University Of Mount Union Release Hold Harmless: Fill & Download for Free

Here are 500 Random facts which I have collected from Google.1.Think about Sun its almost 300,000 times bigger than our Earth.2.Mars gravity is lower compared to Earth, a person who weighs 50kg on Earth would weigh on 19kg on Mars.3.One light year is equal to the light traveled in one year.4.The speed of light is 299,792,458 m / s5.The speed of light is the universal speed limit, nothing can exceed the speed of light.6.Our solar system is in Milky way galaxy which is approximately 100,000 light years in width.7.One full rotation of Earth takes 23hr 56min 4sec, Sun’s full rotation time is about 25-35 days.8. Venus spins backwards relative to Earth and all other planets of our solar system9. Do you know the age of moon? its 4.5 billion years old.10. Moon gravity can cause tides on Earth.11. Neptune takes 165 years to make one orbit of the moon.12. Russians were the first to send satellites to orbit.13. Approximately 200,000,000,000 stars are there in our own Milky way galaxy.14.Andromeda galaxy is the nearest galaxy to our milky way.15.Andromeda galaxy is 2,538,000 light years away from Earth.16.According to some scientists Andromeda galaxy will collide with Milky way in about 4 billion years.17.The distance between the Sun and Earth is defined as an Astronomical Unit.18. The second man to step on moon was Buzz Aldrin.19. Quasar OJ287 is the largest black hole known to man.20. Do you know pluto is smaller than our moon!21. Pluto was not named after Disney dog Pluto, it is named after the Roman god of underworld.22.Saturn is the lightest planet in our solar system. If you would put Saturn in a bucket full of water it will float.23. The first ever living mammal to go into space was “Laika” a dog sent by Russia.24. Pens won’t work in space as there is not gravity in space.25. Pluto is not a planet, the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet.26.There are 4 dwarf planets in our Solar System :Makemake, Eris, Ceres and Pluto.27. Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman from Russia who went into space.28. Jupiter has highest moons in our Solar System, it has 63 moons.29. The International Space Station circles earth every 90 minutes.30. The most furthest away object in the night sky that you can see with your eyes is Andromeda Galaxy.31.Neil Armstrong first stepped on the moon with his left foot.32. If you were driving at 150 miles per hour, it would take 129 days to drive around one of saturn’s rings.33.The Martian day is 24 hours 39 minutes and 35 seconds.34. Olympus Mons, is the highest mountain known to man, it is located on Mars. It’s peak is 25 Km high.35.Footprints and tyre tracks left by astronauts on the moon will stay there forever as there is no wind to blow them away.36.Still some people believes that the earth is flat, there is also a Flat Earth Society, the society which believes the earth is flat.37. We are aware of only 14 black holes in space.38. Most people think that Mercury being closest to the sun is most hottest planet, but Venus is the most hottest planet which has a lot of gasses in its atmosphere, which causes the “Greenhouse Effect”.39.There are more volcanoes on Venus than any other planet within our solar system.40.Uranus has 27 moons that have been discovered so far.41.The Kuiper Belt is a region of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune.42.If you shouted in space even if someone was right next to you they wouldn’t be able to hear you.43.Neil Armstrong first stepped on the moon with his left foot.44.Jupiter is known as the dumping ground for our solar system, as a large percentage of asteroids are pulled in by Jupiter’s gravity.45.There is an estimated 2 x 1023 stars in space, which means 23 zero’s after 2. 200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!46.Red Dwarf stars that are low in mass can burn continually for up to 10 trillion years!47.Stars seem to twinkle in the night sky due to the light being disrupted as it passes though the Earth’s atmosphere.48.Black Arrow is the only satellite that Britain has launched.49.The International Space Station is the largest manned object ever sent into space.50.We know more about space than we do about deep in our oceans.51.A day in Mercury lasts approximately as long as 59 days on earth.52. The Universe was once thought to be everything that could ever exist, but recent theories about inflation (e.g. Big Bang) suggest our universe may be just one of countless bubbles of space time.53.The Drake Equation was proposed by astronomer Frank Drake to work out how many civilizations there could be in our galaxy - and the figure is in millions.54.The full cost of a spacesuit is about $11 million although 70% of this is for the backpack and the control module55.The Milky Way galaxy is whirling rapidly, spinning our sun and all its other stars at around 100 million km per hour.56.The gloves included in the space suit have silicon rubber fingertips which allow the astronaut some sense of touch.57.Quasars are the most distant known objects in the Universe. Even the nearest is billions of light years away.58.The brightest quasar is 3C 273, 2 billion light years away.59.The brightest stars in the night sky are not actually stars, but the planets Jupiter, Venus, Mars and Mercury.60.You can see a galaxy with the naked eye: the Andromeda Galaxy, 2.2 million light years away.61.For a satellite to fly off into the space, its momentum should be greater than the pull of gravity of the earth.62.The earth actually takes 365.24219 days to orbit the Sun, which is called one Solar Year. To compensate for the missing 0.242 days, the western calendar adds an extra day in February every fourth (leap) year, but misses out three leap years every four centuries.63.The future of the Universe may depend on how much dark matter there is. If there is too much, its gravity will eventually stop the Universe’s expansion – and make it shrink again.64.Saturn’s rings are sets of thin rings of ice, dust and tiny rocks, which orbit the planet around its equator.65.Nicolaus Copernicus was the astronomer who first suggested that the Sun was the centre, and that the Earth went round the sun.http://66.As the earth turns, the stars come back to the same place in the night sky every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. This is a sidereal day (star day).67.The distance to the planets is measured by bouncing radar signals off them and timing how long the signals take to get there and back.68.The red color of Mars is due to oxidized (rusted) iron in its soil.69.Over 100 artificial satellites are now launched into space every year, a few of which are space telescopes.70.Twice during Mercury’s orbit, it gets so close to the Sun and speeds so much that the Sun seems to go backwards in the sky.71.Spacecrafts toilets have to get rid of waste in low gravity conditions, Astronauts have to sit on a device which sucks away the waste. Solid waste is dried and dumped in space, but the water is saved.72. Hipparchus was the first astronomer to try to work out how far away the Sun is.73.During the moon landing, a mirror was left on the Moon’s surface to reflect a laser beam which measured the Moon’s distance from the Earth with amazing accuracy.74.When things are falling, their acceleration cancels out gravity, which is why astronauts in orbits are weightless.75.Weightlessness makes astronauts grow several centimeters during a long mission.76.The first manned space flight was made in April 1961 by the Soviet Cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1.77.The nuclear fusion reactions in the Sun’s core send out billions of light photons every minute but they take 10 million years to reach its surface78.The most distant galaxies (quasars) have red shifts so big that they must be moving away from us at speeds approaching the speed of light.79.The moon is the only other world that humans have set foot on. Because the moon has no atmosphere or wind, the footprints planted in its dusty surface in 1969 by the Apollo astronauts are still there today, perfectly preserved.80.Einstein’s theory of Special Relativity shows that all measurements are relative, including time and speed. In other words, time and speed depends upon where you measure them.81.Astronauts learn Scuba diving which helps them to deal with space walks.82.The first space telescope was the Copernicus, sent out in 1972.83.Voyager 2 will beam back data until 2020 as it travels beyond the edges of the Solar System.84.The sun is about 5 billion years old and half a way through its life – as a medium sized star it will probably live for around 10 billion years.85.Ceres is the biggest asteroid in the Solar System – 940 km across, and 0.0002% the size of the earth.86.Neptune’s mood Triton is the coldest place in the Solar System, with surface temperatures of -236°C.87.Planets have magnetic field around them because of the liquid iron in their cores. As the planets rotate, so the iron swirls, generating electric currents that create the magnetic field.88.The largest moon in the Solar System is the Jupiter’s moon Ganymede.89.Einstein’s theory of general relativity shows that gravity not only pulls on matter, but also space and even ‘Time’ itself.In summer in Uranus, the sun does not set for 20 years. In winter, darkness lasts for 20 years. In autumn, the sun rises and sets every 9 hours.90.Uranus’s moon Miranda is the weirdest moon of all. It seems to have been blasted apart, and then put together again.91.The first successful planetary space probe was the USA’s Mariner 2, which flew past Venus in 1962.92.The first space station was the Soviet Salyut 1 launched in April 1971; its low orbit meant it stayed up only five months.93.With powerful telescopes, astronomers can see galaxies 2 billion light years away. This means we see them as they were when the only life forms in Earth were bacteria.94.With powerful telescopes, astronomers can see galaxies 2 billion light years away. This means we see them as they were when the only life forms in Earth were bacteria.95.Human beings are literally made out of star stuff. Almost all of the chemical elements that make up a person come from the stars.97.The sun makes up more than 99% of the mass of the solar system.98.There’s a gas cloud in the constellation of Aquila that contains enough alcohol to make 400 trillion trillion pints of beer.99.We’ve found over a thousand planets outside our solar system just in the last 20 years.100.A Mars-sized object crashed into Earth 4.5 billion years ago, chipping off a chunk of rock that became the moon, and making the Earth’s axis tilt slightly.101. Earth is the only planet in our solar system with liquid water.102.You cannot walk on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus or Neptune because they have no solid surface!103. If you could fly a plane to Pluto, the trip would take more than 800 years!104.A asteroid about the size of a car enters Earth’s atmosphere roughly once a year - but it burns up before it can reaches us.105.The sunset on Mars appears blue.106.All the other planets in the solar system could fit between Earth and the moon.107.Saturn has a huge extra ring that was only discovered in 2009.108.There’s a hexagonal cloud at Saturn’s north pole.109.There’s an asteroid called Chariklo in our solar system that has rings, like Saturn.110.Jupiter is two and a half times bigger than all the other solar system planets combined.111.Time Stops at the Speed of Lighthttp://112.In the span of 66 years, we went from taking flight to landing on the moon.113.When you look into the night sky, you are looking back in time114.The Hubble telescope allows us to look back billions of years into the past115.There’s a planet-sized diamond in Centaurus named after a Beatles song116. It takes 225 million years for our Sun to travel round the galaxy117. Neutron stars are the fastest spinning objects known in the universe118.A spoonful of a neutron star weighs about a billion ton119. There could be 500 million planets capable of supporting life in our galaxy120.The human brain is the most complex object in the known universe121.All the stars, galaxies, and black holes in the universe only compose about 5% of its mass.122. The radius of the earth is 6,371 km.123. The age of the earth is 4.54 billion years.124. The earth is 149,500,000 km far away from sun.125. The Mass of the earth is 5.972E24 kg.126.The Titanic was the first ship to use the SOS signal.127.A toaster uses almost half as much energy as a full-sized oven.128.The top six foods that make your fart are beans, corn, bell peppers, cauliflower, cabbage and milk!http://129.An eagle can kill a young deer and fly away with it.130.The French language has seventeen different words for ‘surrender’.131.About 8,000 Americans are injured by musical instruments each year.132. Most lipstick contains fish scales!133.Donald Duck comics were banned from Finland because he doesn’t wear pants!134 Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves from blowing sand!135 Over 1000 birds a year die from smashing into windows!136 Owls are one of the only birds who can see the color blue!137. A jellyfish is 95 percent water!138.Months that begin on a Sunday will always have a ‘Friday the 13th’.139 The mask worn by Michael Myers in the original “Halloween” was actually a Captain Kirk mask painted white.140. It’s possible to lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs.141.100% of lottery winners do gain weight142. Cats urine glows under a black light.143. The most common street name in the U.S. is Second Street.144. Babies are most likely to be born on Tuesdays.145. In the 1980′s American migraines increased by 60%.146. A shrimp's heart is in it's head.147. Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have over a million descendants.148. In every episode of Seinfeld there is a Superman somewhere.149. Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by 700 times.150. The cigarette lighter was invented before the match.151. Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married.152. Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is different.153.28.23% of all photocopier faults worldwide are caused by people sitting on them and photocopying their butts.154. Only one satellite has been ever been destroyed by a meteor: the European Space Agency's Olympus in 1993.155. Seals used for their fur get extremely sick when taken aboard ships.156. Guinea pigs and rabbits can't sweat.157. The pet food company Ralston Purina recently introduced, from its subsidiary Purina Philippines, power chicken feed designed to help roosters build muscles for cockfighting, which is popular in many areas of the world.158. Deer can't eat hay.159. The lifespan of a squirrel is about nine years.160. North American oysters do not make pearls of any value.161. Human birth control pills work on gorillas.162. Gorillas sleep as much as fourteen hours per day.163. A biological reserve has been made for golden because they are so rare.164. There are more than fifty different kinds of kangaroos.165. Jellyfish like salt water. A rainy season often reduces the jellyfish population by putting more fresh water into normally salty waters where they live.166. The female lion does ninety percent of the hunting.167. The odds of seeing three albino deer at once are one in seventy-nine billion, yet one man in Boulder Junction, Wisconsin, took a picture of three albino deer in the woods.168. The odds of seeing three albino deer at once are one in seventy-nine billion, yet one man in Boulder Junction, Wisconsin, took a picture of three albino deer in the woods.169. Your stomach produces a new layer of mucus every two weeks - otherwise it will digest itself.170. The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp paper.171. 315 entries in Webster's 1996 Dictionary were misspelled.172. Ketchup was sold in the 1830s as medicine.173. Leonardo da Vinci could write with one hand and draw with the other at the same time.174. Because metal was scarce, the Oscars given out during World War II were made of wood.175. There are no clocks in Las Vegas gambling casinos.176. "Almost" is the longest word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order.177. Human thigh bones are stronger than concrete.178. You can’t kill yourself by holding your breath179. There is a city called Rome on every continent.180. Your heart beats over 100,000 times a day.181. One quarter of the bones in your body, are in your feet!182. Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails!183. Women blink nearly twice as much as men.184. Months that begin on a Sunday will always have a "Friday the 13th."185. On average a hedgehog’s heart beats 300 times a minute.186. Some worms will eat themselves if they can’t find any food!187. A man named Charles Osborne had the hiccups for 69 years!188. The human heart! creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.189. A cockroach will live for weeks without its head before it starves to death190. The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the male's head off.191. The catfish has over 27,000 taste buds.192. Butterflies taste with their feet.193. The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.194. Polar bears are left-handed.195. A giraffe can clean its ears with its 21-inch tongue!196. A giraffe can clean its ears with its 21-inch tongue!197. Astronauts are not allowed to eat beans before they go into space because passing wind in a space suit damages them.198. You can tell the sex of a horse by its teeth. Most males have 40, females have 36.199. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying!200. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying!201. The human eye is so sensitive that if the Earth were flat, you could spot a candle flickering at night from up to 30 miles away.202. When you blush, the lining of your stomach blushes too.203. The human brain can read up to 1,000 words per minute.204. A full head of human hair is strong enough to support 12 tonnes.205. Human bone is as strong as granite. A block of bone the size of a matchbox could support nine tonnes of weight.206. If the human brain were a computer, it could perform 38 thousand-trillion operations per second. The world's most powerful supercomputer, BlueGene, can manage only .002% of that.207. Humans shed 40 pounds of skin in their lifetime, completely replacing their outer skin every month.208. Around 90% of the cells that make humans aren't “human" in origin. We're mostly fungi and bacteria.209. Crying alleviates stress and allows humans to decrease feelings of anger and sadness. It physically does help to let it out.210. In one day, your blood travels 12,000 miles around your body. That's four times the distance across the US from coast-to-coast.211. A full bladder is roughly the size of a soft ball.212. A hair grows by 0.3 to 0.5 mm per day, 1 to 1.5 cm per month and 12 to 15 cm per year.213. A healthy liver processes 720 liters of blood per day.214. A human being can look forward to having sex an average of 2,580 times with five different partners.215. A human body contains about 200,000 temperature detectors.216. A muscle called the diaphragm controls the human breathing process.217. A New born baby loses about half of its nerve cells before it is born.218. A newborn babys brain grows almost 3 times as fast during the first year of life.219. A person can expect to breathe in about 45 pounds of dust over his/her lifetime.220. A person can live without food for about a month, but only a week without water.221. A person will die from lack of sleep sooner than they will from starvation, which usually takes a few weeks.222. A single human sperm contains the 37.5mb of male DNA required to create a human child. That means an average ejaculation sees the transfer of 1,500 terabytes of information.223. A sneeze generates a wind of 166 km/hr (100 mi/hr), and a cough moves out at 100 kmh (60 mi/hr).224. A square inch of skin consists of 1300 nerve cells.225. A womens heart beats faster than a mens.226. About 10,000 human cells can fit on the head of a pin227. About 32 million bacteria call every inch of your skin home.228. About 500 million sperm mature every day in a normal male adult.229. After death, the body starts to dry out creating an illusion that the nails and hairs are growing even after death.230. After eating too much, your hearing is less sharp.231. Americans on the average eat 18 acres of pizza every day.232. An average adult male brain weighs about 1375 grams.233. An average human body contains enough amount of fat to make seven bars of soap.234. An average human drinks about 16,000 gallons of water in a lifetime.235. An average person laughs about 15 times a day.236. Any damage to brain cells cannot be repaired completely.237. Approximately 75% of human waste is made of water.238. Around 90% of the cells that make humans aren't human in origin. We're mostly fungi and bacteria.239. Babies are color blind when they are born ,so they only see black and white.240. Babies recognize sounds while in mothers womb.241. Babies start dreaming even before they're born.242. Baby foreskin is often used as a skin graft for burn victims.243. Before their first birthday, average babies will have dribbled 255 pints of saliva. By the time they're two years old, they will have crawled 93 miles.244. Bones make up only 14% of our weight.245. Brushing your teeth regularly has been shown to prevent heart disease.246. By 60 years of age, 60% of men and 40% of women will snore.247. By the time a woman has reached her 60's, she will have released around 450 baby making eggs.248. Central obesity or apple shape of the body and insulin resistance is the main reason for diabetes increase in Indians249. Children have better sense of smell than adults.50. Children lose an average of 90 hairs per day, which increases to 120 by old age.251. Crying alleviates stress and allows humans to decrease feelings of anger and sadness.252. Depending on the area of the human body, the thickness of the skin varies from 1/2 to 6 mm.253. Diabetes in Asians is five times the rate of the white population254. During the first six weeks of life, there is no difference between the male and female embryo.255. During your lifetime, you will produce enough saliva to fill two swimming pools.256. Even small noises cause the pupils of the eyes to dilate.257. Every 60 seconds, your red blood cells do a complete circuit of your body.258. Every atom in your body is billions of years old. Hydrogen, the most common element in the universe and a major feature of your body, was produced in the big bang 13.7bn years ago.259. Every day an adult body produces 300 billion new cells.260. Every day the average person loses 60-100 strands of hair.261. Every hour, the human eye can process 36,000 bits of information.262. Every square inch of skin on the human body has about 32 million bacteria on it, fortunately, the vast majority of them are harmless.263. Everyone has a completely unique smell (except for twins).264. Eyes are the only part of the human body that functions at 100 percent ability at any movement.265. Feet have 500,000 sweat glands and can produce more than a pint of sweat a day.266. Fingernails contain keratin and they seem to be strongest component in the human body.267. Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails.268. For every 24 hours, in a healthy adult, more than a gallon of water containing over an ounce of salt is absorbed from the intestine.269. Goose bumps on our skin are caused by pull of muscles attached to hair follicles and make the hair upright.270. Here are a few things you might not have known about all different parts of your anatomy.271. Human blood is colorless. It is the hemoglobin; a pigment present in the red blood cells is responsible for the red color of the blood.272. Human kidneys have about 1 million nephrons that filters out liquids and wastes.273. Human skin cells multiply every second to replace the worn ones.274. Human skin has a tendency to shed 40 pounds of skin in lifetime.275. Humans and dolphins are the only species that have sex for pleasure.276. Humans are extremely visual; 90% of the information we gather from our surroundings is from our eyesight.277. Humans are the only mammal that cannot swallow and breathe at the same time.278. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.279. Humans have more facial muscles than any other animal on earth - 22 on each side of the face.280. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin.281. Identical twins have identical DNA but not identical fingerprints.282. If human sense of smell is affected, sense of taste is also affected as the brain interprets signals from the nose and tongue.283. If saliva cannot dissolve something, you cannot taste it.284. If uncoiled, the DNA in all the cells in your body would stretch 10 billion miles, from here to Pluto and back.285. If you remove the minerals from a bone by soaking it overnight in a six percent solution of hydrochloric acid, it will become so soft, you could tie it in a knot.286. If you spread it out, your brain would be about the size of a pillowcase.287. If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee.288. If your stomach acid got onto your skin it would burn a hole in it.289. In a lifetime, a human being will grow six feet of nose hair and shed 42 lbs of dead skin.290. In a lifetime, your brain's long-term memory can hold as many as 1 quadrillion (1 million billion) separate bits of information.291. In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to travel down the food pipe, 3-5 hours in the small intestine and 3-4 days in the large intestine.292. In just 30 minutes, your body can produce enough heat to boil half a gallon of water.293. In one square inch of our hand we have nine feet of blood vessels, 600 pain sensors, 9000 nerve endings, 36 heat sensors and 75 pressure sensors.294. In the average lifetime, we spend five years eating and we consume around 7,000 times our own weight in food.295. In the middle of the day, our eyesight will be sharper.296. In your very own lifetime, you'll produce enough spit to fill two swimming pools.297. Information travels at different speeds within different types of neurons.298. Inside your belly button are thousands of bacteria that form an ecosystem the size of an entire rainforest.298. It is estimated that there are over 1, 000,000,000,000,000 connections in the human brain.299. It is impossible to tickle ourselves.300. It takes 5 - 30 seconds to chew food. Swallowing the food takes about 10 seconds.301. Muscle tissue is three times more efficient at burning calories than fat.302. Neurons continue to grow throughout human life.303. Seven out of ten people cross their left arm over their right.304. The adult human brain is about 2% of total body weight.305. The average life span of a sperm is about 36 hours.306. The colder the room you sleep in, the better the chances are that you'll have a bad dream.307. The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams.308. The human body contains 30 amazing hormones, which regulates activities like sleep, body temperature, hunger, and managing stress in times of crisis and so on.309. The human eye has 110-130 million receptors to perceive light.310. The Hyoid bone, in your throat is the only bone in your body which not attached to other bones.311. The sense of taste is the weakest of the five senses.312. There are 137 million light sensitive cells in the eye's retina and the fluid that fills the eye is changed 15 times a day.313. Your teeth start growing 6 months before you are born.314. Your ribs move about 5 million times a year, every time you breathe!315. Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for your heart.316. Your heartbeat changes and mimics the music you listen to.317. You'll be about 1cm shorter when you go to bed at night compared to when you wake up in the morning. Your cartilage in your spine slowly compresses throughout the day.318. Your bones are composed of 31% water.319. You can see ultraviolet light, the ability is just filtered out by the eye's lens.320. Yawning brings more oxygen to the lungs.321. Women are born better smellers than men and remain better smellers over life.322. When we touch something, we send a message to our brain at 124 mph.323. When we see an image, the human eye captures the inverted image of it. It is the brains interpretation that makes us to see the upside down captured image in to a normal erect image.324. We shut our eyes for 0.3 seconds, when we blink.325. We give birth to over 200 billion red cells every day.326. We breathe 13 pints of air every minute.327. Vitamin E protects the brain cells from damage caused by alcohol consumption.328. Tongue is the strongest muscle in the human body.329. There is no scientific evidence that shaving or waxing will make your hair come back thicker.330. There are as many hairs per square inch on your body as a chimpanzee.331. The width of your armspan stretched out is the length of your whole body.332. The total surface area of the human brain is about 25,000 square cms.333. The thumbnail grows the slowest; the middle nail grows the fastest.334. The spinal cord, which controls over 10 billion nerve cells, is less than two feet in length and its diameter is same as that of the index finger.335. The sense of taste is the weakest of the five senses.336. The Pulmonary vein is the only vein in the human body that carries oxygenated blood while all the other veins of the body carry de-oxygenated blood.337. The muscles that control your eyes contract about 100,000 times a day (that's the equivalent of giving your legs a workout by walking 50 miles).338. The leg bone is the fastest growing bone in the human body.339. The Iris is the part of the eye that determines the color of the eye.340. The human Liver consists of 100,000 tiny clusters called lobules.341. The human eye contains structures called Rods and cones. Rods register the shapes of images and respond to low levels of light and Cones responds to bright lights and registers the color of images.342. The human body takes 6 hours to digest a high fat meal and it takes 2 hours for a carbohydrate meal.343. The highest recorded body temperature in a human being was a fever of 115.7 F (46.5 C).344. The average person has about 100 000 scalp hairs.345. The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is almost the diameter of a garden hose.346. Sixty percent of the human body nerve ends in the forehead and the hands.347. Plaque begins to form 6 hours after brushing our teeth.348. Our Muscles often work in pairs so that they can pull in different or opposite directions.349. One person in 20 has an extra rib, and they are most often men.350. On an average the human scalp has about 100,000 hairs.351. The oceans occupy nearly 71% of our planet's surface352. More than 97% of all our planet's water is contained in the ocean353. The top ten feet of the ocean hold as much heat as our entire atmosphere354. The average depth of the ocean is more than 2.5 miles355. The oceans provide 99 percent of the Earth's living space- the largest space in our universe known to be inhabited by living organisms356. More than 90% of this habitat exists in the deep sea known as the abyss357. Less than 10% of this living space has been explored by humans358. Mount Everest (the highest point on the Earth's surface 5.49 miles) is more than 1 mile shorter than the Challenger Deep (the deepest point in the ocean at 6.86 miles)359. The longest continuous mountain chain known to exist in the Universe resides in the ocean at more than 40,000 miles long360. The Monterey Bay Submarine Canyon is deeper and larger in volume than the Grand Canyon361. The Antarctic ice sheet that forms and melts over the ocean each year is nearly twice the size of the United States362. The average temperature of the oceans is 2ºC, about 39ºF363. Water pressure at the deepest point in the ocean is more than 8 tons per square inch, the equivalent of one person trying to hold 50 jumbo jets.364. The Gulf Stream off the Atlantic seaboard of the United States flows at a rate nearly 300 times faster than the typical flow of the Amazon river, the world's largest river365. The worlds oceans contain nearly 20 million tons of gold366. The color blue is least absorbed by seawater; the same shade of blue is most absorbed by microscopic plants, called phytoplankton, drifting in seawater367. A new form of life, based on chemical energy rather than light energy, resides in deep-sea hydrothermal vents along mid-ocean ridges368. A swallow of seawater may contain millions of bacterial cells, hundreds of thousands of phytoplankton and tens of thousands of zooplankton369. The blue whale, the largest animal on our planet ever (exceeding the size of the greatest dinosaurs) still lives in the ocean; it's heart is the size of a Volkswagen370. The gray whale migrates more than 10,000 miles each year, the longest migration of any mammal371. The Great Barrier Reef, measuring 1,243 miles, is the largest living structure on Earth. It can be seen from the Moon.372. More than 90 percent of the trade between countries is carried by ships and about half the communications between nations use underwater cables373. More oil reaches the oceans each year as a result of leaking automobiles and other non-point sources than was spilled in Prince William Sound by the Exxon Valdez374. Fish supply the greatest percentage of the world's protein consumed by humans375. Most of the world's major fisheries are being fished at levels above their maximum sustainable yield; some regions are severely overfished376. The Grand Banks, the pride of New England fishing for centuries, are closed due to overfishing377. Eighty per cent of all pollution in seas and oceans comes from land-based activities.378. Three-quarters of the world's mega-cities are by the sea.379. By 2010, 80 per cent of people will live within 60 miles of the coast.380. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US$12.8 billion a year. The annual economic impact of hepatitis from tainted seafood alone is US$7.2 billion.381. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year. Plastic remains in our ecosystem for years harming thousands of sea creatures everyday.382. Over the past decade, an average of 600,000 barrels of oil a year has been accidentally spilled from ships, the equivalent of 12 disasters the size of the sinking of the oil tanker Prestige in 2002.383. Tropical coral reefs border the shores of 109 countries, the majority of which are among the world's least developed. Significant reef degradation has occurred in 93 countries.384. Although coral reefs comprise less than 0.5 per cent of the ocean floor, it is estimated that more than 90 per cent of marine species are directly or indirectly dependent on them.385. There are about 4,000 coral reef fish species worldwide, accounting for approximately a quarter of all marine fish species.386. Nearly 60 per cent of the world's remaining reefs are at significant risk of being lost in the next three decades.387. The major causes of coral reef decline are coastal development, sedimentation, destructive fishing practices, pollution, tourism and global warming.388. Less than one half a per cent of marine habitats are protected -- compared with 11.5 per cent of global land area.389. The High Seas -- areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction -- cover almost 50 per cent of the Earth's surface. They are the least protected part of the world.390. Although there are some treaties that protect ocean-going species such as whales, as well as some fisheries agreements, there are no protected areas in the High Seas.391. Studies show that protecting critical marine habitats -- such as warm-and cold-water coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves -- can dramatically increase fish size and quantity.392. More than 3.5 billion people depend on the ocean for their primary source of food. In 20 years, this number could double to 7 billion.393. Populations of commercially attractive large fish, such as tuna, cod, swordfish and marlin have declined by as much as 90 per cent in the past century.394. Each year, illegal longline fishing, which involves lines up to 80 miles long, with thousands of baited hooks, kills over 300,000 seabirds, including 100,000 albatrosses.395. As many as 100 million sharks are killed each year for their meat and fins, which are used for shark fin soup. Hunters typically catch the sharks, de-fin them while alive and throw them back into the ocean where they either drown or bleed to death.396. Global by-catch -- unintended destruction caused by the use of non-selective fishing gear, such as trawl nets, longlines and gillnets -- amounts to 20 million tons a year.397. The annual global by-catch mortality of small whales, dolphins and porpoises alone is estimated to be more than 300,000 individuals.398. Fishing for wild shrimp represents 2 per cent of global seafood but one-third of total by-catch. The ratio of by-catch from shrimp fishing ranges from 5:1 in temperate zones to 10:1 and more in the tropics.399. The Ganges, Yangtze and Indus rivers are three of the most polluted on Earth.400. Rivers normally contain freshwater.401. Our oldest radio broadcasts of the 1930s have already traveled past 100,000 stars402. It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.403. October 12th, 1999 was declared “The Day of Six Billion” based on United Nations projections.404. 10 percent of all human beings ever born are alive at this very moment.405. The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.406. Every year over one million earthquakes shake the Earth.407. When Krakatoa erupted in 1883, its force was so great it could be heard 4,800 kilometers away in Australia.408. The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1kg and fell in Bangladesh in 1986.409. Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.410. Every year lightning kills 1000 people.411. In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf .412. If you could drive your car straight up you would arrive in space in just over an hour.413. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.414. The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same age as the Moon and the Sun.415. The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies or the Alps were formed.416. Female black widow spiders eat their males after mating.417. When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20 times that of the space shuttle during launch.419. If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest star would be 445 miles away.420. The Australian billygoat plum contains 100 times more vitamin C than an orange.421. Astronauts cannot belch – there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.422. The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029 feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.423. One million, million, million, million, millionth of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the size of a …pea.424. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss Friedrich Mieschler.425. The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.426. The first synthetic human chromosome was constructed by US scientists in 1997.427. The thermometer was invented in 1607 by Galileo.428. Englishman Roger Bacon invented the magnifying glass in 1250.429. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.430. Wilhelm Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize for physics for discovering X-rays in 1895.431. The tallest tree ever was an Australian eucalyptus – In 1872 it was measured at 435 feet tall.432. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 – the patient lived for 18 days.433. The wingspan of a Boeing 747 is longer than the Wright brother’s first flight.434. An electric eel can produce a shock of up to 650 volts.435. ‘Wireless’ communications took a giant leap forward in 1962 with the launch of Telstar, the first satellite capable of relaying telephone and satellite TV signals.436. The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around 2300 BC.437. The Ebola virus kills 4 out of every 5 humans it infects.438. In 5 billion years the Sun will run out of fuel and turn into a Red Giant.439. Giraffes often sleep for only 20 minutes in any 24 hours. They may sleep up to 2 hours (in spurts – not all at once), but this is rare. They never lie down.440. A pig’s orgasm lasts for 30 minutes.441. Without its lining of mucus your stomach would digest itself.442. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.443. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.444. An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.445. Utopia ia a large, smooth lying area of Mars.446. On the day that Alexander Graham Bell was buried the entire US telephone system was shut down for 1 minute in tribute.447. The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature.448. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away.449. A quarter of the world’s plants are threatened with extinction by the year 2010.450. Each person sheds 40lbs of skin in his or her lifetime.451. At 15 inches the eyes of giant squids are the largest on the planet.452. The largest galaxies contain a million, million stars.453. The Universe contains over 100 billion galaxies.454. Wounds infested with maggots heal quickly and without spread of gangrene or other infection.455. More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.456. The longest glacier in Antarctica, the Almbert glacier, is 250 miles long and 40 miles wide.457. The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.458. A healthy person has 6,000 million, million, million hemoglobin molecules.459. A salmon-rich, low cholesterol diet means that Inuits rarely suffer from heart disease.460. Inbreeding causes 3 out of every 10 Dalmatian dogs to suffer from hearing disability.461. The world’s smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly.462. If the Sun were the size of a beach ball then Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and the Earth would be as small as a pea.463. It would take over an hour for a heavy object to sink 6.7 miles down to the deepest part of the ocean.464. There are more living organisms on the skin of each human than there are humans on the surface of the earth.465. The grey whale migrates 12,500 miles from the Arctic to Mexico and back every year.466. Each rubber molecule is made of 65,000 individual atoms.467. Around a million, billion neutrinos from the Sun will pass through your body while you read this sentence.468….and now they are already past the Moon.469. Quasars emit more energy than 100 giant galaxies.470. Quasars are the most distant objects in the Universe.471. The Saturn V rocket which carried man to the Moon develops power equivalent to fifty 747 jumbo jets.472. Koalas sleep an average of 22 hours a day, two hours more than the sloth.473. Light would take .13 seconds to travel around the Earth.474. Males produce one thousand sperm cells each second – 86 million each day.475. Neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoonful would weigh more than all the people on Earth.476. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth.477. Every hour the Universe expands by a billion miles in all directions.478. Somewhere in the flicker of a badly tuned TV set is the background radiation from the Big Bang.479. Even traveling at the speed of light it would take 2 million years to reach the nearest large galaxy, Andromeda.480. The temperature in Antarctica plummets as low as -35 degrees Celsius.481. At over 2000 kilometers long The Great Barrier Reef is the largest living structure on Earth.482. A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh over 100 million tons.483. The risk of being struck by a falling meteorite for a human is one occurrence every 9,300 years.484. The driest inhabited place in the world is Aswan, Egypt where the annual average rainfall is .02 inches.485. The deepest part of any ocean in the world is the Mariana trench in the Pacific with a depth of 35,797 feet.486. The largest meteorite craters in the world are in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada and in Vredefort, South Africa.487. The largest desert in the world, the Sahara, is 3,500,000 square miles.488. The largest dinosaur ever discovered was Seismosaurus who was over 100 feet long and weighed up to 80 tonnes.489. The African Elephant gestates for 22 months.490. The short-nosed Bandicoot has a gestation period of only 12 days.491. The mortality rate if bitten by a Black Mamba snake is over 95%.492. In the 14th century the Black Death killed 75,000,000 people. It was carried by fleas on the black rat.493. A dog’s sense of smell is 1,000 times more sensitive than a humans.494. A typical hurricane produces the nergy equivalent to 8,000 one megaton bombs.495. 90% of those who die from hurricanes die from drowning.496. To escape the Earth’s gravity a rocket need to travel at 7 miles a second.497. If every star in the Milky Way was a grain of salt they would fill an Olympic sized swimming pool.498. Microbial life can survive on the cooling rods of a nuclear reactor.499. Micro-organisms have been brought back to life after being frozen in perma-frost for three million years.500. The speed of light is generally rounded down to 186,000 miles per second. In exact terms it is 299,792,458 m.s (meters per second – that is equal to 186, 287.49 miles per second).

No, the bones preserved in the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome is not that of Apostle Peter as his bones were buried in a Christian cementary in JERUSALEM.Peter’s Tomb Recently Discovered In JerusalemTHIS IS AN EXCERPT FROM THE ARTICLE WRITTEN BY F. Paul Peterson 19601960: F. Paul Peterson, St. Peter’s Tomb Discovered in Jerusalem – I have a letter from a noted scientist stating that he can tell by the writing that it was written just before the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 A.D. | 1 Peter 5:13 The church in Babylon sends you greetings.The Discovery of Peter’s Tomb in Jerusalem – 1953While visiting a friend in Switzerland, I heard of what seemed to me, one of the greatest discoveries since the time of Christ—that Peter was buried in Jerusalem and not in Rome. The source of this rumor, written in Italian, was not clear; it left considerable room for doubt or rather wonder. Rome was the place where I could investigate the matter, and if such proved encouraging, a trip to Jerusalem might be necessary in order to gather valuable first hand information on the subject. I therefore went to Rome. After talking to many priests and investigating various sources of information, I finally was greatly rewarded by learning where I could buy the only known book on the subject, which was also written in Italian. It is called, “Gli Scavi del Dominus Flevit”, printed in 1958 at the Tipografia del PP. Francescani, in Jerusalem.It was written by P. B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik, both Roman Catholic priests. The story of the discovery was there, but it seemed to be purposely hidden for much was lacking. I consequently determined to go to Jerusalem to see for myself, if possible, that which appeared to be almost unbelievable, especially since it came from priests, who naturally because of the existing tradition that Peter was buried in Rome, would be the last ones to welcome such a discovery or to bring it to the attention of the world.In Jerusalem I spoke to many Franciscan priests who all read, finally, though reluctantly, that the bones of Simon Bar Jona (St. Peter) were found in Jerusalem, on the Franciscan monastery site called, “Dominus Flevit” (where Jesus was supposed to have wept over Jerusalem), on the Mount of Olives. The pictures show the story. The first show an excavation where the names of Christian Biblical characters were found on the ossuaries (bone boxes). The names of Mary and Martha were found on one box and right next to it was one with the name of Lazarus, their brother. Other names of early Christians were found on other boxes. Of greatest interest, however, was that which was found within twelve feet from the place where the remains of Mary, Martha and Lazarus were found—the remains of St. Peter. They were found in an ossuary, on the outside of which was clearly and beautifully written in Aramaic, “Simon Bar Jona”.The charcoal inscription reads: “Shimon Bar Yonah” which means “Simon [Peter] son of Jonah”.professor, who is an archaeologist, and was director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem. He told me that it would be very improbable that a name with three words, and one so complete, could refer to any other than St. Peter.But what makes the possibility of error more remote is that the remains were found in a Christian burial ground, and more yet, of the first century, the very time in which Peter lived. In fact, I have a letter from a noted scientist stating that he can tell by the writing that it was written just before the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 A.D.I talked to priest Milik, the co-writer of this Italian book, in the presence of my friend, a Christian Arab, Mr. S. J. Mattar, who now is the warden of the Garden Tomb, where Jesus was buried and rose again. This priest, Milik, admitted that he knew that the bones of St. Peter are not in Rome. I was very much surprised that he would admit that, so to confirm his admittance, I said, to which he also agreed, “There is a hundred times more evidence that Peter was buried in Jerusalem than in Rome.” This was something of an understatement, for he knew as I know that there is absolutely no evidence at all that Peter was buried in Rome.I have spoken on the subject to many Franciscan priests who either were or had been in Jerusalem, and they all agree that the tomb and remains of St. Peter are in Jerusalem. There was just one exception which is interesting and which only proves the point. The Franciscan priest, Augusto Spykerman, who was in charge of the semi-private museum inside the walls of old Jerusalem, by the site of the Franciscan Church of the Flagellation, was that exception. When I asked to see the museum, he showed it to the three of us, Mr. Mattar, who in addition to being warden of the Tomb of Christ, had been the manager of an English bank in Jerusalem, a. professional photographer and myself. But he told us nothing of the discovery. I knew that the evidence of Peter’s burial was there, for priests had told me that relics from the Christian burial ground were preserved within this museum. People who lived in Jerusalem all their lives and official guides who are supposed to know every inch of the city, however, knew nothing of this discovery, so well was it withheld from the public. I had asked an elderly official guide where the tomb of St. Peter was. He responded in a very profound and majestic tone of voice, “The Tomb of St. Peter has never been found in Jerusalem.” “Oh,” I said, “but I have seen the burial place of Peter with my own eyes.” He turned on me with a fierceness that is so common among Arabs. “What,” he replied, “you a foreigner mean to tell me that you know where the tomb of St. Peter is when I have been an official guide for thirty-five years and know every inch of ground in Jerusalem?” I was afraid that he would jump at my throat. I managed to calm him as I said, “But sir, here are the pictures and you can see the ossuary, among others, with Peter’s name in Aramaic. You can also see this for yourself on the Mount of Olives on the Franciscan Convent site called, “Dominus Flevit”. When I finished he slowly turned away in stunned amazement. A person who has seen this Christian burial ground and knows the circumstances surrounding the case could never doubt that this truly is the burial place of St. Peter and of other Christians. I, too, walked around in a dreamy amazement for about a week for I could hardly believe what I had seen and heard. Since the circulation of this article, they do not allow anyone to see this burial place.Before things had gone very far, I had been quite discouraged for I could get no information from the many priests with whom I had talked. However, I continued questioning priests wherever I would find them. Finally one priest dropped some information. With that knowledge I approached another priest who warily asked me where I had acquired that information. I told him that a priest had told me. Then he admitted the point and dropped a little more information. It went on like that for some time until I got the whole picture, and I was finally directed to where I could see the evidence for myself. To get the story, it made me feel as though I had a bull by the tail and were trying to pull him through a key hole. But when I had gathered all the facts in the case, the priests could not deny the discovery of the tomb, but even confirmed it, though reluctantly. In fact, I have the statement from a Spanish priest on the Mount of Olives on a tape recorder, to that effect.But here we were talking to this Franciscan priest in charge of the museum, asking him questions which he tried to evade but could not because of the information I had already gathered from the many priests with whom I had spoken. Finally after the pictures of the evidence were taken, which was nothing short of a miracle that he allowed us to do so, I complimented him on the marvelous discovery of the tomb of St. Peter in Jerusalem that the Franciscans had made. He was clearly nervous as he said, “Oh no, the tomb of St. Peter is in Rome.” But as he said that, his voice faltered, a fact which even my friend, Mr. Mattar, had noticed. Then I looked him squarely in the eyes and firmly said, “No, the tomb of St. Peter is in Jerusalem.” He looked at me like a guilty school boy and held his peace. He was, no doubt, placed there to hide the facts, but his actions and words, spoke more convincingly about the discovery than those priests who finally admitted the truth.I also spoke to a Franciscan priest in authority at the priest’s printing plant within the walls of old Jerusalem, where their book on the subject was printed. He also admitted that the tomb of St. Peter is in Jerusalem. Then when I visited the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, I encountered a Franciscan monk. After telling him what I thought of the wonderful discovery the Franciscans had made, I asked him plainly, “Do you folks really believe that those are the remains of St. Peter?” He responded, “Yes we do, we have no choice in the matter. The clear evidence is there.” I did not doubt the evidence, but what surprised me was that these priests and monks believed that which was against their own religion and on top of that, to admit it to others was something out of this world. Usually a Catholic, either because he is brainwashed or stubbornly doesn’t want to see anything only that which he has been taught, will not allow himself to believe anything against his religion, much less to admit it to others. But there is a growing, healthy attitude among many Catholics, to “prove all things, hold fast to that which is good” as the Master admonished us all.Then I asked, “Does Father Bagatti (co-writer of the book in Italian on the subject, and archaeologist) really believe that those are the bones of St. Peter?” “Yes, he does,” was the reply. Then I asked, “But what does the Pope think of all this?” That was a thousand dollar question and he gave me a million dollar answer. “Well,” he confidentially answered in a hushed voice, “Father Bagatti told me personally that three years ago he went to the Pope (Pius XII) in Rome and showed him the evidence and the Pope said to him, ‘Well, we will have to make some changes, but for the time being, keep this thing quiet’.” In awe I asked also in a subdued voice, “So the Pope really believes that those are the bones of St. Peter?” “Yes,” was his answer. “The documentary evidence is there, he could not help but believe.”I visited various renowned archaeologists on the subject. Dr. Albright, of the John Hopkins University in Baltimore, told me that he personally knew priest Bagatti and that he was a very competent archaeologist. I also spoke with Dr. Nelson Gluek, archaeologist and president of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio. I showed him the pictures found in this article, but being with him for only a few minutes I therefore could not show him the wealth of material that you have before you in this article. However, he quickly recognized the Aramaic words to be “Simon Bar Jona”. (Aramaic is very similar to Hebrew). I asked him if he would write a statement to that effect. He said to do so would cast a reflection on the competency of the priest J. T. Milik, who he knew to be a very able scientist. But he said that he would write a note. I quote,“I regard Father J. T. Milik as a first class scholar in the Semitic field.” He added, “I do not consider that names on ossuaries are conclusive evidence that they are those of the Apostles.” Nelson GlueckI quote this letter of Dr. Glueck because it shows that priest Milik is a competent archaeologist. As I have mentioned, I was only able to be with him for a few minutes and was not able to show him but a very small part of the evidence. Anyone, including myself, would readily agree with Dr. Glueck that if only the name Simon Bar Jona on the ossuary was all the evidence that was available it would not be conclusive evidence that it was of the Apostle Peter, though it would certainly be a strong indication. The story of the cave and the ossuaries and the regular cemetery just outside of the Convent site is this: It was a Roman custom that when a person had died and after about ten years when the body had decomposed, the grave would be opened. The bones would be placed in a small ossuary with the name of the person carefully written on the outside front.These ossuaries would then be placed in a cave as in the case of this Christian burial ground and thus making room for others. But this cave or burial place where the ossuaries were found and which was created and brought about through the natural and disinterested sequence of events, without any reason to change facts or circumstances, was a greater testimony than if there were a witness recorded, stating that Peter was buried there. And yet, even that is unmistakenly recorded in the three words in Aramaic of the ossuary, Simon Bar Jona. Herein, lies the greatest proof that Peter never was a Pope, and never was in Rome, for if he had been, it would have certainly been proclaimed in the New Testament.History, likewise, would not have been silent on the subject, as they were not silent in the case of the Apostle Paul. Even the Catholic history would have claimed the above as a fact and not as fickle tradition. To omit Peter as being Pope and in Rome (and the Papacy) would be like omitting the Law of Moses or the Prophets or the Acts of the Apostles from the Bible.Dr. Glueck, being Jewish, and having been to Jerusalem, no doubt, is fully aware of the fact that for centuries the Catholic Church bought up what were thought to be holy sites, some of which did not stand up to Biblical description. For instance, the priests say that the tomb of Jesus is within the walls of the old Jerusalem, in a hole in the ground; whereas, the Bible says that the tomb where Jesus was laid was hewn out of rock and a stone was rolled in front and not on top of it. The Garden Tomb at the foot of Golgotha, outside the walls of old Jerusalem, meets the Biblical description perfectly. In fact, all those who were hated by the Jewish leaders, as Jesus was, could never have been allowed to be buried within the gates of the Holy City. The tomb where Jesus lay was made for Joseph of Arimathaea. His family were all stout and short of stature. In this burial place you can see to this day where someone had carved deeper into the wall to make room for Jesus who was said to be about six feet tall.When Pope Pius XII declared the Assumption of Mary to be an article of faith in 1950, the Catholic Church in Jerusalem then quickly sold the tomb of Mary to the Armenian Church. Ex-priest Lavallo told me personally that there is another tomb of St. Mary in Ephesus. But the tomb of St. Peter is altogether different for they would rather that it never existed, and to buy or sell such a site would be out of the question. It fell upon them in this manner, as I was told by a Franciscan monk of the monastery of “Dominus Flevit”. One of their members was spading the ground on this site in 1953, when his shovel fell through. Excavation was started and there, a large underground Christian burial ground was uncovered.The initial of Christ in Greek was written there which would never have been found in a Jewish, Arab or pagan cemetery. By the structure of the writings, it was established by scientists that they were of the days just before the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 A.D. On the ossuaries were found many names of the Christian of the early Church. It was prophesied in the Bible that Jesus would stand on the Mount of Olives at His return to earth. You can see then, how the Christians would be inclined to have their burial ground on the Mount, for here also, had been a favorite meeting place of Jesus and His disciples. In all the cemetery, nothing was found (as also in the Catacombs in Rome) which resemble Arab, Jewish, Catholic or pagan practices. Dr. Glueck, being Jewish, is not fully aware, no doubt, that such a discovery is very embarrassing since it undermines the very foundation of the Roman Catholic Church. Since Peter did not live in Rome and therefore was not martyred or buried there, it naturally follows that he was not their first Pope.The Catholic Church says that Peter was Pope in Rome from 41 to 66 A.D., a period of twenty-five years, but the Bible shows a different story. The book of the Acts of the Apostles (in either the Catholic or Protestant Bible) records the following: Peter was preaching the Gospel to the circumcision (the Jews) in Caesarea and Joppa in Palestine, ministering unto the household of Cornelius, which is a distance of 1,800 miles from Rome (Acts 10:23, 24). Soon after, about the year 44 A.D. (Acts 12), Peter was cast into prison in Jerusalem by Herod, but he was released by an angel. From 46 to 52 A.D., we read in the 13th chapter that he was in Jerusalem preaching the difference between Law and Grace. Saul was converted in 34 A.D. and became Paul the Apostle (Acts 9). Paul tells us that three years after his conversion in 37 A.D., he “went up to Jerusalem to see Peter” (Galatians 1:18), and in 51 A.D., fourteen years later, he again went up to Jerusalem (Gal. 2:1, 8), Peter being mentioned. Soon after that he met Peter in Antioch, and as Paul says, “Withstood him to the face, because he was to be blamed,” Gal. 2:11. The evidence is abundant, the truth is clear from the Scriptures which have never failed. It would be breathtaking to read of the boldness of Paul in dealing with Peter. Very few, if any, have withstood a Pope and lived (except in these days when everybody seems to withstand him). If Peter were Pope it would have been no different. Paul does not only withstand Peter but rebukes him and blames him of being at fault.This reminds me of my visit to the St. Angelo Castle in Rome. This castle, which is a very strong fortress, is connected with the Vatican by a high arched viaduct of about a mile in length over which popes have fled in time of danger. The Roman Catholic guide showed me a prison room which had a small air-tight chamber in it. He told me that a Cardinal who had contended with a pope on doctrine was thrown into this air-tight chamber for nearly two hours until he almost smothered to death. He then was led to the guillotine a few feet away and his head was cut off. Another thing remained with me forcibly. The guide showed me through the apartments of the various popes who had taken refuge there. In each case he also showed me the apartment of the mistresses of each of the popes. I was amazed that he made no attempt to hide anything. I asked him “Are you not a Catholic?” He humbly answered, “Oh yes, I am a Catholic, but I am ashamed of the history of many of the popes, but I trust that our modern popes are better.” I then asked him, “Surely you are aware of the affair between Pope Pius XII and his housekeeper?” Many in Rome say that she ran the affairs of the Pope and the Vatican as well. He hung his head in shame and sadly said, “Yes, I know.”All this explains why the Catholic Church has been so careful to keep this discovery unknown. They were successful in doing just that from 1953, when it was discovered by the Franciscans on their own convent site, until 1959. Having succeeded for so long in keeping “this thing quiet,” as the Pope had admonished, they were off guard when a fellow at that time came along who appeared harmless but persistent. Little did they know that this fellow would publish the news everywhere. Their position in the world is shaky enough without this discovery becoming generally known.As I have mentioned, I had a very agreeable talk with priest Milik, but I did not have the opportunity to see priest Bagatti while in Jerusalem. I wrote to him, however, on March 15, 1960, as follows: “I have spoken with a number of Franciscan priests and monks and they have told me about you and the book of which you are a co-writer. I had hoped to see you and to compliment you on such a great discovery, but time would not permit. Having heard so much about you and that you are an archaeologist (with the evidence in hand), I was convinced, with you, concerning the ancient burial ground that the remains found in the ossuary with the name on it, ‘Simon Bar Jona’, written in Aramaic, were those of St. Peter.” It is remarkable that in his reply he did not contradict my statement, which he certainly would have done if he honestly could have done so. “I was very much convinced with you – … that the remains found in the ossuary … were those of St. Peter.” This confirms the talk I had with the Franciscan monk in Bethlehem and the story he told me of Priest Bagatti’s going to the Pope with the evidence concerning the bones of St. Peter in Jerusalem. In his letter one can see that he is careful because of the Pope’s admonition to keep this discovery quiet. He therefore wrote me that he leaves the whole explanation of the Aramaic words, “Simon Bar Jona”, to priest Milik. This is a familiar way of getting out of a similar situation. In priest Bagatti’s letter one can see that he is in a difficult position. He cannot go against what he had written in 1953, at the time of the discovery of this Christian-Jewish burial ground, nor what he had said to the Franciscan monk about his visit to the Pope. However, he does raise a question which helps him to get out of the situation without altogether contradicting himself and at the same time putting a smoke screen around the truth. He wrote,“Supposing that it is ‘Jona’ (on the ossuary) as I believe, it may be some other relative of St. Peter, because names were passed on from family to family. To be able to propose the identification of it with St. Peter would go against a long tradition, which has its own value. Anyway, another volume will come soon that will demonstrate that the cemetery was Christian and of the first century to the second century A.D. The salute in God most devoted P. B. Bagatti C. F. M.”As I have shown, after the admonition of the Pope to “keep this thing quiet,” priest Bagatti leaves the interpretation of the whole matter to priest Milik who offers several suggestions but in the end declares that the original statement of priest Bagatti may be true—that the inscription and the remains were of St. Peter. It is also very interesting and highly significant that priest Bagatti, in his attempt to neutralize his original statement and the consternation the discovery had and would have if it were generally known, says in reference to the name Simon Bar Jona (St. Peter), “It may be some other relative of St. Peter, because names were passed on from generation to generation.” In other words he says that Peter’s name, Simon Bar Jona, could have been given him from a relative of the same name of generations before him, or, could belong to a relative generations after St. Peter. Both speculations are beyond the realm of the possible. First of all, it could not refer to a relative before St. Peter for the Christian burial ground could only have come into being after Jesus began. His public ministry and had converts; and therefore, could not belong to a relative before Peter’s time, since only those who were converted through Christ’s ministry were buried there. Titus destroyed Jerusalem in 70 A.D. and left it desolate. Therefore, it is impossible that the inscription could refer to a relative after Peter’s time. One encyclopedia explains the destruction in these words, ‘‘With this event the history of ancient Jerusalem came to a close, for it was left desolate and it’s inhabitants were scattered abroad.” From all evidence, Peter was about fifty years old when Jesus called him to be an Apostle, and he died around the age of 82, or about the year 62 A.D. Since by these figures there was only eight years left from the time of Peter’s death until the destruction of Jerusalem, it was then impossible that the inscription and remains belonged to generations after Peter. In those days names were passed on to another only after a lapse of many years. But let us say that immediately after the death of St. Peter, a baby was christened, “Simon Bar Jona”, the inscription still could not have been of this baby for the remains were of an adult and not of a child of eight years who had died just before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., at which time “the history of ancient Jerusalem came to a close, for it was left desolate and its inhabitants were scattered abroad.”This ancient Christian burial ground shows that Peter died and was buried in Jerusalem, which is easily understandable since neither history nor the Bible tells of Peter’s having been in Rome. To make matters more clear, the Bible tells us that Peter was the Apostle to the Jews. It was Paul who was the Apostle to the Gentiles, and both history and the Bible tells of his being in Rome. No wonder that the Roman Catholic Bishop, Strossmayer, in his great speech against papal infallibility before the Pope and the Council of 1870 said, “Scaliger, one of the most learned men, has not hesitated to say that St. Peter’s episcopate and residence in Rome ought to be classed with ridiculous legends.”Eusebius, one of the most learned men of his time, wrote the Church history up to the year 325 A.D. He said that Peter never was in Rome. This Church history was translated by Jerome from the original Greek, but in his translation he added a fantastic story of Peter’s residence in Rome. This was a common practice in trying to create credence in their doctrines, using false statements, false letters and falsified history. This is another reason why we cannot rely on tradition, but only on the infallible Word of God.The secrecy surrounding this case is amazing, and yet understandable, since Catholics largely base their faith on the assumption that Peter was their first Pope and that he was martyred and buried there. But I am somewhat of the opinion that the Franciscan priests, those who are honest, would be glad to see the truth proclaimed, even if it displeased those who are over them. While visiting with priest Milik, I told him of the highly educated priest with whom I had spoken just before going from Rome to Jerusalem. He admitted to me that the remains of Peter are not in the tomb of St. Peter in the Vatican. I asked him what had happened to them? He responded, “We don’t know, but we think that the Saracens stole them away.” First of all, the Saracens never got to Rome, but even if they had, what would they want with the bones of Peter? But they never got to Rome, so there it ends. We had a good laugh together, but more so when I told him of my discussion with a brilliant American priest in Rome. I asked this American priest if he knew that the bones of Peter were not in the “Tomb of St. Peter” in the Vatican. He admitted that they were not there. However, he said that a good friend of his, an archaeologist, had been excavating under St. Peter’s Basilica for the bones of St. Peter for a number of years and five years ago he found them. Now a man can be identified by his fingerprints, but never by his bones. So I asked him how he knew they were the bones of St. Peter? He hesitated and tried to change the subject, but on my insistence he finally explained that they had taken the bones to a chemist, and they were analyzed and it was judged that the bones were of a man who had died at about the age of sixty-five; therefore, they must be Peter’s. How ridiculous can people be?Mark you, all the priests agree that the Vatican and St. Peter’s were built over a pagan cemetery. This was a very appropriate place for them to build since, as even Cardinal Newman admitted, there are many pagan practices in the Roman Catholic Church. You realize surely, that Christians would never bury their dead in a pagan cemetery, and you may be very sure that pagans would never allow a Christian to be buried in their cemetery. So, even if Peter died in Rome, which is out of the question, surely the pagan cemetery under St. Peter’s Basilica would be the last place in which he would have been buried. Also, Peter from every indication, lived to be over 80 and not 65 years old. The Pope was right, going back to the early Christian burial ground, they must make changes and many of them and fundamental ones at that. But I am afraid that the Pope’s (Pius XII) admittance of the discovery on Bagatti’s presentation of the documentary evidence was to satisfy Bagatti but at the same time admonishing him to keep the information quiet, hoping that the truth of the discovery would die out. But they have said that after all these years of excavation under the Vatican, they have discovered Greek words which read, “Peter is buried here,” and it gives the date 160 A.D. First of all, the very structure of the sentence immediately gives one the impression that either quite recently or long ago, someone put the sign there hoping that it would be taken as authentic in order to establish that which then, and even now, has never been proven. Then there is a discrepancy in the date, for Peter was martyred around the year 62 A.D. and not 160 A.D.Thirdly, why is it that they mention nothing about finding bones under or around the sign? While visiting the Catacombs, one sees a few things which are not becoming to Christians, but which tend to indicate that the Christians had some pagan practices, similar to those of Rome today. Nothing is said about them and only after persistent questioning will the Roman Catholic priest, who acts as guide, tell you that those things, images, etc., were placed there centuries after the early Christian era.In 1950, just a few years prior to the discovery of the Christian burial ground in Jerusalem, the Pope made the strange declaration that the bones of St. Peter were found under St. Peter’s in Rome. Strange it was, for since beginning to build the church in 1450 (finished in 1626) they erected, St. Peter’s Tomb (?) under the large dome and Bernini’s serpentine columns. Since then multiplied millions were thereby deceived into believing that the remains of St. Peter were there, which the hierarchy had all along known was not true, as is proven by the late Pope’s declaration. The following was published in the Newsweek of July 1, 1957:“It was in 1950 that Pope Pius XII in his Christmas message announced that the tomb of St. Peter had indeed been found, as tradition held, beneath the immense dome of the Cathedral (there was, however, no evidence that the bones uncovered there belonged to the body of the martyr).” The parentheses are Newsweek’s.To make an announcement of such importance when there is absolutely “no evidence” is rather ridiculous as is also brought out in the Time Magazine of October 28, 1957 (as in above, we quote the article word for word).“A thorough account in English of the discoveries beneath St. Peter’s is now available … by British archaeologists Jocelyn Toynbee and John Ward Perkins. The authors were not members of the excavating team, but scholars Toynbee (a Roman Catholic) and Perkins (an Anglican) poured over the official Vatican reports painstakingly examined the diggings. Their careful independent conclusions fall short of the Pope’s flat statement.” (The Pope’s statement that the remains of St. Peter were found under St. Peter’s in Rome). The excavation under St. Peter’s for the remains of St. Peter is still going on secretly, in spite of the Pope’s declaration of 1950.Then in 1965, an archaeologist at Rome University, Prof. Margherita Guarducci, tells of a new set of bones belonging to Peter. The story was fantastic but lacked common sense and even bordered on the infantile—but a drowning man will grab for a straw and a straw it was to many. But the Palo Alto Times (California), May 9, 1967, came out with an article on the subject, and I quote, “Other experts, among them Msgr. Joseph Ruysschaert, vice prefect of the Vatican Library are not convinced by Miss Guarducci’s evidence. ‘There are too many unknowns,’ he told reporters on a recent tour of the Vatican grottoes, ‘There is no continuous tracing of the bones. We lack historical proof. They could be anyone’s bones.’ The Vatican would seem to be on the monsignor’s side because so far it has taken no steps to officially recognize the bones as St. Peter’s,” continues the article.The intelligent priest of whom I have mentioned said that Peter’s bones were found and he was a man who died of about 62 years of age, the tests indicated. Pope Pius XII declared these bones were the bones of St. Peter, in his Christmas message of 1950. These were the same as claimed by Newsweek, “there was, however, no evidence that the bones uncovered there belonged to the body of the martyr (Peter),” as well as the above doubtful statements of the archaeologists working on the case. The Pope, notwithstanding, was overjoyed to think they had found the bones of St. Peter until further examination proved that these bones were those of a woman. This fact came out in an article on the subject in the S. F. Chronicle of June 27, 1968.To continue the history of another case in which they have erred: In spite of the statements by the high Papal authority above and the resultant lesson that should have been learned, the Pope, a year later claimed the Prof. Margherita bones as his very own, that is, those of St. Peter. When the bones were found there was little importance placed upon them and they were filed away as such.But when the first set of Peter’s bones turned out so tragically, there was a vacuum left and something had to be done. Again they turned their thoughts to the filed-away bones, the only hope they had of success. In them there was a ray of hopes for the bones were minus a skull, which could go along with the story of the supposed skull of St. Peter which had for centuries been guarded in the church of St. John Lateran in Rome. With a generous mixture of ideas, suppositions, theories and wishful thinking, a fairly logical story emerged. It was then declared by Pope Paul as the Gospel truth, that these now, were the genuine bones of St. Peter, and most of the faithful accepted them as such. For a while all was well until another hitch developed. This time, as fate would have it, the bones in connection with the skull which was guarded for centuries as that of St. Peter, were found incompatible to the more recent bones of St. Peter. The dilemma was terrible. They were between the Devil and the deep blue sea. They have juggled around the skulls of St. Peter causing confusion. It was a choice of claiming these bones championed by Prof. Margherita as fake, or claiming as fake the skull accepted by hundreds of Popes as that of St. Peter. They rejected the past rather than expose themselves to the ridicule of the present. Prof. Margherita claims in this article which appeared in the Manchester Guardian in London, as well as the S. F. Chronicle of June 27, 1968, concerning the long accepted skull of St. Peter, as “it is a fake.” Then the article continues, “The hundreds of Popes and millions of Roman Catholics who have accepted and venerated the other skull were innocent victims of another early tradition.”But the most astounding statement in the long article found in the above mentioned newspapers is, “The professor did not submit them (Peter’s bones?) to modern scientific tests, which would have determined the approximate age, because, she feared, the process would have reduced them to dust.” How could any scientific study of bones be carried out without first scientifically determining the age of the person, or bones? This would be of the greatest interest and the most important for further research. Also any scientist or chemist knows that you do not have to submit the whole skeleton for testing to determine the age. A part of the shin bone or of a rib would be sufficient. It appears that she was protecting her “Peter’s bones” from another possible disaster, which a wrong age would have caused. The Vatican and others have calculated through all existing evidence that Peter lived to be around 80 and 82 years, and that he died around the years of 62 or 64 A.D. These figures go along perfectly, as does everything else in the case, with the remains found in the Christian burial ground on the Mount of Olives and in the ossuary on which was “clearly and beautifully written,” Simon Bar Jona in Aramaic. The following was taken from the book, Races of Mankind, page 161:“Strained attempts to have Peter, the Apostle to the Hebrews of the East, in Paul’s territory at Rome and martyred there are unworthy of serious consideration in the light of all contemporary evidence. At his age (eighty-two), that would not have been practicable. In none of Paul’s writings is there the slightest intimation that Peter ever had been or was at that city. All statements to the contrary were made centuries later and are fanciful and hearsay. The Papacy was not organized until the second half of the 8th century. It broke away from the Eastern Church (in the Ency. Brit., 13th Ed., vol. 21, page 636) under Pippin III; also the Papacy, by Abbe Guette.”The great historian, Schaff, states that the idea of Peter being in Rome is irreconcilable with the silence of the Scriptures, and even with the mere fact of Paul’s epistle to the Romans. In the year 58, Paul wrote his epistle to the Roman church, but does not mention Peter, although he does name 28 leaders in the church at Rome (Rom. 16:7). It must, therefore, be concluded that if the whole subject is faced with detached objectivity, the conclusion must inevitably be reached that Peter was never in Rome. Paul lived and wrote in Rome, but he declared that “Only Luke is with me.” (1 Tim. 4:11)Copyright 1960 by F. PAUL PETERSON. Copies may be obtained from your local bookstore or from the author and publisher, F. Paul Peterson, P.0. Box 7351, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Price $2.00. Permission is granted to reproduce any part of this book if title, price and address where it may be purchased are given.Scans fromGli Scavi del Dominus FlevitColor Plate – Chi Rho inscription found in Site 79.Page 7 – Fig. 3 Diagram of Catacomb – Site 79 contained Peter’s ossuary [N. 19], site 70 contained Mary and Martha’s ossuary [N. 27].Page 83 – #11 text regarding Peter’s inscription.Page 86 – Fig. 22 Diagram of Peter’s inscription (#1).Table 3 – Photo Overview of site 79, Photo of Ossuary of Mary and Martha at site 70.Table 4 – Ossuaries at site 79. Photo 7 As discovered, Photo 8 After first row of ossuaries removed.Table 29 / Photo 81 – Peter’s inscription.Also of note:According to the venerable Bede’s (673-735 A.D.) Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book III, chapter XXIX, the bones (relics) of Peter and Paul were shipped by Vitalian, bishop of Rome, to Oswy, king of the Saxons in 665 A.D. The librarian at Canterbury Cathedral has apparently confirmed that church inventories do record the arrival of the remains of Peter and Paul into the church’s safekeeping, shortly after Pope Vitalian sent them to Britain.Unfortunately though, the remains were apparently lost, or record of their location was lost, probably in the aftermath of the Cromwellian Rebellion of the mid 17th century. (see this page).THE APOCALYPSE OF PETER1 . . . . many of them will be false prophets, and will teach divers ways and doctrines of perdition: but these will become sons of perdition. 3. And then God will come unto my faithful ones who hunger and thirst and are afflicted and purify their souls in this life; and he will judge the sons of lawlessness.And furthermore the Lord said: Let us go into the mountain: Let us pray.. And going with him, we, the twelve disciples, begged that he would show us one of our brethren, the righteous who are gone forth out of the world, in order that we might see of what manner of form they are, and having taken courage, might also encourage the men who hear us.And as we prayed, suddenly there appeared two men standing before the Lord towards the East, on whom we were not able to look; 7, for there came forth from their countenance a ray as of the sun, and their raiment was shining, such as eye of man never saw; for no mouth is able to express or heart to conceive the glory with which they were endued, and the beauty of their appearance. 8. And as we looked upon them, we were astounded; for their bodies were whiter than any snow and ruddier than any rose; 9, and the red thereof was mingled with the white, and I am utterly unable to express their beauty; 10, for their hair was curly and bright and seemly both on their face and shoulders, as it were a wreath woven of spikenard and divers-coloured flowers, or like a rainbow in the sky, such was their seemliness.Seeing therefore their beauty we became astounded at them, since they appeared suddenly. 12. And I approached the Lord and said: Who are these? 13. He saith to me: These are your brethren the righteous, whose forms ye desired to see. 14. And I said to him: And where are all the righteous ones and what is the aeon in which they are and have this glory?And the Lord showed me a very great country outside of this world, exceeding bright with light, and the air there lighted with the rays of the sun, and the earth itself blooming with unfading flowers and full of spices and plants, fair-flowering and incorruptible and bearing blessed fruit. 16. And so great was the perfume that it was borne thence even unto us. 17. And the dwellers in that place were clad in the raiment of shining angels and their raiment was like unto their country; and angels hovered about them there. 18. And the glory of the dwellers there was equal, and with one voice they sang praises alternately to the Lord God, rejoicing in that place. 19. The Lord saith to us: This is the place of your high-priests, the righteous men.And over against that place I saw another, squalid, and it was the place of punishment; and those who were punished there and the punishing angels had their raiment dark like the air of the place.And there were certain there hanging by the tongue: and these were the blasphemers of the way of righteousness; and under them lay fire, burning and punishing them. 22. And there was a great lake, full of flaming mire, in which were certain men that pervert righteousness, and tormenting angels afflicted them.And there were also others, women, hanged by their hair over that mire that bubbled up: and these were they who adorned themselves for adultery; and the men who mingled with them in the defilement of adultery, were hanging by the feet and their heads in that mire. And I said: I did not believe that I should come into this place.And I saw the murderers and those who conspired with them, cast into a certain strait place, full of evil snakes, and smitten by those beasts, and thus turning to and fro in that punishment; and worms, as it were clouds of darkness, afflicted them. And the souls of the murdered stood and looked upon the punishment of those murderers and said: O God, thy judgment is just.And near that place I saw another strait place into which the gore and the filth of those who were being punished ran down and became there as it were a lake: and there sat women having the gore up to their necks, and over against them sat many children who were born to them out of due time, crying; and there came forth from them sparks of fire and smote the women in the eyes: and these were the accursed who conceived and caused abortion.And other men and women were burning up to the middle and were cast into a dark place and were beaten by evil spirits, and their inwards were eaten by restless worms: and these were they who persecuted the righteous and delivered them up.And near those there were again women and men gnawing their own lips, and being punished and receiving a red-hot iron in their eyes: and these were they who blasphemed and slandered the way of righteousness.And over against these again other men and women gnawing their tongues and having flaming fire in their mouths: and these were the false witnesses.And in a certain other place there were pebbles sharper than swords or any spit, red-hot, and women and men in tattered and filthy raiment rolled about on them in punishment: and these were the rich who trusted in their riches and had no pity for orphans and widows, and despised the commandment of God.And in another great lake, full of pitch and blood and mire bubbling up, there stood men and women up to their knees: and these were the usurers and those who take interest on interest.And other men and women were being hurled down from a great cliff and reached the bottom, and again were driven by those who were set over them to climb up upon the cliff, and thence were hurled down again, and had no rest from this punishment: and these were they who defiled their bodies acting as women; and the women who were with them were those who lay with one another as a man with a woman.And alongside of that cliff there was a place full of much fire, and there stood men who with their own hands had made for themselves carven images instead of God. And alongside of these were other men and women, having rods and striking each other and never ceasing from such punishment.And others again near them, women and men, burning and turning themselves and roasting: and these were they that leaving the way of GodFRAGMENTS OF THE APOCALYPSE OF PETER.CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS, Eclog. 48. For instance, Peter in the Apocalypse says that the children who are born out of due time shall be of the better part: and that these are delivered over to a care-taking angel that they may attain a share of knowledge and gain the better abode [after suffering what they would have suffered if they had been in the body: but the others shall merely obtain salvation as injured beings to whom mercy is shown, and remain without punishment, receiving this as a reward].*CLEM. ALEX. Eclog. 49. But the milk of the women running down from their breasts and congealing shall engender small flesh eating beasts: and these run up upon them and devour them.MACARIUS MAGNES, Apocritica iv., 6 cf. 16. The earth, it (sc. the Apoc. of Peter) says, “shall present all men before God at the day of judgment, being itself also to be judged, with the heaven also which encompasses it.”CLEM. ALEX. Eclog. 41. The scripture says that infants that have been exposed are delivered to a care-taking angel, by whom they are educated and so grow up, and they will be, it says, as the faithful of a hundred years old are here.METHODIUS, Conviv. ii., 6. Whence also we have received in divinely-inspired scriptures that untimely births are delivered to care-taking angels, even if they are the offspring of adultery.What do YOU think ?Submit Your Comments For Posting HereDate: 03 Mar 2009Time: 17:23:02Your Comments:I think its fantastic news. Now could you help me with a few Roman Catholics who wont budge from Matt 16:18?Leonardo de la PaorShare this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)

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It is also unclear what affect it may have on pregnant women.Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have shown over 90% efficacy and require two doses which are administered several weeks apart. China and Russia have both developed their own vaccines which are being used in other countries.The Pfizer vaccine uses messenger RNA (mRNA). This is what carries vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) instructions for making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) “spike” protein that lets vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus enter human cells. The mRNA vaccine tells your immune cells to make vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) protein and act as if they’ve already been infected with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus, giving you some immunity against it.Another vaccine candidate uses DNA that’s designed to trigger an immune response to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus.Still another candidate uses vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) which was used to create vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Ebola vaccine.Several vaccines have weakened versions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) adenovirus, one of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) viruses that causes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common cold. It’s been combined with genes from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus’ spike protein to trigger your immune system to fight it.Yet other vaccines teach your immune system to target vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus by using versions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike protein or vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus itself.Covid vaccination campaigns are now under way in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK and across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world.A range of vaccines is being used to reduce people's chances of getting sick, needing hospital treatment or dying.Two more vaccines have also just been shown to work in large-scale clinical trials.Why do we need a vaccine?It is more than a year since vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus first emerged, yet vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vast majority of people are still vulnerable.The restrictions on our lives are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) only thing holding vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus in check as they reduce opportunities for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus to spread.Vaccines teach our bodies to fight vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection and are "vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19)" exit strategy from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.The big three - Pfizer/BioNtech, Moderna and Oxford/AstraZenecaThe three vaccine frontrunners are those developed by Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna and Oxford/AstraZeneca.Pfizer and Moderna have both developed RNA vaccines - a new approach that is incredibly quick to design.They inject a tiny fragment of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus's genetic code into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body, which starts producing part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus and pushes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body to mount a defence.These have been approved for use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK, Europe and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US.The Oxford vaccine is subtly different as it uses a harmless virus to carry vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same genetic material into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body. This has been approved in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK and Europe.It is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) easiest of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) three to use as it can be stored in a fridge, rather than needing very cold temperatures.All three are supposed to be given as two doses, but vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK is prioritising giving as many people as possible vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose and delaying vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second.Oxford vaccine: How did they make it so quickly?Two days before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccination drive, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Union Health Ministry has sent to all states and immunisation officers, a comprehensive fact sheet for both vaccines — Covaxin and Covishield — that will be used during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) initial phase of vaccinating a priority group of 3 crore people.What is this fact sheet?It contains general information on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine platform, physical specifications, dosage, cold chain storage requirements, and specific guidelines on contraindications (a factor due to which vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is to be withheld to certain categories of people) as well as adverse events that may happen following vaccination. The fact sheet also details special precautions.The Centre has asked vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) states and immunisation officers to disseminate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet to all programme managers, cold chain handlers, and vaccinators before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout. The communication comes on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) directions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) national drug regulator CDSCO, which, while granting accelerated approvals, had directed manufacturers Serum Institute of India (Covishield) and Bharat Biotech (Covaxin) that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines should be supplied along with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet and a separate leaflet for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) healthcare provider.# The vaccination is only for people over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) age of 18 years.# The vaccines are not interchangeable: vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose will have to be of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same vaccine that was administered as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose.# The vaccine should be given with “caution” to persons with a history of any bleeding or coagulation disorder — platelet disorder, clotting factor deficiency, or coagulopathy.# Vaccinators have to store both vaccines at +2°C to +8°C; protect them from light; and discard vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine if found to be frozen.And what are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) specific guidelines on contraindications?The vaccine cannot be administered to people who belong to any of three categories:# Persons with a history of an allergic reaction to a previous dose of a Covid-19 vaccine (this would mean those who have taken a dose in a country where vaccination has already started);# People who show an immediate or delayed onset of an allergic reaction to vaccines or injectable therapies, pharmaceutical products, and food items;# Pregnant and lactating women. Since they have not been part of any clinical trial so far, women who are “pregnant or not sure of their pregnancy” and “lactating women” should not receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine at this time.The fact sheet also deals with temporary contraindications.What are these temporary contraindications?For certain circumstances under vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) category of temporary contraindications, vaccination is to be deferred for four-eight weeks after recovery. This covers three categories:# Persons showing active symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection# Covid-19 patients who have been given anti-SARS-Cov-2 monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma# Acutely unwell and hospitalised patients (with or without intensive care) due to any illness.What health conditions are not contraindicated, meaning vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can be given regardless?# Persons with a past history of Covid-19 infection can be administered with vaccine.# Persons with a history of chronic diseases and comorbidities — cardiac, neurological, pulmonary, metabolic, and malignancies — are also included.# Persons with immunodeficiency or HIV, and patients on immune suppression due to “any condition” can be administered with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccine. The fact sheet states, however, that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) response to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccine “may be less in these individuals”.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) possible adverse reactions mentioned?These are dealt with separately for either vaccine.MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: For Covishield, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet says a few mild adverse events can happen following immunisation —injection site tenderness; injection site pain; headache; fatigue; myalgia (deep muscle pain); malaise (a feeling of overall discomfort); pyrexia (an abnormal elevation of body temperature); chills; arthralgia (pain in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) joint); and nausea.In such cases, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheets says vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common painkiller paracetamol may be used “to provide symptomatic relief from post vaccination adverse reaction”.RARE ADVERSE EVENTS: The nerves in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body are covered with a protective layer called myelin — like a network of electric wires that helps transmit messages from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) brain smoothly through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body. Conditions that damage myelin are called demyelinating disorders. The fact sheet says “very rare events of demyelinating disorders” have been reported following vaccination with Covishield, “without vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) causal relationship establishment”.It adds that Covishield should be given with “caution” to individuals with thrombocytopenia, a medical condition characterised by abnormally low levels of platelets.And what about common adverse events with Covaxin ?MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: Among mild adverse events following immunisation, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet includes: injection site pain; headache; fatigue; fever; body ache; abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting; dizziness-giddiness; tremor; sweating; cold; cough; and injection site swelling.RARE/SERIOUS EVENTS: None are listed. Bharat Biotech, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacturer, has said no serious adverse event has been reported in either phase 1 or phase 2 trials — or in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ongoing large phase 3 trials with 25,800 participants, it has said.Bharat Biotech has also said that chloroquine and corticosteroids, both used as repurposed drugs in Covid-19 clinical management, “may impair antibody response” likely to be triggered by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.How have vaccines performed on safety so far in countries that have begun?Wherever Covid-19 vaccines have been used anywhere in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, they have been found to be generally safe so far.In a small section, an adverse event called anaphylaxis has been recoded. This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rarely after vaccination. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), monitoring by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System detected 21 cases of anaphylaxis— out of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine that were administered between December 14 and 23. That is 11.1 cases per million doses. Of these, 71% occurred within 15 minutes of vaccination.The CDC said that 175 case reports had been identified for further review as possible cases of a severe allergic reaction. “Twenty-one cases were determined to be anaphylaxis (a rate of 11.1 per million doses administered), including 17 in persons with a documented history of allergies or allergic reactions, seven of whom had a history of anaphylaxis,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. “Of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) remaining case reports that were determined not to be anaphylaxis, 86 were judged to be non-anaphylaxis allergic reactions, and 61 were considered non-allergic adverse events,” it said.On Modern’s mRNA vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) other one authorised for emergency use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said data is still limited. “Vaccination with Moderna Covid-19 vaccine commenced on December 21, 2020, and through December 23, 2020, an estimated 224,322 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine had been administered; one report that met vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis had been submitted to VAERS,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said.The company has already stockpiled around 50 million dosages of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine and aims to produce up to 100 million dosages per month by March next year.The approval by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) DCGI was given on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) basis of recommendations submitted by a COVID-19 subject expert committee (SEC) of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)."After adequate examination, CDSCO has decided to accept vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recommendations of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Expert Committee and accordingly, vaccines of M/s Serum and M/s Bharat Biotech are being approved for restricted use in emergency situation," DCGI Dr V.G. Somani told a press conference.This paves vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) roll-out of at least two vaccines in India in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coming days.The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine has already been approved by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK government. Besides SII and Bharat Biotech, Pfizer has also applied to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) DCGI seeking emergency use authorisation for their COVID-19 vaccines.PromotedTwo days before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccination drive, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Union Health Ministry has sent to all states and immunisation officers, a comprehensive fact sheet for both vaccines — Covaxin and Covishield — that will be used during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) initial phase of vaccinating a priority group of 3 crore people.What is this fact sheet?It contains general information on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine platform, physical specifications, dosage, cold chain storage requirements, and specific guidelines on contraindications (a factor due to which vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is to be withheld to certain categories of people) as well as adverse events that may happen following vaccination. The fact sheet also details special precautions.The Centre has asked vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) states and immunisation officers to disseminate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet to all programme managers, cold chain handlers, and vaccinators before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout. The communication comes on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) directions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) national drug regulator CDSCO, which, while granting accelerated approvals, had directed manufacturers Serum Institute of India (Covishield) and Bharat Biotech (Covaxin) that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines should be supplied along with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet and a separate leaflet for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) healthcare provider.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) possible adverse reactions mentioned?These are dealt with separately for either vaccine.MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: For Covishield, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet says a few mild adverse events can happen following immunisation —injection site tenderness; injection site pain; headache; fatigue; myalgia (deep muscle pain); malaise (a feeling of overall discomfort); pyrexia (an abnormal elevation of body temperature); chills; arthralgia (pain in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) joint); and nausea.In such cases, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheets says vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common painkiller paracetamol may be used “to provide symptomatic relief from post vaccination adverse reaction”.RARE ADVERSE EVENTS: The nerves in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body are covered with a protective layer called myelin — like a network of electric wires that helps transmit messages from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) brain smoothly through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body. Conditions that damage myelin are called demyelinating disorders. The fact sheet says “very rare events of demyelinating disorders” have been reported following vaccination with Covishield, “without vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) causal relationship establishment”.It adds that Covishield should be given with “caution” to individuals with thrombocytopenia, a medical condition characterised by abnormally low levels of platelets.And what about common adverse events with Covaxin ?MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: Among mild adverse events following immunisation, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet includes: injection site pain; headache; fatigue; fever; body ache; abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting; dizziness-giddiness; tremor; sweating; cold; cough; and injection site swelling.RARE/SERIOUS EVENTS: None are listed. Bharat Biotech, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacturer, has said no serious adverse event has been reported in either phase 1 or phase 2 trials — or in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ongoing large phase 3 trials with 25,800 participants, it has said.Bharat Biotech has also said that chloroquine and corticosteroids, both used as repurposed drugs in Covid-19 clinical management, “may impair antibody response” likely to be triggered by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.How have vaccines performed on safety so far in countries that have begun?Wherever Covid-19 vaccines have been used anywhere in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, they have been found to be generally safe so far.In a small section, an adverse event called anaphylaxis has been recoded. This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rarely after vaccination. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), monitoring by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System detected 21 cases of anaphylaxis— out of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine that were administered between December 14 and 23. That is 11.1 cases per million doses. Of these, 71% occurred within 15 minutes of vaccination.The CDC said that 175 case reports had been identified for further review as possible cases of a severe allergic reaction. “Twenty-one cases were determined to be anaphylaxis (a rate of 11.1 per million doses administered), including 17 in persons with a documented history of allergies or allergic reactions, seven of whom had a history of anaphylaxis,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. “Of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) remaining case reports that were determined not to be anaphylaxis, 86 were judged to be non-anaphylaxis allergic reactions, and 61 were considered non-allergic adverse events,” it said.On Modern’s mRNA vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) other one authorised for emergency use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said data is still limited. “Vaccination with Moderna Covid-19 vaccine commenced on December 21, 2020, and through December 23, 2020, an estimated 224,322 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine had been administered; one report that met vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis had been submitted to VAERS,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said.Some 170 Covid-19 vaccines are in development around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization, each one promising to protect people from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) deadly coronavirus and allow them to go back to work and school.Now, a handful are starting or nearing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final stage of testing. Depending on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) results, some companies say their vaccines could be greenlighted for use as soon as this year.Some 170 Covid-19 vaccines are in development around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization, each one promising to protect people from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) deadly coronavirus and allow them to go back to work and school.Now, a handful are starting or nearing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final stage of testing. Depending on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) results, some companies say their vaccines could be greenlighted for use as soon as this year.The Front-RunnersAmong vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first vaccine candidates to start vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final round of testing is one developed by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Oxford and AstraZeneca PLC. Also far along are experimental shots from Pfizer Inc. and its partner BioNTech SE, as well as Moderna Inc.China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., or Sinopharm, has a vaccine in Phase 3. A vaccine from another Chinese company, CanSino Biologics, is expected to begin vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pivotal testing soon. But remember, many vaccines that show promise in early testing fail during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final round.The Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is designed to provide protection by delivering into a person’s cells vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) genetic code for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spikes protruding from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus. Then vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) cells can produce vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike proteins, generating an immune response that would be able to fight off vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus. Delivering those genetic instructions is a weakened, harmless version of a virus that causes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common cold in chimpanzees.In early testing, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine successfully produced immune responses in humans with only minor side effects. A Phase 3 trial enrolling 30,000 subjects in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. began in August. Other late-stage trials are under way with several thousand volunteers in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.K., Brazil and South Africa.Production capacity estimate: AstraZeneca aims to make two billion doses available world-wide, and has said that one billion may be available this year.The Moderna vaccine also uses a gene-based technology to provoke an immune response, though vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) code it delivers takes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) form of messenger RNA. Those molecules, commonly referred to as mRNA, are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s molecular couriers ferrying DNA instructions for making proteins. The vaccine delivers to cells mRNA for making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus’s spike protein.Moderna and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are testing a two-dose shot. It was vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first candidate to enter human testing in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. The vaccine produced an immune response in early-stage testing and was generally well-tolerated, with minor side effects observed in test subjects.Final-stage testing is under way in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. with a 30,000-person trial that could yield interim results in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fall. An mRNA vaccine has never been approved for any disease.Whether it takes weeks, as US President Donald Trump has hinted, or months, as most health-care experts expect, an approved vaccine against vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus is coming, and it’s hotly anticipated. Still, it will initially be in short supply while manufacturers scale up production. As vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic continues to put millions at risk daily, including health-care workers, older people and those with pre-existing diseases, who should get vaccinated first?This week, a strategic advisory group at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization (WHO) weighed in with preliminary guidance for global vaccine allocation, identifying groups that should be prioritized. These recommendations join a draft plan from a panel assembled by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), released earlier this month.Experts praise both plans for addressing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) historic scale and unique epidemiology of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic. And they commend vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) NASEM for including in their guidance minority racial and ethnic groups — which COVID-19 has hit hard — by addressing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) socio-economic factors that put them at risk. The WHO plan, on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) other hand, is still at an early stage and will need more detail before its recommendations can become actionable, others say.“It’s important to have different groups thinking through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) problem,” says Eric Toner, an emergency-medicine physician and pandemics expert who has done similar planning at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security in Baltimore, Maryland. And although vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) plans differ somewhat, Toner says he sees a lot of agreement. “It’s great that there’s a consensus of opinion on these issues.”Head of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) lineThe WHO’s guidance at this point lists only which groups of people should have priority access to vaccines. The NASEM guidance goes a step further by ranking priority groups in order of who should get a vaccine first (see ‘A tiered approach’).After health-care workers, medically vulnerable groups should be among vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first to receive a vaccine, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) NASEM draft plan. These include older people living in crowded settings, and individuals with multiple existing conditions, such as serious heart disease or diabetes, that put them at risk for more-serious COVID-19 infection.The plan prioritizes workers in essential industries, such as public transit, because their jobs place them in contact with many people. Similarly, people who live in certain crowded settings — homeless shelters and prisons, for example — are called out as deserving early access.NEW YORK: Probably people in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country where vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first effective vaccine is developed.About a dozen different vaccines are in various stages of testing worldwide, including in Britain, China and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US. This week, Dr Anthony Fauci, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) top US infectious disease expert, said he is cautiously optimistic there will be a Covid-19 vaccine by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) year or early 2021.Coronavirus outbreak: Live updatesSeveral wealthy countries have already ordered millions of doses of those experimental vaccines.Britain and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US, for example, have invested in a vaccine candidate being developed by Oxford University and produced by AstraZeneca. If it works, UK politicians have said Britons will be vaccinated with it. The US expects to start stockpiling it this fall and also has invested in other vaccine candidates.More on Covid-19Coronavirus pandemic: Complete CoverageUnlock 1.0: What's open & from when in MHA's phase-wise reopening planIt's time to mask up and stay safe: Join TOI's #MaskIndia campaignMHA's guidelines for home isolationTrust vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) newspaper for your daily verified newsGroups including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine alliance GAVI are also working to buy doses for poor countries and AstraZeneca has agreed to license its vaccine to India's Serum Institute for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) production of 1 billion doses. The World Health Organization is drafting guidelines for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ethical distribution of Covid-19 vaccines.How vaccines are distributed within a country will vary. Last week, US officials said they were developing a tiered system for that. The system would likely prioritize groups at greatest risk of severe complications from Covid-19 and key workers.Different vaccines are now available in various countries. In vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States, vaccines need approval from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Food and Drug Administration (FDA).First, they need to pass through three phases of tests to prove that they are safe and effective. The last stage, phase 3, involves tens of thousands of participants.At vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) time of writing, two vaccines have FDA approval for use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.:vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccinevaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna COVID-19 vaccineThe Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, developed in Germany, received FDA approval in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) form of an emergency use authorization on December 11, 2020.In a phase 3 trial involving more than 43,000 people, around half received a placebo and half received two doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, 21 days apart. The results showed that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine was 95% effective at protecting against COVID-19.The Moderna vaccine, developed in Cambridge, MA, received approval for emergency use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. on December 18. In a phase 3 trial, 30,000 volunteers received either a placebo or two doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, 28 days apart. The results indicated that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine was 94% effective.Other vaccinesOther vaccines that have approval for use in various countries include:The Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine, in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United KingdomCoronavac, developed by Sinovac, in ChinaThe Sputnik V vaccine, in RussiaCovaxin, developed by Bharat Biotech, in IndiaMeanwhile, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Novavax vaccine is currently undergoing phase 3 trials, as is Janssen’s COVID-19 vaccine. Both were developed by companies based in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.A person can keep up to date with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) latest vaccine developments in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country using vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society’s COVID-19 vaccine tracker.Are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines safe?A vaccine needs to pass through several stages of trials before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacturer can apply for approval from a country’s health authority. In vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA gives this approval, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also work to ensure public safety.Vaccine trials involve ever-larger numbers of people. The last stage, phase 3, includes tens of thousands of participants.At first, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) specific long-term effects of any new medical treatment, including a vaccine, are unknown. The key is to balance vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) potential risks of getting a vaccine that has undergone extensive testing with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) known dangers of developing COVID-19.In vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) short term, a person who has had a COVID-19 vaccine may experience flu-like symptoms and other side effects, including:pain at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) injection siteswelling at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) injection sitefatigueheadache and muscle paina feverThe side effects may be worse after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine because vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s immune response will be intensified.The CDC encourage people to use a smartphone-based health checker called V-safe to inform vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) authorities about any side effects. This helps them monitor vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) impact of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine and do ongoing work to ensure public safety.It is essential to receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine from a licensed healthcare professional and follow every instruction, including getting a second dose. A person may get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine at a local health department, hospital, clinic, or pharmacy.Anyone with a history of allergies to vaccines or other injectable medications should tell vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) healthcare worker before they administer vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Anyone who has an allergic reaction after receiving vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine should receive emergency care.Getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccineVaccine doses are currently limited. For this reason, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first to receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine will be healthcare workers, residents of long-term care facilities, first responders, and people aged 75 years and older. As more doses become available, everyone will be able to receive it.A person may need to pay an administrative fee for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Insurance companies will reimburse this, and people without insurance can seek reimbursement from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Department of Health and Human Services’ Provider Relief Fund. Otherwise, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is free.To learn when vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine becomes available, check with local and state health departments regularly. The CDC provide a directory here.Types of COVID-19 vaccineResearchers have used various approaches to developing vaccines that protect against COVID-19. As a result, they have developed different types of vaccine, including:whole virus vaccinesrecombinant protein subunit vaccinesreplication-incompetent vector vaccinesnucleic acid vaccinesWe explore these types in more detail below:Whole virus vaccineAlso known as an “inactivated” or “weakened” virus vaccine, this type contains dead or inactivated forms of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus.These vaccines cannot cause an infection because they do not contain vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) live virus.The COVID-19 vaccines made by Sinovac, Bharat Biotec, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Wuhan Institute of Biological Products are of this type.Recombinant protein subunit vaccineThis type of vaccine triggers a strong immune response to a key part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus. It cannot cause an infection because it does not contain a live pathogen, such as a virus.Researchers are investigating whether they can make a recombinant protein subunit vaccine that targets a protein, called vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike protein, that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus uses to latch onto and infect cells.Novavax is one company taking this approach, using nanoparticle technology.Replication-incompetent vector vaccineThis type acts as a platform for carrying genes that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body can express to provide immunity.The AstraZeneca vaccine, which has approval in some countries, is a replication-incompetent vector vaccine. It uses a harmless, weakened adenovirus that causes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common cold in chimpanzees to provoke an immune response.The scientists then changed vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus to make it suitable for use in humans. In other vaccines, this type of virus has safely produced a strong immune response.In July 2020, an Ebola vaccine of this type received approval, and it may provide vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) basis for further COVID-19 vaccines.Nucleic acid vaccineThis type is also called an mRNA-based vaccine. Vaccination involves injecting genetic material called mRNA into live host cells.Each of these vaccines is designed to target a particular pathogen. In a COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) mRNA contains instructions for producing coronavirus spike protein. The vaccine presents this information to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system, and as a result, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body produces antibodies to combat vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus.Pfizer, BioNTech, and Moderna have developed this type of vaccine. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are already available in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.How do vaccines work?Vaccines prompt vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system to make antibodies to defend against specific diseases. In other words — they make vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system behave as if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body already had this illness.Vaccines achieve this without making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) person sick.After vaccination, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) person develops immunity to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. Their body can fight off vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection if exposure to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pathogen, such as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) novel coronavirus, occurs.An effective vaccine stimulates vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system without kicking it into overdrive. Developing a vaccine that works without causing unwanted side effects is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) goal for researchers.Vaccines also need to be safe for everyone, including people with allergies, young children, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, older adults, and people with underlying health conditions.wearing a face covering in publicwashing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) hands with soap and hot water frequently, for at least 20 seconds at a timeusing a hand sanitizer, with at least 60% alcohol, when washing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) hands is not possiblecovering any sneeze or cough with a tissue, disposing of this at once, and washing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) handsavoiding touching vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) faceregularly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that people frequently touch, such as doorknobslimiting or avoiding handshakesstaying home and away from others if sickstaying at least 6 feet away from people who are not housematesavoiding crowds whenever possibleavoiding poorly ventilated places whenever possiblebeing watchful for any symptoms, including a high fever and a coughIf a person has a mild or asymptomatic form of COVID-19, it is still crucial to limit contact with others, especially older adults and people with weakened immune systems.Read more about how to prevent COVID-19 here.If anyone needs medical care for what may be COVID-19 symptoms, call ahead to let vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) clinic or hospital know about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) problem and wear a face mask on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way.The CDC also recommend that anyone who may have been exposed to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus:contacts a healthcare providerkeeps track of their symptomsisolates at home, staying away from others as much as possibleseeks emergency medical care for any severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathingSome common COVID-19 symptoms include:a fevera persistent cougha loss or change in sense of smell or tasteLearn about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) early symptoms here.Maintaining a balanced diet, staying active, and making other healthful choices can also help.There is no evidence that home or alternative remedies can help prevent COVID-19. Here, learn about these and other coronavirus myths.Six months ago, as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) northern hemisphere was still battling vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic’s first wave, all eyes turned to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines in late-stage clinical trials. Now, a year after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic first erupted, three COVID vaccines have been given emergency authorization by either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. or U.K., as well as other countries. Two of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines, developed by Pfizer and BioNTech and Moderna, respectively, both employ a novel genetic technology known as mRNA. And vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) third is a more conventional vaccine developed by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Oxford and AstraZeneca that uses a chimpanzee virus to deliver DNA for a component of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus that causes COVID. (Russia, China and India have rolled out their own vaccines, but with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) exception of a few countries, they have not been widely authorized elsewhere.)But impressive as they are, these vaccines alone will likely not be sufficient to end vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, experts say. Luckily, there are hundreds of other COVID vaccines under development—including many with new mechanisms of action—that could prove to be effective and cheaper and easier to distribute.“I believe that this virus is going to change and that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines we have approved right now are just not going to be as effective as we think they are,” says Danny Altmann, an immunologist at Imperial College London. SARS-CoV-2 has already evolved several new variants—including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ones first identified in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.K. and South Africa, which are more transmissible (though not—for now, at least—more deadly).Gregory Poland, a vaccinologist at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Mayo Clinic, agrees it is far too early to think we have this virus beat. He points out that no vaccine for a coronavirus has ever been deployed in a public vaccination program. And mRNA vaccines such as Pfizer’s and Moderna’s—touted by many as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) future of vaccinology—have never previously been brought to market. “We don’t know what we don’t know. We have no idea what surprises we might find in a virus that we’ve only been aware of for a year,” says Poland, who co-authored an extensive review of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Lancet last October. “And vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) history of vaccinology—in which I’ve been involved for four decades—is amply littered with things we thought we knew.”What happens if somebody is vaccinated but contracts COVID anyway? Would they suffer an even worse case of illness, a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement? Or in a less dramatic scenario, what if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines prevent immunized individuals from falling ill but do not prevent them from infecting others? The latter could actually worsen vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic if vaccinated individuals think they are safe and become asymptomatic carriers. Moreover, people worldwide display a wide range of natural immunity to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, so there may be a similar diversity in vaccine responses. “There are lots of booby traps that could lie in wait,” Poland says.Furthermore, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer have logistical issues that prevent them from being easily deployed globally. Pfizer’s vaccine needs to be stored at –70 degrees Celsius—colder than Antarctica’s average temperatures—in freezers that cost many thousands of dollars. Moderna’s can be stored at –15 degrees C, but because of freezer requirements, it still has little chance of reaching rural corners of India or Africa or poor, densely packed neighborhoods in South America. As long as vaccines are fragile, expensive and difficult to distribute, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic will continue.But by far vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most important issue, Altmann says, is “durability”: how long people remain immune after vaccination. If a vaccine confers immunity for only a few months rather than many years, little progress will have been made in six months. By then we could be faced with more virulent forms of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease swirling around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) globe.The good news, however, is that “second generation” vaccines are being developed by researchers, many of whom are working with novel techniques. “We have an embarrassment of riches,” Altmann says. “One thing that certainly hasn’t been appreciated by most people is that, on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) back burner, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) field of vaccinology has been steaming ahead over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) past 15 years, developing a range of incredibly snazzy strategies.”There are nearly 240 novel vaccine candidates in development, waiting in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) wings for their moment. Here are a few that show vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most potential.SELF-AMPLIFYING RNA (IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON)Similar to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) approved mRNA vaccines, this one inserts genetic material from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus directly into human cells, spurring vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body to manufacture vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) famed “spike” protein that covers vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) surface of SARS-CoV-2. And like mRNA vaccines, Imperial College London’s design only delivers vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) genetic material, not vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) actual virus, so it is unlikely to exacerbate illness if people are infected following vaccination. The twist with this vaccine is that it has been modified to turn vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s own cells into factories that continually churn out spike proteins on their own—meaning a booster shot will not be necessary. Moreover, such “self-amplifying” RNA can reportedly be made in huge volumes for little cost. “I feel very excited about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way [this approach] may turn out to be like Pfizer’s and Moderna’s vaccines but even better,” says Altmann, who was not directly involved in developing this vaccine.Researchers at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Maryland-based start-up Novavax have focused on delivering vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) actual spike protein itself (rather than a whole virus or genetic material). They created vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine by engineering moth cells to churn out spike proteins in bioreactors at low cost. Furthermore, this vaccine can be kept at two to eight degrees C—normal refrigeration temperature—making it far more practical to distribute. The trick with this approach is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) addition of an “adjuvant”—an additive that “soups up” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system’s response—made from saponin, a compound derived from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) bark of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chilean soapbark tree. “Engineered protein technology has been tested and proved in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) past—it just takes a little more time to produce than RNA,” explains Gregory Glenn, president of research and development at Novavax.DESIGNED PROTEIN NANOPARTICLE (INSTITUTE FOR PROTEIN DESIGN, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON)Like Novavax, University of Washington researchers have chosen to deliver proteins from SARS-CoV-2 as their weapon of choice. But instead of injecting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) entire spike protein, they have homed in on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus’s “Achilles’ heel”: vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) receptor binding domain (RBD), vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) portion of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike protein that directly fuses with human cells. Neil King, a biochemist at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) university’s Institute for Protein Design, has created a vaccine delivered by spherical “nanoparticles” shaped like soccer balls. Synthetically manufactured RBD proteins are affixed to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) nanoparticles in regular arrays. This design makes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine capable of eliciting antibody responses at least 10 times higher than those that use vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) whole, natural spike protein, King says. “We aren’t just taking existing proteins and tweaking them a little bit—we are making completely new ones to do exactly what we want,” he notes. The vaccine is currently being tested in early-stage, or phase I, trials with human volunteers. If successful, it could reach vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) public later this year.OTHER VACCINES IN THE PIPELINEThese are just a few of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine candidates in development. Others that could help slow vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine developed by Sinovac Biotech in China, utilize more conventional designs, such as an inactivated virus (a technique used to help conquer polio and still used in many influenza vaccines). It remains to be seen how well all of these approaches may work. But with so many efforts underway, there is good reason to hope that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of this pandemic nightmare is in sight.And when it does end, scientists will have many tools ready-made for when vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next pandemic hits.The worldwide endeavor to create a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is bearing fruit. A dozen vaccines now have been authorized around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) globe; many more remain in development.To clarify vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) landscape for our readers, our vaccine tracker has been split in two. The first chart details vaccines that have achieved regulatory authorization or approval; vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second continues to follow candidates in Phase 1-3 clinical trials and some promising candidates in early development. To reveal in-depth information about each candidate, select vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) “Details” button above vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) chart or click on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) green plus button next to each entry.Information about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) unprecedented public/private partnerships spawned by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 public health emergency now can be found below vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) charts.Our charts will be updated weekly. If you wish to submit an update or notice an issue with this data, please email FocusUpdated 26 February to include new information on vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Gamaleya Institute/RFID, Sinovac, Sinopharm, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Russian Federal Budgetary Research Intitute State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology, CanSino Biologics, Janssen Vaccines, Bharat Biotech and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products as well as a clarification on vaccine candidates from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.COVID-19 vaccine initiativesOWS: Operation Warp Speed is a collaboration of several US government departments including Health and Human Services (HHS) and subagencies, Defense, Agriculture, Energy and Veterans Affairs and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) private sector. OWS has funded JNJ-78436735 (Janssen), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and NVX‑CoV2373 (Novavax), V590 (Merck/IAVI), V591 (Merck/Themis), AZD1222 (AstraZeneca/University of Oxford), and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) candidate developed by Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline.OWS is “part of a broader strategy to accelerate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) development, manufacturing, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics.” Leaders of OWS say they could vaccinate as many as 20 million people by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) year and 100 million people by February.ACTIV: Within OWS, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has partnered with more than 18 biopharmaceutical companies in an initiative called ACTIV. ACTIV aims to fast-track development of drug and vaccine candidates for COVID-19.COVPN: The COVID-19 Prevention Trials Network (COVPN) combines clinical trial networks funded by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN), Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC), and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) AIDS Clinical Trials Group.COVAX: The COVAX initiative, part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization’s (WHO) Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, is being spearheaded by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI); Gavi, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Alliance; and WHO. The goal is to work with vaccine manufacturers to offer low-cost COVID-19 vaccines to countries. CEPI’s candidates from companies Inovio, Moderna, CureVac, Institut Pasteur/Merck/Themis, AstraZeneca/University of Oxford, Novavax, University of Hong Kong, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, and University of Queensland/CSL are part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVAX initiative. The US joined COVAX on 21 January. The most up-to-date forecast of COVAX's vaccine supply can be found here.Vaccines are biological products that generate acquired immunity to certain infectious diseases.Under "normal" circumstances, vaccine development, licensure and manufacturing are processes that can take several years to complete.In this critical time, a myriad of healthcare companies, research institutions and authorities are working to accelerate such timelines to quickly deliver a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19.Technology Networks is committed to keeping you updated with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) latest research in this space. Below, you'll find a curation of our latest COVID-19 vaccine-related content.FDA Committee Endorses J&J vaccine: An independent advisory committee Friday afternoon recommended to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that it grant an emergency use authorization (EUA) to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccine developed by Johnson & Johnson. The unanimous vote of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) panel that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) benefits of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine outweigh any risks paves vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA to grant vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) EUA as soon as this weekend. If vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) EUA is granted, J&J has said it is prepared to immediately begin shipping up to 4 million doses of its one-dose vaccine. If J&J gets vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) authorization, there will be three COVID-19 vaccines available to Americans, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, both two-dose vaccines, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) one-dose J&J product.Pfizer storage temperature raised. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave permission Thursday for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to be moved and stored for two weeks at higher temperatures than had been allowed under vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) emergency use authorization (EUA) vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine received in December. Instead of requiring vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine vials to be stored at minus 130 degrees to minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA is allowing Pfizer to ship and store vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vials at minus 13 degrees to minus 5 degrees Fahrenheit. FDA officials say giving Pfizer permission to maintain its vaccine at higher temperatures will help ease vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) burden of finding vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ultra-low cold storage that has been required for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine and should help get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine to more vaccination sites. By comparison, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccine can be shipped and stored at minus 4 degrees.Vaccine finder inaugurated: The U.S. public can begin to search for approved COVID-19 providers at VaccineFinder, a website where consumers can enter their address or zip code and get a list of vaccine providers and links to where they can schedule a shot. But this service is ramping up slowly. The site so far includes data from 29,000 providers in four states: Alaska, Indiana, Iowa and Tennessee. The site was started at Boston Children’s Hospital, supported by a grant from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). If vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) initial rollout is successful, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) site will be expanded to all providers in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) nation that are willing to participate.FDA supports J&J vaccine authorization. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Wednesday released an analysis of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Johnson & Johnson (J&J) COVID-19 vaccine that supports vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency granting an emergency use authorization (EUA) for what would become vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) third vaccine available to Americans to combat vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus. On Friday, an independent FDA panel will meet to review vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) clinical trial and other data vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company has filed in support of its application. If vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA grants vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) EUA, as is expected, J&J officials say they are prepared to immediately begin shipping out 4 million doses of its vaccine. Before that, an advisory committee of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC would meet to recommend how vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine should be used. An emergency meeting of CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is scheduled for Sunday and Monday, Feb. 28 and March 1, but no agenda is yet specified. The J&J vaccine requires only one shot, compared with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) two-shot regimen necessary for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. The FDA says vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) J&J study found that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine was 66 percent effective overall — and 72 percent effective in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States in preventing moderate to severe COVID-19 illness, compared with 95 percent efficacy for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine and 94 percent for Moderna. The data also show that no one who received vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) J&J vaccine required hospitalization or died after 28 days after immunization.Rx executives say more doses are coming. Leaders of pharmaceutical companies that are producing COVID-19 vaccines told a House Energy and Commerce subcommittee on Tuesday that they are ramping up production and distribution of their vaccines or gave vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) panel a progress report on when they plan to ask vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an emergency use authorization (EUA) for their products. Here are their estimates.— Pfizer Group President John Young said that shipments of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine topped 40 million doses as of Feb. 17 and that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company expects to start sending 13 million doses per week by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) middle of March and all 300 million doses vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government has contracted for by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of July.— Moderna President Stephen Hoge said that as of last week, his company had delivered 54 million doses and is on track to have delivered 100 million by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of March, another 100 million by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of May and 100 million more by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of July. Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two shots.— Ruud Dobber, an executive vice president at AstraZeneca, said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company has enrolled 30,000 people in its phase 3 clinical trials and expects results “soon.” The federal government has contracted for 300 million doses of this vaccine, should it receive an EUA.— John Trizzino, executive vice president of Novavax, told vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) subcommittee that his company has also enrolled 30,000 people in its phase 3 clinical trials and expects to file for authorization from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second quarter of this year.CDC data show that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines are safe. New data from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) side effects from COVID-19 vaccines were as expected and not serious among vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vast majority of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first 22 million people who received either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna version. Symptoms most frequently reported were headaches (22.4 percent), fatigue (16.5 percent) and dizziness (16.5 percent). Cases of anaphylaxis allergic reactions were very rare — 4.5 cases per million doses administered. The incidence of side effects was greater for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine, with nearly 79 percent of recipients saying they didn’t experience any serious symptoms, compared with nearly 94 percent who said they didn’t have any major issues after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first shot. Data was not available for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot of which is not given until 28 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first. The data collected was for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first month of vaccinations, from Dec. 14, 2020, to Jan. 13, 2021. CDC Director Rochelle Walensky said at a COVID-19 briefing on Friday that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact that more people tend to have a stronger reaction to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot should not deter Americans from getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose.Severe weather delays vaccine distribution. A winter storm held up vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) delivery of more than 6 million doses — about a three-day supply — but vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine won’t spoil and is “safe and sound” in warehouses and transportation hubs, White House coronavirus adviser Andy Slavitt said at Friday’s briefing. More than 2,000 COVID-19 vaccination clinics across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country lost power from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storm, he said, and road closures have also hindered vaccine delivery. Slavitt said he expects that most of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) backlogged doses will be delivered in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next few days. Health officials in many areas plan to contact those whose appointments were canceled to reschedule. The COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. call for two doses, spaced 21 or 28 days apart, for maximum efficacy. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines will still be effective with up to six weeks between doses.Doses to pharmacies, states expanded. The number of COVID-19 vaccine doses pharmacies will receive from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government is being doubled from 1 million each week to two 2 million, Administration officials announced on Wednesday. During vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first stage of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) partnership between vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government and pharmacies across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country, 6,500 drug stores are slated to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, with that number expected to eventually increase to 40,000 national chain stores, independent drugstores and pharmacies located inside grocery stores. States are continuing to control which populations are eligible for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines, although vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) administration has urged them to begin vaccinating residents over age 65, which about half vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) states are doing. The administration has also increased vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) amount of vaccine being delivered to states. States will now get 13.5 million doses each week. Officials also announced that on average, 1.7 million Americans are receiving a COVID-19 vaccine each day.Winter storms impacting vaccine administration. If your COVID-19 vaccination appointment has been delayed because of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) severe winter storms raging through a wide swath of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country, don’t panic — including if it’s your second shot that won’t be available exactly on time. The protocol for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is that patients should get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose 21 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first and those getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccine should get their second dose 28 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first one. The CDC has said that if circumstances — like these storms — prevent people from getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose on time, as long as they get it within six weeks of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first one they’ll be fine. As vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storm is forcing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) cancellation of vaccine appointments, Andy Slavitt, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) White House senior adviser on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 response, said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) weather will impact both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) delivery of doses to vaccination sites and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ability of people to get innoculated. Vaccinations have been delayed in a number of states including Texas, Missouri, Alabama, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Tennessee, Illinois and Minnesota and more may follow suit as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storm moves eastward. In addition, more severe weather is expected over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next few days. Slavitt said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) administration is urging vaccination sites to expand their hours once vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storms subside and they can reopen. The CDC has confirmed that some vaccine deliveries may be delayed but hasn’t specified which ones and how long vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) delay will be.Government orders more vaccine. The federal government has ordered 200 million more doses of COVID-19 vaccines — 100 million each from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. That will bring to 600 million vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) number of doses that will be delivered by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of July. Because both of these vaccines require two doses, that would fully vaccinate 300 million Americans. State officials across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country have said they need more vaccine in order to meet their needs.Quarantine rules eased for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinated. The CDC now says that people who have received both doses of either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine will no longer be required to quarantine after they are exposed to someone with COVID-19. According to CDC guidance, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) easing of quarantine guidelines applies to people two weeks after they are fully vaccinated, are within three months of having received their last dose and have remained symptom free. The CDC stresses that vaccinated persons should continue to follow recommendations for preventing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spread of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, including wearing a mask, staying at least 6 feet away from others, avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated spaces, and washing their hands often.Vaccine acceptance increases. A new CDC study shows that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) willingness of Americans to receive a COVID-19 vaccine continues to increase, especially among adults over age 65. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new data, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) percentage of people who say they are willing — or somewhat willing — to get vaccinated increased from 62 percent in September to 68 percent in December. Among adults 65 and older, 66 percent said in December that they would likely be vaccinated compared with 42 percent of adults ages 18 to 64 who said that. The percentage of people who say they do not intend to get vaccinated continues to decline — from 38 percent in September 2020 to 32 percent in December. The main reasons people give for their vaccine hesitancy are concerns about side effects and safety (30 percent), they plan to wait to see if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines prove safe (14.5 percent), they don’t trust government (12.5 percent), and concern that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines were developed too quickly (10.4 percent).The COVID-19 vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Oxford may be vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first such vaccine that preliminary data shows could slow vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) transmission of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, according to a new report by Oxford researchers. The paper, which has not yet been peer reviewed, is based on weekly nasal swabs taken to see if there were signs of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus in people participating in clinical trials in 2020. The researchers said they found a 67 percent reduction in evidence of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus on those swabs among those who had received vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) AstraZeneca vaccine. The data was gleaned from clinical trials in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa. AstraZeneca is still completing its U.S. trial and is expected to release data from that study later this month. AstraZeneca is not conducting weekly swab tests on U.S. trial participants, a company executive told vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Wall Street Journal. The only two COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, have been shown in clinical trials to be highly effective in preventing illness, but it has yet to be determined if they prevent infection and transmission of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus to others.Pace of vaccination in nursing homes. At least three-quarters of residents in most U.S. skilled nursing facilities had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine — a median of 77.8 percent across 11,460 facilities — during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first month of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination rollout (Dec. 18 – Jan. 17). That’s according to a new CDC report, which also found that a median of 38 percent of staff members had received vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine by that date. The CDC has been working with pharmacies to administer vaccinations at these facilities, where residents have been hit disproportionately hard by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic — accounting for 38 percent of COVID-19-related deaths in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.Second dose timing. The second dose of either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine may be scheduled for up to six weeks after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first shot, according to an update posted Thursday by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC. When vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA authorized vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) two vaccines for emergency use late last year, it said that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine should be administered in 21 days while vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna protocol is for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot to be given in 28 days. CDC still says that while vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) “second dose should be administered as close to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recommended interval as possible,” if that is not feasible vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose can be received up to 42 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first one.COVID-19 relief package. As part of a $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief and economic stimulus package, Biden wants to get 100 million vaccine doses into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) arms of Americans in his first 100 days in office, although he believes it may be possible to get 1.5 million shots administered each day. He is asking Congress for money to set up mass inoculation centers and will enlist independent and chain pharmacies to administer vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines and expand vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) number of people giving vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, including nonclinical personnel. Biden will also use vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Defense Production Act to accelerate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacture of vaccine and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) materials needed to administer them. He reiterated his request to states to start vaccinating Americans age 65 and older and also said his plan maintains vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) two-dose schedule for both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines.Some allergic reactions reported. The CDC has advised Americans that it has documented more cases of severe allergic reactions among people receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Among 1.8 million getting their first dose of either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines, 21 had a reaction known as anaphylaxis. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC, these reactions can be quickly dealt with and all 21 patients have recovered. The rate of these reactions is about 10 times that of people who get a flu shot, say CDC officials, who stress that these episodes are still exceedingly rare. The agency continues to recommend that anyone who has ever had a severe allergic reaction to any of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ingredients in a COVID-19 vaccine abstain from getting it. If you have a history of severe allergic reactions to other vaccines, ask your doctor if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine. Common side effects — including injection-site pain, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain and fever — have been common in both vaccines and should not be cause for concern, experts say. If you have an adverse reaction, report it through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) online.Vaccines and underlying health conditions. The CDC has issued guidance for those with underlying health conditions, saying they can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccine as long as they have not had a severe allergic reaction to any of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ingredients in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. The CDC had additional comments for people in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) following groups:People with HIV or who have weakened immune systems can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, but they should be aware that safety data is limited, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. They should also be aware of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) potential for reduced immune responses to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.People who have autoimmune conditions can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, but they should be aware that there is no data yet on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) safety of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines for them.People who have previously had Guillain-Barré syndrome can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. The CDC noted that to date, no cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported following vaccination.People who have previously had Bell’s palsy can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Even though cases of Bell’s palsy were reported in trial participants, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA “does not consider these to be above vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rate expected in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) general population,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. “They have not concluded these cases were caused by vaccination.”Researchers around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world have been working at record speed to develop vaccines to combat COVID-19. Less than a year after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) start of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, that goal is now a reality. The U.S. is among vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) countries that have begun vaccinating people against a virus that has so far infected more than 25 million people in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States; it’s killed more than 421,000 Americans and more than 2.1 million people globally. As noted above, two vaccines, one from Moderna and another from Pfizer-BioNTech, are now being distributed in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., first to health care workers and staff and residents of long-term care facilities, next to people 65 and older and frontline essential workers.Both vaccines received an emergency use authorization (EUA) from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA. An EUA is a green light, of sorts. It is not vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same as official approval.During a public health emergency, such as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA can authorize in a timely manner previously unapproved medical products to diagnose, treat or prevent vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) illness of concern when there are no other approved or available alternatives. The EUA process is faster than standard FDA approval, which can take six to 10 months. However, data proving safety and effectiveness are still required for authorization, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA and an advisory committee of experts use this data to weigh vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) risks and benefits of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) product in question.What, exactly, is a vaccine?A vaccine is something that helps a person build up immunity to an infectious disease. It works by intentionally introducing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body to an inactive form of a disease-causing germ, or something similar to it. This then stimulates vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system’s production of antibodies, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) proteins that help to protect vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) person from a future infection if he ever comes across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real germ.Think of it like a workout for your immune system: You’re “sending it to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) gym and preparing it to be able to do something when it encounters vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real thing in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) future,” says Tony Moody, associate professor of pediatrics and immunology at Duke University School of Medicine and a principal investigator at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Duke Human Vaccine Institute. “Essentially, what a vaccine is doing is teaching vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system how to handle something before you actually encounter vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real thing — so that, hopefully, when you do encounter vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real thing, you’re able to deal with it quickly and get rid of it.”What coronavirus vaccines are available now?The two vaccines that have received EUAs - Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna - are so far vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) only products available to Americans.Pfizer’s vaccine was given emergency authorization by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA for use in people 16-years-old and older, making it vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first coronavirus vaccine available to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) American public.Moderna’s vaccine has now been authorized for people 18 and older.Both vaccines have been found to be highly effective at preventing COVID-19 in clinical trial participants. Pfizer-BioNTech's two-dose vaccine is about 95 percent effective against COVID-19, regardless of age, race or other risks for severe illness from an infection, an FDA analysis shows. And Moderna’s proved to be about 94.5 percent effective against COVID-19 in people of all ages, genders and ethnicities.Are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines safe?Safety is a key concern among health officials and experts. Participants in both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna trials experienced side effects after vaccination, including injection-site pain, fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches and joint pain. These symptoms are temporary and are in line with side effects some people experience from other vaccines, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) flu shot and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine to prevent shingles.The CDC has documented several cases of anaphylaxis in U.S. vaccine recipients. Though an anaphylactic reaction is potentially life-threatening, it can be quickly halted as it was in these six cases, with medicines such as epinephrine. Because of this, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC is recommending that anyone who has ever had a severe allergic reaction to any ingredient in a COVID-19 vaccine abstain from receiving it. If you have a history of severe allergic reactions to other vaccines, ask your doctor if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency advises.After a vaccine is authorized, many vaccine safety monitoring systems watch for adverse events, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC. If one is discovered, “experts quickly study it further to assess whether it is a true safety concern” and then adjust vaccine recommendations as needed, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency explains.How are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines being distributed?The federal government is overseeing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) distribution and tracking of coronavirus vaccines in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., but state and local officials are prioritizing who gets vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine in their jurisdictions. The government is also partnering with private companies to ensure high-risk individuals can easily access a vaccine. Health care workers and residents and staff of long-term care facilities were in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first group targeted for vaccination; vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC recommends that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next group of Americans to receive a COVID vaccine should be adults age 75 and older. However, many states prioritized all adults age 65 and older after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government directed states to expand distribution in order to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine out faster. The next group for vaccination under CDC guidelines would be frontline workers, including first responders, postal workers, teachers, public transit workers and people who work in grocery stores.Officials predict it will take several more months to vaccinate everyone who wants a vaccine, even as production ramps up and more vaccine candidates clear authorization.There are logistical considerations, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) need to ensure proper transportation and storage for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines. Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccines require cold storage at specific temperatures — Pfizer’s more so than Moderna’s — meaning pharmacies and clinics throughout vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. need to be equipped with specialized freezers and refrigerators to keep vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) medicines stable.How much does vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine cost?The federal government pre-purchased hundreds of millions of vaccine doses with taxpayer money, and Americans will not have to pay to receive them.Vaccine providers are able to charge an administration fee for giving vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) shot, but this fee should be covered by public or private insurance, or by a government relief fund for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) uninsured.Can I still get COVID-19 after getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine?It’s unclear whether someone who’s been vaccinated can still become sick with COVID-19 and how long immunity will last, although more details on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine’s effectiveness should emerge in post-trial surveillance.“That’s something that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recipients will have to understand when they get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine,” says William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist and professor of preventive medicine at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. “The vaccine provides protection, but it won’t be like a suit of armor.”Schaffner’s main message: Just because you roll up your sleeve and get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) shot doesn’t mean you can throw away your mask and disregard other prevention efforts such as social distancing and handwashing. Those will be crucial “for quite some time” in order to get control over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, Schaffner says.Are both doses really necessary?Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines require two doses and following through with both doses is necessary to ensure effectiveness. (Other COVID-19 vaccines being tested in clinical trials require only one dose.)According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first shot starts building protection, while vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot “is needed to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most protection vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine has to offer.”Do I need vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine if I have already had COVID-19?The verdict is still out when it comes to how long you are protected from COVID-19 after a previous infection — what's referred to as natural immunity. In fact, “early evidence suggests natural immunity from COVID-19 may not last very long,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC explains. Because of this, “people may be advised to get a COVID-19 vaccine even if they have been sick with COVID-19 before,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency states.Health officials will keep vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) public informed of any developments and recommendations as more is learned about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) duration of natural immunity.Is it good to have more than one vaccine?Absolutely. “In fact, it’s highly desirable,” Schaffner says, because that would mean “there would be more vaccine manufacturers working to actually produce vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, and so we could more expeditiously try to vaccinate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) population in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States and beyond.”Kathleen Neuzil, M.D., professor in vaccinology and director of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Maryland School of Medicine, echoes Schaffner’s sentiment and points to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) flu vaccine for comparison: There are multiple formulations on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) market, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) injectable high-dose vaccine and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) nasal spray vaccine, for example, which are recommended for different populations.“We really need every person on Earth, theoretically, to be able to receive this vaccine. So, to me, [having more than one option] is a positive, because we need so much,” she adds."The current pandemic is putting pressure on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company to come out with a vaccine quickly, but we cannot rush as safety and quality are paramount," said Krishna Ella, Chairman & MD, Bharat Biotech International.The Hyderabad-based pharma firm has completed phase-I clinical trials for its vaccine candidate against covid-19."There is a tremendous pressure on us to develop vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. But for us, safety and quality are paramount. We don't want to kill more people with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) wrong vaccine," Ella said during an interaction with members of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chennai International Centre on 'Covid-19 Endgame Scenarios' on Saturday."We want to do clinical researcThe challenge is to evolve a strategy for attacking vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Ella explained."The pandemic has got so much attention not because of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths it is causing, but because it has destroyed vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) economy. That is why every politician and bureaucrat is talking about it. More people die in road accidents than Covid," Ella said, adding that people should not get paranoid, as it will lead to other problems.Over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) past 17 years, he has been telling vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Government that it needs to work on developing solutions for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) neglected diseases of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) developing world, including China, India and Africa. These neglected diseases are turning out to be pandemics of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) future. For instance, chickengunya and yellow fever, which were once described as "not important diseases", are being recognised as important ones globally.Indian vaccine makers have proved they can develop quality and affordable vaccines, Ella said.A few years back, his company launched a rotavirus vaccine for $1, when global major GSK supplied it for $85, with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same parameters and quality. of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) highest standards. We have been monitored by international agencies and communities. It's a matter of prestige for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country and for us. We won't be shortsighted on research and will produce vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) best quality vaccine," said Ella, while refusing to comment on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) target date for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) launch.ConclusionA year into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 coronavirus disease, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) global effort to develop and distribute an effective vaccine has already produced several promising options. The accelerated development of multiple vaccines is unprecedented; vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) process typically takes eight to fifteen years.Now, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immunization of a critical mass of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world’s population—which is crucial for getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic under control—is up against a new set of challenges, including dangerous new strains of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, global competition over a limited supply of doses, and public hesitation about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines.What COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and how do they work?Currently, several COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical trials. The FDA will review vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) results of these trials before approving COVID-19 vaccines for use. But because there is an urgent need for COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA's vaccine approval process can take months to years, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA will first be giving emergency use authorization to COVID-19 vaccines based on less data than is normally required. The data must show that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines are safe and effective before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA can give emergency use authorization. Vaccines with FDA emergency use authorization include:Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 95%. This means that about 95% of people who get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine are protected from developing symptoms of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 virus. This vaccine is for people age 16 and older. It requires two injections given 21 days apart. The second dose can be given up to six weeks after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose, if needed.Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 94.1%. This vaccine is for people age 18 and older. It requires two injections given 28 days apart. The second dose can be given up to six weeks after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose, if needed.Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA). Coronaviruses have a spike-like structure on their surface called an S protein. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give cells instructions for how to make a harmless piece of an S protein. After vaccination, your cells begin making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) protein pieces and displaying them on cell surfaces. Your immune system will recognize that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) protein doesn't belong there and begin building an immune response and making antibodies.Do vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines protect against vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 variants?Early research suggests that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines can provide protection against vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 variants identified in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.K. and South Africa. Vaccine manufacturers are also looking into creating booster shots to improve protection against variants.Can a COVID-19 vaccine give you COVID-19?No. The COVID-19 vaccines currently being developed in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. don't use vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) live virus that causes COVID-19.Keep in mind that it will take a few weeks for your body to build immunity after getting a COVID-19 vaccination. As a result, it's possible that you could become infected with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus that causes COVID-19 just before or after being vaccinated.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) possible side effects of a COVID-19 vaccine?A COVID-19 vaccine can cause mild side effects after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first or second dose, including:Pain, redness or swelling where vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) shot was givenFeverFatigueHeadacheMuscle painChillsJoint painNausea and vomitingFeeling unwellSwollen lymph nodesYou'll likely be monitored for 15 minutes after getting a COVID-19 vaccine to see if you have an immediate reaction. Most side effects happen within vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first three days after vaccination and typically last only one to two days.The COVID-19 vaccine may cause side effects similar to signs and symptoms of COVID-19. If you've been exposed to COVID-19 and you develop symptoms more than three days after getting vaccinated or vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) symptoms last more than two days, self-isolate and get tested.Is it OK to take an over-vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19)-counter pain medication before or after getting a COVID-19 vaccine?It isn’t recommended that you take a pain medication before getting a COVID-19 vaccine to prevent possible discomfort. It’s not clear how these medications might impact vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) effectiveness of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines. However, it’s OK to take this kind of medication after getting a COVID-19 vaccine, as long as you have no other medical reason that would prevent you from taking it.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) long-term side effects of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines?Because vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines clinical trials only started in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) summer of 2020, it’s not yet clear if these vaccines will have long-term side effects. However, vaccines rarely cause long-term side effects.If you’re concerned, in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., safety data on COVID-19 vaccines will be reported to a national program called vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. This data is available to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) public. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also created v-safe, a smartphone-based tool that allows users to report COVID-19 vaccine side effects.Can I get a COVID-19 vaccine if I have a history of allergic reactions?If you have a history of severe allergic reactions not related to vaccines or injectable medications, you may still get a COVID-19 vaccine. You should be monitored for 30 minutes after getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.If you've had an immediate allergic reaction to other vaccines or injectable medications, ask your doctor if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine. If you’ve ever had an immediate or severe allergic reaction to any ingredient in a COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC recommends not getting that specific vaccine. Also, people who are allergic to polysorbate should not get an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.If you have an immediate or severe allergic reaction after getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, don't get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose.Can I get a COVID-19 vaccine if I have an underlying medical condition?Yes, if you have an underlying medical condition you can get a COVID-19 vaccine — as long as you haven't had an allergic reaction to a COVID-19 vaccine or any of its ingredients. But there is limited information about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) safety of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines in people who have weakened immune systems or autoimmune conditions.Can pregnant or breastfeeding women get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccine?There is no research on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) safety of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant or breastfeeding women. However, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding and part of a group recommended to get a COVID-19 vaccine, you may choose to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Talk to your health care provider about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) risks and benefits.How fast clinical trials can be done depends on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) time frame. For example, for rotavirus it takes six months to complete one phase. But for Covaxin (Bharat Biotech's Covid-19 vaccine) it took only 30 days for phase-I and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company has now entered phase-II.Ella said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Indian vaccine industry isn't inferior to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) MNCs of Europe and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US and is far ahead of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chinese in technology and clinical research."We are not less than GSK or Sanofi (vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) global majors)," he says, adding that many people are skeptic about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) capabilities of Indian companies. They were proved wrong when vaccines were developed for rotavirus, polio and other diseases with tremendous experience in manufacturing and clinical trials