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California.Texas.What do these 2 US States have in common?Well, if it wasn’t for a great man, they would not even be US States today.This great man I am referring to is none other than the 11th President of the United States, James Knox Polk.Just as stated in another answer, an under-appreciated leader is one who has left a monumental and lasting impact on the country he served, yet is not fully acknowledged for his/her accomplishments.In the 11th US President’s case, his work is so important that if not for him, the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Arizona and Texas wouldn’t even be US territory today.Yet, such a consequential President is hardly remembered by Americans today, overshadowed by other more popular figures like FDR, Lincoln and Washington. Such an under-appreciated President deserves recognition, which is what I will aim to do in this post.Brief Introduction to James Knox PolkJames K Polk was born on November 2, 1795, in a log cabin in North Carolina.As a young boy, Polk was often sick and frail, which was a major disadvantage in society at that time. He had urinary stones in his bladder, which had to be surgically removed without anaesthesia. Polk survived the operation and became healthier afterwards.Surgery without anaesthesia. Imagine how painful that would have been.Polk was a hardworking student, mastering the three languages of English, Greek and Latin. He graduated with honours from the University of North Carolina in 1818, moved on to study law and became a successful lawyer.In 1822, Polk made his first entry into politics. His brilliant oratory won him support and allowed him to be elected into the Tennessee House of Representatives. Polk would go on to rise up the political ladder, becoming Representative for Tennessee's 6th congressional district, Speaker of the House, and Governor of Tennessee.In 1844, Polk ran for Vice President of the United States, but his support for expansionism and the annexation of Texas gained him much support and he eventually won the Democratic Nomination for the Presidency. Running against Henry Clay, Polk beat him by a small margin to become the 11th President of the United States.Accomplishments of James Knox PolkTill this day, only 1 US President has kept all his campaign promises. This man is James K Polk.James set 4 main goals for his administration, which were:Re-establish an Independent Treasury SystemReduce TariffsAcquire some or all of Oregon CountryAcquire California and New MexicoThe remarkable thing about this is that James promised to achieve all of these goals in 1 term (4 years), and he duly delivered.Let’s take a brief look into how he completed his campaign promises.Campaign Promise #1 : Re-establish an Independent Treasury SystemThe US TreasuryBefore Polk, government funds were held in different banks and financial institutions instead of being directly held by the government. A disadvantage of this was that banks used these funds for investments in stocks and property, with a risk of loss.In his inaugural address, Polk called upon Congress to re-establish the Independent Treasury System under which government funds were held in the Treasury. The Independent Treasury Act was therefore signed into law on August 6, 1846.Campaign Promise #2: Reduce TariffsBefore Polk entered office, the Standard Tariff Rate stood at 33%. This was detrimental to trade between the US and European Nations.In 1846, Polk directed his Secretary of the Treasury to draft a new and lower tariff. Also known as the Walker Tariff, this bill was barely passed by the Senate, requiring a tie-breaker vote from the Vice President. This caused Tariff Rates to drop to 25%.The Walker Tariff greatly boosted trade between the US and Great Britain. Tariff Revenue increased by nearly 15 million dollars over 5 years, making it a success for President Polk.Campaign Promise #3: Acquire some or all of Oregon CountryThe Oregon Territory was jointly held by the US and the UK before 1846. However, Polk felt that the Oregon Territory belonged to the United States. This was due to his strong belief in Manifest Destiny; that the US was destined to expand across North America. As he mentioned in his Inaugural Address,The US’s claim to the land is “Clear and Unquestionable”Despite this, Polk was a smart man. He knew that it was not worth it to start a war with the most powerful country at that time, the United Kingdom, over a distant and underpopulated territory. Exercising restraint, Polk proceeded to open negotiations with the British, and both parties agreed to divide Oregon Country along the 49th Parallel.The 49th Parallel between the US and the UKThis conflict not only showcased Polk’s ambition, but his maturity and sensibility as a leader. Knowing that a war brought more disadvantages than benefits, Polk chose to settle the dispute by diplomacy. Therefore, not only did he fulfill his campaign promise, he also managed to prevent blood from being spilled; killing two birds with one stone.Campaign Promise #4: Acquire California and New MexicoThe Mexican-American War, 1846–1848Perhaps the most lasting impact of Polk’s Presidency was his decision to invade Mexico and acquire California and New Mexico.To acquire these two territories, Polk had to first annex Texas, which he duly accomplished on December 29, 1845. Polk then sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico to purchase New Mexico and California for $20–40 million, as well as securing Mexico's agreement to a Rio Grande border. All these were rejected by the Mexican government.Polk proceeded to send General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. However, Taylor’s troops were attacked by the Mexicans. This proved to be the last straw for Polk, who made a moving and patriotic speech to Congress to declare war on Mexico. One of his most memorable lines was this:They shed American blood on American soilOn May 11, 1846, Congress passed the resolution, and war was officially declared on Mexico. The American Army inflicted more than 10000 casualties on the Mexican Army, and convincingly defeated them. This forced the Mexican Cession of 1848, in which land containing the present U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, about half of New Mexico, about a quarter of Colorado, and a small section of Wyoming, was added to the US.The Mexican Cession of 1848Polk died on June 15, 1849, just 6 months after his Presidency ended. Many think that during his 4 years in office, his health deteriorated to the point that he could no longer withstand a cholera infection. This is truly testament to his hard work and devotion to his job as President of the United States.The legacy of Polk is a convoluted one. On the one hand, he fulfilled all of the campaign promises he made to the American people, something you seldom see in politicians these days. On the other hand, the heavy-handed means he used to accomplished his goals, such as waging war against Mexico, caused losses to the US in funds and human lives.Despite this, one cannot argue that he was one of the most effective leaders of the past 300 years. As Harry Truman said,He said what he intended to do, and did it.Let us pay our respects to a great and under-appreciated man, James Knox Polk.Edit:Thanks to everyone for your upvotes and comments! I appreciate the feedback given to me, and have learnt a lot of new perspectives and information!I would like to address some things that have been raised in the comments section. Three issues, in particular, have been raised repeatedly.Many of you are unhappy that I gave credit to a man who waged war against Mexico and caused the loss of many precious human lives. I wholeheartedly agree with all of you that war is never a good thing, and should only be used as a last resort if all other forms of diplomacy have failed. However, I'd like all of you to widen your perspectives a bit. Polk was leader of America in the 1840s, a time where many major colonial powers were expanding their empires and rapidly consolidating power. America, a (somewhat) newborn nation who had only just achieved demographic parity with the UK, needed to do something to continue it's survival and growth into the superpower it is today. Therefore, expansion was indeed a necessity for America, both for resources and modernisation. Polk promised this expansion and fully delivered on it, thus allowing America to enjoy the success it is experiencing today.Many of you feel that I venerate Polk as a good human being. That is not true. Polk wasn't a good human being. He used very heavy-handed methods to achieve his goals, including war and coercion. But does being a bad person mean you are automatically a bad leader? Would you say that Hitler was a bad leader because he killed millions? Morality and Effectiveness are on two uniquely different spectrums. Polk's actions diminished his morality, but definitely not his effectiveness.Some of you made this very peculiar comparison between Polk and Hitler, which quite frankly astonishes me. I need to point out that these two individuals are completely, totally different people and characters. One was a person who delivered on promises, fought for America's survival (despite the brusqueness of his actions) and immediately stepped down when he had done his part. The other person (monster) reneged on all his promises to the UK and League of Nations, systematically and methodically killed millions of Jews, and ruled with a tyranny and cold-heartedness never seen before in so many years of human history. How can these two individuals be in any way similar?Lastly, I just want to point out that I am in fact not American, but a Singaporean, so I hope this dispels any notion that I am biased to my own country's leaders :)Sources:James K. Polk - WikipediaJames K. Polk | Facts, Presidency, & AccomplishmentsWhy do historians rank James K. Polk as one of the greatest Presidents?James K. Polk | The White HouseJames K. Polk: Domestic Affairs | Miller CenterWalker Tariff of 1846: Definition & Summary | Study.com

Recidivism StatisticsThe percentages rearrested (but not necessarily guilty) for the "same category of offense" for which they were most recently in prison for were:13.4% of released robbers22.0% of released assaulters23.4% of released burglars33.9% of released larcenists19.0% of released defrauders41.2% of released drug offenders2.5% of released rapistsContrary to popular belief, as a group, sex offenders have the lowest rate of recidivism of all the crime categories. These statistics completely fly in the face of conventional wisdom about sex offenders being the most likely group of criminals to re-offend for their initial crime, but these are the facts. It could be argued that sex offender recidivism isn't detected and that is why this number is so low, but that could also be said of other crime categories, too.Independent studies of the effectiveness of in-prison treatment programs for sex offenders have shown that evidence-based programs can reduce recidivism by up to 15 percent. This might not sound like much, but it is. Recidivism can be further reduced up to 30 percent with after prison intervention. However, our current policies make no sense; we release many offenders to the public without some form of post-release supervision. Regardless of the program offered, it is very important to measure the effect the program has on recidivism; just because something is evidence-based, there can't be an assumption it works in the new location!Since noone else will step forward, i will. I was convicted of Child Molestation 1 in 1995 at the age of 15. My girlfriend accused me of raping her 7 year old sister. She did this as punishment for having another girl pick me up from her house that morning. Surely she had no idea the effect it would have on my life.Being middle class, we could not afford a lawyer. I had a public defender. With every person involved from my gf to mother, to medics admitting to using leading questions. As well as no physical damage or dna evidence found on the child things looked up for me. There was essentially no real evidence that this crime took place.My public defender spent 5 months working on this case and 6 weeks before trial was sent to adult felony court and I was appointed a brand new defender. She had no experience and 6 weeks to prepare. They judge, a woman, would not give another continuance. My lawyer flopped, missed objections and I lost big time.I spent 6 months in a juvenile prison in a sex offender unit where I was given treatment everyday. i was told i would be high risk because I refused to admit guilt. I was released as low risk and have been so for 21 years.On appeal I was told i could not appeal because the problems in this case were not objected to in a timely fashion by my attorney. It was over.I became an angry young man and started drinking and using marijuana. I was always a soft child, but getting beat up by other prisoners almost daily hardened me fast. I was back in jail for Robbery in 4 months. I served 2.5 years. Which helped me calm down. But it also made me look like a repeat criminal. When in fact I was just reckless and angry and allowed other people to influence my choices.Over the last 21 years I have had 3 Failure to Register as A Sex Offender. I was running from the law! A renegade! NO. I was denied by any and all places to live. Noone would take a sex offender. In 21 years my robbery has come up one time. Its always the other. I cannot get a job. I am fortunate to be a very motivated person and have created numerous businesses for myself. I have been forced to do things that i find unethical to survive. But most were legitimate ventures. I have never had to sell drugs, but have come close many times.My first FTR was because I worked in Idaho for a year, their laws are different. When i left Idaho and registered at home, I was later arrested for not telling Idaho i had left. I didnt know. I paid a lawyer $5000 and he did NOTHING for me.My 2nd FTR was because I was a very successful contractor living in a very expensive neighborhood that would have NEVER allowed a sex offender to rent there. It was me, trying to taste a little freedom. It wasn't near children or anything like that. I just wanted to be normal-ishMy 3rd FTR was because I usually registered at my parents house to avoid the problems of registering. People do find you on the registry. Because I am a large and intimidating person, noone has ever confronted me personally. But they have online, they have published my address, etc. The only place I was never harassed was at home w my parents. Unfortunately, it didn't last forever. They do come and check up on you and eventually learned I was lying. Likely many of you will not understand this, but you have never been in my shoes.I have date women with children, i have friends with children, all my close friends know my story and trust me. When you read this you picture a weird person and think of that as how a sex offender looks. I am actually a tall, attractive white male. I am charming and very intelligent. Time in jail has educated me greatly about how to deal with people. Because you cannot run inside, its either make it work or fight!I have never attempted to live near schools etc. It doesn't even make sense. We have cars, if we want to abduct children it can be done anywhere with a car. The laws are incredibly ignorant and obviously feel good laws.Nearly every woman I have ever dated has found out one way or another about my record. You just cant hide the shit. I married the woman of my dreams. She didn't have any children. So no, I am not looking for victims. We divorced officially yesterday. She was reminded of my history SO MANY TIMES. People would get her phone number from far away states and start demanding to know my whereabouts and threaten her. She got a new job in a different state, in two weeks a co-worker showed her my record and asked if this was infact her husband. She was a nanny when we met and saw how patient and chill i was with kids, she believed I would be a great father. I have a rescued dog who is above and beyond the best trained and behaved dog you will meet. I mean like Lassie. He has been in fashion shows, does therapy work for veterans at the VA, and would do great things with children, but i am not allowed there. The dirty dot com posted a article about me and it had such huge results that I had to leave the state.I lost so many jobs. I created businesses and had my own clients shut me down by telling everyone. The internet has made my life a living hell. Websites aggregate data from all over the internet and put it up for all to read. It is very inaccurate in dates, places, crimes, etc. But people believe it like the word of god. It makes me look 10 times worse than before. Then they circulate the links through social media.If anyone screws me out of work, money, etc. They simply bring up my record and it instantly discredits me and i lose. I have been used, abused, and punished OVER and OVER and OVER. Noone cares. None of you.Facebook has deleted my account when i used my real name.Airbnb recently terminated me after 4 successful years as a host with ZERO problems and fantastic reviews. I made $50,000 this year from them.I love to travel. It was incredibly hard to ever make enough money to travel. but i did it. Then people jealous of me reported me and i have actually been kicked out of Brasil after two successful trips with a total of 4.5 months in the country. No issues, but when i was reported, i was never allowed to leave the airport. Spent 12 hours there and had to fly another 17 hours back home. Lost the flight i paid for too.I have a gf. She has two wonderful children. Her co-worker looked me up in a couple days of us living together and told her about my record. She already knew. I told her everything. So her ex husband decided that, despite refusing to meet me, he would get involved. He started harassing her, he is a control freak and broke her wrist out of anger once. He grew weed in the house, with the children and sold it to random people. But he is not a criminal because he was never caught. He demanded that i leave the house, and that she stop seeing me. When we didn't stop, his girlfriend called CPS on us. CPS came and investigated and closed the case. The officer found no wrong doing or danger. but he did remind my gf over and over that once a sex offender, always a sex offender. I guess he has some kind of evidence that noone else has. Either way, the case was dropped!So the ex filed for full custody of the kids. Starting a very expensive legal battle. Her first attorney told her it was an uphill battle but could be won. Then suddenly changed his tune and told her she was essentially screwed and forced her to sign an agreement that she would never see me again. We found another attorney, another $5000 retainer. And he says he will fight like hell. But I have to do some evaluations. I have to go see people to yet again, prove that I am not a sexual deviant. 21 years later, NO other sexual, child, or female related charges, but I am yet again told to serve another sentence. This will cost at least $10,000. We are still dealing with this now. I do not know what will come of it.Common sense, and the constitution, says that i have served my time. I was release as the lowest risk level. That says that I have been "rehabilitated." But that isn't how it is happening. I am always the one facing the battle. Even though I have now moved out of the house, even my dog isn't allowed there! Wow! I am only there when the kids are not. I am not there giving them baths, helping them change, tucking them in, none of that. However, all my friends with kids in the past have never worried about me around their kids. When you know me, you know.The truth is out there. But it is entirely ignored by emotional citizens and the lawyers who are winning BIG TIME by allowing this to persist. These are just the things i can think of. I feel that I have never been harmed because of my size, my attitude and the pitbull by my side the last 8 years. However, i know the stories. Crazy people kill people like me and get applause.I am treated as guilty as if it happened yesterday by everyone, all the time, in every circumstance. It has hindered my life greatly. Funnily, I have become a very compassionate and empathetic person because of this. It has involved me in so many circles and lifestyles. I have done SO much charity out of understanding that sometimes people just need ANYONE to care.My immense courage and perseverance in the face of constant adversity has made me into the person that you would LOVE to have in your company. I have had cute little shorts written about my resourcefulness. I have a vast and deep understanding of criminals, and their mindset. And I promise, longer sentences, registrations, etc will never have affect on anything except for bank rolling the private prison industry, and the careers of politicians. It has never protected you in any way at all. Nothing would have ever stopped me from reoffending if i was infact of that mind set.This issue remains today. You will not hire me out of fear. You will not give me an apartment out of fear. Fear of hurting someone? No, of course not. Fear of liability!I have been forced to be homeless twice by the system. Even when i was making over 200k in my construction business. I was forced by the system to be homeless for a couple weeks. Today i am technically homeless because of my gf ex husband. He used the threat of the system to kick me out of her home, called cps, and called Airbnb and had me terminated. So today i have no income and no home. I am getting by. The money he pays her in alimony, she pays me to make up for my lost income. But that isn't the life a man wants to live. I want my freedom. That is all i want. I want my freedom to move forward. But you will never give it to me.So when you wonder why people commit crimes, why they repeat, and why they sell drugs, rob your houses, and do all the things they do.... Remember by story. Know that the cumulation of your choices to make our lives nearly impossible have created the results of today.Three differing systems exist in determining offenders' inclusion in the registry: risk-based, sentence-length-based, and offense-based. In risk-based systems, the offender is screened against a scientifically validated screening tool, and determination of inclusion is made according to the results. In sentence-length-based systems, offenders receiving sentences exceeding some determined length are included. In offense-based systems, registration is required when a person is convicted under one of the listed offenses requiring registration.Risk-based registries reflect the determined dangerousness of registered offenders, while sentence-length-based registries reflect the severity of the crime. Offense-based registries reflect neither the dangerousness of registrants, nor the severity of their crimes. UK, Canada, and Australia have adopted either risk-based- or sentence-length-based registry schemes. In the United States, the vast majority of the states are applying offense-based registries, leaving the actual risk level of the offender and severity of the offense uncertain. The few U.S. states applying risk-based systems are pressured by Federal Government to adopt offense-based systems in accordance with Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. Studies has shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments consistently outperform the offense-based system mandated by federal law.Consequently, the effectiveness of offense-based registries have been questioned by professionals, and evidence exists suggesting that such registries are counterproductive.Virtually no studies exist finding US registries effective, prompting some researchers to call them pointless.-Sex offender registryI am not a perfect person. But i certainly DO NOT deserve this life sentence. Death would have been so much more painless for not only myself, but the dozens of people who have had to suffer with me through many hard times.I often ask myself how others survive! People who are not diligent, strong in the mind, and able to create sources of income on their own. How the hell do they make it?Also, we need to remember one very important fact. Criminals are not convicted because they are criminals. They are convicted because they are poor. Rich people can bail out, lessening the pressure to take deals. They can afford great attorneys who get them off. 90-95% of all criminal cases end up in a plea agreement. This is because the system is made to win.Don't cry for me Quora. Cry for the future victims of people like me who have been cornered and have no other way out other than violence, and theft. I have fought it off for 21 years. I have never had to go and take from you. But the internet has made it harder and laws pass each year making it harder. When i have nowhere else to go, i will go to you and take what you have and probably end up dead, because a bullet to the head is much easier than more jail time.Just for fun, check out the Stanford Prison Experiment:to see how it all really happens. Since most of you think that you would never be like me. Another great resource is John Olivers take on: Mandatory MinimumsPrisonRe-EntryBailMunicipal ViolationsIt is very accurate. I live on the west coast. And its much harder in the south.Happy 2016.

Short answer: yes. You have some very good answers here so I won't rehash statistics. I've worked with animals for 40 years, from managing exotic pet stores (8yrs) to wildlife rehabilitation (technically 16 years, but I still help any needy creature I come across), worked in a couple animal shelters. Between the observations I experienced and the lessons learned and championing animal issues always (my latest is dog fighting ), I formed certain opinions that I haven't always necessarily held. The main one being, WE HUMANS HAVE NO RIGHT to do the things we do to animals.I always tried to be moderate, I didn't want to be one of “those people” but I finally have to admit, I am one of “those people”! What we do to animals is a travesty and a black mark humans will never be able to remove. Zoos, water parks, safari type animal sanctuaries, not good.Now, don't get me wrong, most of the people involved feel they are doing the right thing, are good dedicated people, etc. plus, there have been some captive breeding programs that have saved species (example: ##California Condor-see below it's a happy story. But I think we should be able to manage captive breeding programs for endangered species without risking captivity of their fellow wildlife.). But we cannot take animals, say wolves, big cats, elephants, orcas, dolphins (I'm making a point, but there are many more) who travel long distances in their natural habitat and put them in cages or fenced areas or tanks that are a minuscule fraction of their normal territory, claiming that they have met the “requirements the government decided on housing animals” in zoos and such.So ok, you have a wolf, he roams approximately 20 miles a day (less if they have pups), in territory that differ in range but roughly 10,000 acres. Reading below (**) you would give three wolves at least an acre and a half, let me say again, 1 1/2 acres for three wolves who are used to roaming 20 MILES PER DAY. See why I said it twice. Proponents of zoos will tell you the animals do fine, it doesn't bother them, they get used to it. I always have to ask, when told that animals are “ok” with it, “Oh, so you spoke with them? You got their permission? Did you get them to sign an agreement then?Read below*. This has long been known. These animals go insane. Who gave us the right to do this? So humans can see animals in their natural settings!! What setting? I never seen fake rock walls or fencing in natural situations.I cringe at the thought of what goes through the minds of intelligence creatures who are forced into a type of slavery. Elephants, gorillas, whales, dolphins & orcas, these creatures are highly intelligent, how can we do these things to them? I weep for them.In closing: I could literally write a book on the injustices done to animals. But abuse is abuse, no matter how well-meaning or educational it may be. I do not go to zoos, wild animal parks, circus’, water parks, etc. Read up on this subject. If you love animals, or if you just believe in leaving animals to their natural life because it's the right thing to do, I think you’ll end up feeling as many of us do, what right do we have to enslave any species.REFERENCES:## The California Condor was down to 22 birds in 1987, no one thought they could be brought back. But the San Diego Safari Park and the LA Zoo took the ones left in the wild and started captive breeding programs. It was quite controversial. Numbers rose through captive breeding and, beginning in 1991, condors were reintroduced into the wild. The California condor is one of the world's rarest bird species. As of Dec. 2015 there are 435 condors living wild or in captivity. They are again flourishing and breeding in the wild although highly protected and watched. Captive breeding programs continue at the Los Angeles Zoo, the Oregon Zoo, and the World Center for Birds of Prey in Boise, Idaho. A key milestone was reached in 2015 when more condors were born in the wild than died. (I'm from Cali. I grew up in one the mountainous areas in the Los Angeles National Forest where they bred and I remember all of this going on. I guess that’s why I kept up on all this. Nostalgia.)*The New York Times 10/1/07Zookeepers have long recognized that some species thrive in captivity while others languish. Today researchers say the problems — including high infant mortality and a tendency to pace around and around in the cage — are directly related to the size of the animal's home range in the wild.The typical zoo enclosure for a polar bear is one-millionth the size of its home range in the wild, which can reach 31,000 square miles. Some captive polar bears spend 25 percent of their day in what scientists call stereotypic pacing, and infant mortality for captive animals is around 65 percent.**AREA:A single wild wolf’s territory is about 10,000 acres. According to a study done at Mission:Wolf in 1999, captive wolves and wolf-dogs require at least 1 acre of enclosure space (200’ x 200’). When housing multiple animals together, a bare minimum of ½ an acre is needed per animal to minimize aggression toward each other (i.e. 3 animals = 1 ½ acres, 4 animals = 2 acres).