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I could not understand if you are looking for syllabus of M.Sc in Environmental Course for your coursework or for preparation of entrance exam. If you are looking for coursework in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; here you go.The M. Sc. programme is spread over four semesters. It carries 64 credits and comprises of four different components viz: I) Teaching II) Lab Work III) Field Work and IV) Dissertation.Distribution of credits for M. Sc. Programme is:Total Credits for M. Sc. Degree Programme = 64 credits I) Teaching = 50 creditsII) Lab work, Field work and Dissertation = 14 creditsDistribution of credits for teaching (Total 50 credits)i) Core courses = 26 credits ii) Optional courses = 24 creditsDistribution of credits for Lab work, Field work and Dissertation (Total 14 credits)a) Lab work = 6 credits (Lab Work I =3 credits; Lab Work II =3 credits)b) Field work = 3 creditsc) Dissertation = 5 creditsI) Teaching (50 credits)Teaching is a major component of the programme. It shares 50 credits out of total 64. The remaining three components i.e. Lab work, field work and dissertation share remaining 14 creditsVarious courses offered under M. Sc. programme are categorized as:A) Core courses B) Non Credit courses and C) Optional courses.Altogether there are 46 courses: 13 as core, 2 non credit courses and 31 optional courses. All core courses are offered in I and II semesters and all optional courses are offered in III and IV semester of the M. Sc programme.All Core Courses are of 2 credits each and compulsory for all the students. Non credit courses do not carry any credits, however, as per the JNU ordinance, completion of such courses by every student is a mandatory requirement for the award of the degree. Optional courses are of 3 credits each and cover all specialized courses across different sub disciplines of environmental sciences namely; Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Geology, Chemistry and Biology. There is a running list of 31 optional courses, out of which students will have to choose any 8 optional courses (four in each semester) to obtain 24 credits.II) Lab work, Field work and Dissertation (14 credits)a) Lab work (6 credits)The lab work component is spread over first two semesters and is called as Lab work I and Lab work II to be completed in I and II semesters respectively. Under Lab Work I and II, sets of experiments specially designed for M. Sc. students by faculty members of the school are carried out in M. Sc. lab or in the lab of the concerned faculty member during the period of five working days in the afternoon.b) Field work (3 credits)To strengthen the field work component and to have a wider exposure of the field conditions, students will undergo extensive field work which will help them in developing the understanding of different aspects of environmental sciences. Field work is completed in second semester. Each student will submit his/her field work report for evaluation.c) Dissertation (5 credits)Each student will work for M. Sc. Project under the supervision of formally assigned supervisor in the school. Assigning of supervisor will be based on academic interest shown by the student in research specialization of the concerned faculty member followed by the consent given by the faculty member to supervise the project work of that particular student. Student shall complete the process of academic interaction to obtain teachers consent to supervise his/her project work by the end of second semester. The work on research project will start in 3rd semester under the supervision of concerned faculty member in his /her lab and will be completed by 4th semester with writing and submission of dissertation. Dissertation will be evaluated by a 3 member expert committee. Students will have to present their work and defend it in an open viva- voce.LIST OF COURSESA) Core Courses (Compulsory for all)(Total courses 13, Total credits: 13 x 2 =26)Remedial Mathematics ES-101ORRemedial Biology ES-102Environmental Chemistry ES-103Earth processes ES-104Ecology ES-105Statistics ES-106Environmental Pollution ES-107Natural hazards and disaster management ES-108Environmental Impact Assessment ES-109Energy and Environment ES-110Remote sensing and Geoinformatics ES-111Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology ES-112Marine environment ES 113Soil Science ES-114B) Non- Credit Courses (Compulsory for all)Current Environmental Issues ES-11516. Scientific Writings and Ethics ES-116C) Optional Courses – (Total courses- 31 of 3 credits each; Students will have tochoose any 8 courses to obtain total 24 credits)1. Environmental Modeling ES-2012. Climatology ES-2023. Meteorology ES-2034. Noise Pollution ES-2045. Environmental Physics ES-2056. Environmental instrumentation and techniques ES-2067. Geochemistry ES-2078. Groundwater Hydrology ES-2089. Oceanography ES-20910. Natural resource Management ES-21011. Glaciology ES-21112. Biogeochemistry ES-21213. Environmental Geology ES-21314. Water Resources ES-21415. Air Pollution Chemistry ES-21516. Water Pollution Chemistry ES-21617. Soil Pollution Chemistry ES-21718. Solid and Hazardous Wastes Management ES-21819. Metrology ES-21920. Pollution Biology ES-22021. Biodiversity and conservation ES-22122. Forest ecology ES-22223. Microbial Ecology ES-22324. Ecosystem Dynamics ES-22425. Environmental Biophysics ES-22526. Ecology and sustainable development ES-22627. Environmental Xenobiotics and human health ES-22728. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ES-22829. Applied biotechnology and Bioremediation ES-22930. Eco-toxicology ES-23031. Environmental and Occupational health ES-231D) Lab Work1. Lab work I (3 credits) ES-2322. Lab work II (3 credits) ES-233E) Field Work (3 credits) ES-234F) Project Work (5 credits) ES-235-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------COURSE CONTENTA) Core CoursesRemedial Mathematics ES-101 (for Non- Mathematics students)Functions- polynomial, logarithmic, exponential, absolute value, trigonometric. Limits, Indeterminate forms, Continuity. Derivability. Differentiation of simple mathematical functions- product rule, quotient rule and chain rule. Integration- by parts, substitution and by partial fractions. Linear differential equations and their solution. Introduction to Matrices and Determinants. Introduction to Vectors- addition, subtraction, multiplication of vectors. Equation of Straight Line and Solving Linear System of Equations.OR2. Remedial Biology ES-102 (for Non- Biology students)History and scope of ecology, Evolution of biosphere, Diversity of life forms. Biological communities, species interaction, Communities properties, succession. Plant diversity and nomenclature with major classes of plants; Phytogeographical regions; Rare and threatened plants and exploration of plant wealth. Animal diversity and categories of animals; Rare and threatened species of mammals, aves, reptiles, pisces etc.; Exploration and conservation of faunal wealth. Microbial diversity, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes; Microbial diversity in man-made ecosystems and natural ecosystems. Importance of flora and fauna in nutrient cycling, its effect, degradation and metabolism.3. Environmental chemistry ES-103Fundamental Chemistry: Elements, Chemical bonding, chemical reactions and equations, Organic functional groups, classes of organic compounds. Free radical reactions, catalytic processes.Elemental cycles (C, N, S, O) and their environmental significance.Fossil fuels: their types, properties, combustion and environmental implications.Atmospheric constituents, Green house gases and climatic changes. Chlorofluorocarbons and their substitutes. Photochemical smog. Water quality and wastewater treatment. Role of soaps, detergents and phosphorus fertilizers in eutrophication. Persistent organic pollutants: pesticides usage, toxicity and their environmental degradation. Earth crust and weathering mechanism; Soil formation and chemical characteristics. Chemical classes of Hazardous waste, their effects on the environment. Chemical treatment of hazardous wastes.4. Earth Processes ES-104Evolution of various branches of Geology. Origin of the earth. Primary differentiation and formation of core, mantle, crust, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Magma generation and formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Concept of Minerals and Rocks. Weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of earth’s materials by running water, wind and glaciers. Formation of land forms and sedimentary rocks. Plate tectonics- sea floor spreading, mountain building, evolution of continents and structural deformation. Thermal, magnetic and gravitational fields of the earth. Concepts of engineering and urban geology.5. Ecology ES-105History and scope of ecology, autecoloty, synecology, population, community, biome, tolerance range and limiting factors. Distinguishing characters of forests grasslands, arid lands and wetlands; community organization- concept of habitat, functional role and niche, key stone species, dominant species, ecotone, edge effect. Analytical characters, synthetic characters like forms, species diversity and measurement of diversity. Population dynamics, models for single and interacting population, stable points, stable cycles, chaos competition, prey predation, etc. Ecological succession, primary and secondary processes in successions, models of successions, climax community and types of climax. Vegetation of India. Fundamentals of Microbial ecology. Microbial metabolism and microbial interaction. Biochemistry of biological nitrogen fixation and other microbial Pathways in terms of enzymology.6. Statistics ES-106Measures of central tendency. Measures of dispersion. Measures of skewness and kurtosis. Probability- definition, addition and multiplication laws,concept of random variable. Probability distributions- binomial, poisson and normal. Sampling theory- hypothesis testing and interval estimation for large samples. Chi-square test, t-test and F-test of significance. Correlation and regression. analysis. One way analysis of variance.7. Environmental Pollution ES-107Linkage between energy, environment and development. Human population issues. Definition of pollution. Different types of pollution- Air, Water and soil and their local, regional and global aspects. Air: Sources of air pollutants, their behavior in the atmosphere. Effects of air pollutants on humans, animals, plants and properties. Control approaches. Water: Sources, effects, water pollution treatment. Soil: Sources and nature of soil pollution and its harmful effects. Solid waste: generation, collection, environmental effects and safe disposal practices. Environmental problems associated with noise pollution, oil pollution and radioactive pollution.8. Natural hazards and disaster management ES-108Introduction to Hazards- Hazard classification-types of hazards ;Natural Hazards: causes, (continental drift, plate tectonics, sea floor spreading, isostacy, etc.,) distribution pattern, consequences and mitigation: Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanoes, Cyclone, Flood, Drought, Landslide, cold and heat hazards, forest fire, etc.,- causes, types, distribution adverse effects, etc.,- Disaster introduction- disaster Management Capability-Vulnerability- risk- preparedness and mitigation- Disaster management cycle- community planning education and Engineered structure /structural strengthening techniques- Hazard zonation and mapping- Risk Reduction Measures.9. Environmental Impact Assessment ES-109Linkage between development and environment; global commons: carrying capacity: origin and development of EIA: relationship of EIA to sustainable development: EIA in project planning and implementation: EIA process: evaluation of proposed actions, scoping and base line study, identification and prediction of impacts, mitigation measures. Comparison of alternatives, review and decision making, public participation and compensatory actions: green belts: National Environmental Policies and guidelines in India. Conditions and approach for EIS review. Case studies: river valley projects: thermal power plants: mining projects: oil refineries and petrochemicals.10. Energy and Environment ES-110Energy resources and their exploitation, Sun as source of energy- nature of its radiation, Conventional energy sources: coal, oil, biomass and nature gas, non-conventional energy sources: hydroelectric power, tidal, wind, geothermal energy, solar collectors, photovoltaics, solar ponds, nuclear-fission and fusion, magneto-hydrodynamic power (MHD), Energy use pattern in different parts of the world and its impact on the environment. CO2 emission in atmosphere. Mechanism of radiation action on living systems- Stochastic and Non-stochastic effects; delayed effects, radioactivity from nuclear reactors, fuel processing and radioactive waste, hazards related to power plants, terrestrial and non terrestrial radiation, dose from environment and nuclear radiations, ultraviolet radiations, pathways analysis and dose assessment, radiologic age dating, radioactivity risk assessment, criterion for safe exposure.11. Remote sensing and Geo- informatics ES-111Introduction to Remote sensing & GIS. Principles of remote sensing & GIS. Spectra of Environmental Components. Terrestrial and Extra terrestrial satellites in Remote sensing and GIS. Remote sensing & GIS applications on Ocean, Atmosphere, Land, Geology, Water Resources (Ground water and Surface water). Cryosphere, Disaster, Defence studies. Use of softwares in Remote sensing and GIS to solve Environmental problems including Groundwater Exploration, Rainwater Harvesting, Biomass analysis and its relationship with Georesource evaluation. Use of Remote sensing and GIS in development of Early warning system to monitor Agriculture. Identification of Genetically modified crops in correlation with water quality and soil moisture by using Remote sensing & GIS. Applications of Remote sensing and GIS in early warning of Tsunami, Earthquake, Snowfall, Global warming, Forest fire, Landslide, Landsubsidance. Use of LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS ERS, RADARSAT and Extra terrestrial satellite data by using ERDAS, ARCGIS, ERMAPPER, IDRISI ENVI and S+ software for solving the Environmental problems. Sun-earth cosmic connection to understand environment of the Earth.12. Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology ES-112Environmental physiology with considerations of intermediary metabolism- approaches for studying energy metabolism and body temperature changes; Thermo regulation and adaptation. Oxygen uptake from the environment, respiration and metabolism. Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation. Photosynthesis: C1, C3, C4 pathways and their regulation. Photorespiration. Biochemistry of altered membrane permeability, free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal degradation, superoxide dismutase. Environmental pollutants and their effects on living system. Biochemical approaches to the detoxification of xenobiotics through cellular metabolism.13. Marine Environment ES-113Introduction-Classification- open ocean- shallow marine and deep sea environment- marine resources- marine ecology- marine organisms-productivity- coastal environment-coastal water movement- beaches- coastal dunes- barrier islands- cliffed coast- deltas-coast line- estuaries-mangroves- lagoons- salt marshes- coral reefs- classification of marine sediments- clay minerals- biogenic silica- evaporites- nutrient in oceans- carbon and global climate change- marine pollution- law of the sea.14. Soil Science ES-114Soil forming rocks and minerals- Classification- Weathering of rocks and minerals- Processes of weathering and factors affecting them. Soil formation- Factors of soil formation- Soil forming processes- Profile development- Definition of soil- Soil composition. Soil physical properties- Soil separates and particle size distribution- Soil texture and structure- Bulk density, particle density, pore space, soil air, soil temperature, soil water, soil consistence - Significance of physical properties to plant growth. Soil chemical properties- Soil colloids- Inorganic colloids- Clay minerals- amorphous- Ion exchange reactions- Organic colloids- Soil organic matter- Decomposition- Humus formation- Significance on soil fertility, Soil reaction- Biological properties of soil- nutrient availability.B) Non Credit Courses (Compulsory for all )1. Current Environmental Issues ES-115Contemporary and emerging environmental issues of local, regional and global significance. Broadly the topics will be pertaining to: i) Linkage between population, development and environment ii) climate change ii) stratospheric Ozone depletion iii) water resources iv) environmental toxicants and human health v) biodiversity conservation and vi) environmental episodic events, etc.2. Scientific Writings and Ethics ES-116Overview of Moral and Ethical questions in Scientific writing. Overall outline and structure of the article/manuscript. Description, value, and development of points/outlines before writing. Screening of Material for inclusion within the structure of the manuscript.Importance of Authors and their sequence, importance of clear title, abstract or summary. Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Numbers and statistics, Tables and Figures, Discussion. Writing Style: Active or passive, Punctuation, use of commas, apostrophe, semicolon and colon. Avoiding duplication and repetition. Importance of revisions and references.Plagiarism, paraphrasing and copy write violation. Consequences of plagiarism. Why not to fudge, tinker, fabricate or falsify data. Examples.C) Optional Courses1. Environmental Modeling ES - 201Role of Modeling in Environmental Science. Model Classification- Deterministic Models, Stochastic Models, Dynamic Models, Steady State Models. General Steps Involved in Modeling, Mass Balancing, Energy Balancing, Microbial Growth Kinetics- Exponential Growth Model, Logistic Growth Model, Monod Equation, Two Species Population Growth Model of Competition. Lotka-Volterra Prey-Predator Model, Oxygen Sag Model, Gaussian Plume Model.2. Climatology ES - 202Elements of climate, climate controls, Earth's radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, pressure, wind belts, humidity, cloud formation and precipitation, water balance, spatial and temporal patterns of climate parameters, Air masses and fronts, SW and NE monsoon, jet stream, tropical and extratropical cyclone, ENSO, QBO. Classification of climate- Koppen's and Thornthwaite' scheme. Climate change3. Meteorology ES - 203Meteorology fundamentals- Thermal structure of the atmosphere and its composition, Pressure, temperature, wind, humidity, moisture variables, virtual temperature, radiation, radiation from sun, solar constant, surface and planetary albedo, emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, greenhouse effect, net radiation budget, atmospheric stability diagrams, turbulence, diffusion, dry and moist air parcel, thermodynamic diagrams, T-phigram and mixing height, thermodynamics of dry and moist air, specific gas constant, adiabatic and isoentropic processes, entropy and enthalpy, adiabatic processes of moist air4. Noise Pollution ES - 204Basic properties of sound waves, sound propagation, Definition of Noise, Health Effects of Noise, Concept of sound pressure level (SPL), decibel scale, addition of decibels, Frequency Response of Human Ear, Equal Loudness Contours, Weighting Networks, Octave Bands, Measurement and analysis of sound. Percentile Indices of Noise, Equivalent sound pressure level (Leq), Noise pollution level (NPL), Sound exposure level (SEL), Traffic noise index (TNI), Day-Night level (DNL), noise criteria curves; Noise sources; Industrial Noise and Traffic Noise, Noise control and abatement measures; absorbing materials, barrier materials and damping materials. Acoustic silencers and mufflers.5. Environmental Physics ES - 205Concept and scope of environmental Physics with respect to human environment; built environment; urban environment; global environment. Laws of thermodynamics, irreversible thermodynamics and entropy. Wind chill, Hypothermia. Heat balance (steady and transient), Electromagnetic Radiation, Thermal regulation in buildings- Thermal insulation, Thermal conduction effects, Convection effects, Radiation effects, U-values, Energy use and efficiency in buildings. Energy losses, calculation of energy losses, energy gains.Air regulation in buildings, heat pumps, condensation. Buildings of the future. Nano materials: their properties and influence on human health, environment, communication sector and energy. Method of preparation and Applications of nano materials.6.Environmental Instrumentation and Techniques ES - 206Physics of Dielectrophoresis and its environmental applications, Basics of NMR instrumentations, significance of relaxation time, Raman effect and experimental measurement, Raman Spectroscopy, LASER based techniques, LIDAR based methods and techniques, SODAR Radiofrequency measurement and techniques.7. Geochemistry ES - 207Atomic properties of elements, the periodic, table and geochemical classification of elements; abundance of elements in the bulk earth, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere; introduction to mineral structures and compositions; thermodynamic classification of elements into essential, structural, major and trace elements and their partitioning during mineral formation; chemical reactions involving proton and electron transfers, mineral stability diagrams and controls on the chemistry of natural waters; geochemical cycling-concepts with an example; radioactivity, decay of parent and growth of daughter nuclides and methods of radiometric dating; stable isotopes, their fractionation and application to geothermometry and paleoclimates. Interpretation of XRD and XRF data for Environmental components. Geochemical sample preparation. X-Ray Fluorescence. X-Ray Diffraction. Ion Chromatography, AAS and its interpretation.8. Groundwater Hydrology ES - 208Definition and concept of hydrology and hydrogeology. Distribution of water in the earth’s crust. Hydrological cycle. Genetic types of groundwater and residence time of groundwater, Geological control of groundwater, Vertical distribution of groundwater, Types of aquifers, springs and their classification, Classification of rocks with reference to their water bearing properties. Mode of occurrence of groundwater in different geological terrains of India. Darcy’s law and its validity, Determination of hydraulic conductivity, groundwater tracers. Environmental factors on Groundwater level fluctuations and Land subsidence due to changes in subsurface moisture. Effects of excessive use of groundwater resources. Sources of salinity, Chemical analysis of groundwater, Quality criteria for different uses, Groundwater quality in different provinces of India, pollution of groundwater resources. Ghyben-Herzberg relationship between fresh-saline water. Groundwater exploration. Construction and design of different types of wells. Well completion and development. Groundwater development and management: Groundwater development in urban areas and rainwater harvesting, artificial recharge methods. Management of groundwater and groundwater legislation.9.Oceanography ES - 209Introduction- historical, current and future- Earths structure- Physiography of oceans- origin and evolution of ocean basins (Continental and oceanic basins)- Continental drift, sea floor spreading, plate tectonics- shelf and deep sea sedimentation- physical, chemical and biological aspects of sea water- Ocean current (circulation)- Waves properties and motion- tidal currents and characteristics- air-water interface/ exchange, gas solubility and circulation models.10. Natural resource Management ES - 210Definition- land, water, soil, plants and animals: quality of life: renewable and non-renewable resources: Mineral occurrences, prospects: Mineral resources: Mineral reserves, ore minerals, coal, petroleum, oil and natural gas: water- hydropower, including tidal power; ocean surface waves used for wave power, wind- wind power, geothermal heat- geothermal power and radiant energy- solar power: sustainable development, Urban planning Environmental management, Understanding the resource ecology and life-supporting capacity of resources-Economic models: Green building concept- green technology concept.11. Glaciology ES - 211Glacier systems- Structure and morphology of glaciers- Glacial erosion; Landscape evolution under glaciers, glacial landforms- Mass balance- Glacier dynamics, Englacial and subglacial process and fluctuations- Glacier hydrology- Snow and melt water chemistry of- Approaches to Glaciology- Glacier modeling- Glacier and climate change impact- Glaciers- Glacier and water resources- Recent advances in Glaciology- Spatial Data Acquisition Glacier Hazards- Glaciers as tool for palaeo climate studies.12. Biogeochemistry ES - 212Introduction- Biogeochemical provinces- Atmosphere- Lithosphere: weathering process, soil biogeochemistry- Terrestrial systems: photosynthesis respiration- Wetlands: vegetation adaptations- Freshwater and Marine Biogeochemistry: Lakes, ponds, rivers, mangroves, salt marsh and estuaries- Oceans: productivity and limiting nutrient role, carbon chemistry- Global biogeochemical cycles: Nutrient cycles-Advances in biogeochemistry- Sediment biogeochemistry, stable Isotopes in Biogeochemistry and their application to various environmental problems. Nutrient dynamic in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and Lithosphere. Nutrient budgeting and modeling13. Environmental Geology ES - 213Interior of the earth- minerals and rocks- earth processes- plate tectonics- sea floor spreading, mountain building, rock deformation- evolution of continents and earth quakes, volcanoes, landslides, subsidence, rivers and floods and coastal process- interactions between humans and the geological processes, Environmental Hazards-Pollution of the Environment- Waste Disposal, Natural Resources, and Energy Sources and their exploitation. Past, present and future environmental issues and their affect on the earth and our society.14. Water Resources ES - 214Hydrological cycle- Hydrometeorology and climate- hydrometric networks and catchment morphology- precipitation- evaporation and evapotranspiration- soil moisture-river flow-River, Lakes and Ground water- Occurrence of surface water and groundwater. Movement of water on the surface and below the surface. Springs and Hydrothermal phenomena. Ungauged river basin flow- River bank infiltration and recharge-precipitation analysis- evaporation calculation-river flow analysis- Time variation of stream flow levels- rainfall- runoff relationships- Ecohydrology- urban hydrology- Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), Urbanization effect on Water resources. Earthquake, Land subsidence and Water resources. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of Water resources and water quality data processing and interpretation. Sea water intrusion in aquifer system-structural geological approach. Influence of Sun-Earth cosmic connection on Water resources.15. Air Pollution Chemistry ES - 215Chemical composition of atmosphere, Sources of air pollution. Types of air pollutants, organic and inorganic pollutants, their behavior and fate on local, regional and global scale, monitoring of criteria and non-criteria pollutants. Effects of air pollutants on human health, plants, animals and materials. Pollutants and health effects. Air pollution meteorology: Mixing heights, Wind roses, Inversion conditions, Stability of the atmosphere. Long range transport, plume behavior, Air pollution dispersion. Land-atmosphere-ocean interactions of air pollutants. Photochemistry of troposphere, Inorganic reaction in the atmosphere. Reactions involving organic pollutants, Gas to particle conversion. Ozone depletion, Acid rain, Greenhouse effect, Formation of photochemical smog, CFC, their nomenclature, sources and effect, Atmospheric Brown Cloud. Air pollution control technologies: Concept of clean environment, Green technologies, Carbon sequestration, Chemical methods, Electrostatic precipitators.16. Water Pollution Chemistry ES - 216Physicochemical properties of water, Water use- classifications and water quality standard. Basic principles of contaminant behavior in the environment. Hydrologic cycle. Types and sources of water pollution, Major Water Quality (physicochemical and bacteriological) Parameters and their Applications, Basics of water sampling. Water quality objectives and the major chemical, physical and biological processes necessary for designing and managing modern drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, Principles of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, chemical precipitation, porous media filtration, disinfection, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane Processes, advanced oxidation processes, air-stripping and other advanced treatment processes, Major contaminant groups and natural pathways for their removal from water.17. Soil Pollution Chemistry ES - 217Physical Chemistry of Soil: Soil Solution Phase, The Soil/Solution Interface, Surface exchange reactions, Soil acidity, Electrochemistry and the Soil, chemistry of waterlogged soil. Soil Pollution: Inorganic and Organic-Definition of pollution and contamination, sources of soil pollution, Effects of chemical residues on soil, (pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals etc., Soil salinity and alkalinity, Soil pollution from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients or trace elements and radionuclide, land degradation, soil erosion. Soil pollution and climate change: Greenhouse gases production, emission, mitigation, carbon sequestration, soil quality.18. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management ES - 218Solid wastes: Definition, types, sources, characteristics, and impact on environmental health. Waste generation rates. Concepts of waste reduction, recycling and reuse. Collection, segregation and transport of solid wastes Handling and segregation of wastes at source. Collection and storage of municipal solid wastes. Solid waste processing technologies. Mechanical and thermal volume reduction. Biological and chemical techniques for energy and other resource recovery. Composting, Vermicomposting, Incineration of solid wastes. Disposal in landfills: site selection, design, and operation of sanitary landfills; secure landfills and landfill bioreactors; leachate and landfill gas management; landfill closure and post-closure environmental monitoring; landfill remediation.Hazardous wastes: Definition, sources and characteristics: Hazardous waste categorization, generation, collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Legislation on management and handling of municipal solid wastes and hazardous wastes19. Metrology ES - 219Fundamentals of metrology, Chemical metrology, Defining uncertainty of measurements, traceability of standards, validation of method, calibration of method, accuracy and precision of results, selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit, limit of determination, specificity, linearity, analytical error, Accreditation systems, Metrology in environment, QA/QC parameters in environmental studies, use of CRMs (Certified reference materials), inter-laboratory comparison exercise, participation in National and International round Robin tests. Representativeness of sampling site, selection of analytical method, selection of appropriate analytical technique, proper storage of samples with suitable preservative, sample blank, field blank, solvent blank, efficiency of extraction, efficiency of sampling, determination of uncertainty in flow, sample preparation.20. Pollution Biology ES - 220Concepts: Pollutants vs. resources; cycling of materials, tolerance ranges, carrying capacity, bioaccumulation. Air Pollution: Responses of plants and animals, monitoring (e.g. lichens) and control of air pollution by plants. Water pollution: Responses of plants and animals to changes in physico-chemical characteristics; distribution of plants in relation to pollution (microphytes; Phytoplankton, periphyton and moorophytes); Biological monitoring and control of pollution in water. Soil pollution: Responses of plants to soil pollution; changes in soil characteristics by waste disposal, sanitary land fills, mining wastes and human activities, and effects on plants and animals.21. Biodiversity and Conservation ES - 221Biodiversity concepts and patterns, Microbial diversity, Plant diversity, Agrobiodiversity, Soil biodiversity, Economic value of biodiversity, biodiversity losses. Biodiversity hotspots and their characteristic flora and fauna, threatened plants and animals of India, ecosystem people and traditional conservation mechanisms, Biodiversity Convention and Biodiversity Act, IPRs, national and international programmes for biodiversity conservation. Wildlife values and eco-tourism, wildlife distribution in India, problem in wildlife protection, role of WWF, WCU, CITES, TRAFFIC, Wildlife Protection Act 1972. In-situ conservation: sanctuaries, biospheres reserves, national parks, nature reserves, preservation plots. Ex-situ conservation: botanical gardens, zoos, aquaria, homestead garden; herbarium; In-vitro Conservation: germplasm and gene Bank; tissue culture: pollen and spore back, DNA bank.22. Forest Ecology ES - 222Forest and forest environment: Structure of forest ecosystem, major forest types of the world, forest types and forest cover of India, regeneration ecology of forest trees. Forest ecosystem function: Primary productivity of forest ecosystems, litter production and decomposition, nutrient cycling and nutrient conservation strategies, plant water relations. Forest ecosystem management: Forest management systems, joint forest management, forest hydrology, forest fire, application of remote sensing technique in forest ecology, deforestation and sustainable forestry, forest laws, non timber forest products. Role of Biology in management and habitat management techniques. Wildlife farming: Objectives, management design, wildlife products, disease control, breeding. Behavioral, ecology and evaluation.23. Microbial Ecology ES - 223An overview of microbial life and its importance in the environment, Microbial structure and function with special emphasis on Bacteria and Archaea, Evolution and microbial phylogenetic diversity, Microbial nutrition and metabolism with emphasis on microbial metabolic diversity, Environmental factors affecting microbial growth and microbial adaptations to extreme environments (like arctic regions and hot springs), Methods in microbial ecology including introduction to microbial genomics, Microbial habitats (air, soil, subsurface, freshwater, marine and the deep sea), Introduction to geomicrobiology, Natural microbial communities with emphasis on biofilms, Microbial biogeochemical processes of nutrient cycling and biodegradation, Microbial interactions: microbe-microbe interactions, plants as microbial habitats, animals as microbial habitats and human microbiome, Applying microbes in wastewater treatment and solid waste management, Industrial applications of microbes including products for health-pharmaceutical, food and beverage industry and biofuels, Molecular biotechnological applications including genetic engineering for the production of vaccines, diagnostics, biopesticides and transgenic plants, Microbial disease ecology and public health, Transmission of microbial diseases through the environment.24. Ecosystem Dynamics ES - 224The ecosystem concept, abiotic and biotic components. Energy input in ecosystem, standing crop, biomass, primary and secondary production, gross and net production, concept of food chain food web, ten percent law, net community production, methods of measuring productivity, pattern of primary production and biomass in the major ecosystem of the world, Energy flow, Feed back and control. Biogeochemical cycles, gaseous and sedimentary turnover rate and turnover item. Hydrological cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulphur cycle, phosphorus cycle, nutrient budget, man’s impact on nutrient cycles. Population dynamics.25. Environmental Biophysics ES - 225Cellular function of cell, membrane structure and transport origin and conduction of impulses in nerve cell muscles, methods in bioelectric measurements. Radiation and molecular response, elementary aspects of atomic and molecular excitation, biointeractions with environment, fundamental and applied aspects of extremely low frequency, radio and microwave fields, bioacoustics, biomedical aspects of laser. Magnetic environments and geomagnetic fields, behavioural changes, therapeutic and diagnostic possibilities.26. Ecology and Sustainable Development ES - 226Ecosystem concept in space and time; Ecosystem level processes and landscape level processes; the concept of sustainable development temporal and spatial dimensions; Currencies for evaluations of sustainable development- Biophysical measurements; Environmental degradations and conservation issues; Global change and sustainability issues: Climate change, biological invasion, bio-diversity concerns; Ecosystem and social processes in: (a) Rehabilitation of degraded rural landscape, (b) Rehabilitation of unbalanced soils, (c) Rehabilitation of specialized habitats, e.g. water bodies, mangroves; (d) Mined area rehabilitation participatory research and education environmental decision making with people initiates.27. Environmental Xenobiotics and human health ES - 227Interaction of pollutants with biological systems at different levels, e.g., organism, organs, and cell organelles. Biochemical degradation of pollutants inside the cell as well as cellular interactions with the pollutants. Toxins of plant origin. Stress response in living systems. Toxicogenomics: Human population issues and population genetics. Pharmacogenomics; Epidemiology. Cellular interaction and metabolism of xenobiotics; metabolic disorders. Bioconversion of pollutants: active vs. inactive process; enzymic degradation by monooxygenases; Role of cytochrome P 450 and its multiple forms. Immunology: Immune cell responses, Immunity and Immunodeficiency. Allergy and hypersensitive reactions and disorders of immune responses. Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis. Metal toxicity: chemical form, metal biomacromolecule interaction, teratogenecity.28. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ES - 228Basic concepts of molecular biology needed for understanding biotechnology. DNA structure and organization into chromosomes. DNA replication. Repetitive DNA; coding and noncoding sequences in genomes. Gene structure and expression. Mechanics of transcription, translation and their regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Key discoveries (restriction enzymes, bacterial plasmids, modifying enzymes) leading to recombinant DNA technology. Overview of basic techniques in genetic engineering: Introduction of cloned genes into new hosts using plasmid and phage vector systems. Expression cloning, affinity purification of expressed proteins. Nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction as sensitive detection methods. DNA sequencing. Analysis of genomes and proteomes by bioinformatics tools. Genome-wide analysis using microarrays.29. Applied Biotechnology and Bioremediations ES - 229Practical aspects of genetic engineering with microorganisms from extreme environment: Use of extremophilic microorganisms in waste treatment and methane production from agro industrial wastes; Production of enzymes like cellulase, proteases, amylases; alcohol and acetic acid production; Biocomposting: Microbial process involvement, vermin composting, biofertilizer, biopesticides production. Biomining: Microbial leaching of low grade mineral ores, molecular probes for organisms in mines and mine tailings, Petroleum pollutant biodegradation. Alternate fuels: Source and mechanism of various biofuel production. Bioremediation: Concept, role of bioremediation in controlling various pollution problems e.g. solid water, sewage water, industrial effluents, heavy metals, radioactive substances, oil spillage. Phytoremediation: Abatement of different types of pollution using plants, types of phytoremediation, mechanism involved with case studies. Waste water treatment strategies: Domestic and Industrial waste-water, application of microbiology waste treatment. Metagenomics: Environmental Genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics, the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples and future applications in bioremediation.30. Eco-Toxicology ES - 230Principles in toxicology; Definition of Xenobiotics. Animal management in toxicological evaluation; Animal toxicity tests; Statistical concepts of LD50; Dose-effect and dose response relationship; Frequency response and cumulative response; Biological and chemical factors that influence toxicity; Bio-transformation and bio-accumulation. Influence of ecological factors on the effects of toxicity; Concept of green chemistry. Pollution of the ecosphere by industries; Global dispersion of toxic substance; Dispersion and circulating mechanisms of pollutants; degradable and non-degradable toxic substances; food chain. Eco-system influence on the fate and transport of toxicants. Aquatic toxicity tests; Statistical tests; Response of planktons to toxicants; EC49; Photosynthetic bacteria; Bio-absorption of heavy metals. Information management system in eco-toxicology.31. Environmental and Occupational Health ES - 231Basic principle of environmental health. Physiological responses of man to relevant stresses in the environment. Cases and effects of pollution. Industrial Toxicology: Study of environmental dose effect relationships. Evaluation of toxicity and threshold limits. Principles and methods of occupational health. The relationship of occupation of hygiene and safety and disease. Health maintenance: Survey, analysis and recommendations regarding health and safety problems in the working and living environment. Biostatistics, epidemiology: Application of statistical methods to medical records in the study of health problems of human population in a given environment. Treatment of variation, with demographic, vital statistics and epidemiological data. Hazard evaluation in polluted environment with specific emphasis on radiological health. Industrial hygiene technology-laboratory remains illustrating the principles, methods of recognizing evaluating and controlling environmental hazards like air pollution, etc.I would suggest you to visit the link School of Environmental Sciences for further information.

As of this writing, there are 118 known elements of the periodic table. Below, I have listed the symbols, atomic weight, number, melting/boiling points, as well as the names of those behind their discoveries as well as the date they were discovered.I have also compiled one illustration for each element, as well as a link so that readers may enrich themselves in learning some interesting facts about the world’s known elements.Periodic table - Wikipedia(1) HYDROGEN15 Science-backed Benefits of Molecular Hydrogen You Need to Know About - Jill Carnahan, MDSymbol: HAtomic Weight: 1.008Year Discovered: 1766Discovered By: Henry Cavendish & Antoine-Laurent de LavoisierMelting Point: - 259.16 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 252.879 Celsius(2) HELIUMHelium Gas Is Running Out, Which Is Bad News for More Than BalloonsSymbol: HeAtomic Weight: 4.0026Year Discovered: 1868Discovered By: Pierre Jules Janssen & Joseph Norman LockyerMelting Point: - 272.20 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 268.928 Celsius(3) LITHIUMLithium: The Best Supplement for Anger and Autism According to ResearchSymbol: LiAtomic Weight: 6.94Year Discovered: 1817Discovered By: Johan August ArfwedsonMelting Point: 180.50 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1330 Celsius(4) BERYLLIUMHow to Breathe Easier with Beryllium Sensitivity | UEW HealthSymbol: BeAtomic Weight: 9.0122Year Discovered: 1798Discovered By: Louis Nicolas VauquelinMelting Point: 1287 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2469 Celsius(5) BORONWhat Is Boron and What Are Its Health Benefits? - CurosSymbol: BAtomic Weight: 10.81Year Discovered: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac & Louis Jacques ThenardDiscovered By: 30 June 1808Melting Point: 2076 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3927 Celsius(6) CARBONstructure, reaction, water, uses, elements, proteins, metal, gasSymbol: CAtomic Weight: 12.011Year Discovered: 1789 (an an element)Discovered By: Antoine Lavoisier (as an element)Melting Point: 3550 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4500 Celsius(7) NITROGENWhy Liquid Nitrogen Is Dangerous | TIME.comSymbol: NAtomic Weight: 14.007Year Discovered: 1772Discovered By: Daniel RutherfordMelting Point: - 210 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 195.795 Celsius(8) OXYGENWhat is hyperbaric oxygen therapy good for?Symbol: OAtomic Weight: 15.999Year Discovered: 1771Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleMelting Point: - 218.79 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 182.962 Celsius(9) FLUORINEHow To Make a Glow in the Dark Crystal GeodeSymbol: FAtomic Weight: 18.998Year Discovered: 1810Discovered By: Andre-Marie AmpereMelting Point: - 219.67 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 188.11 Celsius(10) NEONThe Element of the Month - NeonSymbol: NeAtomic Weight: 20.180Year Discovered: 1888Discovered By: William Ramsay & Morris TraversMelting Point: -248.59 CelsiusBoiling Point: -246.046(11) SODIUMReduce Sodium Intake | Cut 1000+ Mg From Your Daily Diet | PritikinSymbol: NaAtomic Weight: 22.990Year Discovered: 1807Discovered By: Humphry DavyMelting Point: 97.794 CelsiusBoiling Point: 882.940 Celsius(12) MAGNESIUMToo much or too little magnesium can raise dementia riskSymbol: MgAtomic Weight: 24.305Year Discovered: 1755Discovered By: Joseph BlackMelting Point: 650 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1091 Celsius(13) ALUMINIUMAluminum Prices Plummet as U.S. Is Open to Easing Sanctions on Russia's RusalSymbol: AlAtomic Weight: 26.982Year Discovered: 1824Discovered By: Hans Christian OrstedMelting Point: 660.32 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2470 Celsius(14) SILICONhttps://www.newscientist.com/article/2077359-earths-rarest-minerals-could-hint-at-life-on-other-planets/Symbol: SiAtomic Weight: 28.085Year Discovered: 1823Discovered By: Jons Jacob BerzeliusMelting Point: 1414 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3265 Celsius(15) PHOSPHORUSThe importance of phosphorus to cropsSymbol: PAtomic Weight: 30.974Year Discovered: 1669Discovered By: Hennig BrandMelting Point: 44.15 CelsiusBoiling Point: 280.5 Celsius(16) SULFURSulfurSymbol: SAtomic Weight: 32.06Year Discovered: Unknown (1772 as an element)Discovered By: Antoine Lavoisier (as an element)Melting Point: 115.21 CelsiusBoiling Point: 444.6 Celsius(17) CHLORINETwenty One Pilots Clean Pools, Chill With Adorable Alien Pal Ned in 'Chlorine' Video: WatchSymbol: ClAtomic Weight: 35.45Year Discovered: 1774Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleMelting Point: - 101.5 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 34.04 Celsius(18) ARGONArgon (Chemistry): Eco-Valued Transcription? - Off-Topic - Comic VineSymbol: ArAtomic Weight: 39.948Year Discovered: 1894Discovered By: Lord Raleigh & William RamsayMelting Point: - 189.34 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 185.848(19) POTASSIUMhttps://healthjade.com/potassium/Symbol: KAtomic Weight: 39.098Year Discovered: 1807Discovered By: Humphry DavyMelting Point: 63.5 CelsiusBoiling Point: 759 Celsius(20) CALCIUMGetting Enough Calcium for Strong & Healthy BonesSymbol: CaAtomic Weight: 40.078Year Discovered: 1808Discovered By: Humphry DavyMelting Point: 842 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1484 Celsius(21) SCANDIUM[Hot Item] Scandium Metal 99%-99.999%Symbol: ScAtomic Weight: 44.956Year Discovered: 1879Discovered By: Lars Fredrik NilsonMelting Point: 1541 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2836 Celsius(22) TITANIUMTitanium and Iron upgrading facility pre-reduction kiln shutdownSymbol: TiAtomic Weight: 47.867Year Discovered: 1791Discovered By: William GregorMelting Point: 1668 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3287 Celsius(23) VANADIUMVanadium Compounds Market an Insight on the Important Factors and Trends by 2025 - VanadiumCorp Resource Inc.Symbol: VAtomic Weight: 50.942Year Discovered: 1801Discovered By: Andres Manuel del RioMelting Point: 1910 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3407 Celsius(24) CHROMIUMColorblind - Dalton for ChromiumSymbol: CrAtomic Weight: 51.996Year Discovered: 1794Discovered By: Louis Nicholas VauquelinMelting Point: 1907 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2671 Celsius(25) MANGANESE8 ways to get Manganese in your dietSymbol: MnAtomic Weight: 54.938Year Discovered: 1774Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleMelting Point: 1246 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2061 Celsius(26) IRONreaction, water, uses, elements, metal, gas, number, nameSymbol: FeAtomic Weight: 55.845Year Discovered: 5000 BCDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 1538 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2862 Celsius(27) COBALTThe foremost Cobalt project generator and developer in North America.Symbol: CoAtomic Weight: 58.933Year Discovered: 1735Discovered By: Georg BrandtMelting Point: 1495 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2927 Celsius(28) NICKEL10 Interesting Nickel Element FactsSymbol: NiAtomic Weight: 58.693Year Discovered: 1751Discovered By: Axel Fredrik CronstedtMelting Point: 1455 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2730 Celsius(29) COPPERHistory of Copper and Copper AlloysSymbol: CuAtomic Weight: 63.546Year Discovered: 9000 BCDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 1084.62 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2562 Celsius(30) ZINCZincSymbol: ZnAtomic Weight: 65.38Year Discovered: 1000 BCDiscovered By: Andreas Sigismund Margraff 1746 (as an element)Melting Point: 419.53 CelsiusBoiling Point: 907 Celsius(31) GALLIUMGallium: The Metal that Melts in Your Hand!Symbol: GaAtomic Weight: 69.723Year Discovered: 1875Discovered By: Lecoq de BoisbaudranMelting Point: 29.7646 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2400 Celsius(32) GERMANIUMThe Element of the Month - GermaniumSymbol: GeAtomic Weight: 72.630Year Discovered: 1886Discovered By: Clemens WinklerMelting Point: 938.25 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2833 Celsius(33) ARSENICFDA Warning: Arsenic in Brown RiceSymbol: AsAtomic Weight: 74.922Year Discovered: 300 ADDiscovered By: Unknown/ Albertus Magnus 1250 (as an element)Melting Point: 817 CelsiusBoiling Point: 613 Celsius(34) SELENIUMSeleniumSymbol: SeAtomic Weight: 78.971Year Discovered: 1817Discovered By: Jons Jakob Berzelius & Johann Gottlieb GahnMelting Point: 221 CelsiusBoiling Point: 685 Celsius(35) BROMINEWho's afraid of bromine?Symbol: BrAtomic Weight: 79.904Year Discovered: 1825Discovered By: Antoine Jerome Balard & Carl Jacob LowigMelting Point: - 7.2 CelsiusBoiling Point: 58.8 Celsius(36) KRYPTONIs Kryptonite made from the element Krypton? – Thaddeus Howze – MediumSymbol: KrAtomic Weight: 83.798Year Discovered: 1898Discovered By: William Ramsay & Morris TraversMelting Point: - 157.37 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 153.415 Celsius(37) RUBIDIUMRubidium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: RbAtomic Weight: 85.468Year Discovered: 1861Discovered By: Robert Bunsen & Gustav KirchhoffMelting Point: 39.30 CelsiusBoiling Point: 688 Celsius(38) STRONTIUMStrontium: Approach This Controversial Supplement with Caution - Dr. AxeSymbol: SrAtomic Weight: 87.62Year Discovered: 1787Discovered By: William CruickshankMelting Point: 777 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1377 Celsius(39) YTTRIUMYttrium - Assignment PointSymbol: YAtomic Weight: 88.906Year Discovered: 1794Discovered By: Johan GadolinMelting Point: 1526 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2930 Celsius(40) ZIRCONIUMZirconium Definition, Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: ZrAtomic Weight: 91.224Year Discovered: 1789Discovered By: Martin Heinrich KlaprothMelting Point: 1855 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4377 Celsius(41) NIOBIUMFacts About NiobiumSymbol: NbAtomic Weight: 92.906Year Discovered: 1801Discovered By: Charles HatchettMelting Point: 2477 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4744 Celsius(42) MOLYBDENUMWhich Foods Contain The Most Molybdenum?Symbol: MoAtomic Weight: 95.95Year Discovered: 1778Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleMelting Point: 2623 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4639 Celsius(43) TECHNETIUMFacts About TechnetiumSymbol: TcAtomic Weight: 98Year Discovered: 1937Discovered By: Emilio Segre & Carlo PerrierMelting Point: 2157 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4265 Celsius(44) RUTHENIUMhttp://www.sci-news.com/physics/ruthenium-room-temperature-ferromagnetic-element-06046.htmlSymbol: RuAtomic Weight: 101.07Year Discovered: 1844Discovered By: Karl Ernst ClausMelting Point: 2334 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4150 Celsius(45) RHODIUMRhodium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: RhAtomic Weight: 102.91Year Discovered: 1804Discovered By: William Hyde WollastonMelting Point: 1964 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3695 Celsius(46) PALLADIUMScientist working on the digital tablet data of the chemical element Palladium Pd / researcher consulting information on the computer of the periodic table of elementsSymbol: PdAtomic Weight: 106.42Year Discovered: 1802Discovered By: William Hyde WollastonMelting Point: 1554.9 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2963 Celsius(47) SILVERSilver Sees More Selling Pressure, Gold-Silver Ratio Hits New HighsSymbol: AgAtomic Weight: 107.87Year Discovered: UnknownDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 961.78 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2162 Celsius(48) CADMIUMCadmium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: CdAtomic Weight: 112.41Year Discovered: 1817Discovered By: Karl Samuel Lebrecht Hermann & Friedrich StromeyerMelting Point: 321.07 CelsiusBoiling Point: 767 Celsius(49) INDIUMFacts About IndiumSymbol: InAtomic Weight: 114.82Year Discovered: 1863Discovered By: Ferdinand Reich & Hieronymous Theodor RichterMelting Point: 156.5985 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2072 Celsius(50) TINThe Element of the Month - TinSymbol: SnAtomic Weight: 118.71Year Discovered: 3500 BCDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 231.93 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2602 Celsius(51) ANTIMONYantimony | Definition, Symbol, Uses, & FactsSymbol: SbAtomic Weight: 121.76Year Discovered: 800 ADDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 630.93 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1635 Celsius(52) TELLURIUMAs tellurium demands rise so do contamination concerns - American Chemical SocietySymbol: TeAtomic Weight: 127.60Year Discovered: 1782Discovered By: Franz-Joseph Muller von ReichensteinMelting Point: 449.51 CelsiusBoiling Point: 988 Celsius(53) IODINE5% Liquid Iodine Drops Thyroid Support Supplement 2ozSymbol: IAtomic Weight: 126.90Year Discovered: 1811Discovered By: Bernard CourtoisMelting Point: 113.7 CelsiusBoiling Point: 184.3 Celsius(54) XENONHID Brand Xenon Big ballast FULL SET 1year warranty: Best Price in MalaysiaSymbol: XeAtomic Weight: 131.29Year Discovered: 1898Discovered By: William Ramsay & Morris TraversMelting Point: - 111.75 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 108.099(55) CAESIUMCaesium - Assignment PointSymbol: CsAtomic Weight: 132.91Year Discovered: 1860Discovered By: Robert Bunsen & Gustav KirchhoffMelting Point: 28.5 CelsiusBoiling Point: 671 Celsius(56) BARIUMFacts About BariumSymbol: BaAtomic Weight: 137.33Year Discovered: 1772Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleMelting Point: 727 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1845 Celsius(57) LANTHANUMLanthanum - Assignment PointSymbol: LaAtomic Weight: 138.91Year Discovered: 1838Discovered By: Carl Gustav MosanderMelting Point: 920 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3464 Celsius(58) CERIUMCerium - Assignment PointSymbol: CrAtomic Weight: 140.12Year Discovered: 1803Discovered By: Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jons Jakob Berzelius & Wilhelm HisingerMelting Point: 795 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3443 Celsius(59) PRASEODYMIUMAppalachia is a gold mine for rare earth elements - FuturitySymbol: PrAtomic Weight: 140.91Year Discovered: 1885Discovered By: Carl Auer von WelsbachMelting Point: 935 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3130 Celsius(60) NEODYMIUM7 Rarest Metals Which You Never Heard OfSymbol: NdAtomic Weight: 144.24Year Discovered: 1885Discovered By: Carl Auer von WelsbachMelting Point: 1024 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3074 Celsius(61) PROMETHIUMPromethium - Assignment PointSymbol: PmAtomic Weight: 145Year Discovered: 1942Discovered By: Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segre & Hans BetheMelting Point: 1042 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3000 Celsius(62) SAMARIUMSamariumSymbol: SmAtomic Weight: 150.36Year Discovered: 1879Discovered By: Lecoq de BoisbaudranMelting Point: 1072 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1900 Celsius(63) EUROPIUMEuropium - A Haiku Deck by Mariah MitchellSymbol: EuAtomic Weight: 151.96Year Discovered: 1896Discovered By: Eugene-Anatole DemarcayMelting Point: 826 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1529 Celsius(64) GADOLINIUMLawsuits Allege Gadolinium Contrast Dye Causes Serious Side Effects | d'Oliveira & AssociatesSymbol: GdAtomic Weight: 157.25Year Discovered: 1880Discovered By: Jean Charles Galissard de MarignacMelting Point: 1312 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3000 Celsius(65) TERBIUMTerbium Metals - SAMDiscovered: TbAtomic Weight: 158.93Year Discovered: 1843Discovered By: Carl Gustaf MosanderMelting Point: 1356 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3123 Celsius(66) DYSPROSIUMDysprosium metal 99.99%Symbol: DyAtomic Weight: 162.50Year Discovered: 1886Discovered By: Lecoq de BoisbaudranMelting Point: 1407 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2562 Celsius(67) HOLMIUMHolmium: Element Uses, Facts & Discovery | Study.comSymbol: HoAtomic Weight: 164.93Year Discovered: 1878Discovered By: Jacques-Louis SoretMelting Point: 1461 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2600 Celsius(68) ERBIUMErbium - Element information, properties and usesSymbol: ErAtomic Weight: 167.26Year Discovered: 1843Discovered By: Carl Gustaf MosanderMelting Point: 1529 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2868 Celsius(69) THULIUMThulium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: TmAtomic Weight: 168.93Year Discovered: 1879Discovered By: Per Teodor CleveMelting Point: 1545 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1950 Celsius(70) YTTERBIUMYtterbium in The Elements by Theodore GraySymbol: YbAtomic Weight: 173.05Year Discovered: 1878Discovered By: Jean Charles Galissard de MarignacMelting Point: 824 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1196 Celsius(71) LUTETIUMwhat's lutetium(Lu) metals, powders,granules prices? where's rare earth lutetium(Lu) elements, targets, tubes, wires, slabs, lumps, powders manufacturers? how to buy lutetium(Lu) ingots,foils,wires,garnules,blocks,discs, evaporation materials,Lu2O3?Symbol: LuAtomic Weight: 174.97Year Discovered: 1906Discovered By: Carl Auer von Welsbach & Georges UrbainMelting Point: 1652 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3402 Celsius(72) HAFNIUMHafnium | video | GrrlScientistSymbol: HfAtomic Weight: 178.49Year Discovered: 1922Discovered By: Dirk Coster & George de HevesyMelting Point: 2233 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4603 Celsius(73) TANTALUMTantalum Recycling - israspecmetSymbol: TaAtomic Weight: 180.95Year Discovered: 1802Discovered By: Anders Gustaf EkebergMelting Point: 3017 CelsiusBoiling Point: 5458 Celsius(74) TUNGSTENTungsten Worm WeightsSymbol: WAtomic Weight: 183.84Year Discovered: 1781Discovered By: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleMelting Point: 3422 CelsiusBoiling Point: 5930 Celsius(75) RHENIUMRhenium: A case study in critical metals inactionSymbol: ReAtomic Weight: 186.21Year Discovered: 1908Discovered By: Masataka OgawaMelting Point: 3186 CelsiusBoiling Point: 5630 Celsius(76) OSMIUMOsmium | Minerals Education CoalitionSymbol: OsAtomic Weight: 190.23Year Discovered: 1803Discovered By: Smithson TennantMelting Point: 3033 CelsiusBoiling Point: 5012 Celsius(77) IRIDIUMSpaceX launches third set of Iridium Next satellites - SpaceNews.comSymbol: IrAtomic Weight: 192.22Year Discovered: 1803Discovered By: Smithson TennantMelting Point: 2446 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4130 Celsius(78) PLATINUMOur Top 5 Gold and Platinum Articles - Analyzing MetalsSymbol: PtAtomic Weight: 195.08Year Discovered: 1735Discovered By: Antonio de UlloaMelting Point: 1768.3 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3825 Celsius(79) GOLDGold erases losses and climbs back above $1280Symbol: AuAtomic Weight: 196.97Year Discovered: 6000 BCDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 1064.18 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2970 Celsius(80) MERCURYmercurySymbol: HgAtomic Weight: 200.59Year Discovered: 2000 BCDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: - 38.8290 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 37.8922(81) THALLIUMThallium: The Perfect Pigeon Poison?Symbol: TlAtomic Weight: 204.38Year Discovered: 1861Discovered By: William CrookesMelting Point: 304 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1473 Celsius(82) LEAD6-way pipe union, a sample of the element Lead in the Periodic TableSymbol: PbAtomic Weight: 207.2Year Discovered: 7000 BCDiscovered By: UnknownMelting Point: 327.46 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1749 Celsius(83) BISMUTHBismuth Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: BiAtomic Weight: 208.98Year Discovered: 1400Discovered By: Claude Francois GeoffroyMelting Point: 271.5 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1564 Celsius(84) POLONIUMPolonium - Assignment PointSymbol: PoAtomic Weight: 209Year Discovered: 1898Discovered By: Pierre & Marie CurieMelting Point: 254 CelsiusBoiling Point: 962 Celsius(85) ASTATINESilicon Leads to Cheaper Thermal Energy Storage Systems using Solar Energy | Brighten Solar Co.Symbol: AtAtomic Weight: 210Year Discovered: 1940Discovered By: Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie & Emilio SegreMelting Point: 302 CelsiusBoiling Point: 337 Celsius(86) RADONRADON TECHNICAL BULLETIN (Canada) - W. R. MeadowsSymbol: RnAtomic Weight: 222Year Discovered: 1899Discovered By: Ernest Rutherford & Robert B. OwensMelting Point: - 71 CelsiusBoiling Point: - 61.7 Celsius(87) FRANCIUMFranciumSymbol: FrAtomic Weight: 223Year Discovered: 1939Discovered By: Marguerite PereyMelting Point: 30 CelsiusBoiling Point: 680 Celsius(88) RADIUMVaseline and Uranium Glass (ca. 1930s)Symbol: RaAtomic Weight: 226Year Discovered: 1898Discovered By: Pierre & Marie CurieMelting Point: 700 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1737 Celsius(89) ACTINIUMActinium in The Elements by Theodore GraySymbol: AcAtomic Weight: 227Year Discovered: 1902Discovered By: Friedrich Oskar GieselMelting Point: 1227 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3200 Celsius(90) THORIUMThe Rare Promise of Thorium ReactorsSymbol: ThAtomic Weight: 232.04Year Discovered: 1829Discovered By: Jons Jakob BerzeliusMelting Point: 1750 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4788 Celsius(91) PROTACTINIUMProtactinium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: PaAtomic Weight: 231.04Year Discovered: 1913Discovered By: Kasimir Fajans & Oswald Helmuth GohringMelting Point: 1568 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4027 Celsius(92) URANIUMSHOCKING! 9 Kilo Radioactive Uranium Worth 27 Crores Seized in Thane!Symbol: UAtomic Weight: 238.03Year Discovered: 1789Discovered By: Martin Heinrich KlaprothMelting Point: 1132.2 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4131 Celsius(93) NEPTUNIUMNeptunium - Assignment PointSymbol: NpAtomic Weight: 237Year Discovered: 1940Discovered By: Edwin McMillian & Philip H. AbelsonMelting Point: 629.3 CelsiusBoiling Point: 4174 Celsius(94) PLUTONIUMU.S. Loses Plutonium Over Africa Skies On This Day In 1964Symbol: PuAtomic Weight: 244Year Discovered: 1940Discovered By: Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy & Edwin McMillanMelting Point: 639.4 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3228 Celsius(95) AMERICIUMChemical Elements.com - Americium (Am)Symbol: AmAtomic Weight: 243Year Discovered: 1944Discovered By: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan & Albert GhiorsoMelting Point: 1176 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2607 Celsius(96) CURIUMEvidence for curium in early solar system foundSymbol: CmAtomic Weight: 247Year Discovered: 1944Discovered By: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James & Albert GhiorsoMelting Point: 1340 CelsiusBoiling Point: 3110 Celsius(97) BERKELIUMBerkelium - Element information, properties and usesSymbol: BkAtomic Weight: 247Year Discovered: 1949Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: 986 CelsiusBoiling Point: 2627 Celsius(98) CALIFORNIUMRadioactive element scare in Ankara turns out to be organic substanceSymbol: CfAtomic Weight: 251Year Discovered: 1950Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: 900 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1470 Celsius(99) EINSTEINIUMEinsteiniumSymbol: EsAtomic Weight: 252Year Discovered: 1952Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: 860 CelsiusBoiling Point: 996 Celsius(100) FERMIUMHistory of Nuclear Testing - Fiinovation - CSR Consultancy in India | Financial Planning | Sustainability InitiativesSymbol: FmAtomic Weight: 257Year Discovered: 1952Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: 1527 CelsiusBoiling Point: Unknown(101) MENDELEVIUMPeriodic Table Printmaking ProjectSymbol: MdAtomic Weight: 258Year Discovered: 1955Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: 827 CelsiusBoiling Point: Unknown(102) NOBELIUMYorick Nobelium by BalkoSymbol: NoAtomic Weight: 259Year Discovered: 1966Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchMelting Point: 827 CelsiusBoiling Point: Unknown(103) LAWRENCIUMLawrencium - Element information, properties and usesSymbol: LrAtomic Weight: 266Year Discovered: 1971Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory & Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchMelting Point: 1627 CelsiusBoiling Point: Unknown(104) RUTHERFORDIUMRutherfordium by Carlos ClarivanSymbol: RfAtomic Weight: 267Year Discovered: 1964Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research & Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: 2100 CelsiusBoiling Point: 5500 Celsius(105) DUBNIUMDubnium | ChemistrySymbol: DbAtomic Weight: 268Year Discovered: 1970Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory & Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(106) SEABORGIUMSeaborgium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSymbol: SgAtomic Weight: 269Year Discovered: 1974Discovered By: Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(107) BORIUMDrill Teck (Borium) HorsehoesSymbol: BhAtomic Weight: 270Year Discovered: 1981Discovered By: Gesellschaft fur SchwerionenforschungMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(108) HASSIUMHassium Pro - 108 keySymbol: HsAtomic Weight: 270Year Discovered: 1984Discovered By: Gesellschaft fur SchwerionenforschungMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(109) MEITNERIUMElement of Meitnerium with magnifying glassSymbol: MtAtomic Weight: 278Year Discovered: 1982Discovered By: Gesellschaft fur SchwerionenforschungMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(110) DARMSTADTIUMEvent Destinations | darmstadtiumSymbol: DsAtomic Weight: 281Year Discovered: 1994Discovered By: Gesellschaft fur SchwerionenforschungMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(111) ROENTGENIUMRoentgenium Art Print by Carlos ClarivanSymbol: RgAtomic Weight: 282Year Discovered: 1994Discovered By: Gesellschaft fur SchwerionenforschungMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: Unknown(112) COPERNICIUMPictures, stories, and facts about the element Copernicium in the Periodic TableSymbol: CnAtomic Weight: 285Year Discovered: 1996Discovered By: Gesellschaft fur SchwerionenforschungMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: 357 Celsius(113) NIHONIUMLearn About the Element NihoniumSymbol: NhAtomic Weight: 286Year Discovered: 2004Discovered By: Riken Research InstituteMelting Point: 430 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1130 Celsius(114) FLEROVIUMFlerovium - Element information, properties and usesSymbol: FlAtomic Weight: 289Year Discovered: 1999Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research & Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: - 60 Celsius(115) MOSCOVIUMMoscovium - Element information, properties and usesSymbol: McAtomic Weight: 290Year Discovered: 2003Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research & Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryMelting Point: 400 CelsiusBoiling Point: 1100 Celsius(116) LIVERMORIUMLivermoriumSymbol: LvAtomic Weight: 293Year Discovered: 2000Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research & Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryMelting Point: 364–507 CelsiusBoiling Point: 762–862 Celsius(117) TENNESSINETennessine: Final four elemental tiles | ChemistrySymbol: TsAtomic Weight: 294Year Discovered: 2009Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University & Oak Ridge National LaboratoryMelting Point: 350–550 CelsiusBoiling Point: 610 Celsius(118) OGANESSONOganesson is stranger than previously thought – The Talking DemocratSymbol: OgAtomic Weight: 294Year Discovered: 2002Discovered By: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research & Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryMelting Point: UnknownBoiling Point: 30 Celsius

The elements of the Periodic Table have been named after various places, people, celestial objects like planets, dwarf planets, and the nature (behaviour; properties) which these elements exhibit. The derivation of the names of the elements is given below:Element name (Symbol; Atomic Number) → DescriptionOganesson (Og; 118) → named after Yuri Oganessian, the Russian chemist who discovered the element and led the research into discovering it and other superheavy elements.Tennessine (Ts; 117) → named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, home of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where much nuclear research has been done.Livermorium (Lv; 116) → named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in the U.S.Moscovium (Mc; 115) → named after Moscow, the capital of Russia.Flerovium (Fl; 114) → named after Georgy Nikolayevich Flyorov, who founded the institute where element 114 was discovered.Nihonium (Nh; 113) → named after Japan, the country where the element was created.Copernicium (Cn; 112) → named after Nicolas Copernicus, who told that the earth was not the center of the universe, and that it was orbiting the sun.Roentgenium (Rg; 111) → named after the physicist Wilhelm Roentgen.Darmstadtium (Ds; 110) → named after Darmstadt, the place where many elements were created.Meitnerium (Mt; 109) → named after Lise Meitner, the person who discovered nuclear fission.Hassium (Hs; 108) → named after the German state of Hesse.Bohrium (Bh; 107) → named after Niels Bohr, the Danish scientist who made the Bohr model of the structure of atoms.Seaborgium (Sg; 106) → named after Glenn T. Seaborg.Dubnium (Db; 105) → named after Dubna, a town near Moscow which is the place where the new elements are synthesized in particle accelerators.Rutherfordium (Rf; 104) → named after physicist Ernest Rutherford.Lawrencium (Lr; 103) → named after the scientist E. O. Lawrence.Nobelium (No; 102) → named after Alfred Nobel, who founded the Nobel Prize to help and motivate those who make scientific innovations, and to reward them.Mendelevium (Md; 101) → named after Dmitri Mendeleev, the person who invented the Periodic Table.Fermium (Fm; 100) → named after the physicist Enrico Fermi.Einsteinium (Es; 99) → named after the physicist Albert Einstein.Californium (Cf; 98) → named after the U.S. state of California.Berkelium (Bk; 97) → named after the city of Berkeley in California, U.S.A.Curium (Cm; 96) → named after Marie and Pierre Curie.Americium (Am; 95) → named after America.Plutonium (Pu; 94) → named after the dwarf planet Pluto.Neptunium (Np; 93) → named after the planet Neptune.Uranium (U; 92) → named after the planet Uranus.Protactinium (Pa; 91) → named after the Greek word “protos”, which means “first”, and the element actinium.Thorium (Th; 90) → named after the Norse god Thor.Actinium (Ac; 89) → named after the Greek word aktis, meaning a beam or a ray.Radium (Ra; 88) → named after the Latin word “radius”, which means “ray”.Francium (Fr; 87) → named after France.Radon (Rn; 86) → derived from the name radium.Astatine (At; 85) → named after the Greek word astatos, meaning unstable.Polonium (Po; 84) → named after Poland.Bismuth (Bi; 83) → named after two German words: “weisse”, which means “white”, and “masse”, which means “mass”.Lead (Pb; 82) → named after the Latin word plumbum.Thallium (Tl; 81) → name after the Greek word thallos, which means “a green shoot or twig”.Mercury (Hg; 80) → named after the planet Mercury.Gold (Au; 79) → named after aurum, the Latin name for gold. This word means “shining dawn”.Platinum (Pt; 78) → named after the Spanish word for ”silver-like metal”, which is platina.Iridium (Ir; 77) → named after the Latin word for rainbow (iris), because of the rich colors of its salts.Osmium (Os; 76) → named after the Greek word for smell, which is “osme”. (This is from the strong smell of osmium tetroxide.)Rhenium (Re; 75) → named after the Latin word “Rhenus”, which means “The Rhine”.Tungsten (W; 74) → named after two Swedish words: “tung” meaning “heavy” and “sten” meaning “stone”.Tantalum (Ta; 73) → named after the Greek mythic king Tantalus, the father of Niobe.Hafnium (Hf; 72) → named after Copenhagen (the ancient name for Copenhagen was Hafnia).Lutetium (Lu; 71) → named after Paris (the ancient name for Paris was Lutetia).Ytterbium (Yb; 70) → named after Ytterby, the village where these elements were found.Thulium (Tm; 69) → named after Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia.Erbium (Er; 68), → named after Ytterby, the village where these elements were found.Holmium (Ho; 67) → named after the Latin word for Stockholm, which is Holmia.Dysprosium (Dy; 66) → named after the Greek word dysprositos, meaning hard to obtain/hard to get at.Terbium (Tb; 65) → named after Ytterby, the village where these elements were found.Gadolinium (Gd; 64) → named after the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin.Europium (Eu; 63) → named after the continent of Europe.Samarium (Sm; 62) → named after the mineral samarskite.Promethium (Pm; 61) → named after Prometheus who, according to Greek mythology, stole fire from the gods on Mount Olympus.Neodymium (Nd; 60) → named after two Greek words: “neos” meaning “new” and “didymos” meaning “twin”.Praseodymium (Pr; 59) → named after two Greek words: “prasios” meaning “leek-green” and “didymos” meaning “twin”.Cerium (Ce; 58) → named after the dwarf planet Ceres.Lanthanum (La; 57) → named after the Greek word lanthanein, which means “to lie hidden”.Barium (Ba; 56) → named after the Greek word barys, meaning heavy.Cesium (Cs; 55) → named after the Latin word for the colour “bluish grey”, which is caesius.Xenon (Xe; 54) → named after the Greek word for stranger, which is xenos.Iodine (I; 53) → named after the Greek word for violet, which is iodes.Tellurium (Te; 52) → named after the Latin name “Tellus”, which means “Earth”.Antimony (Sb; 51) → the symbol is from the Latin word stibium, meaning mark; the name’s origin is uncertain, but it refers mainly to kohl (antimony sulfide).Tin (Sn; 50) → named after the Latin word “stannum”, which means “tin”.Indium (In; 49) → named after the colour indigo because it has a brilliant indigo line in its spectrum.Cadmium (Cd; 48) → named after the Latin and Greek word for calamine, which is cadmia.Silver (Ag; 47) → named after the Latin word for silver, which is argentum.Palladium (Pd; 46) → named after the asteroid Pallas.Rhodium (Rh; 45) → named after the Greek word “rhodon”, which means “rose”. (One of its salts is rose-coloured.)Ruthenium (Ru; 44) → named after the Latin word for Russia, which is Ruthenia.Technetium (Tc; 43) → named after the Greek word “technetos”, which means “artificial”.Molybdenum (Mo; 42) → named after the Greek word for lead, which is molybdos.Niobium (Nb; 41) → named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology.Zirconium (Zr; 40) → named after the Persian word “zargun”, which means “gold-coloured”.Yttrium (Y; 39) → named after Ytterby, the village where these elements were found.Strontium (Sr; 38) → named after the Scottish town of Strontian.Rubidium (Rb; 37) → named after the Latin word “rubidus”, which means “deep red”.Krypton (Kr; 36) → named after the Greek word kryptos, which means hidden.Bromine (Br; 35) → named after the Greek word bromos, meaning stench.Selenium (Se; 34) → named after the Greek word for the Moon, which is selene.Arsenic (As; 33) → named after the Greek word arsenikos meaning “male; virile”, altered from the Persian word zarnikh (“gold-coloured”).Germanium (Ge; 32) → named after the Latin name for Germany, Germania.Gallium (Ga; 31) → named after the Latin name for France, Gallia.Zinc (Zn; 30) → named after the German word “Zink”, which means “spike; prong”. This is from the spiky appearance of its crystals.Copper (Cu; 29) → named after the Latin word Cyprium, meaning ”of Cyprus”, where much copper was mined.Nickel (Ni; 28) → named after the German word for a demon, which is “Nickel”.Cobalt (Co; 27) → named after the German word for goblin or evil spirit, Kobold.Iron (Fe; 26) → named after the Latin word for the colour grey, which is ferrum.Manganese (Mn; 25) → named after the ancient Greek region Magnesia.Chromium (Cr; 24) → named after the Greek word for colour, which is chroma.Vanadium (V; 23) → named after Vanadis, the Scandinavian Goddess.Titanium (Ti; 22) → named after the Greek word Titan.Scandium (Sc; 21) → named after the Latin word Scandia, which refers to Scandinavia.Calcium (Ca; 20) → named after the Latin word for limestone, which is calx.Potassium (K; 19) → named after potassium hydroxide (or potash), the compound from which Sir Humphry Davy first isolated the metal in 1807.Argon (Ar; 18) → named after the Greek word argon, meaning “inactive”.Chlorine (Cl; 17) → named after the Greek word for the colour “greenish-yellow”, which is chloros.Sulphur (S; 16) → named after the Latin word for brimstone, which is sulpur.Phosphorus (P; 15) → named after the Greek word Phosphoros, which means light-bearer.Silicon (Si; 14) → named after the Latin word for flint, which is silex.Aluminium (Al; 13) → named after the Latin word alumen, meaning “bitter salt”.Magnesium (Mg; 12) → named after Magnesia, which is a district in Thessaly.Sodium (Na; 11) → named after the Latin word soda, which was a headache remedy.Neon (Ne; 10) → named after the Greek word for “new”, which is “neos”.Fluorine (F; 9) → named after the Latin word for flux or flow, which is fluor.Oxygen (O; 8) → named after two Greek words: “oxys” meaning “sharp or acid” and “genes” meaning “forming”. (Ex. H₂SO₄; sulphuric acid).Nitrogen (N; 7) → named after the French word “nitre” ,which means “nitre”, and the Greek word “genes”, which means “forming”. Nitre is the common name for potassium nitrate (KNO₃).Carbon (C; 6) → named after the Latin word for charcoal, carbo.Boron (B, 5) → named after the mineral borax.Beryllium (Be; 4) → named after the Greek word beryl (the gemstone).Lithium (Li; 3) → named after the Greek word for stone, which is lithos.Helium (He; 2) → named after the Greek sun god Helios. Helium was first found in the Sun.Hydrogen (H; 1) → named after two Greek words: “hydro” meaning “water” and “genes” meaning “forming”.Gallery - The Pictures Of The Elements.Don’t skip this part! Some of the pictures are truly awesome!The Early Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableHydrogenThis is nuclear fusion technology involving the use of hydrogen.HeliumHelium tanks used to store liquid helium, which will be used in the Large Hadron Collider.LithiumLithium ion battery.BerylliumBoronCarbonGlassy carbon - an allotrope of carbon.NitrogenLiquid nitrogenOxygenLiquid oxygenFluorineLiquid fluorineNeonThank you for reading. Please upvote this post and share it if you liked it. Thank you for doing so. :-).Special Thanks to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, for their excellent quality of the images used here. I recommend you (the viewer) to visit their site by clicking here.