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1. Rules for Registration of Contractors1.01 For registration, the contractor shall submit an application in the proforma (Annexure’A’) to theSuperintending Engineer (HQ) or to the concerned Executive Engineer as the case may be. Theapplication shall be accompanied by following documents.i) Latest Bank Solvency Certificate in the proforma (Annexure 'B') Validity shall beconsidered for 12 months from the date of issue. Contractor from outside MaharashtraState, shall submit the original Solvency Certificate issued by the Nationalised scheduledBank located in State of Maharashtra.ii) List of work together with the information in the proforma (Annexure 'C') supported by theoriginal / attested copies of the certificates from the concerned Departmental Authoritiesin similar proforma alongwith the performance certificate. Works carried out as supervisoror sub contractor will not be considered.iii) In case of private works (a) Certificate from Licenced Architect on his letter head must beproduced. The Licence No. of Architect and certificate about works should be submittedin the proforma (Annexure 'D') duly furnished by the Architect. (b) Value of private workswill be considered 50% only. (c) Private works carried out, out of the State ofMaharashtra will not be considered. (d) Private works shall be certified by the CharteredAccountant and included in the Annual Turnover. (e) In support of private works done,necessary copies regarding permission of MCs/GPs shall be produced. (f) Squarespace - Claim This Domain. 5 ofAnnexure'D' of this Booklet be observed. (g) Income Tax Deductions form 16 be shown forprivate works.iv) Upto-date Income Tax clearance certificate.v) List of Technical personnel employed by the contractor with their qualification andexperience. The minimum personsFor Class I,IA& II Category 2 Graduates4 Diploma Holders6 Tech.Asstts./ITI(with 5 years experience)For Class III & IV Category 1 Graduate 1 Diploma2 ITIClass V and above 1 Graduate or Diploma1 ITIFor Electrical Mechanical Class A & B B.E.(Elect.)D.E.E.(Elect.)2 Supervisors having Govt. Licencevi) List of machinery owned by contractor with its present condition and locationvii) Attested copy of partnership deed of the firm duly registered with Registrar of Firm incase of Partnership firm. Certificate from Registrar of firm, is essentialviii) Attested copy of latest power of Attorney.ix) Attested copy of Registration under Labour Act,1970.x) Biodata in case of the individual as sole proprietor should be produced.xi) Attested copy of Registration with PWD/CPWD/BMC/ Other Govt. Department / SemiGovt. if so.xii) All typed and xerox copies and photographs of individual / partners / Directors / Power ofAttorney holders should be attached duly attested by a Gazetted Officer / ExecutiveMagistrate / Competent Authority.xiii) The contractor applying for registration shall pay 50% of the registration fee, (by http://D.D.inthe name of Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran payable @ Mumbai only) which will be nonrefundable alongwith his application form for the class in which he intends to get himselfregistered. If his application is accepted, he shall pay the remaining 50% registration fee.xiv) Specimen signature duly attested by the Gazetted Officer / Executive Magistrate(Annexure 'E')Documentsrequiredfor registration( )xv) Certificate regardinga) Termination of contract agreement under clause3(a)b) Black listing for any reason should be given in proforma (Annexure 'F')xvi) An undertaking should be produced in proforma (Annexure 'F')xvii) a) Attested copies of Sales Tax Certificate in the name of firm for the last 3 years befurnishedb) Attested copies of registration under the Maharashtra Sales Tax on the transfer ofproperty in good involved in the execution of works contract Act, 1985 turnover Tax.xviii) Attested copy of a Govt. Licence as per Govt. in Industry, Energy and Labout Departmentletter No. IEA-1088/CR/1300/Electricity-2 dt. 30.3.1989. This is applicable only forelectrical / mechanical contractors.xix) Original confidential reports atleast 2 Nos. reviewed by the officer not below the rank ofSE/CE as the case may be. Validity of original application form and of the documentssubmitted will be only one year from the date of purchase and submission.1.02 General Civil Works1.03 Registration once granted will be valid for a period 3 years from the date of order of sanctioning theregistration unless there are adverse circumstances.Period ofregistration1 .04 Registered contractor shall submit the annual return ending March of every year in theproforma(Annexure G)Submission ofannual returnsby contractor1.05 A Labour's Co-operative society shall be given registratgion in class VI or Class - V on its applyingin the prescribed form accompanied by a certificate from the Registrar of District Federationregarding its capacity and financial resource in lieu of Solverncy or banker's certificate, a certificateof professional capacity, from the Executive Engineer in whose division its carried out works andnecessary registration fees. Such registration will be valid for a period of 3 years from the date ofissue of orders provided the society remains registered with the Registrar during that period andshall be renewed on production of fresh certificate from the Registrar / Dist. Dy.Registrar or DistrictFederation regarding its capacity and financial resource and a certificate of professional capacityfrom concerned Executive Engineer before expiry of the validity period. A labour Co-op.Society shallbe eligible to allot the works costing upto Rs.2.00 Lakhs. If the society is registered with theRegistrar of Co-op. Societies.Registration ofCo-operative Societies1 06 Unemployed Graduates Diploma-A M I E holders in Civil / Electrical engineering who are Registration of1 .06 Unemployed Graduates, Diploma-A.M.I.E. holders in Civil / Electrical engineering who aredomiciled in Maharashtra and have passed the qualifying examination and have obtained the degreeor diploma from University / Institution, recongnised by the Director of Technical Education.Maharashtra State / State concerned, may get themselves directly registered in class VI in case ofCivil Engineers and in Class D in case of Electrical Engineers by applying in the prescribedproforma to be accompanied by the followinga) Application in prescribed form (Appendix 'C')b) Attested copy of certificate of Degree/Diploma /A.M.I.E. Examination.c) Domicile certificated) Receipt of 50% amount of registration fee.e) Attested passport size photographf) Certificate from the Director, Technical Education, Maharashtra State stating that theInstitution conferring the degree / diploma in Engineering / Polytechnic, if situated outsideMaharashtra State, is recognised Institution.This concession will be available for a period of 10 years from the date of passing therespective degree or Diploma Examination.The Engineer registered as above, shall be exempted from the payment if (i) Earnestmoney and (ii) Security Deposits to be extent of 50% of what is normally due in eachcase. In respect of 50% of security deposit (which is required to pay) a nominal amountof 1% of the estimated cost subject to a minimum of Rs.100/- shall be recovered initiallyand the rest by a pro-rata deduction from bills.The members who have completed Building Maintenance and Civil EngineeringAssistance Course from Industrial Training Institute and Vocational Training Board mayget directly registered in Class VII. They have to apply in prescribed proforma alongwithattested copy ofa) Certificate of particular courseb) Solvency certificatec) Registration feed) Domicile certificateThis concession is available for a period of 10 years passing of respective course.The members registered as above shall get exemption in payment of earnest moneydeposit and security deposit given to Engineers as above.I've created a youtube channel “Sadhguru's Insight”.On this channel I upload videos onSelf developmentAnger managementStress managementSleeping habitsOvercoming fearSubscribe and share.Controlling mind and many more.Do visit my channel and watch the useful videos and learn. If any questions related civil engineering and self development feel free to ask.

At it’s core, the causes of narcissism is simple, it’sa WILL that regards itself as supreme and will never submit to anyone or anythinga commitment to walk in liesA WILL that never submitsVarious people have touched on this before, Scott M. Peck calls it the ‘unsubmitted will’. Scripture calls it arrogance, pride. Even selfishness is just another version of it, because the selfishness of the narcissist isn’t ‘not sharing’, it’s ‘disregardance’. The kind of selfishness that utterly disregards your needs, your hurt, whether you are bleeding or not, your very right to exist, is not much different from arrogance or overweening pride. It is a will that silently screams ‘only ME’.Not sharing isn’t necessarily selfish, you may have grounds for not sharing, after all, what’s your is yours, you retain the right to it. But disregarding to the effect that your stubborn neglect results in harm is inexcusable. And that happens to be precisely the form of selfishness narcissism takes. At the heart of disregardance is a will that refuses to submit to other wills due to any reason whatsoever (‘Oh, did I neglect to keep my promises? I disregard my obligation to keep promises and also disregard my new obligation to apologize for it.’). Or submit to any principle due to any reason whatsoever (‘It is good not to twist the truth? Well, bollocks to that’, ‘It is good to repay good for good and not evil for good? Bollocks to that too’.)A will that never submits is on a collision course with all other wills it encounters. It is a human wrecking ball upon reality. It is antagonistic to all over wills, all other needs, all other wants, everything else of others. The only thing of others a narcissist can tolerate is if they seize that thing others possess. Otherwise ruining it is the only alternative.Such a will is the very engine that powers malicious envy.Such a will also sets itself on a collision course with all truth and with all goodness. Truth and goodness are just principles, they are just things that demand submission. Because truth requires submission. Every time you tell the truth, you are submitting to the principle of truth. Also, every time you practice righteousness, you are submitting to principles of righteousness. A refusal to submit is rebellion against truth or good. And that’s why it is so hard to tell the truth or do the right thing, because each instance requires a submission of will, a denial of self. Denying your self, your will, is the source of the difficulty.23 Then He said to them all, “If anyone desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow Me.Bible Gateway passage: Luke 9:23 - New King James VersionTherefore, narcissists, being incapable of submitting their will, are committed to a path of rebellion against anything that requires denial of self, chiefly the requirements of practising living in truth and doing the right thing.Also loving God or neighbor. These are impossible without some degree of submission.37 Jesus said to him, “‘You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind.’38 This is the first and great commandment.39 And the second is like it: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’40 On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets.”Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 22:36-40 - New King James VersionA commitment to walk in liesNo one (except God) is all truthful. No one (except God) walks purely in truth. But that’s an entirely different thing to walking the path of lies.The path of lies does not start with lying to others. It starts with lying to yourself, self-deceit. What makes self-deceit so dangerous is that it alters your own reality. It is the open door to delusion. And delusion is the path to psychosis, insanity.3 For if anyone thinks himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself.Bible Gateway passage: Galatians 6:3 - New King James VersionIt is well known that narcissists and reality are enemies. Why? Because the narcissist’s mind is so marinated in self-deceit that there is no space left to perceive anything as it is. Not your words, not the apple falling from the tree, not what the narcissist themselves said five seconds ago. Everything is selectively warped to produce wins and avoid defeat. Self-deceit is corrosive to all truth. And it is ultimately corrosive to all good.22 “The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is [a]good, your whole body will be full of light.23 But if your eye is [b]bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is that darkness!Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 6:22-23 - New King James VersionYou cannot do the right thing when you are delusional. It becomes an impossibility. The proverb ‘The road to hell is paved with good intentions’ describes the narcissist’s mindset very well. Narcissists can have ‘good’ intentions, but bad outcomes always accompany them. Why? It’s because everything of theirs comes from the place of delusion. So they have delusional good intentions, delusional works to perform their delusional good intentions, and finally outcomes that match their many delusions rather than any good sentiment the narcissist imagined they originally had. Narcissists always promise and never deliver. There has to be a good reason for that.The greatest danger from walking in lies is not telling lies. It is thinking in lies. When someone thinks in lies, you cannot argue with them, you cannot rebuke them, you cannot ever get through to them. Because while they are ‘listening’ to you, they are hearing you say entirely different things to what you actually said. That is why trying to talk sense to a narcissist actually only makes them worse, because they are overwriting your words with things they would have liked you to say, and so they secretly made you say it in their own minds anyway (this is actually one of the many necessary breakthroughs needed to understand why things always go wrong when you talk to the narcissist).The conclusionThe narcissist made a commitment to walk in lies. Walking in lies corrupts perception to such an extent that reality becomes illusion, and illusion becomes reality. There is no such thing as reality anymore. Effectively for the narcissist, reality is an illusion, they create reality with their thoughts, their WILL moulds reality. This is what makes narcissism incurable. For attempts at cure come from outside. Anything from outside gets delusionally garbled up and lost in translation (they can’t hear you). Nothing gets through the impenetrable cloud of corrupting, perverting, twisting delusional self-deceit.BUT, before signing the contract to commit to walk in lies for the rest of their lives, the agreed upon payoff for signing the deal is, that the narcissist always gets what they want. Their WILL always triumphs.Because, the whole point of deceit, really is, to nefariously achieve supremacy through information warfare. Either through deceiving and thwarting others will through destroying their ability to make informed choices with correct information (telling lies), or practising the self-deceit of the narcissist to still win when there is no winning to be had.In effect, the narcissist declares they won, and so they won, truth is irrelevant. That’s what self-deceit is all about.The narcissist only wants to win. And they will do anything to win. The chief method is to think in lies.It has got nothing to do with how they were raised in a family. This is the kind of hard luck, sympathy vampirism that narcissists love to deploy. The kind where they upsell their deservingness. Justifications. Entitlement.Narcissism was originally a choice, akin to pulling out your wisdom teeth, or surgically removing your appendix. They decided to cut off invisible body parts, the heart, the eyes, the ears.21 ‘Hear this now, O foolish people,Without [a]understanding,Who have eyes and see not,And who have ears and hear not:Bible Gateway passage: Jeremiah 5:20-22 - New King James Version15 For the hearts of this people have grown dull.Their ears are hard of hearing,And their eyes they have closed,Lest they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears,Lest they should understand with their hearts and turn,So that I [a]should heal them.’Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 13:15-17 - New King James VersionNarcissists surgically removed their truth organ, and with that, the perception organ also withered, all because they only want to win all the time.Whenever you don’t use a body part for an extended period, it atrophies. If the atrophy progresses beyond a certain stage, it will be irreversible.The effects of defying gravity. Sadhu Amar Bharati Raised his arm for over 40 years. Now it's withered and useless. - Inclined Bed Therapy IBT - Restore & Support Your Health

I’d like to start this with a note about how the power of a Maia, a being as Sauron was, would not be generally limited to one specific set that could never change. Over time and depending on the circumstances the Ainur (to whom the Maiar belong to) could learn new things as well.So it is not an issue of “X can only ever do Y and nothing else”, and even with Sauron there seem to have been times were he gained new knowledge and learned new skills.So, on to the list — let’s see what we can find in Tolkien’s texts. I had too much fun with the research, so this turned out to be a list with lots of details… sorry about that!“But at length, after the fall of Fingolfin, Sauron, greatest and most terrible of the servants of Morgoth, who in the Sindarin tongue was named Gorthaur, came against Orodreth, the warden of the tower upon Tol Sirion. Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.”¹Changing shapes“Thu” by Roger GarlandLike all Maiar Sauron initially is able to change shapes as he wishes – or go without any visible shape at all. A few shapes that Sauron has turned into are:a werewolf, in the fight against Huana serpent/snake, in the fight against Huana vampire/bat, after the fight against Huana fair form, known as Annatar in the Second Age, in which he deceived Elves and Mena dark form, “an image of malice and hatred made visible”², which he turned into after the Fall of NúmenorThe form Sauron appears in as a Dark Lord in the First Age probably was different to the fair form he wore as Annatar, and also different to the dark form he made after the Fall of Númenor. He form he took in the Third Age after his return was probably different as well, but Tolkien rarely describes them.Sauron lost the ability to take on a fair form after the Fall of Númenor, where his fair form was drowned in the sea. Taking on new forms also became more and more difficult, as it took Sauron more and more time to create a new one once had lost his former shape. His ability to change forms therefore seemed to decrease with every death he suffered. According to the Ósanwe-kenta this was also due to all his evil deeds that he committed in these forms – his evil nature could no longer be masked by a fair appearance.After the destruction of the One Ring Sauron was unable to take on any new form.FlightChanging forms meant that at least in the beginning Sauron could also take on shapes in which he could fly (the vampire bat form for example). But I believe he also was able to travel fast without having any form at all.Farsightedness“No living creature could pass through that vale that Sauron did not espy from the tower where he sat.”¹Sauron’s eyes play an important part in his description, they are basically the most described part of his body. They are said to be fiery, they are said to never sleep. They are – of course – better than the average eyes of a human, so he could see things that were very far away.He did not have a spotlight eye as in the movies though.TelepathyThe communication of thoughts was natural to the Ainur especially at first, when they were not yet used to taking on shapes and using speech. Sauron therefore could communicate in thoughts and – if the other minds was not closed to him – read the thoughts of other minds.Spells, words of command and songs of powerIt seems like spells, words of command and songs of power are generally something connected to “magic” in Middle-earth, and they can have all sorts of functions. We get an example of that when Gandalf tries to seal the door of the Chamber of Mazarbul with a spell and the Balrog counters it. Both of them are Maiar, so it’s not unreasonable to assume that Sauron can use spells in a similar way, although we have no way of knowing what spells exist and if every person using magic has their own spells...An example for Sauron doing something like this is the song of power he used against Finrod in the First Age:“He chanted a song of wizardry,of piercing, opening, of treachery,revealing, uncovering, betraying.[…]”³“Sauron & Finrod” by Phobs (melkorwashere at tumblr)With this he was able to break the Orc-disguise of Finrod and his companions:“Behold! they are in their own fair shape,fairskinned, brighteyed. No longer gapeOrclike their mouths; and now they standbetrayed into the wizard's hand.”³Manipulation of natureSauron has an influence on his surrounding and can manipulate nature in general.FIRE:Sauron is often associated with Fire. A few examples are:His eyes are often described in relation to fire; in The Lord of the Rings Frodo sees Sauron’s eye in Galadriel’s mirror and it was “rimmed with fire, but was itself glazed, yellow as a cat's, watchful and intent, and the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit, a window into nothing”⁴. In the Lay of Leithian they are described as “sleepless eyes of flame”³.He used the Mountain of Fire, the Orodruin, as his forge to create the One Ring, and seemed to be able to control the volcano: “Now Sauron prepared war against the Eldar and the Men of Westernesse, and the fires of the Mountain were wakened again.”⁵Sauron’s hand “was black and yet burned like fire”⁶, and Gil-galad died because of it.So it’s very likely that he was able to use fire in various ways.DARKNESS:In The Lord of the Rings Sauron uses the weather in his assault of Minas Tirith. When Pippin asks Beregond about the shadow that comes from the east, and notices that the air “seems thick and brown”⁷. Beregond explains:“‘[…] this is no weather of the world. This is some device of his malice; some broil of fume from the Mountain of Fire that he sends to darken hearts and counsel. And so it doth indeed.”⁷And when the darkness fades with the arrival of the Rohirrim it’s said that Sauron had planned for it to last longer. But “morning came, morning and a wind from the sea; and darkness was removed […]”⁸.STORMS:On Caradhras, Boromir, Gimli and Gandalf were also discussing if Sauron possibly was responsible for their bad luck with the weather in the mountains:“‘I wonder if this is a contrivance of the Enemy,’ said Boromir. ‘They say in my land that he can govern the storms in the Mountains of Shadow that stand upon the borders of Mordor. He has strange powers and many allies.’‘His arm has grown long indeed,’ said Gimli, ‘if he can draw snow down from the North to trouble us here three hundred leagues away.’‘His arm has grown long,’ said Gandalf.”⁹WATER:There is also an account of Sauron’s arrival in Númenor that suggests that Sauron could control water to a certain extend:“Suddenly the sea became unquiet; it rose until it became like a mountain, and it rolled upon the land. The ships were lifted up, and cast far inland, and lay in the fields. Upon that ship which was cast highest and stood dry upon a hill there was a man, or one in man's shape, but greater than any even of the race of Numenor in stature.He stood upon the rock and said: ’This is done as a sign of power. For I am Sauron the mighty, servant of the Strong’.”¹⁰EARTH:At the Council Galdor discusses the possibility of Tom Bombadil defying Sauron, but says that he does not have the power and that this power would have to come from the earth itself. He then adds that “Sauron can torture and destroy the very hills”⁶.A DARK PRESENCE:I’m not sure how to call it. It seems that especially in the later days Sauron’s mere presence had a negative affect on everything and everyone around him. When he fled to Mirkwood after being defeated in the War of the Alliance his arrival there caused the darkening of the whole forest. There was barely any light, the air was “still and dark and stuff”¹¹. Even some of the streams there had black water, and were dangerous to drink from. And the whole forest was infested with giant spiders and other dark creatures.CraftsmanshipSauron originally was a Maia of Aulë who was a “a smith and a master of all crafts”¹², and Sauron “remained mighty in the lore of that people”¹³.“Now the Elves made many rings; but secretly Sauron made One Ring to rule all the others, and their power was bound up with it, to be subject wholly to it and to last only so long as it too should last. And much of the strength and will of Sauron passed into that One Ring; for the power of the Elven-rings was very great, and that which should govern them must be a thing of surpassing potency; and Sauron forged it in the Mountain of Fire in the Land of Shadow. And while he wore the One Ring he could perceive all the things that were done by means of the lesser rings, and he could see and govern the very thoughts of those that wore them.”⁵Sauron helped the Elves make many of their Rings of Power, and he made his own ring, the One Ring which he could use to rule the others. This shows that not only was he a skilled smith but that he was able to put his own power into objects and use them to enhance his own skills.“One to rule them all” by Aleksandra SkibaUsing his Ring he also created Barad-dûr. It took six hundred years to complete the fortress, so it was probably not done by Sauron alone. Apparently Sauron also used his powers on the tower on Tol Sirion when he took command there, because when he yielded the tower to Lúthien and she declared her power “the spell was loosed that bound stone to stone, and the gates were thrown down, and the walls opened, and the pits laid bare”¹⁴.Dol Guldur was probably enforced in a similar way, and Galadriel “threw down its walls and laid bare its pits”¹⁵ like Lúthien once did.NecromancyNecromancy usually refers to the communication with the dead, but it can also mean just sorcery or black magic in general. “The Necromancer” is one Sauron’s many names and titles. In almost every text that he appears in there is some sort of reference to it, but as usual we don’t get detailed information.“[…] In glamourythat necromancer held his hostsof phantoms and of wandering ghosts,of misbegotten or spell-wrongedmonsters that about him thronged,working his bidding dark and vile:the werewolves of the Wizard's Isle.”³Probably one of best known examples for his necromancy in terms of black magic are the Nazgûl.“And they became for ever invisible save to him that wore the Ruling Ring, and they entered into the realm of shadows. The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Enemy's most terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death.”⁵They used to be men, but Sauron gave them nine of the Rings of Power, and they slowly turned into wraiths. As long as Sauron holds their Rings they are completely under his control. Also worth mentioning: the Morgul knife of his servants, the Nazgûl, apparently could turn the living into wraiths.But there are references to necromancy as in communicating with the dead as well.In his discussion about houseless fëar (a soul without a body who refuses to go to the Halls of Mandos) Tolkien writes:“Some are filled with bitterness, grievance, and envy. Some were enslaved by the Dark Lord and do his work still, though he himself is gone. They will not speak truth or wisdom. To call on them is folly. To attempt to master them and to make them servants of one own's will is wickedness. Such practices are of Morgoth; and the necromancers are of the host of Sauron his servant.Some say that the Houseless desire bodies, though they’re not willing to seek them lawfully by submission to the judgement of Mandos. The wicked among them will take bodies, if they can, unlawfully. The peril of communing with them is, therefore, not only the peril of being deluded by fantasies or lies: there is peril also of destruction. For one of the hungry Houseless, if it is admitted to the friendship of the Living, may seek to eject the fëa from its body; and in the contest for mastery the body may be gravely injured, even if it be not wrested from its rightful habitant. Or the Houseless may plead for shelter, and if it is admitted, then it will seek to enslave its host and use both his will and his body for its own purposes. It is said that Sauron did these things, and taught his followers how to achieve them.”¹⁶Phantoms and illusionsSauron was a “master of shadows and of phantoms”¹.A good example can be found in the First Age, where Sauron convinces a man called Gorlim to betray his friends for the promise of being reunited with his wife. As it turns out his wife is already dead, and he had only seen a phantom created by Sauron:“On a time of autumn he came in the dusk of evening, and drawing near [Gorlim] saw as he thought a light at the window; and coming warily he looked within. There he saw Eilinel, and her face was worn with grief and hunger, and it seemed to him that he heard her voice lamenting that he had forsaken her. But even as he cried aloud the light was blown out in the wind; wolves howled, and on his shoulders he felt suddenly the heavy hands of Sauron's hunters. […] Then Sauron laughed; and he mocked Gorlim, and revealed to him that he had only seen a phantom devised by wizardry to entrap him; for Eilinel was dead.”¹⁴Deceit and manipulationOne of Sauron’s most dangerous traits was his talent for deceit and manipulation.“[…] he became the greatest and most trusted of the servants of the Enemy, and the most perilous, for he could assume many forms, and for long if he willed he could still appear noble and beautiful, so as to deceive all but the most wary.”⁵Some major examples that we know of:THE RUIN OF EREGION:“Sauron used all his arts upon Celebrimbor and his fellow-smiths, who had formed a society or brotherhood, very powerful in Eregion, the Gwaith-i-Mírdain; but he worked in secret, unknown to Galadriel and Celeborn. Before long Sauron had the Gwaith-i-Mírdain under his influence, for at first they had great profit from his instruction in secret matters of their craft.”¹⁷Celebrimbor and the Elven smiths then forged many of the Rings of Powers with Sauron’s help, while he created the One Ring. When the Elves then realised who he really was they turned away from him, and Sauron invaded Eregion, killing all the Mírdain.THE FALL OF NÚMENOR:The Númenoreans had already started doing evil things before Sauron ever came to Númenor, but once he came there the fate of Númenor was sealed.Sauron rose from prisoner to adviser of the King, encouraged the King in his hatred for the Elves and Valar, and in the end the King of Númenor started an invasion of Valinor which lead to the Drowning of the whole island in the waves.“And Sauron came. Even from his mighty tower of Barad-dûr he came, and made no offer of battle. For he perceived that the power and majesty of the Kings of the Sea surpassed all rumour of them, so that he could not trust even the greatest of his servants to withstand them; and he saw not his time yet to work his will with the Dúnedain. And he was crafty, well skilled to gain what he would by subtlety when force might not avail. Therefore he humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn and smoothed his tongue; and men wondered, for all that he said seemed fair and wise.”²“Sauron and Ar-Pharazôn” by Soni Alcorn-HenderTHE CORRUPTION OF SARUMAN:Sauron used the Palantíri to turn Saruman to his side. While Saruman probably was an easy target because his mind already was not unlike Sauron, the communication through the Palantír certainly also played its part in Saruman’s downfall. At any rate that is what Gandalf believed.Easy it is now to guess how quickly the roving eye of Saruman was trapped and held; and how ever since he has been persuaded from afar, and daunted when persuasion would not serve. The biter bit, the hawk under the eagle’s foot, the spider in a steel web!”¹⁸THE MANIPULATION OF DENETHOR:Denethor was also manipulated through the Palantír by Sauron. Sauron could not influence him as much as he could with Saruman, but nevertheless he could make Denethor “believe that his victory was inevitable”¹⁹ and that led to Denethor’s despair.Control over large armiesEspecially while Sauron was in possession of his Ring he had a strong control over large armies. That included not only orcs but various kinds of beasts as well as trolls, and even men.In the Quenta Silmarillion Sauron is called “Lord of Werewolves”, in the Laws and Customs among the Eldar it says that “Necromancers are of the host of Sauron”¹⁶ and about the War of the Last Alliance against Sauron we know that there were all kinds of people and creatures in his armies, except for Elves. That includes Men, Dwarves, Orcs, Trolls, and beasts and birds.TortureAs a proper Dark Lord Sauron of course knows how to torment his prisoners. Most of it is probably done by his servants, but some of the tools for it were probably invented or improved by Sauron – like the flesh-eating chains mentioned in the Lay of Leithian (if that wasn’t a metaphor for tight chains).Sauron is also able to torture people without touching them directly, as happened during Sauron’s interrogation of Pippin in the Palantír:“‘I did not answer. He said: “Who are you?” I still did not answer, but it hurt me horribly; and he pressed me, so I said: “A hobbit.” ‘Then suddenly he seemed to see me, and he laughed at me. It was cruel. It was like being stabbed with knives. […]”¹⁸Corruption and breedingA last thing I want to mention is Sauron’s ability to corrupt and breed living beings. This is closely related to the three previous abilities I have mentioned, but deserves its own entry. Sauron was probably closely involved in the development of the Orcs, assisting Morgoth and continuing his work while Morgoth was imprisoned. He also “improved” the Trolls, teaching them the Black Language and making them more resistant to the sun.We can also find examples for the breeding of beasts.About the winged beast of the Witch-king it is said:“A creature of an older world maybe it was, whose kind, lingering in forgotten mountains cold beneath the Moon, outstayed their day, and in hideous eyrie bred this last untimely brood, apt to evil. And the Dark Lord took it, and nursed it with fell meats, until it grew beyond the measure of all other things that fly; and he gave it to his servant to be his steed.”²⁰Werewolves also seem to be most an invention of Sauron. He was called “Lord of Werewolves” in the First Age as already mentionded, and they often seem to come up whenever Sauron is involved. In The Silmarillion they are described like this:“Therefore an army was sent against him under the command of Sauron; and Sauron brought were-wolves, fell beasts inhabited by dreadful spirits that he had imprisoned in their bodies.”¹⁴Draugluin is said to be the first of them, and Carcharoth, the greatest werewolf, was raised and fed by Morgoth himself later on.In short: At the height of his powers – naturally available or learned over time – allowed Sauron to change forms and even become invisible, to reach far with his eyes or his mind, and to use all kinds of spells. He could affect and use many different parts of nature in various ways, and was skilled in necromancy and illusions. However one of his main talents was manipulation, and in combination with his Ring he was able to exert a frightening control over other beings, resulting in him being able to command large armies. In order to strengthen his armies he corrupted many people and beasts, and tried to improve his already existing servants and slaves. His skills as a craftsman were used not only to create magical rings but also to strengthen his fortresses.“Sauron” by morphym37 at tumblrFOOTNOTES¹ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter 18² J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Akallabêth³ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Lays of Beleriand, III: The Lay of Leithian, VII⁴ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 7⁵ J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age⁶ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 2⁷ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book V, Chapter 4⁸ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book V, Chapter 5⁹ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book II, Chapter 3¹⁰ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Lost Road and other Writings, Part 1, III: The Lost Road, (ii) The Numenorean Chapters, Chapter IV¹¹ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Hobbit, Chapter 8¹² J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Valaquenta, Of the Valar¹³ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Valaquenta, Of the Enemies¹⁴ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter 19¹⁵ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B¹⁶ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien. Morgoth’s Ring, Part 3: The Later Quenta Silmarillion (II), Laws and Customs among the Eldar, Laws B¹⁷ J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth, Part 2, The History of Galadriel and Celeborn¹⁸ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book III, Chapter 11¹⁹ J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth, Part Four, The Palantíri²⁰ J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings, Book V, Chapter 6