. The Cowboys outscored them 24–0.And another Super Bowl where Jim Kelly does not throw a touchdown, unreal. I mean it’s just amazing how he can attempt 50-passes and only throw for 260-Yards.Once again, the summit was too toothy for them to reach it.Who’s to blame for these losses: Marv Levy. The Head Coach is a chef, and the players, his ingredients; Marv Levy overcooked the recipe. For some reason, the ball didn’t quite “stick” as well, or a player ran to the wrong side, or perhaps irresponsible boat-house partying during Super Bowl week, or the plotting to inclose Frank Reich’s career in Buffalo, contributed to all those losses. And while the people of Buffalo can cope with the winter cold of their town, they however, would need extra equipment to cope with these crushing-losses.Suddenly, after 1993, the Bills imploded. For the first time since 1987, Buffalo did not clinch a playoff berth and finished last in their own division. A disastrous downfall. A couple of playoff berths the next two following seasons didn’t change much, the Bills got old.The Bills got a taste of their own chilled water.Buffalo is a City, simply sterile, for Championships.

Yes!If I was placed as overall Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Armed Forces by Emperor Hirohito in early December 1941 while he and Prime Minister General Hideki Tōjō attend other matters, I take a moment to carefully study the predicament that the Empire of Great Japan finds itself in. In East Asia, we have been at war against the Republic of China for several years with great success. In 1940 following the defeat of the French Third Republic by the German Reich, the Imperial Japanese Army seized control of French Indochina with little-to-no opposition. By late 1941, a series of crippling sanctions and an oil embargo by the United States have put plans for continuation of the war in serious danger, as 90% of Japanese oil imports have been cut-off. Meanwhile in the Pacific, I’m informed by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto that Japan’s Combined Fleet (Kidō Butai) has departed from Tankan Bay in the Kuril Islands on November 26th, on route to Hawaii. Meanwhile in America, Japanese ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura, and U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull hold multiple meetings in order to resolve Japanese-American relations. No solution can be agreed upon for three key reasons:Japan honors its alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact.Japan wants economic control and responsibility for southeast Asia (as envisioned in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere).Japan refuses to leave mainland China (without its puppet state of Manchukuo).In our final proposal on November 20th, Japan offers to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in southeast Asia provided the U.S., Britain and the Netherlands cease aiding China and lift their sanctions against Japan. The American counterproposal of November 26th (the Hull note) requires Japan to evacuate all of China, unconditionally, and to conclude non-aggression pacts with the Pacific powers.Seeing that our calls for diplomacy with the United States have failed, we have no choice but to make the first decisive strike. I’m fully aware that Japan will never be able to defeat the United States in a full-on war in the Pacific, I understand that Japan simply does not possess either the economic or military might. But we believe that we can administer a knockout blow to the capital ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Imperial High Command calculates that if we can destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet with one strike while anchored at Pearl Harbor, we will have stalled their offensive capabilities for the next several months and seize as much territory as we can, thereby forcing America to sue for a negotiated peace. At the moment, Japan possesses 10 battleships, 10 aircraft carriers and the world’s most advanced naval aircraft. Opposing us, the U.S. Pacific Fleet has eight World War I vintage battleships and two carriers. With no alternative, we issue the official green light code: “ニイタカヤマノボレ一二〇八” (Climb Mount Niitaka) to our Combined Fleet on December 2nd, authorizing the activation of Operation Z: the preemptive strike on Pearl Harbor.December 7, 1941 - Operation ZAt 7:56 a.m. with complete surprise successfully achieved, the codeword signal “TORA! TORA! TORA!” is issued. At this time, the first wave of 183 aircraft consisting of Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Type 00 “Zero” fighters, Nakajima B5N Type 97 “Kate” and Aichi D3A Type 99 “Val” bombers attack military targets along the island of Oahu such as battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.Moments later a second wave of 167 aircraft is launched, targeting specific areas such as aircraft, airfields, hangars and military barracks spread across Oahu. While our surprise airstrike appears to succeed beyond our most optimistic expectations, we receive reports that the U.S. aircraft carriers are nowhere to be found at Pearl Harbor. At the reveal of this new and alarming news, Vice-Admiral Chūichi Nagumo strongly advises that our Combined Fleet withdraw from the area, worrying that the rising casualties but satisfied with the current situation. However, several Japanese junior officers including Captains Mitsuo Fuchida and Minoru Genda urge Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor’s fuel and torpedo storage, maintenance and dry dock facilities as possible. Captain Genda, who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after an air attack, believes that without an invasion, three strikes are necessary to disable the base as much as possible. The Captains of the other five carriers in the task force report they are willing and ready to carry out a third strike.At 12:20 p.m. a third wave of Japanese fighters and bombers, refueled and rearmed, soar over Oahu. In a spectacular action, the Japanese aircraft attack and destroy all U.S. oil reserves and torpedo storages as well as maintenance facilities, including dry docks.On December 8th, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his famous “Day of Infamy” speech and issues a formal Declaration of War against the Empire of Great Japan. Hearing of this and realizing that our hope of a knockout blow has failed, I immediately organize a meeting with the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, the Ministry of War, Imperial General Headquarters, the Ministry of the Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff in order to discuss how to achieve a quick victory or at least an advantage over the United States in the Pacific. Having studied at Harvard University and knowing first hand of the industrial potential of the United States, Admiral Yamamoto calculates that Japan has at least six months to acquire as much territory as possible before America’s huge industrial capacity bogs us down. Understanding this, I agree with the determined Admiral that we must use everything we have and every opportunity available to our advantage, including a new invention known as the radar. Japanese military officials are skeptical about the use of such a device for military purposes, but I’m curious to see its capabilities, stating that whatever will aid us in our fight against America should be implemented and if possible, improved upon.First, I turn towards East Asia. The Second Sino-Japanese War has been raging since July 1937, killing thousands of innocent civilians and devastating the Chinese mainland. In 1938, Japan had deployed almost all of its existing armies in China to attack the city of Wuhan, which had become the political, economic and military center of China, in hopes of destroying the fighting strength of the National Revolutionary Army and forcing the KMT government to negotiate for peace. The Japanese captured Wuhan by October 27th, forcing the Chinese to retreat to Chongqing. After the battle, terms for a negotiated peace were presented to Japan by the Nationalist government.From Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945The offer was rejected by the Japan, despite the obvious advantage of accepting them, because they couldn’t accept Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek’s permanence as ruler of the Nationalist regime.Not wanting this war to continue and hoping to use China’s potential to our advantage, I instruct the China Expeditionary Army to secure the territories we occupy, and attempt to make contact with the Nationalist government asking whether or not the Seven-Point Peace Plan is still possible. Meanwhile, I instruct Japanese forces in occupied territories to pacify the Chinese population, explaining to them that we never wanted this war, we are simply fighting to liberate China from the Warlord rule it is submerged in, and the threat of Communism. Warning them about the exploitation of the Chinese people by the Warlords of China, and the disaster they would be in if the Communists took control of China. Pressuring them to reform their government to take power away from the Kuomintang and the Chinese Army, and give it to autonomous ethnic councils, to avoid confrontation or abuses from the overwhelming Han majority in the country. I also promise that all who participated in the rumored Nanking Massacre will be dealt with as we see fit, being placed before Japanese judges in Manchukuo with the event being made public in order to convince the population that all crimes committed will be met with severe repercussions whether from within or without. Awaiting a response from the KMT government, I order the Imperial Armed Forces to remain on stand by and prepare to act accordingly in the event that our offers of mutual friendship are rejected.To the relief of Japan, the Chinese government accepts our call for peace and unity, signing the “Seven Point Peace Plan” with Japan and subsequent treaties with the Empire of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, implicitly recognizing their autonomy. The Chinese United Front is dissolved forcing the Chinese Communist Party to disperse, and an anti-Comintern agreement is signed, greatly strengthening our position against the Soviet Union. With peace finally restored and the United Front dissolved, some Chinese military leaders such as Sun Yuanliang, Chiang Wei-kuo and Ma Bufang, organize their forces and move to suppress Communist insurgencies and anti-Japanese sentiments. The treaties leave Japan with access to China’s abundant natural resources and endless supply of manpower. With the Japanese military securing vital areas and forcing the Nationalist government to return power to the ethnic councils, while Chinese communists are hunted down and executed. This turmoil leads to the capture or death of Mao Zedong. Once the situation in China is secure, I send Japanese engineers with orders to begin reconstruction programs, rebuilding destroyed cities and new factories, and putting willing Chinese citizens to work building new ships and aircraft carriers as well as conscripting and training Chinese volunteers into the Imperial Army and Navy thereby greatly strengthening the Japanese economy and war machine. Uniting the Chinese people with the KMT government working in cooperation with President Wang Jingwei, Prince Demchugdongrub and Emperor Puyi. Creating a Japan-Manchukuo-China axis, self-sufficient in all resources except copper, rubber and oil.After our surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, the Empire of Japan enjoys six months of triumph. In a series of lightning campaigns throughout Southeast Asia, the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy quickly overrun the European and American possessions. A U.S. army surrenders in the Philippines, marking the worst U.S. defeat in history. Pre-war Australian war plans had depended on the British fleet shielding it from any potential enemy. For that reason, Australia sent most of its professional army to fight the Germans and Italians in North Africa, leaving the country almost stripped of local defense forces. With the fall of Singapore and the sinking of the Royal Navy’s battleship HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse on December 10th, this strategy evaporates.By mid-1942, the situation for Australia is grim. Although U.S. General Douglas MacArthur has relocated his headquarters to Brisbane and American supplies and reinforcements are trickling in, Australia is looking increasingly isolated and vulnerable. Australia is provisioned through a tenuous supply line stretching from the country’s eastern coast, past the islands of Fiji and Samoa to Hawaii and California. It is calculated that if the Japanese are able to cut this line, Australia will be at the tender mercies of the Imperial Japanese Navy.Japan is well aware of Australia’s predicament. Under the leadership of the formidable Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the Japanese Naval Headquarters has planned two subsequent offensives. The first is Operation MO, which calls for the invasion of Port Moresby, from there, the Japanese can launch attacks on northern Australia. The second operation calls for the occupation of Fiji and Samoa, unimaginatively codenamed: Operation FS. If successful, Operation FS will achieve two strategic objectives for the Japanese: First, it will critically isolate Australia, whose northern coast is only a few hundred miles from Port Moresby. This could force Australia to withdraw from the war, or in the worst case, even suffer partial invasion. Second, the conquest of Fiji and Samoa could be the start of Japan’s own island-hopping campaign, with Hawaii as its ultimate goal. This so-called Eastern Operation is considered by a number of Japanese naval officers, including Admiral Yamamoto and myself, as the only way the United States would agree to a negotiated peace with Tokyo. The success of Operation FS hinges on one crucial outcome: the occupation of Port Moresby on Australian-controlled Papua New Guinea through Operation MO. This city provides an important supply post for allied warships and aircraft in the region. If it can be taken from the allies, the Imperial Japanese Navy could use the port and airfield to support its advance in the South Pacific, raid the Australian coast, and deny its use to the Americans and Australians.For these operations they require air support, so Admiral Yamamoto reluctantly agrees to lend two of his carriers from the Fifth Carrier Division. Stating that he needs them back following the completion of the operations in preparation for an upcoming offensive. As is typical in Japanese operational planning, the operation is unnecessarily complex: First, the island of Tulagi will be taken on May 3rd, while receiving air cover from the “MO Striking Force” and the “MO Main Body Support Force” under Rear-Admiral Aritomo Gotō which consists if a light aircraft carrier Shōhō, four heavy cruisers and one destroyer. A seaplane base will be set up for rear reconnaissance, Gotō’s covering force will then head north and team up with the “Port Moresby Invasion Force” under Rear-Admiral Kōsō Abe, consisting of 11 transport ships carrying about 5,000 soldiers from the Imperial Japanese Army’s South Seas Detachment plus approximately 500 troops from the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF). Escorting the transports was the “Port Moresby Attack Force” with one light cruiser and six destroyers under the command of Rear-Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka, all of whom depart Rabaul on May 4th. The six day voyage will transit the Jomard Channel in the Louisiades to pass around the southern tip of New Guinea, additional seaplane bases will be established along the way to supplement air searches. A dangerous stretch for the IJN, as they would be subjected to land-based bombers based in Australia, but air cover will be provided by the MO Striking Force. Finally, on May 10th, the Port Moresby Attack Force will land and Port Moresby will be taken.May 4, 1942As planned, the Japanese draw the U.S. Pacific Fleet out into the open waters of the Coral Sea. For two days, both sides search the surrounding areas for each other but with little success, radio reports give confusing messages on supposed enemy positions. By May 6th, just south of Tulagi, the Japanese carriers get within 70 miles of U.S. Carrier Task Force 17 under the command of Admiral Frank J. Fletcher. A reconnaissance report received by Vice-Admiral Chūichi Hara days prior was incorrect but to his advantage, as his MO Strike Force is actually 50 miles closer. Growing ever impatient and desperate to locate and destroy the U.S. carriers, Vice-Admiral Hara launches scout planes to search for Task Force 17. Within moments, Japanese planes spot Task Force 17 in the middle of refueling and relay their coordinates to the MO Strike Force. Having finally found the enemy carriers, Hara wastes no time and orders a strike force be deployed, before the Americans can finish refueling and escape.Within minutes, Japanese aircraft soar towards their targets, all eager to destroy the enemy and bring honor to Japan. The Americans are caught completely by surprise, as their aircraft carriers USS Lexington and USS Yorktown are attacked from all directions by Japanese torpedo planes and bombers. Vice-Admiral Nagumo instructs his submarines in the area to fire their torpedoes simultaneously with the planes in order to further maximize their destruction. With precision and careful timing, Japanese torpedoes strike the U.S. carriers causing massive damage while our ships and fighters destroy the American planes and finish off Task Force 17, once and for all.With the sinking of the USS Lexington and the crippling of the USS Yorktown, the road to Port Moresby is clear and the Japanese are able to continue their advance through the Coral Sea towards Papua New Guinea.May 10, 1942 - Operation MOA Japanese invasion fleet consisting of the repaired light carriers IJN Shōkaku and Zuikaku as well as numerous support and transport ships, once again led by Vice-Admiral Takeo Takagi. The allies, detect the incoming fleet through radar and hastily man their defenses, but although they are determined to defend the port at all costs, they do not possess the strength needed to repel the attack. Within moments, waves of Japanese fighters and bombers strike Port Moresby from all directions. The allies only have Army land-based bombers which pose little threat to the ships underway at sea. Port Moresby is surrounded by the Navy from the south and the Army approaching from the north through the Kokoda Track. Preceding a naval bombardment and air attacks, Japanese transports are soon deployed and advance towards the beaches.As many as 10,000 Japanese marines of the Port Moresby Occupation Force led by Rear-Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka, land on points both east and west of the port. They swiftly capture vital areas and engage its desperate defenders while the western spearhead conducts a flanking maneuver on the port, surrounding large pockets of allied soldiers. Meanwhile to the north, Imperial Army units engage the withering Australian troops on the Kokoda Track in an area known as “the Gap”. With Port Moresby surrounded and the chances of support now diminished, the Australian defenders slowly begin to crumble, allowing the Japanese Army to swiftly overrun them. Within a matter of days, the last defenders are either killed or captured, meeting up with the occupation force days later.With Port Moresby in the Imperial hands, we are able to reinforce our position by air, sea, and, to a lesser degree, land. Considering that the allies have no close airbases or anchorages to resist us, most of the southern coast of New Guinea is conquered. From New Guinea, we are able to launch attacks against Australia. Most significantly, this will affect Australia’s tenuous supply line to the United States. From Port Moresby, Japanese aircraft and submarines exact a heavy toll on allied shipping, depriving Australia of essential supplies and resources.The Imperial Japanese Navy and Air Services also carry out attacks on Australia itself. From the aircraft carriers IJN Shōkaku and Zuikaku, Japanese fighters and bombers soar across Australian cities launching bombing raids similar to the raid on Darwin on February 19, 1942, these attacks have a large psychological effect, even if their physical impact is quite insignificant. Eventually forcing Canberra to withdraw its troops fighting in other theaters, such as North Africa and Burma, weakening allied forces elsewhere and relieving pressure on our German and Italian allies. Having effectively isolated Australia, Canberra is forced to come to terms with Tokyo.The conquest of Port Moresby signals the implementation of Operation FS in the Pacific. Through quick planning and execution, the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy successfully invades and occupies the islands of Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia in quick succession, while significantly expanding the Empire’s defensive perimeter in the South Pacific. Seeing that our forces are seemingly jumping from one island to the next, Vice-Admiral Nagumo christens this maneuver as: “island-hopping”.Once informed of the American defeat at the Coral Sea, President Roosevelt delivers a speech, which is broadcast on radios across the United States, where he vows to:“… Smash the expansionist Japanese war machine, liberate the conquered nations of Asia and kick the Imperial Military all the way back to Tokyo”.Although the Imperial Navy’s southwestern offensive at the Coral Sea is successful, we’re aware that the United States still has more carriers in the Pacific. Admiral Yamamoto looks to “plug the gaps” in Japan’s geostrategic cordon. First, this means securing our northern flank by occupying the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska in an operation codenamed: Operation AL. However, the most important objective is the island of Midway, which hosts a large U.S. military presence. Midway allows the United States to project power throughout the Central Pacific, by offering anchorage to its submarines and aircraft carriers. If the island were to fall to Japan, the Imperial Japanese Navy could turn that projection around, towards Hawaii and the U.S. western coast. And thus, Operation MI, is created with the objective of capturing Midway and destroying the U.S. Pacific Fleet. In order to better prepare ourselves, instructions are given to Japanese code-breakers to continue monitoring U.S. messages and report any/all suspicious activity immediately.Moments later, a Japanese radio operator intercepts a plain-text radio message from Midway saying that the island is running out of water. Confused, the Japanese radio operator turns to his superior officer and asks:“Why are they sending this in the clear? Don’t they care that we know that Midway is running out of water?”With a bit of imagination, Japanese intelligence analysts guess that this is a deliberate attempt at deception on the part of the United States in hopes of luring us into a trap. Alarmed by America’s intentions, we are faced with a dilemma. We could either call off our attack on Midway, choosing other targets for Japan’s aircraft carriers; perhaps an offensive towards India, Australia, or Dutch Harbor in Alaska. However, we’re well aware of the necessity of dealing a critical blow to the U.S. Pacific Fleet in order to maintain the strategic initiative. Looking to finish off the U.S. carriers once and for all, Admiral Yamamoto prepares plans to set his own trap against the United States at Midway. In accordance with the Imperial Navy’s Kantai Kessen, or decisive battle doctrine, the Imperial Navy General Staff hopes to draw the remaining U.S. carriers into a decisive battle. With the U.S. Pacific Fleet removed and Hawaii under threat, we hope that the United States will sue for a negotiated peace, securing Japan’s conquests in Asia.Calculating that two, or perhaps three U.S. carriers oppose us, we count on superiority in numbers. Strongly suspecting that the United States is aware of our plans, I advise Vice-Admiral Chūichi Nagumo to deploy submarines in advance of the rest of the fleet, in a screen between Midway and Hawaii. The stage is set for one of the most decisive engagements in naval history.June 4, 1942The 1st Mobile Striking Force consisting of four Japanese aircraft carriers IJN Akagi, Kaga, Soryu and Hiryu, under Vice-Admiral Nagumo steams towards Midway Atoll. Meanwhile, Admiral Yamamoto and I with the “Main Naval Body” along with Admiral Nobutake Kondō’s “Midway Invasion Force”, remain on standby. At 04:30, a strike of 108 aircraft is launched against Midway. Leading the strike is Lieutenant Joichi Tomonaga, a veteran of the Sino-Japanese war. At the same time of the launch of the strike group, reconnaissance planes are sent out from the escorting cruisers, although Nagumo labels this as a precautionary air-search, with only seven planes to cover more than 176,000 square miles along with bad weather and suspicious activity reported in the area, I advise him to double his search efforts as a safety measure.As the military proverb goes: “No plan survives contact with the enemy.” and today will be no exception. At 05:32 an American PBY “Catalina”, is spotted surveying the Kidō Butai. Damn, Nagumo has been spotted and the element of surprise has been lost, this means that Americans will be able to get their land-based aircraft airborne, before his strike arrives.Moments later as predicted, the Americans are able to launch all their planes before the Japanese strike arrives. American bombers aim for our carriers while the fighters stay behind to defend the islands, there are 18 obsolete Brewster F2A “Buffaloes” and six Grumman F4F “Wildcats”. They intercept the Japanese strike force at 06:20, 30 miles from the base, they do not stand a chance against our more agile Mitsubishi A6M Zeros. In the ensuing battle, 13 Buffaloes and two Wildcats are destroyed. Our carrier strike aircraft push through and begin their bomb runs. Second Carrier Division level bombers strike first at 06:34, the dive bombers come next at 06:40. On Easter Island, the power plant, command posts, gasoline lines and mess hall are destroyed with minor damage caused on the run ways. On Sand Island, the oil tanks are set ablaze and the water lines are hit, a seaplane hangar and various base facilities are also destroyed, the damage to Midway’s support facilities is heavy but the base it not out of the fight, with 11 Japanese planes lost and 14 rendered unserviceable upon landing back at their carriers. The Air Group Commander Lieutenant Tomonaga looks back at the condition of Midway, and with great dissatisfaction, reports back to Vice-Admiral Nagumo that a second strike is needed to neutralize the base.At 07:10, six Grumman TBF “Avenger” torpedo bombers and four Army Martin B-26 “Marauder” medium bombers, are spotted approaching the carriers. Over 30 Zero fighters are sent to destroy the 10 American war planes, the Avengers go for the IJN Hiryu. The Zeroes swarm over them and pick them off one by one, the torpedo bombers are shot down. Only two are able to launch at the Hiryu but from extreme range and miss. The four B-26’s which have been modified to carry torpedoes go for the IJN Akagi, only two are able to launch but also miss, one B-26 though damaged, makes no attempt to pull out of its attack, instead it aims directly at the Akagi’s bridge. Nagumo and his staff are surprised of the American’s recklessness, the bomber presses on and at the last minute narrowly misses the bridge and crashes into the sea.At 07:53, a new force is spotted approaching the Mobile Force. 16 Marine Corps Douglas SBD “Dauntless” dive bombers, nine Zeros set out to destroy them, the dive bombers press on and aim for the Hiryu. Instead of going for a steep dive ensuring accuracy, the planes conduct a glide bombing attack. The pilots clearly inexperienced with this tactic manage to bracket the Hiryu with near misses but ultimately score no hits losing half their squadron leaving eight to return to Midway to only one Zero. Shortly after, 15 Army Boeing B-17 “Flying Fortresses”, attack from 20,000 feet. At this altitude, the B-17s are immune to our anti-aircraft fire, however, this also greatly diminishes their accuracy. They attack the IJN Soryu, Hiryu and Akagi, but the carriers have sufficient time to conduct evasive maneuvers and avoid the bombs.Midway’s final attack comes at 08:27, 11 old Marine Corps Vought SB2U “Vindicator” dive bombers arrive from the southeast. These obsolete bombers wisely decide not to attack our formidably defended carriers and instead select the battleship Haruna as their target. There are 11 fighters on Combat Air Patrol to oppose them, the Americans persist and make their dives on the Haruna but once again, none score a hit. In the midst of this attack, an American submarine is spotted and at 08:25, fires a torpedo at the battleship Kirishima which narrowly dodges by turning to port, while a Japanese destroyer is detached and sent in pursuit to hunt for the submarine. It is a narrow escape for the Kidō Butai although the determination of the Americans is admirable, their skill has proved unimpressive but has kept the carriers off-balance and unable to launch fighters while under attack. Hoping to maintain air superiority, Nagumo pulls his forces 30 miles northwest and prepares his planes for takeoff as quickly as possible for another strike on Midway, and for his submarines and scout planes to continue searching the area for enemy activity.During the early morning attacks on the Kidō Butai, a more serious situation develops between Nagumo and his staff. After 07:00, Nagumo receives Tomonaga’s report that a second strike is needed. The news is unpleasant but had actually been expected, as how could a force of 72 bombers half of which armed with medium-sized bombs be expected to neutralize a fortified base? Nagumo wonders what to do, either wait for Tomonaga to return, refuel and rearm and perform a second strike. But this would take time, time he may not have as the Americans could take this time to lick their wounds and reform their defenses resulting in higher casualties. Or use his reserve planes who are standing by, but these are off the table, as Yamamoto ordered them to remain in reserve in the event of U.S. carriers being discovered. There are simply not enough planes to perform the dual mission to both attack Midway and keep a reserve in case enemy carriers appear. Nagumo needs to make a critical decision quickly, as our plan to seize Midway and destroy the enemy carriers depends on him. But with his search planes reaching their maximum range and no signs of enemy activity, to Nagumo, Midway is clearly still a threat and as long as its airbase remains operational, it poses a serious danger to his carriers. Midway has to be neutralized, thus at 07:15, Vice-Admiral Nagumo goes against our instructions and orders the rearmament of his reserve aircraft. Torpedoes are removed and replaced with land bombs, this chaotic yet fast-paced process occurs in the hangars of the 1st Carrier Division. Once hearing of Nagumo’s decision, Yamamoto feels disappointment for Nagumo yet at the same time, he expected this kind of behavior as with only four carriers instead of six, he can only work with what he’s got. In total, this process would take 1 1/2 hours to complete. Then, 30 minutes into the rearmament process, at 07:45, Nagumo receives a report that a delayed Tone plane No.4 comes across an American force, “sight what appears to be 10 enemy surface units…”.Nagumo is unsure what kind of surface units there are and this is highly unsettling, either carriers or auxiliary units. A similar event occurred to Admiral Takeo Takagi a month earlier in the Battle of the Coral Sea, and Nagumo does not want to repeat his mistake. But why would there be a force 240 miles northeast of Midway? There is no reason for a force to be in this location unless it contains a carrier, and if it did contain one or two, they would be in a prime position to unleash an attack on the Japanese flank. And more importantly, why was it steering into the wind? As it is known, it is procedure for aircraft carriers to steam into the wind when launching their aircraft. Nagumo and his staff see the validity of these two clues but come to the conclusion that it is most likely just a surface force. Wanting to verify what types of surface units they are and their exact location, Nagumo sends his submarines to their supposed location, and stand by immediately in the event that it does contain enemy carriers.Second, the rearmament was not as devastating as many believe, the Aichi D3A Type 99 Val dive bombers weren’t as affected by this, only the Nakajima B5N2 Kates. 34 have been armed with torpedoes but now only 19 are ready with 15 switched to land bombs, so instead of having a full strike complement of 78 planes, Nagumo has only 64 planes properly armed, more than enough to sink any task force encountered. Another factor Nagumo is restricted to is time, as Lieutenant Tomonaga’s force will soon be arriving at about 08:15 and will be low on fuel, meaning they need to be landed quickly or risk being forced to ditch at sea. Remembering that his time is severely restricted and not wanting to lose planes by ditching, at 07:45, Nagumo decides to spot and launch a second air strike. Down below, the crews in the hangars work feverishly to change the Kates with land bombs back again to torpedoes while ensuring that the bombs are properly stored away. Above in the bridge, Nagumo waits impatiently for further information.At 08:20, identification of the surface units finally comes through, “the enemy is accompanied by what appears to be a Carrier” this is further verified by Japanese submarines scouting the area. Luckily, Nagumo’s carriers are 30 miles farther northwest of their original position. What’s more, with the last morning attacks dying down by 08:37, his planes can begin recovering the aircraft. With the last of his aircraft recovered, Nagumo is now free to begin spotting his planes on the decks, all he needs is a 45 minute uninterrupted window and a powerful counterstrike will be dealt to the Americans.Off to the north, enemy aircraft are spotted. And not a moment too soon, as Nagumo’s planes are ready for take-off and Tomonaga’s forces have landed. Despite these favorable circumstances, Nagumo needs to take steps to protect his carriers from the forthcoming assault in order to allow his strike to launch. 15 Douglas TBD “Devastator” torpedo bombers are coming in and with no escorts, they are easy prey for the 30 fighters protecting the mobile force. Once receiving news of the situation, Nagumo prepares his planes for battle. The carriers turn to port to present their stern to the incoming attackers in a stern pursuit which puts the Devastators at a disadvantage because of their slow speed and poor range. Barely breaking 100 knots while carrying their ordinance, the fighters swarm over them with impunity and tear them to pieces, with only three getting close enough to threaten the Soryu but only one is able to launch his torpedo, but luckily misses and is shot down.As soon as the attack is over, at 09:40, another begins from the south. Fortunately, his planes now refueled and rearmed are ready for take-off and begin launching. The 14 Devastator torpedo bombers arrive unescorted, both divisions choose the Kaga as their target attempting to perform an anvil maneuver, which proves difficult for their slow lumbering planes. They arrive unopposed but then, swarms of Zeros swarm over them and the rightmost division takes the brunt of the attack. The bombers manage to launch several torpedoes but the Kaga skillfully avoids them. After which, just as Nagumo’s counterstrike begins takeoff, a third attack begins, consisting of six Wildcats and 12 Devastators. Judging this to be the third torpedo squadron, there definitely has to be more than one carrier nearby. Once receiving the news, we are delighted, because if all carriers are together, we have a chance to destroy them once and for all. With all fighters in the air, the third attack wave is decimated while the counterstrike force soars towards the carriers.Instead of finding an unprepared Japanese fleet in the middle of rearming for a second bombing run on Midway, the American carriers run right into a prepared ambush, carried out by superior aircraft and the world’s most experienced aircrews.With superior numbers and clever tactics, Japanese A6M Zeros make short work of American fighters and bombers, meanwhile in a spectacular sea battle, Nagumo’s counterstrike skillfully attacks and destroys the USS Hornet, Yorktown and Enterprise. Yamamoto and I along with the Main Force arrive during the latter stages of the battle, and witness the destruction of all three American carriers. The United States suffers a catastrophic defeat at Midway losing all of their committed aircraft carriers. Following this glorious victory to be remembered, I declare:“One by one the American bases are falling under our relentless pressure. We are like a tide, washing them away. And like a tide, nothing can stop us and soon we will surge towards Hawaii.”With the enemy carriers destroyed, our sights now turn towards Midway Atoll; although heavily defended, the island is surrounded. With the U.S. carriers gone, we have aerial dominance, allowing Imperial warships and aircraft led by Lieutenant Tomonaga to bomb the defenders at will. Once Midway’s defenses have been softened up, Admiral Kondō’s invasion force arrives two days later. 5,000 Japanese marines from the Special Naval Landing Forces, invade Easter Island, eliminating what little resistance remains and securing the islands command posts and runways in a matter of moments. Soon after, Sand Island is invaded, seizing what remains of the base, taking many American soldiers prisoner and capturing vital equipment and information. With Midway now under Japanese control, engineers are sent in with orders to begin reconstruction efforts to utilize the island against the United States. With the U.S. disaster at sea, we hope this will be enough to demoralize the Americans and force them to sue for a negotiated peace.The United States Navy is left with only one carrier in the entire Pacific (the U.S.S. Saratoga, which was being refitted in San Diego during the battle). Although the U.S. would be able to construct new carriers in time, which could potentially overwhelm the Imperial Japanese Navy, this would take time. According to reports, no new U.S. carriers will be completed before the end of 1942, essentially giving the Empire of Great Japan free reign in the Pacific Ocean for another six months to a year. With our supply lines secured along with rising industrial capacity from China, Imperial General Headquarters orders new aircraft and tank designs for the Army be put into production while also permitting other projects such as the F-Go Project and Design A-150 to continue unabated.Meanwhile in Washington, some in President Roosevelt’s cabinet begin suggesting that he attempt to negotiate peace with the Empire, but he refuses, stating:“If we negotiate, we are betraying not only our allies and those Asian nations ground down under the jackboot of Japanese expansionism, but we are betraying those brave American servicemen who have died fighting a ruthless and unforgiving enemy”.This message soon reaches Japan, it becomes clear that there is probably little chance that the Americans would be willing to negotiate with Tokyo despite their disaster at Midway. Although the Imperial Japanese Navy retains the strategic initiative for the time being, We know that the Americans will eventually return. The Empire will have to continue its advance. With no U.S. carriers to oppose us, attacks and raids against India, Alaska, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) are other possibilities.However, there is another possibility. Several Imperial naval officers, argue that after the occupation of Midway, an island-hopping campaign should be undertaken with the final goal being the conquest of Hawaii. This is a tall order in any case, with the Imperial Japanese Navy operating at the end of an extremely long supply line, but without a U.S. carrier force to oppose us, it is at least theoretically plausible. In any case, Hawaii would be increasingly isolated. In planning for an amphibious invasion of Hawaii, it is estimated that there would need to be at least three infantry divisions totaling 45,000 troops. To put it in perspective, this invasion force is 10 times larger than the invasion force committed to the battle of Midway. And even if we somehow manage to land 45,000 troops on Hawaii, we would have to face the next problem - providing supplies and fire support to sustain a potentially lengthy invasion. Those 45,000 Japanese troops would require huge quantities of supply of all kinds - foods, ammunition, medical aids, etc… All of these would have to be moved from Japan, stored on Midway and transported regularly to Hawaii for the invasion force. Again, the lack of shipping capacity would have made steady supply difficult.We also receive reports that, after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Navy and U.S. Army have been on high alert. Alarmed by the possibility of a Japanese invasion, the U.S. military have frantically and drastically strengthened the defense on Hawaii. By April 1942, the U.S. Army’s garrison on Hawaii numbered 62,700 troops. The U.S. Army Air Force had 8,900 servicemen. The U.S. Army planned to raise that number to at least 115,000 personnel for both the ground force and air force in the coming future. Complemented Army personnel are the tens of thousands of active personnel of the U.S. Navy in Pearl Harbor. By now, Hawaii is garrisoned with 150,000 U.S. military personnel of all branches - most of whom are stationed on Oahu. While few naval officers support the idea, I assure them that in time Hawaii will fall. But for now, I order the Japanese occupation force on Midway to continue their efforts to crack the allied codes and use Midway’s airfields to launch bombing raids on Pearl Harbor and Honolulu as well as order Japanese submarines to surround Hawaii and destroy any/all American naval vessels and supply ships in hopes of starving Hawaii into submission.With Australia effectively neutralized and America at bay, we would need to focus on a far greater threat. Informing Imperial General Headquarters that we will need to make plans to aid our German and Italian allies by launching our own invasion, against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.The Imperial High Command is shocked, saying that Japan would be destroyed if we attacked Russia as we are not fully prepared for such an operation. Knowing this, I explain that in order for Japan to survive, we would need to coordinate an attack with the Germans. Theorizing that if Germany falls, Japan will be the Soviet Union’s next target. Understanding the danger the U.S.S.R. poses, Imperial General Headquarters reluctantly agrees for a coordinated attack. In order to properly carry out an invasion and to stay ahead of the Allies, I instruct the Japanese government to contact the German government in order to organize a naval rendezvous, exchanging vital information and equipment in exchange for raw materials from China and the Dutch East Indies while also informing them of our plans. The benefits for us are great: new airplane blueprints, radar detectors and Enigma coding machines. The advanced German technologies will help us counter the industrial capacity of the United States and the Soviet Union. In addition to blueprints and designs, Japan also receives shipments of quality uranium ore and heavy water. The Germans also inform us that they’re planning a summer offensive codenamed: Fall Blau (Case Blue), and that a Japanese invasion should be undertaken as soon as possible. While Imperial Japanese Army General Staff drafts plans for our offensive codenamed: Kantokuen, the Army orders an increase in military personnel along the border between the Soviet Union and Manchukuo and an increase in reconnaissance as every possible detail will need to be accounted for. Manpower shortages are filled in with Japanese units from less vulnerable areas like Southeast Asia, as well as Japanese trained Chinese recruits. While our Pacific holdings are being secured, I order the Japanese garrisons to continue fortifying the islands and for the Imperial Navy to remain on high alert in case of an American counterattack.June 28, 1942In the early morning, the German Wehrmacht initiates Fall Blau. Simultaneously, breaking the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Imperial Japanese Army initiates Operation Kantokuen, opening a second front on the Soviet Union in the Far-East and relieving pressure on our German allies. From the waters of the Sea of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Navy bombards Soviet coastal cities such as Vladivostok and Yakutsk and launch their Special Naval Landing Forces to capture vital ports and establish beachheads. The Soviet Far-Eastern armies are caught off-guard as they were not expecting a Japanese attack, even still the Soviets scramble to man their heavy coastal guns and open fire upon Japanese ships. From our aircraft carriers, Japanese Zero fighters and bombers soar across Soviet territory and attack strategic areas such as railways, airfields, industrial centers, and military installations. At dawn, three Imperial Japanese Army Groups led by the mighty Kwantung Army, cross into communist territory from Manchukuo and Mengjiang. Japanese mechanized divisions are able to quickly overrun and inflict heavy casualties on the Red Army, beginning our own drive towards the west in an attempt to reach Lake Baikal and later the Yenisei River.Brutal battles rage all across the front while Soviet and Japanese Air Forces engage in spectacular dogfights in an attempt to establish air supremacy. Meanwhile in Moscow, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin is informed about the Japanese invasion of the Far-East. Upon hearing the news, he falls into a state of shock as the day he has feared for so long has finally arrived. Red Army High Command is now caught in a conundrum: Fight a two-front war and risk losing more ground, or concentrate the majority of the Red Army on fending off one enemy first. Now in a state of panic, Stalin orders his generals to divert part of the Red Army to the Far-East to halt and push back the Japanese. Days later, due to the arrival of fresh Soviet divisions, the Red Army slowly begins to overtake Imperial forces due to their superior numbers and superior tank designs like the T-34/85 and KV-1. But due to production of advanced tank designs by Japanese engineers, the Imperial Japanese Army is now reinforced by new and formidable Type 4 Chi-To and Type 5 Chi-Ri tanks whose 75mm guns and better armor, make them more than a match for the Russian T-34. In order to further hamper the Soviet war effort, I order the Japanese forces to continuously bomb and strafe the Trans-Siberian Railway Network or if possible capture it in hopes of severing communication and supply lines to the Far-Eastern armies. With a sizable portion of the Red Army fighting in the Far-East, the Japanese launch assault after assault upon Soviet positions causing heavy casualties on both sides. Such losses require more troops be diverted from the European front, thereby relieving pressure on our European counterparts and allowing the Wehrmacht to advance deeper into Soviet territory and make greater progress resulting in the capture of the city of Stalingrad by mid-September, completely cutting off the Caucasus region and leading to the subsequent capture of the Soviet oilfields.The loss of the oilfields is a serious blow to the Soviet Union, German and Japanese intelligence analysts calculate that without sufficient oil supplies, Soviet industrial power will begin to collapse within a few weeks to months. Meanwhile, Japanese forces break through Soviet lines and reach Lake Baikal using nearby airfields to bomb and strafe enemy positions while simultaneously making significant gains in Mongolia liberating the oppressed citizens from Soviet rule. On the Russian front, the Germans take the initiative towards Moscow, meanwhile Army Group North and the Finnish Armies link up around Lake Ladoga completely cutting off Leningrad. A week later, the Germans are approaching Moscow. With Moscow under siege for the second time, Stalin orders the swift transportation of several Soviet divisions from the Finnish front in a last ditch attempt to relieve the Soviet capital. The Soviet Far-Eastern armies begin to collapse while Japanese forces fully occupy Mongolia and invade Tannu Tuva soon after. Even the troops arriving from the Finnish front aren’t able to save Moscow, the city is captured and razed to the ground, and Leningrad follows shortly after. Stalin is missing, rumored to have been killed by his own. As the news of the defeat spreads, the Soviet Union collapses and both the Allies and Axis take advantage of the chaos and occupy strategic areas of the country.Early 1943, the Soviet Union is no more. In its place many states arise but they quickly become prey to the great powers. The Wehrmacht quickly invades and occupies Central Asia before the British could seize it, in order to link up with the Imperial Japanese Army. Within two weeks the Wehrmacht reaches the borders of Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang meeting up with the German-trained National Revolutionary Army. The Russian Far-East is organized into a semi-autonomous republic loyal to the Empire with Vladivostok designated as its temporary capital led by the Russian Fascist Konstantin Rodzaevsky, fulfilling his vision of leading anti-Bolshevik White Russian forces and liberating the people of Russia from Bolshevik rule, while similar events take place in European Russia. Once order is restored, I order the Imperial Japanese Army to withdraw from the Far-East to shorten supply lines, while leaving several garrisons to occupy strategic areas.Once news of the Soviet Union’s defeat reaches Washington, it send shockwaves through U.S. High Command who seek to cover it up. But eventually, the news is leaked to the public causing anti-war protests and civil unrest. Once again, there are calls for President Roosevelt to negotiate peace with the Empire before the United States loses any more territory. When President Roosevelt is presented with a motion by Senator Crosby calling for peace with Japan, Roosevelt loses his temper:“I can't believe my ears! You all stand before me waving a piece of paper crying 'Negotiate, negotiate!' I WILL NOT! DO YOU HEAR ME?! I WILL NOT, NOT, NOT!”While the loss of the Soviet Union is discouraging, Roosevelt is determined to achieve absolute victory at any cost, while secretly, several political and military officials begin considering the idea of impeachment. In Great Britain, news of the loss of another ally triggers protests and riots, Winston Churchill is forced to resign. Both the Americans and Axis prepare plans to invade the British overseas possessions to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Soon after, the British Cabinet asks Germany for an armistice. The Americans quickly occupy strategic regions still in British hands in the Middle East and in the Atlantic.Meanwhile, with new technology, a secure stream of natural resources and with Australia neutralized and the U.S.S.R defeated, we are now be able to concentrate our full military strength against the United States. Japan now enters a state of total war. By mid-1943, three new players enter the Pacific War: the I-400-class submarine, the world’s first submarine-aircraft carrier, and a Design A-150 Super Yamato-class Battleship designated as the IJN Asahi with a second one under construction. In addition, I’m also informed that the Imperial Armed Forces have developed a new aircraft, one capable of striking the continental United States, the Nakajima G10N Fugaku ultra-long range heavy bomber. Additional resources are also poured into the F-Go Project in order to develop a new type of secret weapon. For now, its capabilities are unknown, but Japanese scientists working on nuclear fission are extremely gifted and have better understanding of radiation emitted from the fission. A new type of “super bomb” is under production and our scientists estimate it would be complete by late next year.I-400-class submarineIJN Asahi Super Yamato-class battleshipAlthough an invasion of the U.S. west coast has been contemplated, Imperial Headquarters understands that an invasion of the mainland United States would be practical suicide, so it is decided that launching bombing raids over major American cities would be the best possible option. Looking to test the capabilities of this new aircraft, I order a squadron of them be flown to Midway Atoll. Upon arrival, they are to be refueled and equipped (if need be), for what will be their first mission. In order to further maximize our chances of success, I order several Japanese submarines near Hawaii to advance eastward near several coastal cities to act as reconnaissance in order to identify potential targets. Within a matter of hours, we receive word that the Americans are producing a new type of battleship designated as the Iowa-class as well as new Essex-class aircraft carriers, destroyers and other warships in mass quantities. Alerted by these new threats, Japanese naval officers make plans to use the G10N Fugaku in an attempt to destroy these new naval vessels as soon as possible while ordering the submarines to remain on standby.July 5, 1943Five Nakajima G10N Fugaku bombers depart from Midway on route towards the American west coast. Hours later, the bombers arrive over their first destination: San Francisco, which hosts a large U.S. military presence. Once in position, the Fugaku release several tons of bombs over key industrial and military targets including factories, power plants, shipyards, dry docks and oil reserves. While simultaneously, Japanese submarines are ordered to fire upon any/all docked ships. Once enough devastation is made, the bombers quickly move on toward their next targets. Although the Americans scramble fighter planes to intercept and destroy the bombers, the American fighters are unable to reach the heights the Fugaku are able to fly at and are subsequently shot down themselves. Once the bombers arrive over the cities of Los Angeles and San Diego, whilst evading heavy American anti-aircraft fire and fighter planes, the bombers successfully release their payload over their designated targets. However, as our submarines prepare to launch their torpedoes, they discover that several aircraft carriers and destroyers are no longer in port. Quickly realizing what must’ve happened, Imperial Navy General Staff immediately orders the submarines and bombers to withdraw from the area. Soon after, submarine contact is lost, although the Fugaku some of which damaged, manage to safely return to Midway.Despite moderate casualties, the United States has been dealt another blow, our new bombers and submarines had successfully infiltrated American waters and airspace destroying vital industrial and military targets. The message is clear: We Japanese can strike anywhere, at any time. And the Americans now know this.Looking to end this war as soon as possible, I give the go for unrestricted submarine warfare. Ordering our submarines near Hawaii to scout the Pacific in search for the new U.S. Pacific Fleet and destroy any/all vessels on sight. While our submarines hunt for the Americans, I request a meeting with Imperial High Command to discuss plans to end the Pacific War once and for all. After long discussions, IJN General Staff officers like Commander Mitsuo Fuchida and Captain Minoru Genda in particular, strongly suggest that with all other opposition eliminated, supply lines improved, and with most of the Pacific Ocean under our control, an island-hopping campaign should be implemented. Agreeing that now is the time, I order plans be made. We spend the next six weeks feverishly drafting an amphibious operation designated as: Operation HI, the amphibious assault of Pearl Harbor. Every detail must be anticipated, a slip now might wreck Japan’s chance of a swift crushing victory. But in order to properly carry out the offensive, we will first need to locate and destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet as their presence could threaten further offensive operations.Our sights have turned on Pearl Harbor, the greatest prize of all. But before we attack it directly, we plan to launch amphibious strikes on the small bases and communications stations on the outlying islands around it. By doing this, we’ll damage America’s ability to identify the main attack and to communicate and coordinate a strong response. We expect resistance, even to these smaller raids to be strong, and we can only rely on the support of our naval air force. So tight effective air support is the answer. With these strikes achieved, Hawaii will soon fall to the Japanese.November 2, 1943 - Near HawaiiJapanese aircraft carriers IJN Akagi and Kaga along with several warships and transport vessels move in to capture several key islands. This mission is also the introduction of new aircraft designs such as the Kawasaki Ki-61 “Hien” and the Nakajima Ki-84 “Hayate” fighters as well as the I-400 submarine launched Aichi M6A “Seiran” floatplane. The Hien and Hayate fighters patrol and strafe land installations and help hinder enemy movement softening up defenses for Japanese Marines, while the Seiran patrol the sea in case of enemy ships. After a while, as Japanese Marines begin landing on the islands, IJN Kaga is suddenly hit by American torpedo planes while barely missing the Akagi. Kaga’s flight deck is severely damaged as she struggles to stay afloat, meanwhile two enemy escort carriers and transport ships appear over the horizon, attempting to retake the islands. New North American P-51 “Mustang” fighters accompanied by Wildcats take to the skies and engage our planes in heated dogfights. Japanese ships, bombers and torpedo planes mount desperate attacks upon the escort carriers and supply ships. Constant harassment by Mustang fighters causes casualties to rise considerably, in response, all focus is directed towards the U.S. escort carriers, all guns, bombs and torpedoes are fired at the carriers causing huge explosions and smoke pillars reaching for miles into the atmosphere. The loss of their escort carriers causes the rest of the U.S. fleet to pull back while our forces successfully capture the islands. Through sacrifice, the Japanese have taken the islands surrounding Hawaii. Bases are established to block enemy attempts to provide supplies to Hawaii, and Japanese code-breakers have successfully cracked the Allied codes. The success of this strategy will be proven in the forthcoming battle, the most important of the war: the amphibious assault on Pearl Harbor.After the attack, our fleet returns to Japanese territory for repairs and refueling. The Americans have proved just how determined they are to defend their remaining territories. Once more, we contact the Germans urging them to step up their U-Boat attacks on Allied shipping in the Atlantic as a way to draw at least some attention away from the Pacific. Suddenly, we receive information from our spy ring operating in America stating that the United States has stepped up their research on a government project codenamed: Manhattan Engineering District. German spies also report similar accounts and is believed to be nearing completion despite low morale and war support from the general population. For years, we’ve been well aware that the Americans are building nuclear programs and experimenting with nuclear fission, as are the Germans with Virus Haus, Japan with the F-Go Project, and to a lesser extent the Soviets with Programme Number One. Determined to beat the Americans to the punch, the IJN orders the largest and most powerful fleet ever assembled to mobilize near Midway for an unrelenting push towards Hawaii in hopes of using the island as a negotiating tool for ending the war, once and for all.We have brought the American giant to its knees. Step-by-step we have pushed the U.S. forces back across the Pacific to just one location. Pearl Harbor is where this started and where it will end, we expect the Americans to throw everything they have at us, this is their last stand. But the Imperial Japanese Navy has faced them before and won. So we will take Hawaii at any cost and we will keep it, it is expected that every member of the Imperial Japanese Military will fight harder than they have ever fought before. If we can bring this war across the world’s biggest ocean to an end in one battle, it would be a great and glorious victory for Japan.January 1, 1944 - Operation HIOnce again, Japan’s entire Combined Fleet (Kidō Butai) surges towards the island of Oahu for an all-out assault. Wanting to be part of this historic battle, I personally lead the Imperial Japanese Navy towards Mamala Bay from my flagship Super Yamato IJN Asahi accompanied by Marshal-Admiral Yamamoto and Admiral Nagumo from her sister ship IJN Musashi. To boost morale among the Imperial Japanese Navy and prepare them for the forthcoming battle, I declare:“The Great East Asia War is coming to an end. Our Empire stretches far across the Pacific. However, Pearl Harbor is not how we found it before. The Americans know we are coming, they’ll have dug themselves in deep. This is their last stand. But despite their defiance, Toho Sakusen will prevail. The Rising Sun will fly proudly above Hawaii soon”.Moments later, the U.S. Pacific Fleet is spotted forming a blockade thus commencing the Battle for Hawaii. Ships burst and sink in tremendous numbers but even though the American Fleet is a force to be reckoned with, no expense is spared and nothing is held back, Hawaii has to fall here and now. In the skies above, hundreds of Ki-61 Hiens and P-51 Mustangs engage in spectacular dogfights the likes of which have never been seen before. Meanwhile, the IJN Asahi engages the USS Iowa, American and Japanese submarines attack and sink opposing ships. Eventually through clever naval strategy, proper air cover and superior aircraft, the Imperial Japanese Navy is able to outmaneuver and cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet. After the last enemy ships have been destroyed, I order a naval bombardment upon any/all American fortifications on the island. Once the shores of Hawaii are exposed, the Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces and Army units are sent in.Wave after wave of battle-hardened soldiers supported by Type 3 Ka-Chi amphibious tanks advance along the shores towards Pearl Harbor and Honolulu, the sheer number of troops and armored vehicles is overwhelming for the poorly supplied Americans. Within hours of hard fighting, Japanese troops reach the suburbs of Honolulu. Now it is street fighting, house by house. Everyone a natural redoubt for desperate defenders.Casualties mount, resistance stiffens, but the Japanese armies cannot be halted now.Later as Japanese forces converge on the center of Honolulu, the fighting embraces everything and everyone in the battlefield. Military and civilian casualties continue to rise while Japanese bombers pound the city to rubble. Eventually, no longer able to bear such losses, all American military activity ceases and a surrender is forced.Hawaii is ours! Once an American state, now part of the mighty Japanese Empire. President Roosevelt is sure to open negotiations with us. We have struck a mighty blow for Japan, and I’m proud to be part of it!Soon after, a formal surrender ceremony is held onboard the IJN Asahi in San Francisco Bay, near the Golden Gate Bridge. General Douglas MacArthur representing the United States of America, signs the official Instrument of Surrender while Marshal-Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto signs for the Empire of Great Japan.Japan is victorious! The final decisive battle has been fought. The remnants of the American fleet were no match for us, Hawaii now belongs to her rightful owner, the Japanese Empire. And those living under enemy rule have been freed and reunited with their brothers, the vision of a Greater East Asia under Japanese rule has become a reality. With the whole of Greater East Asia liberated, I along with the victorious Japanese armies return to Japan to a hero’s welcome and with a new sense of pride and honor the likes of which the world has never seen before. With the Axis Powers victorious, and following the Declaration of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere by Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister Tōjō, I would’ve fulfilled my promise of victory for Japan and continue to serve the Empire faithfully as a dedicated soldier and decorated war hero. Hopefully later on with the support of the Japanese people, the Imperial Japanese Military and the Imperial government, I would be selected by the Emperor himself to serve as the next Prime Minister of the Empire of Great Japan and Chairman of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

This is a generalization of an entire group of people. We tend to judge an ethnic group by the members of that group that stand out the most and especially if time and time again members of that group have acted out the stereotypes typically associated with them.While stereotypes in 2018 tend to be a somewhat politically incorrect classficational method, they are still a valid combination of heuristic principles in terms of data collection that tends to be shrugged off due to the current ethics of science, which prevent some unethical scientific experimentation such as lobotomies for the study of neuroscience, or the pursuit of endeavors that have grown to be associated with taboo topics, such as the connection between the field of Eugenics and Nazism.So, from an impartial perspective, we can simply say that there are many groups bearing many levels of education on many different topics in the United States. An academic ranking of a country such as that placing the US 17th in educational performance for one year is not a good indicator of generalized knowledge nor intellectual capacity(naturally wired brain due to genetics, and this is a reality despite being a touchy subject due to it’s synonymity with eugenics), the same way an average salary ranking is not a good indicator of income inside a country.The former being due to the fact that international rankings tend to be compiled from voluntary samples of the population, through organized, standardized testing, disregarding local records of educational performance from elementary and secondary schools as well as collages and universities, which are not taken into account. Organizations such as Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa) tend to organize and conduct these tests that determine international rankings, which if you ask me, is a flawed method of comparison, as obviously each country would select their foremost students to participate in the study in anticipation of the study instead of some randomly selected sample of the general population, or the general population as a whole. So this study would actually be a good indicator of the ranking of that country’s foremost students more so than the general population, and that is only a temporary indicator, due to the fact that there are factors out of the control of educators, such as the proper education of those students with high potential that do not get the treatment from the system they deserve and thus do not produce the results they could’ve produced. All based on hypothetical “what ifs”, of course, but in some cases are a better indicator of educational performance and generalized intelligence given different criteria to be used.Their method of comparison would typically be the same as say, a criminal verdict being determined based on character references and character evidence, hearsay evidence, forensic evidence, statistical evidence, anecdotal evidence and direct evidence, which are all actually used to convict people worldwide as part of a commonly accepted due process.All of these are easily falsified, if you had sufficient knowledge and experience in law, criminology, forensic science, procedures, policing, psychology, forgery, biometrics, computers, etc.An alarming fact, yes, but given the lack of an alternative, it is the generally accepted theory and practice. Governments know this and what they can typically get away with and what they can’t is determined by another analysis they do - the one of what the general public can do in retaliation. What is truth today might be an obsolete illusion tomorrow, as history has taught us before in terms of sciences such as phrenology and the geocentric model of the universe.The US is not a good example of scholastic achievement in terms of the general public. The US has produced alot of thinkers, scientists, engineers, some due to a brain drain, but that is due to the fact that it gives financial incentive to achieve and attracts people from all over the world. Information related to education is stolen, or for a softer, less accusatory alternative - brought to - the US by thinkers from other parts of the world.As a large part of the 17th century and prior to that, for example, China and India were at the top of technological achievement.There are two general models of intelligence based on the genetics of different ethnic group - those with the impartial, politically correct idea that all humans, regardless of race, are equal, and thus there seems to be some mathematical equation used in determining what percentage of the population is most likely to be born with a certain IQ, such as the top 0.1 percent, top 1 percent, top 10 percent, top 50 percent, etc. that says say, 0.1 percent of all people, regardless of race and nationality and living standards and educational systems and cultural traditions and linguistics, are born with an IQ of 135 of more.Then there is the second model, which is a bit touchy because it is ethnocentric, but I think it is more accurate, due to my observations and research. The second model says that certain ethnic groups tend to have a predisposition to a higher level of intelligence than others. But it isn’t only genetic that plays a factor in this.Educational systems and cultural conditioning also play a large part in this, and so does language. In countries where life is more difficult and things are not as readily available, the population tends to be smarter as a whole, but this is not the absolute end of the spectrum.If we were to visualize it on a graph, it wouldn’t just be Y is the level of generalized intelligence, X is the level of difficulty in terms of living conditions and Z being the countries themselves.There would be a fourth category that makes this line fluctuate towards the end. That fourth category is actually a subset of factors, including societal views on educators, educational methodologies used by and taught to teachers, linguistics, nutritional quality, the availability and accessibility of sports and recreational activities amongst the general public, crime, corruption and political stability, spirituality and sociability of the population and availability of educational services.The most important aspect of how education will have an impact on educational performance and society as a whole is through the perceptions of what the role of the teacher is in society. Countries that tend to see the teacher as a future builder, an educator, a challenger and a helper, tend to provide more leniency on how teachers teach and discipline children and adults. These are countries such as China, Russia and India. Countries that tend to see the teacher as a babysitter, a conveyor of knowledge in exchange for some sort of reward, or as a necessary BUT temporary part of a person’s life instead of a permanent and integral part of a person’s life, tend to have dumb populations, such as the US, Canada, UK, and Australia and these countries play a somewhat skewed role in early childhood development, as well as cognitive and social development of the population later on in life. Their powers are typically limited by law, and thus a teacher’s priorities and motivations are split between the quality of education, personal and professional ego and reputation, the development of their students as their personal responsibility, not getting sued, fired or criminally accused and the level of salary.An interesting but frequently overlooked note to add to this is if you’ve ever noticed that countries with conscription military service tend to have somewhat of a culture that differs from countries with voluntary military service, as being in the military shapes a person a certain way through the education provided there and this reflects in civilian life as well. This is also true for countries that are within the same sphere of influence or that are culturally similar yet one country is conscription based and the other is with a voluntary military service.Educational methodologies are very important, and I’m not talking just about the method of delivery of educational material when I talk about methodology. I mean what does the teacher do to get students to respect him, listen to him, to become interested in the material, what motivation is given to the studies via certain methods of instruction? And method of delivery from student to class is also just as important as method of delivery from teacher to student or teacher to class. How many people in the West had to talk in front of the class on a regular basis in elementary school, aka a few times a week? Probably not much, right? Talking in front of the class can be anxiety inducing, but it is also character building and helps open up the human mind to various ways of perceiving one’s peers and tolerance for them. Overcoming this fear provides additional mental lucidity. This educational method is rarely used in the US, but commonly used in former and current Communist countries. It is also important not what is said, but how it is said. Semantics, tone of voice, public speaking skills and charisma are important qualities in a teacher, this way the teacher becomes an idol for children to mimic and learn from, instead of just a method of delivery him/herself.Educational material also tends to be skewed, depending on the reigning political ideology of the country. This is why if General Wesley Clark ever comes and gives a Harvard class a seminar on political science and military strategy, and when describing what actually happened with the Balkans it starts to resemble some of his rhetoric in this video -Then you know for a fact that you are actually paying for a speech on propaganda, demagoguery, psychological warfare, journalism, social psychology and semantics. A class on how to write history if you’re a victor. No country acknowledges what actually happens behind the scenes, as this is a trade secret.So it makes you think, what are you actually paying for in that Harvard class? The chance to be in the presence of a US general, the educational method of delivery maybe? It definitely is not always the material, because out of the millions of academic research papers, journals and books written out there, there is information that is all considered widely accepted by some, widely rejected by others, and yet again contradicts each other.Linguistics plays a huge part in educational quality. The availability of vocabulary and the flexibility of grammar both play a huge part in how the human brain forms thoughts, and how these thoughts are conveyed through the use of language.This is why countries such as China tend to rank high in terms of an educated population, and Chinese students in countries such as the US and Canada tend to be amongst the best students in those countries. If you can memorize an enormous alphabet as the Chinese alphabet, then your mental elasticity tends to be high in terms of logical, spatial and visual capabilities, because the alphabet is one with a high number of individual symbols plus the fact that they are symbols as well, and you have to associate them with different meanings and sounds, which is primarily a left brained function. This is why Chinese students excel in science, math, medicine, engineering, technology, computers and the arts.It is also good to sometimes simplify the alphabet and writing system as much as possible. This is why Russian and Cyrillic speakers in general tend to rank higher than those of non-phonetic alphabets, such as English. Russian, like other Cyrillic alphabets, each letter is read like it sounds and put together and words are pronounced like they’re read. Meaning that there are no linguistic complexities such as when c is actually pronounced as a k or q, yet is read as “see” by itself, and when c and h are put together they make the “ch” sound, which in Russian is only one letter. There are no need for grammatical combinations like that to make new sounds and letters. Everything is simplified, and this makes things a hell of a lot easier on the brain.Ever wonder why the Russians are the only ones that can transport other countries’ astronauts to the space station? Well maybe linguistics has to do with it, as it leaves people’s brains with less to concentrate and thus can orient themselves to physics and astrophysics, no mental static like you get with the English language.But sometimes having a simple language and lack of variation in sounds, leaves you with a lack of vocabulary. This is why countries where people know more than one language tend to have a smarter population.Nutritional quality, such as the abundance of vitamins, minerals and protein in food and water, also plays a large part in this, as vitamins, minerals, proteins and fats are all needed for normal brain function. Having a population that is malnourished, such as in parts of Africa, or overnourished, such as in North America, causes problems for brain processing and functions.You can cause liver damage from say, too much intake of one vitamin. Now, parts of Africa tend to be malnourished, meaning their brain function is diminished. They lack a whole variety of vitamins and minerals we regularly get in the West, even though they have been blessed with some of the most fertile land on the planet.On the other extreme spectrum, it’s not that we get too much of everything in North America but an imbalance that causes the problem. Most adults do not eat 7–8 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, and most will tell you it’s because they don’t taste good. Fruits and vegetables are supposed to taste the best out of all foods, hence the age old phrase, “the fruit of labor”, for example.And even the ones you do eat tend to be removed of their nourishment thanks to GMO in the seeds of the plants and how the GMO is destroying the nutrients in the soil. The regular type of fruit and vegetable in North America is not organic, and is barely affordable for the majority of people.Meat is also barely affordable for North Americans, and I’m not talking about cheap soya filled processed meat. So most Americans tend to eat a lot of grains and dairy, and not even cheeses but milk.In most of the third world, these things are basic. Organic foods are basic foods, therefore no need for the labels “organic”, “antibiotic free”, “grain fed”, since that is the standard for all foods produced, and this is at the insistence of farmers and herders instead of government regulators and inspectors. Not having a balanced diet can result in improper brain function. A raw, simple example of this is our proneness to violence and aggressive behavior when hungry. It’s an evolutionary response designed from the very fact that our bodies fall apart until we die because we are not feeding them what they need, and being grouchy is just a very early stage of that mental degeneration.The availability of sports and recreational activities relies alot on the physical, mental and emotional well being of the population, so not just in terms of inducting adequate biochemical reactions but also for the motivation of the population. An obese population will not be very motivated to go out and achieve intellectually, when being obese culturally means you will be mistreated be your fellow man. What if the fruit of your intellectual achievement if you are physically unfit? I’ve also noticed this myself, having been 100 pounds overweight, having lost 100 pounds, then gained it again, the difference between mental function and hormonal changes and changes in priority due to the changing dynamics of social interaction.Say when I’m 100 pounds overweight I tend to concentrate alot more on self-improvement than interpersonal interaction, because people tend to accept me less as a friend or a potential mate and therefore I am less preoccupied with hanging out and going on dates, so I spend my energy on exercise, intellectual development and video gaming, because I have more free time aside from work or school.When I am 100 pounds less than I would be to be 100 pounds overweight, then all of a sudden people are more social, friendly and it’s easier to get laid, and your time is mostly divided up between hanging out and dates, instead of research.But that does not mean that all obese people go about spending their time meaningfully like I have when I was obese. Some are completely discouraged, and that tends to be the case with the majority of the North American obese population, which as you might have heard, is the majority of the North American population in general.Obesity can also be a mental block on it’s own. 100 pounds off your body is also 100 pounds off your brain.The availability of sports, not just in terms of available activities, but people’s actual engagement in them tend to be a big thing when it comes to a healthy mind. Recreation is needed to balance work with life, so things where people can gather to entertain themselves, is highly important. There is also a difference between the availability of these places and the accessibility of these places. Depending on what you consider fun or relaxing, it can range from the availability of beaches, swimming pools, rec centers, bars, sports clubs, nightclubs, paintball, bathhouses and spa centers, massage parlors, theme and amusement parks, water parks, casinos, brothels, etc.Availability tends to be the total number of recreational activities in an area as well as the total number of specific types of recreational activities in an area. Seeing that they exist encourages you to try them out.Accessibility is in regards to pricing and laws surrounding these places, whether it be zoning laws, noise regulations, licensing, criminal laws and enforcement, inspections, etc. Things like pricing determines how often you go there, or whether you go at all, and things like zoning laws, noise regulations, licensing and criminal laws, determine your level of encouragement and play a subtle role in shaping what you can or can’t do in relation to these activities.This is why there are designated tourist areas in cities like Miami and Las Vegas, or places in Croatia, Greece, Bulgaria, Cuba, Jamaica, Hawaii, etc. that have laws that are alot loose than those you’d find in Toronto or New York or Chicago or London.In some of these places it is legal to gamble, prostitution is either legal or barely enforced, being drunk in public is not enforced, being naked in public is not enforced, engaging in sexual acts in public is rarely enforced, loud establishments such as nightclubs and bars stay open 24/7 because of loose noise regulations, zoning law permits you to build hotels and clubs on the beach otherwise not allowed in other big cities which have beaches themselves, fighting is rarely enforced, and some places that are all inclusive provide you with unlimited food and drink so you don’t have to think about the economics of your enjoyment and contribute to the atmosphere instead through your inebriated state.Say, for example, I’ll compare the city of Burlington, Ontario, Canada, where I reside, to my hometown of Stip, Macedonia.Burlington is a suburb of Toronto, with a population of around 183,000 people. The average household income in Burlington is around $102,000 per year. Aside from being part of the Greater Toronto Area, which is around 7 million people, it is also about 70 km away from the US border, and the Niagara Falls and Buffalo area, which are an additional 3 million people together. Burlington tends to have alot of passerby's coming in from New York State.Shtip is a town of 50,000 people, at least 50 km away from any city of similar size, in a mountainous area 350 meters above sea level. The average household income in Shtip is around $5,400 a year. It is part of the Balkan peninsula, an area with some 55 million people, half the size of Ontario, yet with 4x the population. Despite this, most of the population tends to stay within the boundaries of their towns and cities most of the time, due to economic factors or transportation problems. It takes like double the time to drive the distance it would take in North America’s flat highways.Burlington has around 15 bars, cafes and nightclubs, no zoo park, no casinos and 1 strip club. Burlington is 150 sq km, similar to the size of Manhattan. Most of these establishments are empty most of the time, except on weekends. Burlington has widely available parking, that is also free on weekends and holidays and the streets are two way and mostly flat.For comparison, Shtip has 19 bars, cafes and nightclubs, 1 zoo park, 3 casinos and no strip clubs, within a 500 meter strip of land alone. Shtip is 50 sq km, about 1/3 of the size of Burlington. Most of these establishments are full half of the time, parking is paid and not available to accommodate enough cars in the city, most roads are one ways(which pretty much discourages downtown Toronto driving for me) and are on a 30 degree angle.Up until recently zoning laws in Shtip permitted smoking indoors and noise regulations that let nightclubs operate until 5 AM. The night life severely took a hit, as soon as smoking as prohibited inside, rendering most establishments smoke free(as only ones with an indoor space of at least 100 sq meters could have people be allowed to smoke inside). Smoking is allowed on patios, however. The worst was when it was reduced to 2 am, from 5 am to 4 am to 3 am to 2 am and now it’s 1 am for the finishing time for most nightclubs and bars. There are no cutoff limits in nightclubs and bars, meaning you can drink until you puke. Most nightclubs in Burlington last until 2 in the morning, but they start around 10–11 pm to fill up, whereas in Shtip they start to fill up at 7–8 pm and last until 2 am.An espresso in Shtip costs an average of $1.25. An espresso in Burlington costs an average of $5.25. A bottle of beer in Shtip costs an average of $1.75, and a shot of whiskey costs $1.50. A bottle of beer in Burlington costs $8, and a shot of whiskey costs $6.A cop will not arrest you in Shtip for being drunk in public. The police will rarely come for a fight, unless you’ve destroyed property like set somebody’s house on fire, you shot or stabbed somebody or somebody needs medical attention and the fight lasts for longer than 15 minutes. Ride checks do exist, however, and they’re mostly on Friday and Saturday nights at various points throughout the town. The worst you can get for drunk driving is a fine, seizure of your vehicle and a license suspension, but no jail time, probation or a criminal record. Cab rides cost $1.25 for start and $50 cents per km after that.A cop will arrest you in Burlington for being drunk in public. The police will often come if you yell at somebody on the street, let alone for a fight. If you used a weapon expect the SWAT team to sneak up on you with shotguns and assault rifles like you’re a serial killer or something. Ride checks happen at random times, usually weekends but sometimes happen on random weekdays such as a Tuesday night. Drunk driving will get you fines, seizure of your vehicle, license suspension, jail time, probation, a criminal record and affect your insurance rates tremendously, in addition to forcing you by threat of the gun to attend dignity killing counselling such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Cab rides cost $3.50 for start and are pretty much $2 per km after that.For other activities, Burlington has alot more gyms, sports and rec clubs, and recreational activities, but a much higher per capita ratio of the population in Shtip tend to attend sports clubs, gyms and whatnot.Recreation and sports are important to a population’s emotional and spiritual well being. Cognitive and motor skills are important in intellectual development. This is why those with a high intellectual capacity in places like Canada and the US tend to be nerds with a low affinity or capability for sports, while those in Macedonia tend to be businessmen, politicians and criminal bosses.Crime, corruption and political stability are all part of the same spectrum. Intellectually, a nation could be producing a high quality workforce with alot of ideas, skills and knowledge, but the lack of economic stability, political stability and high corruption can also contribute to the decay of this country and the changing priorities and low moral integrity of the country’s population. So either the population degrades socially, by using their knowledge and skills for civil psychological warfare, or they take their skills somewhere where they will be paid for them. This is why we had a university in Shtip open up in 2007, with 16,000 students, and it was flourishing, but in the last 2–3 years people have realized that their diplomas are worthless and are aiming to immigrate to EU countries instead as soon as they graduate high school, so as to not waste time in Macedonia and get right to working. The reasons for this is that their time will be wasted. They will learn skills that they will not be employed in when in the EU, and their skills will be underpaid in Macedonia. It’s better for alot of people to work for German minimum jobs like in McDonalds and bring back money to live in Macedonia instead of going through university and doing that anyways, or getting paid 400 Euros a month to be a doctor.Sociability and human interaction tend to motivate educational achievement. But it also not cultural perceptions that motivate it, but actual level of sociability itself. I personally learn more from other people and doing than from any other source - be it videos, audio, books, etc. I learn more from talking to an intellectual in 1 hour than from reading for 10 hours or watching or listening to 10 hours worth of educational material. I’m pretty sure most people are like this too, but we tend to take the words of others with a grain of salt, because every piece of information can be exposed to and contorted by all kinds of cognitive biases that, like a game of telephone, distort the eventual result. And even then, what is majority of informational exchange? If not for trivial things in life? This is why great minds are considered those that discuss ideas, as most people tend to talk about what they ate for lunch today, what sports their kids play, where they went on vacation last summer, or how their colon cancer is developing. People, locations, events, sensations and thoughts and emotions about the same, compose of 90 percent of our social interactions in life. Useless, trivial, information that is not intellectually stimulating at all and focuses on fixed things, such as a bolt or a screw. When was the last time you had a philosophical conversation with somebody face to face? That was an exchange of information between you two, not something you just both agreed on and said “Yep.” every time a single sentence was said. That was higher than ourselves and not trivial, such as the philosophy of Bob telling Jim about how he should do his job in terms of the very complex and intricate mechanics of production line working or sanitation or the geometry of putting rolls of toilet paper up for display in Walmart or construction in the very difficult and intellectually complex field of brick laying? Or not about how Cindi with an I, is so full of herself, how she thinks she’s so hot and all that, and how Brad should be falling for Amanda instead? Or the very touchy feely subject of how somebody walking his dog had the unfortunate and catastrophic implication of Godlike proportions and intricacy where the dog crapped on somebody’s yard and now the owner of the yard was in a deeply philosophical argument about getting strangers to stay off his lawn?The lack of social interaction between humans leads humans to be more antagonistic in their interactions with other humans. We all know how scared or aggressive people react, when they’ve been kept in prison for 30 years, or those hostages of abuse of a father who keeps them locked up in a cellar their whole lives. They tend to develop animalistic habits. In Western countries, where social interaction is very limited, people are bothered by long conversations, it is normal to be an introvert or to hate or judge 99 percent of the people around you, etc. Tend to develop an intellectual disability as a nation due to the fact that the free flow of information is not very common, due to severe social interaction impairment. Thus, we can not openly discuss everything and anything that comes to mind without the fear of offending somebody and the resulting conflict. In Macedonia, for example, people are alot more confrontational about real problems, compared to Canada, where they tend to either hide and call the police or say something stupid, freeze up and walk away. A disagreement in Macedonia can just result in a very long argument that ends either as a win or a loss for one person or another. A disagreement in Canada almost always results in a fight, the reason why people tend to keep to themselves. Compliments in Canada are rare. People do not smile or compliment you, they are polite but their politeness is only to address your presence, not your individuality. This is a common misconception in terms of Canadian stereotypes. Canadians are polite, but only on the surface, saying things like please and thank you. Canadians, the majority, do not think to ask you things about yourself, except on a professional capacity, and even that all tends to be very limited. They rarely, if ever, compliment you on something, especially your looks. As a European, I’ve come to the conclusion that they could care less about your looks, or most simply do not even posses the mental capacity to think up of these things to ask or say or do when interacting with you. They do not even acknowledge you on the street, like zombies, and it’s not because you’re unimportant and they’re self absorbed, but because they lack the brain function to realize you’re there, which I personally think sets a dangerous precedent, as they are easy targets for predators and criminals.When walking outside in Macedonia, I tend to experience a range of emotions. I feel like I’m surrounded by interactive human beings and not just living, walking mirages of human beings. In Canada I only feel one of three emotions when interacting with others that are not friends or family - complete emotional numbness, there is some sort of informational exchange going on, or social anxiety.In Canada most of the time you either feel nothing or negative emotions interacting with strangers, while in Macedonia you feel all kinds of positive and negative emotions.What incentive do I have to have intellectually stimulating discussions with my fellow Canadians? When I have to worry about offending most people I run into? When most people you try to talk to tend to ignore you, with a hostile demeanor? That type of culture tends to motivate people to not be intellectually superior.Praising intelligence instead of minimizing it tends to stimulate academic activities in the population. Americans tend to have penis envy when it comes to intelligence because they can’t point out some of the largest countries on the world on a map. So they minimize it instead, and maximize the fact that they make more money than people in the world as an achievement of their own intellect, and not due to the system of war mongering, slavery, genocide, debt, and pyramid schemes the US financial system and economy is based on that keeps Americans materially rich but intellectually and spiritually bankrupt as a general population, and thus subject to negative stereotypes from the rest of the world regarding their intellect, ambitions, perspectives on life and moral composition of their character.And lastly, availability of educational services, but also accessibility. Internet is a big one nowadays, and so are libraries. The US has access to the internet, and tons of libraries and information in all kinds of different languages. All free information available to the general public.But it capitalizes on knowledge through the educational system. The best schools, teachers and students are private and expensive. The most well paying and highest regarded jobs in American society are inaccessible to the majority of the population due to their price - lawyers, doctors, engineers - even with government programs that finance tuition fees. This lack of financial security discourages parents from giving their kids that push they need to be the best child in class, because they won’t be able to pay for their education, and force their kids to work from early years and save instead of spending the best years of their life in school with their peers.They encourage their kids to pay for their own education. I live in, I’m 25 and have no diploma, which in Canada is sort of a passport into a certain career, but I posses a broad wealth of knowledge in various fields of study that can easily help me learn any career that requires a formal university diploma and education.If I had the money to pay for school, which is tens of thousands of dollars per year, then I would use that tens of thousands of dollars to invest in a business instead. And the eventual financial stability that comes from being wealthy and being a business owner will allow me to pursue intellectual achievements as an academic, instead of relying on my intellectual achievements to get me to a high paying job.So they are basically both different means to the same end - wealth and achievement. A large portion of the US 1 percent are doctors, lawyers, managers and business owners.So now, all of these problems lead to the fact that Americans think Europe is a country. I personally would not allow people who cannot differentiate between fact and opinion(I had an 18 year old classmate in Canada who didn’t know the difference between a fact and an opinion) or who cannot point out a continent on a map - drive a car, work, have kids, a bank account, credit card, handle money, or have their own apartment or house.It’s dangerous to have people that impaired, be in any position of authority or power, be it driving a car and the power of life or death over a pedestrian or fellow driver, teach others at work or be responsible for handling equipment that can cause injury or death to themselves or others, take care of kids and potentially screw them up or drop them on their head or something, have a bank account or a credit card or money or anything that influences the economy and where they have the power to buy or exchange goods or services, or have a dwelling where they could leave the stove on and burn the whole house down or flood the basement or stick a fork inside an electrical outlet and get killed.Voting, well the current system is seriously flawed so I don’t vote. I only voted twice in my life in two different countries and I don’t vote anymore. A waste of time. Most people are not qualified to vote and influence a country’s future.Hopefully this answers your question. We need to get to the root of the problem to solve the problem itself, and that is the answer to question.Most important thing to note is that there, despite commonly accepted theories, there is actually little to no correlation between scholastic achievement of the general population and general intelligence of the population.Some countries have too many problems because of too many capable people of causing those problems. Remember that. There is also no correlation between general intelligence and purchasing power parity, as in Capitalist philosophy and perspectives, purchasing power is the end result of all intellectual labor.In the case of Western countries, you tend to have a smart government and a stupid population and sometimes that is the recipe for a high standard of living and economic prosperity, because a good system in combination with capable people running can easily govern and command an entire mass of people to do the right thing in terms of what brings about the intended result.The population of Western countries is not smart. You do not need a smart population to have a rich country. All you need is a WILLING population and a smart government with capable people running it.If you ever wonder where all the capable people are, look in certain levels of government and you’ll see what aspect of Western society tends to absorb the majority of people with high intellectual abilities.And government employees are NOT the general population, unless they’re in low level administration or something meaningless in terms of it’s scope, uniqueness of function or importance.