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Most Objectivist thinkers are ‘little known’ outside of Objectivist circles so I will post a list of the ones I know.Objectivist Intellectual’s Biographies (85) last updated 10/14/18 (not complete)Amesh AdaljaMD, 2002, American University of the CaribbeanDr. Adalja, a board-certified physician in infectious disease, critical care medicine, emergency medicine and internal medicine, specializes in the intersection of national security with catastrophic health events. He publishes and lectures on bio-terrorism, pandemic preparedness and emerging infectious diseases. He has been a guest on national radio and television programs.John AllisonMBA, Management, 1974, Duke UniversityMr. Allison is president and CEO of the Cato Institute. He was previously chairman and CEO of BB&T Corporation, the 10th-largest financial services holding company headquartered in the United States. During Allison’s tenure as CEO from 1989 to 2008, BB&T grew from $4.5 billion to $152 billion in assets.Carl BarneyCarl Barney is a businessman who, among other business activities, owns and manages several private business colleges.Rituparna BasuBS, Biology, 2010, Pennsylvania State UniversityMs. Basu is a health care policy analyst at ARI. Her work has appeared in publications such as Forbes and The Daily Caller, and she has been interviewed on radio and TV programs, internationally. Ms. Basu has briefed congressional staffers and speaks regularly at university campuses, including Georgetown, Emory and Temple.Ben BayerPhD, Philosophy, 2007, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignDr. Bayer teaches philosophy at Loyola University New Orleans. His research focuses primarily on questions about the foundations of knowledge and the freedom of the will.Robert BegleyRobert Begley is a writer for The Objective Standard. He is the founder and president of the NY Heroes Society, an organization dedicated to promoting heroism in the culture. Robert is also a judge in Anthem, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged essay contests. He was the host and producer for the Manhattan Cable TV program, The Voice of Reason. Robert is currently writing a book about the history of New York heroes.Michael S. BerlinerPhD, Philosophy, 1970, Boston UniversityDr. Berliner is the founding executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute and served as co-chairman of ARI’s board of directors. He is editor of "Letters of Ayn Rand", "Understanding Objectivism" and a recent biography of operetta composer Emmerich Kálmán. Dr. Berliner taught philosophy and philosophy of education for many years at California State University, Northridge.ANDREW BERNSTEINPhD, Philosophy, 1986, City University of New YorkAndrew Bernstein holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the Graduate School of the City University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College, the New School for Social Research, Pace University and Marymount College, where he was chosen Outstanding Faculty Member for 1995. He currently teaches at the State University of New York at Purchase, where he was selected Outstanding Faculty Member for 2004.Dr. Bernstein has lectured at universities across the United States, including at Harvard, Yale, Stanford, the United States Military Academy at West Point and many others; and at philosophical conferences both in America and abroad. He is the author of The Capitalist Manifesto: The Historic, Economic and Philosophic Case for Laissez-Faire, to be published in the spring of 2005 by University Press of America. His first novel, Heart of a Pagan, was released in 2002. He is currently writing Objectivism in One Lesson, an introduction to the philosophy of Ayn Rand. His website is Andrew Bernstein | Philosopher and TeacherDr. Bernstein is the author of "The Capitalist Manifesto" (2005), "Objectivism in One Lesson" (2008), "Capitalism Unbound" (2010), "Capitalist Solutions" (2011), and of numerous essays. He is currently writing “Heroes and Hero Worship” for the Clemson Institute for the Study of Capitalism. Dr. Bernstein lectures widely on Ayn Rand’s novels and Objectivism.DAVID BERRYD.M.A., Composition, 2002, University of South CarolinaDavid Berry is an associate professor of music. He teaches courses across a wide range of historical and theoretical musical subjects including film music. He is a recorded and published (BMI) composer with performances of his music in America and Europe in both fine art and popular music genres.CRAIG BIDDLEB.A., Fine Arts, 1988, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityCraig Biddle is the author of Loving Life: The Morality of Self-Interest and the Facts That Support It and is currently writing another book, Good Thinking for Good Living: The Science of Being Selfish. In addition to writing, he lectures on the Objectivist ethics and teaches workshops on thinking in principles. Editor and Publisher of “The Objective Standard”Specialties: Ethics, ObjectivismHARRY BINSWANGERPh.D., Philosophy, 1973, Columbia UniversityDr. Binswanger is the author of The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts, the editor of The Ayn Rand Lexicon and co-editor of the second edition of Ayn Rand’s Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. Dr. Binswanger is a professor of philosophy at the Ayn Rand Institute’s Objectivist Academic Center and is a member of ARI’s board of directors. He is currently working on a book on the nature of consciousness.Dr. Binswanger is the author of "How We Know" and "The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts", the editor of "The Ayn Rand Lexicon" and co-editor of the second edition of Ayn Rand’s "Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology". He is an instructor of philosophy at the Ayn Rand Institute’s Objectivist Academic Center and a member of ARI’s board of directors.TORE BOECKMANNWriterMr. Boeckmann has written and lectured extensively on Ayn Rand’s fiction and philosophy of esthetics. He edited for publication Rand’s The Art of Fiction. His own fiction has been published in Ellery Queen’s Mystery Magazine and Alfred Hitchcock’s Mystery Magazine. He is currently writing a book on Romantic literature.Thomas A. BowdenSpecialties: Legal issues, physician-assisted suicide, abortion rights, mandatory community service.Mr. Bowden, an attorney in private practice in Baltimore, Maryland, taught at the University Of Baltimore School Of Law from 1988 to 1994. Author of a booklet against multiculturalism, “The Enemies of Christopher Columbus,” he has also published op-eds in the Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, Philadelphia Inquirer, Portland Oregonian, Los Angeles Daily News, Minneapolis Star Tribune, and Charlotte Observer. He is a former member of the board of directors of The Association for Objective Law, a non-profit group whose purpose is to advance Objectivism, the philosophy of Ayn Rand, as the basis of a proper legal system. In that connection, Mr. Bowden has filed amicus curiae briefs in the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal for the Second and Third Circuits, challenging mandatory community service for high school students on legal and moral grounds.YARON BROOKPh.D., Finance, 1994, University of Texas at AustinDr. Brook is president and executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute. A former finance professor, he has published in academic as well as popular publications, and is frequently interviewed in the media. He has appeared on CNN, Fox News Channel and PBS among others. On college campuses across America and in the boardrooms of large corporations, he has lectured on Objectivism, business ethics and foreign policy.Dr. Brook is executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute. He is the coauthor of the national best-seller “Free Market Revolution: How Ayn Rand’s Ideas Can End Big Government” and a contributing author to both “Neoconservatism: An Obituary for an Idea” and “Winning the Unwinnable War: America’s Self-Crippled Response to Islamic Totalitarianism.”ANDY CLARKSONMBA University of MarylandMr. Clarkson is a decades-long Objectivist He has focused on researching the history of ideas and published The Impact of Aristotle Upon Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Cultures : A Compilation of Notes and Quotes From A Variety of Sources Plus Commentary, published in December 2016.PAT CORVINIPh.D., Electrical Engineering, 1995, University of California at Santa BarbaraDr. Corvini recently left a twenty-year career in semiconductor optoelectronics to work full time in the history of science and mathematics. She lectured on Archimedes at the 2003 Objectivist Summer Conference.SUSAN CRAWFORDB.S.N, Nursing, 1982, Marymount College, VirginiaSusan Crawford is a registered nurse. She has given two parenting courses and wrote the pamphlet “The Reading Habit/Money Management.” Susan is married to Jack Crawford and the mother of two sons, Jason and DavidERIC DANIELSPh.D., American History, 2001, University of WisconsinDr. Daniels is a visiting assistant professor of history at Duke University’s Program on Values and Ethics in the Marketplace. He has lectured at summer conferences and to numerous Objectivist community groups. He is an alumnus of ARI’s Objectivist Graduate Center (precursor to the Objectivist Academic Center). A contributor to the Oxford Companion to United States History, he is currently working on a book about American politics andDr. Daniels works at LePort Schools, teaching science and history, and as a curriculum developer. Previously, he was a professor at Clemson, Duke and Georgetown Universities. Dr. Daniels has published book chapters and articles on antitrust, individualism and economic freedom.John DennisPhD, Psychology, 2010, University of Texas at AustinDr. Dennis teaches at Catholic University in Milan, University of Perugia and University of Alberta. His research on motivation is funded by the EU and Templeton Foundation. He is a licensed psychologist trained in CBT. In 2013 Dr. Dennis started Melioravit, a scientific communication company that helps researchers get funded, published and cited.Robert van DortmondMSc in Applied Physics, Delft University of Technology; Executive Program, Stanford Graduate SchoolMr. van Dortmond teaches entrepreneurship at the University of Amsterdam/The Amsterdam Centre for Entrepreneurship. He is an active mentor, shareholder and board member of various startups. He speaks on Ayn Rand’s ideas and is an advisory board member of ARI Europe of which he was one of the initiators.Dianne DuranteSpecialties: Esthetics, painting, sculpture, homeschooling.Dr. Durante is a freelance writer on art and current events. She has lectured on painting and sculpture at Objectivist conferences; several of these lectures are available on tape from the Ayn Rand Bookstore. She has also just finished a book on New York sculpture, Forgotten Delights: The Producers. Dr. Durante and her husband homeschool their daughter in Brooklyn, NY.Alex EpsteinSpecialties: Current Affairs, racism, and moral defense of businessmen.Alex Epstein is an Objectivist speaker and writer living in Richmond, VA. His Op-Eds have been published in dozens of newspapers around the country, including The Houston Chronicle, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Miami Herald, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and The Washington Times. He is also a regular contributor to The Intellectual Activist, a monthly magazine analyzing political and cultural issues from an Objectivist perspective. Mr. Epstein holds a BA in philosophy from Duke University, where he was editor and publisher of The Duke Review for two years.STUART MARK FELDMANM.A., Art, 1975, Rowan University, New JerseyStuart Feldman works in bronze, stone and wood, creating sculptures of the human figure expressing man’s most noble and inspiring qualities. A former instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art, he is cofounder of the Schuylkill Academy of Fine Art, in Philadelphia. His sculptures are held in private collections, and he has created a number of commissioned pieces.ROBERT GARMONGPh.D., Philosophy, 2002; University of Texas at AustinDr. Garmong is a graduate of the Objectivist Graduate Center, and has lectured on philosophy at many Objectivist conferences. He is the author of “J.S. Mill’s Re-Conceptualization of Liberty,” currently under submission to publishers. Dr. Garmong teaches philosophy at Texas A&M University and at Texas State University.MARILYN (GEORGE) GRAYB.S., Child Development, 1961, Iowa State UniversityMarilyn George is a retired Montessori teacher, school owner and administrator. She holds teaching certificates from both the American Montessori Society and the International Association of Progressive Montessorians and was a Montessori teacher for twenty-five years. She owned, administered and taught for ten years in her own school, which had an international reputation for excellence. She taught Montessori courses at Seattle University for more than ten years and has consulted for schools nationwide. Marilyn has been ballroom dancing since she met Ted Gray at a conference in 1989, at her first lesson, and today they compete at the Silver level.Debi GhateLLB, Law, University of Calgary, 1995Ms. Ghate is vice president of Education and Research at the Ayn Rand Institute, where she heads up a variety of educational and policy-related programs. She is also director of the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, an organization that supports academic scholarship based on Ayn Rand’s work.Onkar GhatePhD, Philosophy, 1996, University of CalgaryDr. Ghate is senior fellow and chief content officer at the Ayn Rand Institute. He specializes in Rand’s philosophy, Objectivism, and is ARI’s senior instructor and editor. He publishes and lectures on Rand’s philosophy and fiction, including application of Objectivism in the culture, and has been a guest on national radio and television programs.GENA GORLINPhD, Clinical Psychology, 2012, University of VirginiaMs. Gorlin has two years of experience conducting individual psychotherapy with anxious and depressed young adults. Her research has been published in highly regarded academic journals. She is also a graduate of the Objectivist Academic Center and a former board member of The Undercurrent, a national campus publication.Allan Gotthelf (deceased)Specialties: Love, self-esteem, happiness, Objectivism, AristotleAllan Gotthelf is emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey. He is an internationally recognized authority on the philosophy of Aristotle, with many scholarly publications. He has lectured on Objectivism and Aristotle — including their views on love and sex, self-esteem, and individual happiness — throughout North America and in Europe and Japan. He has been a visiting professor at Swarthmore College, Georgetown University, Oxford University, Tokyo Metropolitan University, and most recently, the University of Texas at Austin. In 1987, Dr. Gotthelf was one of the founders of the Ayn Rand Society; a professional organization affiliated with the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division, and has headed it since 1990. He enters his second year as Visiting Professor of Historyand Philosophy of Science (HPS) at the University of Pittsburgh. Prof. Gotthelf holds the Pitt Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism, funded by the Anthem Foundation and he will be working throughout the year on various projects in connection with his Fellowship. He is the author of On Ayn Rand (Wadsworth Publishing, 2000), the best-selling book in the Wadsworth Philosophers Series.4-19-2007 from his website:Visiting Professor, under the university's new Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism (Member: Classics, Philosophy and Ancient Science Program). A specialist on Aristotle's biology and philosophy, and on the philosophy of Ayn Rand, Gotthelf is emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey, and has taught on a visiting basis at Swarthmore, Oxford, Georgetown, Tokyo Metropolitan, and the University of Texas at Austin. He is a life member of Clare Hall Cambridge, and was a visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Gotthelf is author of On Ayn Rand (Wadsworth Philosophers Series, 2000); co-editor of Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology (Cambridge 1987); editor of Aristotle on Nature and Living Things (Pittsburgh 1985); and has prepared for publication D.M. Balme's posthumous editions of Aristotle's Historia Animalium (Cambridge 2002, Cambridge MA 1991). His collected Aristotle papers will by published next year by Oxford University Press, under the title: Teleology, Scientific Method, and Substance: Essays on Aristotle's Biological Enterprise. He is currently working on several Aristotle projects and an extended study of Rand's theory of concepts, essences, and objectivity.TED GRAYB.S., Mechanical Engineering, 1965, Northeastern University;M.S., Mechanical Engineering, 1971, Brooklyn Polytechnic InstituteTed Gray, an engineer, has been dancing since his teens. They both consider dancing primarily a social and romantic activity. Occasionally, they enter amateur dance competitions. As a couple they have given many formal and informal group lessons—at home, at conferences and on a cruise ship. Ted is a mechanical engineer with forty years experience in design and analysis of structures, and prevention of vibration. He is an amateur student of history, enjoying especially the biographies of great Americans and the history of technology. He has been a student of Objectivism for thirty-eight years.Hannes HackerSpecialties: history and politics of the space program, science and technology.Mr. Hacker graduated from the University of Notre Dame with a BS degree in aerospace engineering in May 1988. He earned a MS degree in aerospace engineering at the University of Texas at Austin December 1990. He has eleven years of space-flight operations experience including work on the space shuttle, international space station and commercial communications satellites.DAVID HARRIMANB.S., Physics, 1979, University of California at Berkeley;M.S., Physics, 1982, University of Maryland;M.A., Philosophy, 1995, Claremont Graduate University, CaliforniaDavid Harriman is the editor of Journals of Ayn Rand and a senior writer for the Ayn Rand Institute. He has lectured extensively on the history and philosophy of physics. He is currently developing the physical science curriculum at VanDamme Academy and working on two books: one demonstrating the influence of philosophy on modern physics (The Anti-Copernican Revolution) and the other presenting Leonard Peikoff’s theory of induction (Induction in Physics and Philosophy).David HolcbergSpecialties: Environmentalism, science, capitalism. David Holcberg holds a degree in civil engineering and is a senior writer for the Ayn Rand Institute.JONATHAN HOENIGCommunications and Philosophy, 1999, Northwestern UniversityMr. Hoenig manages Capitalistpig Hedge Fund, LLC. A former floor trader, his first book, Greed Is Good, was published by HarperCollins. Mr. Hoenig has written for publications including The Wall Street Journal, Wired andMarketWatch: Stock Market News - Financial News. He was named one of Crain’s Forty Under Forty and appears regularly on Fox News Channel.Gary HullSpecialties: Philosophy, multiculturalism, business ethics, education.Dr. Hull is director of the Program on Values and Ethics in the Marketplace at Duke University. His op-eds have been published in numerous newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Orange County Register, the Philadelphia Inquirer, and the Chicago Tribune. He has made numerous television and radio appearances to discuss Ayn Rand’s philosophy, multiculturalism, affirmative action, the Elian Gonzalez affair, sex, ethics, politics. He has lectured on Ayn Rand’s philosophy at conferences around the world and, as a member of the Ayn Rand Institute’s Speakers Bureau, has spoken at universities across the country, including Harvard, Michigan at Ann Arbor, Wisconsin at Madison, Texas at Austin. Dr. Hull is the author of A Study Guide to Leonard Peikoff’s book Objectivism: the Philosophy of Ayn Rand, and is co-editor of The Ayn Rand Reader (Penguin/Plume, 1999), a collection of fiction and non-fiction writings by Ayn Rand.MARTIN F JOHANSENMS, Computer Science, 2009, University of OsloMr. Johansen is a PhD research fellow at SINTEF, the largest independent research institute in Scandinavia. He is currently completing his PhD studies at the University of Oslo as part of an international research project on software testing.Elan JournoBA, Philosophy, 1997, King's College, LondonMr. Journo, director of policy research at ARI, is completing a book on American policy toward the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. His 2009 book, “Winning the Unwinnable War,” analyzes post-9/11 U.S. foreign policy. His writing has appeared in “Foreign Policy,” “Journal of International Security Affairs” and “Middle East Quarterly.”ELLEN KENNERPh.D., Clinical Psychology, 1992, University of Rhode IslandDr. Kenner, a clinical psychologist, has taught university courses in introductory psychology, abnormal psychology and theories of personality. She gives talks on romance, self-improvement, psychological self-defense, parenting and communication skills. She is in her eighth year as host of the nationally syndicated radio talk show The Rational Basis of Happiness®.Ryan KrausePhD, Strategic Management and Organization Theory, 2013, Indiana UniversityDr. Krause is an assistant professor at Texas Christian University’s Neeley School of Business. He researches corporate governance and has published in “Academy of Management Journal,” “Strategic Management Journal” and “Journal of Management.” His research has been covered by the “Wall Street Journal,” “USA Today,” “Businessweek” and Fox Business Network.Andrew LaymanAndrew Layman is a Senior Program Manager at Microsoft where he works on Internet and database technologies. Prior to joining Microsoft in 1992, he was a Vice President of Symantec Corporation and original author of the Time Line project management program.Peter LePort, M.D.Specialties: Medicine, free market reform of healthcare, medical savings accountsDr. LePort, a full-time surgeon, lectures nationwide on free market reform in healthcare, particularly on the benefits of medical savings accounts. He is a member of the board of directors of Americans for Free Choice in Medicine. He co-wrote a healthcare reform proposal that discusses voluntary, tax-free medical savings accounts and high-deductible personal health insurance and which includes a method to privatize Medicare. He earned his medical degree from Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, and is a former assistant professor of surgery at that institution. He is a member of the Faculty of the American College of Surgeons and of the Orange County Surgical Society.Andrew LewisPostgraduate Diploma of Philosophy, 1994, University of Melbourne, AustraliaMr. Lewis has studied philosophy at the Objectivist Academic Center, the University of Melbourne and the University of Southern California. He worked with Leonard Peikoff on his radio show, has lectured at Objectivist conferences, and is principal at VanDamme Academy, where he teaches a three-year history curriculum covering ancient, European and American history.JOHN LEWIS (deceased)Ph.D., Classics, 2001, University of CambridgeDr. Lewis is assistant professor of history at Ashland University, where he holds an Anthem Fellowship for Objectivist Scholarship. He is Assistant Professor of History in the Department of History and Political Science. He has published in several professional journals, and has been a visiting scholar at Rice University and Bowling Green State UniversityEDWIN A. LOCKEPh.D., Industrial Organizational Psychology, 1964, Cornell University.Dr. Locke is Dean’s Professor of Leadership and Motivation (Emeritus) at the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is internationally known for his research and writings on work motivation, leadership and related topics, including the application of Objectivism to psychology and management. He is a senior writer for the Ayn Rand Institute and has published numerous op-eds.Keith LockitchPhD, Physics, 1999, University of Wisconsin at MilwaukeeDr. Lockitch is an ARI fellow and director of advanced training. In addition to speaking and writing for ARI on issues related to energy, climate and environmentalism, he teaches writing for the OAC and has developed courses on Ayn Rand’s ideas and novels for a variety of audiences.ROBERT MAYHEWPh.D., Philosophy, 1991, Georgetown UniversityDr. Mayhew is associate professor of philosophy at Seton Hall University. He is the author of Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato’s Republic and The Female in Aristotle’s Biology and the editor of Ayn Rand’s Marginalia, Ayn Rand’s The Art of Nonfiction, Essays on Ayn Rand’s “We the Living” and (forthcoming) Ayn Rand’s Q & A. He has completed a book on Ayn Rand’s HUAC testimony and is preparing for publication a collection of essays on Ayn Rand’s Anthem.Arline MannArline Mann is an attorney. She is vice president and associate general counsel of Goldman, Sachs & Co.John P. McCaskey, Ph.D. in history, is the founder and chairman of the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship. He spent twenty years in the computer business, most recently as founder of Epiphany, Inc., before returning to academia in 2001. He studies and teaches history and philosophy of science at Stanford University.Scott McConnellSpecialties: Volunteerism, Communism in America, Ayn Rand's life. Mr. McConnell is a former literature teacher and high school English teacher. He has a BA in behavioral sciences and worked in Hollywood as a script reader. He has given several lectures on Ayn Rand's life.Shoshana MilgramPhD, Comparative Literature, 1978, Stanford UniversityDr. Milgram, associate professor of English at Virginia Tech, specializes in narrative fiction and film. She has lectured on Ayn Rand at Objectivist and academic conferences and has published on Ayn Rand, Hugo and Dostoevsky. Dr. Milgram is editing the draft of her book-length study of Ayn Rand’s life (to 1957).Ken Moelis. Mr. Moelis is founder and chief executive officer of Moelis & Company, a global investment bank that provides financial advisory, capital raising and asset management services to a broad client base including corporations, institutions and governments. Mr. Moelis has over thirty years of investment banking experience. Prior to founding Moelis & Company, he worked at UBS from 2001 to 2007, where he was most recently president of UBS Investment Bank and, previously, Joint Global Head of Investment Banking. Mr. Moelis serves on the University of Pennsylvania Board of Trustees, the Wharton Board of Overseers, the Board of the Tourette Syndrome Association, and the Board of Governors of Cedars Sinai Hospital.Jean MoroneyCertificate, 1996, Objectivist Graduate Center, Ayn Rand Institute;MS, Psychology, 1994, Carnegie Mellon University;MS, Electrical Engineering, 1986, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMs. Moroney is president of Thinking Directions, a business that develops and teaches methods in applied psycho-epistemology. She has given her flagship course, Thinking Tactics, to corporate and public audiences across North America. She is writing a book titled “Smarter: How to Achieve Your Goals When Nothing Goes as Planned.”Adam Mossoff is Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law. He is also Co-Director of Academic Programs and a Senior Scholar at the Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property at George Mason, which he co-founded in 2012. He teaches and writes in the areas of patent law, trade secrets, trademark law, property law, and internet law. He has published extensively on the theory and history of how patents and other intellectual property rights are fundamental property rights. His article on the very first patent war, the Sewing Machine War of the 1850s, has been widely cited in today's public policy debates concerning patent litigation, patent licensing, and patent pools. He has testified before the Senate, and he has spoken at numerous congressional staff briefings, professional association conferences, and academic conferences, as well as at the PTO, the FTC, the DOJ, and the Smithsonian Institution. He is Co-Chairman of the Intellectual Property Committee of the IEEE-USA, and he is a member of the Amicus Committee of the American Intellectual Property Law Association, the Public Policy Committee of the Licensing Executives Society, and the Academic Advisory Board of the Copyright Alliance. ADAM MOSSOFF is an expert in patent law and property theory. He has published numerous law review articles and book reviews on topics in legal philosophy, patent law, and property law, including in law reviews at the University of Arizona and UC-Hastings, and in the interdisciplinary law journal, the University of Chicago Law School Roundtable. He was a visiting lecturer and John M. Olin Fellow in Law at Northwestern University School of Law, where he taught a seminar on property theory. Immediately prior to coming to MSU College of Law, he clerked for the Hon. Jacques L. Wiener, Jr., of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Professor Mossoff graduated from the University of Chicago Law School with honors in 2001. He has a M.A. in philosophy from Columbia University, where he specialized in legal and political philosophy, and a B.A. in philosophy from the University of Michigan, where he graduated magna cum laude and with high honors in philosophy. Hi is now an Associate Professor of Law at George Mason University School of LawSpecialties: Philosophy of Law, Constitutional Law, Intellectual Property Rights, Patent RightsJ. PATRICK MULLINS is a doctoral candidate in the history department of the University of Kentucky. He is in the last stages of writing his doctoral dissertation with the help of a generous grant from the Ayn Rand Institute.Travis NorsenSpecialties: Physics, science, history and philosophy of science, science education.Mr. Norsen is a physics and philosophy double-major at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, CA. He is currently attending his final year of a PhD program in physics at the University of Washington in Seattle. Mr. Norsen is also a former adjunct instructor of physics at DigiPen Institute of Technology in Redmond, WA.JOHN E. OPFER, who still tops the list of Amazon Reviewers on the CyberNet Scoreboard, is Assistant Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University where he specializes in cognitive and developmental psychology. Nowadays he's too busy reviewing his research findings to review books. His work at OSU's Concepts and Learning Lab explores how young children form and change their concepts, such as concepts of living things and number. His website is at <Department of Psychology - John Opfer> where you will find links to several of his fascinating papers.Michael PaxtonMFA, 1984, New York UniversityMr. Paxton directed the world premiere of Ayn Rand’s Ideal (1989) and adapted and directed a dramatic presentation of Anthem (1991). His documentary, Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life, won an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Satellite Award for Best Feature Documentary. He teaches production design and film history at the Art Institute in Hollywood.Lee PiersonPhD, 1982, Psychology, Cornell UniversityDr. Pierson, director of the Thinking Skills Institute at Fairleigh Dickinson University, teaches students and business professionals how to keep any thought process moving toward its goal by activating the right knowledge as needed. He has a long-standing interest in and recently participated in life-extension research.AMY PEIKOFFJ.D., 1998, University of California, Los Angeles School of Law;Ph.D., Philosophy, 2003, University of Southern CaliforniaDr. Amy Peikoff is an Anthem fellow at the University of Texas at Austin, where she is teaching undergraduate courses in ethics and epistemology. Her writings on legal and philosophical issues have appeared in academic journals and leading newspapers. She has taught for the Objectivist Academic Center and lectured for Objectivist organizations and at conferences. Visiting Fellow at Chapman University’s Law School.Leonard PeikoffPh .D., Philosophy, 1964 New York UniversityFrom 1957 until 1973, Peikoff taught philosophy at Hunter College, Long Island University, New York University, the University of Denver and the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.After that, he worked full-time on The Ominous Parallels (published 1982) and gave lectures across the country. He gave courses on Ayn Rand's philosophy regularly in New York City, which were taped and played to groups in some 100 cities in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. In addition, he spoke frequently before investment and financial conferences on the philosophic basis of capitalism.Dr. Peikoff, who is a naturalized American citizen, was born in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1933. His father was a surgeon and his mother, before marriage, was a band leader in Western Canada. He has been a contributor to Barron's and an associate editor, with Ayn Rand, of The Objectivist (1968-71) and The Ayn Rand Letter (1971-76).He is author of Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand (Dutton, 1991), the definitive statement of Objectivism.Steve PlafkerJ.D., 1973 USCPh.D., Math, 1966 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOISBS, MATH, MIT, 1961Dr. Plafker is a retired Los Angeles County deputy district attorney. His teaching experience includes teaching law to law students and to undergraduates. Before becoming a lawyer, he taught mathematics at Tulane University. He is a founder and member of the Board of Directors of The Association For Objective Law (TAFOL).Richard RalstonSpecialties: Ayn Rand’s life, Objectivism (General), Projects of the Ayn Rand Institute, Volunteerism, Foreign Policy, Journalism and MediaAfter serving seven years in the U.S. Army, Mr. Ralston completed an M.A. in International Relations at the University of Southern California in 1977. He then began a career in newspaper publishing and direct marketing. He has been the circulation director and publisher of The Christian Science Monitor, a radio producer, a national television news business manager, and a book publisher. As an independent direct marketing consultant, his clients included IBM, British Airways, CNN, and the Los Angeles Times. His book Communism: Its Rise and Fall in the 20th Century was published in 1991. Mr. Ralston is now Managing Director for the Ayn Rand Institute.JOHN RIDPATHPh.D., Economics, 1974, University of VirginiaDr. Ridpath (York University, retired) writes and speaks in defense of capitalism, and on the impact throughout Western history—including the American Founding era—of the ideas of the major philosophers. A recipient of numerous teaching awards, and nominee for Canadian Professor of the Year, he continues to lecture throughout Europe and North America.Jonathan Paul Rosman, MDSpecialties: Medicine, psychiatry.Dr. Rosman is a board certified psychiatrist, with additional qualifications in the subspecialties of addiction psychiatry and forensic psychiatry. Prior to entering full-time private practice in California in 1989 he was an assistant professor at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. For several years, Dr. Rosman has been a psychiatric consultant to the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, and is the psychiatric consultant to the Sleep Disorders Center at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California. He is also medical director for the Eating Disorder Center of California, a private, intensive outpatient clinic in Brentwood, California, devoted to the treatment of patients with anorexia and bulimia.Dr. Rosman is a published writer and lecturer on various aspects of psychiatry. Dr. Rosman's theoretical orientation is broad-based, drawing on and integrating aspects of cognitive-behavioral, short-term psychodynamic and biologic theories with Objectivist epistemological principles. He practices as both a psychotherapist and a psychopharmacologist.GREG SALMIERIB.A., Philosophy, 2001, The College of New JerseyPhD, Philosophy, 2008, University of PittsburghDr. Salmieri is a philosophy fellow at the Anthem Foundation and co-secretary of the Ayn Rand Society (a professional group affiliated with the American Philosophical Association). He teaches at Rutgers University. He has published and lectured on Aristotle and Ayn Rand and is co-editor of forthcoming books on both thinkers.Richard M. SalsmanSpecialties: Banking, free market economics, economic forecasting, capitalism, investmentsRichard M. Salsman is president and chief market strategist of InterMarket Forecasting, which provides quantitative research and forecasts of stocks, bonds, and currencies to guide the asset allocation decisions of institutional investment managers, mutual funds, and pension plans. He is the author of numerous books and articles on economics, banking, and forecasting from a free-market perspective, including Breaking the Banks: Central Banking Problems and Free Banking Solutions (American Institute for Economic Research, 1990) and Gold and Liberty (American Institute for Economic Research, 1995). Mr. Salsman’s work has appeared in The Intellectual Activist, the New York Times, Investor’s Business Daily, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, and Barron’s. From 1993 to 1999, he was a senior vice president and senior economist at H. C. Wainwright & Co. Economics. Prior to that he was a banker at Citibank and the Bank of New York. Mr. Salsman is an adjunct fellow at the American Institute for Economic Research and the founder of The Association of Objectivist Businessmen.Lee Sandstead received his B.A. Philosophy/B.S. Mass Communication from Middle Tennessee State University in December 1996, when he was awarded the prestigious award for “Outstanding Magazine Journalism Graduate.” He has studied art history at the University of Memphis’ graduate program, and most recently, the art history doctoral program at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City. He is a popular writer/photographer/lecturer of art-historical subjects. He has delivered almost 50 keynote lecture-addresses to such prestigious institutions as: Yale, Duke, University of Michigan, Penn State, NYU and the Academy of Realist Art in Toronto. Articles of his have been published in numerous journals, and his photography has been seen in publications such as: The New York Times, Fortune, and Ms. Magazine. He currently teaches art history at Montclair State University and is author of the forthcoming book on American master-sculptor Evelyn Beatrice Longman (1874-1954DINA SCHEIN FEDERMAN (deceased) is completing her article on "Integrity in The Fountainhead_" for ROBERT MAYHEW's upcoming collection of essays. She will also be delivering two lectures at the European Objectivist conference in London this month. Her writing projects include severalarticles on Virtue Ethics, a movement in academic ethics.DANIEL SCHWARTZBA, Liberal Arts, 2006, St. John’s CollegeMr. Schwartz is a doctoral candidate in philosophy at UC San Diego, where he is working on a dissertation titled “Baconian Foundationalism and the Problem of Certainty.” He specializes in early modern philosophy and the history of the philosophy of science.PETER SCHWARTZM.A., Journalism, 1972, Syracuse UniversityPeter Schwartz is the founding editor and publisher of The Intellectual Activist. He is the editor and contributing author of Ayn Rand’s Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution, and is chairman of the board of directors of the Ayn Rand Institute.Thomas ShoebothamMM, Orchestral Conducting, 1996, University of New MexicoMM, Cello Performance, 1992, Eastman School of MusicMr. Shoebotham is music director of the Palo Alto Philharmonic. Previous conducting engagements have included Berkeley Opera, Opera San José, Peninsula Symphony Orchestra and many other groups. He has lectured on music, taught in school music programs and performed numerous recitals as a cellist and pianist over the last twenty years.Stephen SiekPhD, Musicology, 1991, University of CincinnatiDr. Siek, professor emeritus at Wittenberg University, has recently publishedEngland’s Piano Sage: The Life and Teachings of Tobias Matthay. For many years he has lectured and written about the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright, including a scholarly study of Wright’s 1909 home for Burton Westcott in Springfield, Ohio.BRIAN P. SIMPSONPhD, Economics, 2000, George Mason UniversityDr. Simpson is a professor at National University in San Diego. He is author of the book Markets Don’t Fail! and he has a number of papers published in academic journals. He is currently working on another book titled “Money, Banking, and the Business Cycle,” which he hopes to publish soon.Steve SimpsonJD, 1994, New York Law SchoolMr. Simpson is director of legal studies at the Ayn Rand Institute. A former constitutional lawyer for the Institute for Justice, he writes and speaks on a wide variety of legal and constitutional issues, including free speech and campaign finance law, cronyism and government corruption, and the rule of law.Aaron SmithPhD, Philosophy, 2010, Johns Hopkins UniversityDr. Smith is an instructor at the Ayn Rand Institute where he teaches in the Objectivist Academic Center and the Summer Internship program. He lectures for ARI and develops educational content for the Institute’s e-learning programs.Tara SmithPhD, Philosophy, 1989, Johns Hopkins UniversityDr. Smith, professor of philosophy at the University of Texas, holds the BB&T Chair for the Study of Objectivism and the Anthem Foundation Fellowship. She has published books on values, virtues, and individual rights. Her latest, “Judicial Review in an Objective Legal System,” is forthcoming in fall 2015 (Cambridge University Press).MARY ANN SURESM.A., Art History, 1966, Hunter College, New YorkMary Ann Sures taught art history at Washington Square College of N.Y.U. and at Hunter College. She applied Objectivist esthetics to painting and sculpture in a ten-lecture course, “Esthetics of the Visual Arts,” which was written in consultation with Ayn Rand. Her philosophical approach to art history is presented in “Metaphysics in Marble” (The Objectivist, February/March, 1969). She is co-author with her (late) husband Charles of Facets of Ayn Rand (published by the Ayn Rand Institute), memoirs of their longtime friendship with Ayn Rand and her husband Frank O’Connor.C. BRADLEY THOMPSONPh.D., History, 1993, Brown UniversityC. Bradley Thompson is the BB&T Research Professor at Clemson University and the Executive Director of the Clemson Institute for the Study of Capitalism. He has also been a visiting fellow at Princeton and Harvard universities and at the University of London.Professor Thompson is the author of Neoconservatism: An Obituary for an Idea and the prize-winning book John Adams and the Spirit of Liberty. He has also edited The Revolutionary Writings of John Adams, Antislavery Political Writings, 1833-1860: A Reader, co-edited Freedom and School Choice in American Education, and was an associate editor of the four-volume Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. His current book project is on the ideological origins of American constitutionalism.Dr. Thompson is also an occasional writer for The Times Literary Supplement of London. He has lectured around the country on education reform and the American Revolution, and his op-ed essays have appeared in scores of newspapers around the country and abroad. Dr. Thompson's lectures on the political thought of John Adams have twice appeared on C-SPAN television.LISA VANDAMMEB.A., Philosophy, 1994, University of Texas at AustinLisa VanDamme is the owner and director of VanDamme Academy, a private elementary and junior high school in Laguna Hills, California. She specializes in the application of Objectivism to educational theory. Her previous lectures on homeschooling, hierarchy and the teaching of values will be included in a forthcoming education anthology featuring Leonard Peikoff’s “Philosophy of Education.”Don WatkinsBA, Business Administration, 2005, Strayer UniversityMr. Watkins is a fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. He is the author of “RooseveltCare: How Social Security Is Sabotaging the Land of Self-Reliance” and coauthor, along with Yaron Brook, of the national best-seller “Free Market Revolution: How Ayn Rand’s Ideas Can End Big Government.”KEITH WEINERPh.D., Economics, 2012, New Austrian School of Economics (non-accredited)Dr. Weiner is the founder and CEO of Monetary Metals, a company on a mission to pay interest on gold, and the president of the Gold Standard Institute USA.He makes the economic arguments, as well as the moral, for a free market in money and credit. There has never been an unadulterated gold standard in history, as all governments (including the U.S.) have regulated and interfered with banking, even when other enterprises were unshackled. Today our monetary system is failing, and Keith describes the mechanics in detail, why making the passionate case for gold as the money of free markets.He is also the founder of DiamondWare, a software company sold to Nortel in 2008.Glenn WoiceshynSpecialties: Education, ethics, environmentalism, science, politics.Mr. Woiceshyn is currently developing curriculum and teaching materials for grades 4 to 6 based on his understanding of Objectivism and his experience in "homeschooling" his son and other children. As a freelance writer, Mr. Woiceshyn's op-eds have appeared in numerous newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times, Houston Chronicle, Philadelphia Inquirer, Baltimore Sun and Miami Herald.JAANA WOICESHYNM.B.A., 1983, Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration; Ph.D., Organization and Strategy, 1988, University of Pennsylvania (Wharton School)Dr. Woiceshyn is an associate professor at the Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary. She has taught business ethics and strategic management to undergraduate, MBA and executive MBA students and to various business audiences since 1987.BARRY WOODPh.D., History of Art and Architecture, 2002, Harvard UniversityDr. Wood is curator of the Islamic Gallery Project at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. He has lectured and published on subjects ranging from Persian poetry to Web design.Darryl WrightSpecialties: Ethics, political philosophy, ObjectivismDarryl Wright is associate professor of philosophy at Harvey Mudd College, a member of the Claremont Colleges consortium. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Michigan in 1991, and his A.B. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1985. Dr. Wright has published scholarly articles and/or lectured on the history of ethics, early twentieth-century philosophy, value theory, coercion, and other topics in philosophy.

The most unbelievable thing about music history is how racist it has been.Duke Ellington is considered to be one of the most significant musicians and composers of the 20th century. He appears on Washington DC’s state quarter, and his statue stands at the northeast corner of Central Park in New York City. Schools around the world teach and perform his music. It is shocking, then, to read critical assessments of Ellington’s music when he first came to wide prominence in the 1930s.The critic Winthrop Sargent (1943) echoed highbrow consensus when he wrote that jazz “is not music in the sense that an opera or a symphony is music. It is a variety of folk music” (p. 405). Sargent believed that jazz was a lower form that black audiences embraced because they did not know any better: “Give him the chance to study, and the Negro will soon turn from boogie woogie to Beethoven” (p. 409).A music education periodical called The Etude devoted its entire August 1924 issue to “The Jazz Problem.” In his introductory essay, editor James Francis Cooke wrote that jazz would need to dramatically transformed by composers before it would have any real value: “In its original form it has no place in musical education and deserves none” (quoted in Maita, 2014). While other contributors to the issue had more conflicted and nuanced views of jazz, the general tone was dismissive. Even when they acknowledged that jazz was popular, the writers in The Etude saw its main virtue as being effective bait to lure young people into the study of “serious” music.Ellington was the first jazz composer to be taken at all seriously by classical critics. However, even his supporters found ways to demean him, intentionally or not. Darrell (1932) was the first in-depth critical review of Ellington’s music. Darrell praised Ellington for “economy of means, satisfying proportion of detail, and the sense of inevitability—of anticipation and revelatory fulfillment—that are the decisive qualifications of musical forms” (p. 58, emphasis in original). However, when he placed the music in context, he was stunningly offensive by modern standards:[W]hen I upturn treasure in what others consider to be the very muck of music, I cannot be surprised or disappointed if my neighbor sees only mud where I see gold, ludicrous eccentricity where I find an expressive expansion of the tonal palette, tawdry tunes instead of deep song, ’nigger music’ instead of ’black beauty’ (p. 58).Darrell came to particularly admire Ellington’s “Black and Tan Fantasy” (1929), but his initial reaction to it was derision:I laughed like everyone else over its instrumental wa-waing and gargling and gobbling, the piteous whinnying of a very ancient horse, the lugubrious reminiscence of the Chopin funeral march. But as I continued to play the record for the amusement of my friends I laughed less heartily and with less zest. In my ears the whinnies and wa-was began to resolve into new tone colors, distorted and tortured, but agonizingly expressive. The piece took on a surprising individuality and entity as well as an intensity of feeling that was totally incongruous in popular dance music. Beneath all its oddity and perverseness there was a twisted beauty that grew on me more and more and could not be shaken off (p. 58).Lambert (1934) was another early champion of Ellington from within the classical music world, but he, too, felt the need to qualify his praise with condescension. He prefaced his discussion of Ellington by observing that “Negro talent” was “on the whole more executive than creative” (p. 206), meaning that jazz musicians were better at interpreting other people’s ideas than at having ideas of their own. However, Lambert found Ellington to be “a real composer, the first jazz composer of distinction, and the first negro composer of distinction” (p. 214). Soon after this review was published, The Philadelphia Record interviewed Ellington and asked him to respond to Lambert’s praise. They describe his response as “a look of simple wonder,” and rendering his quotes in dialect, e.g., “Is zat so?” (quoted in Tucker, 1993, p. 112). This is likely to be an extreme misrepresentation of the suave and well-mannered Ellington.In the face of so much disrespect and dismissal, it is remarkable how firm Ellington was in his conviction that he was a legitimate artist. He saw no contradiction between playing for dancers and being a “serious” composer, between playing in concert halls and in high school gyms, or between performing for heads of state and for local Elks clubs (Dance, 1970, p. 11). Ellington resisted applying the term “jazz” to his music, not because he felt any shame in it, but because he did not like being boxed into a category. In a 1930 interview in New York Evening Graphic Magazine, he said, “I am not playing jazz. I am trying to play the natural feelings of a people. I believe that music, popular music of the day, is the real reflector of the nation’s feelings” (quoted in Tucker, 1993, p. 45).Ellington saw the black culture he represented as the true creative voice of the United States. He believed not only that black people had created America’s cultural wealth, but that they were also the voice of the nation’s moral conscience, because black Americans embodied the contradiction between the nation’s abstract principles and the reality. In a speech to Scott Methodist Church in 1941, Ellington said:We stirred in our shackles and our unrest awakened Justice in the hearts of a courageous few, and we recreated in America the desire for true democracy, freedom for all, the brotherhood of man, principles on which the country had been founded… We’re the injection, the shot in the arm, that has kept America and its forgotten principles alive in the fat and corrupt years intervening between our divine conception and our near tragic present (quoted in Tucker, 1999, p. 148).Ellington’s own compositions reflected his pride in black history. His piece Black, Brown and Beige, premiered at Carnegie Hall in 1943, was a “tone parallel to the history of the American Negro.” He also wrote music depicting and celebrating iconic black musicians and entertainers, as well as the black communities in Harlem and New Orleans (Tucker, 1990).Today, jazz is taught in one form or another by most American college music departments, and by many high schools as well. However, outside of a few specialized institutions like the Berklee College of Music, jazz is a peripheral part of the curriculum. European-descended orchestras, marching bands and choirs continue to predominate in school music. Music theory and history curricula also continue to focus on the European classical tradition to the near-exclusion of all else. At New York University, for example, all music majors, regardless of specialty or focus, must complete a set of core requirements in European classical theory, history, and ear training. The music history sequence is the familiar litany of white classical composers, with a token jazz musician or two tacked onto the end. Otherwise, jazz as a subject is entirely elective at New York University. Most university music programs are similar in this regard.The white reception of black American vernacular music undergoes a predictable cycle. During the time that a given style is popular with young black audiences, it is usually reviled by the white mainstream. Then young white audiences become interested in the style, beginning with hipsters and outsiders, who bring along everyone else. As those white listeners get older and attain cultural authority, they advocate for their preferred music styles, which then become canonized. Spirituals were the first African-American form to become canonical “art,” followed by ragtime, then jazz, then soul and R&B. Rock has mostly turned into a canonical music as well, and hip-hop is already in the early stages. This canonization can only safely happen once the music is no longer associated with sensuality and dance. Our cultural gatekeepers continue to find it difficult to see the music that young people enjoy dancing to as “art.” Malcolm X (1965) describes people dancing to Ellington at the Roseland Ballroom as being in an ecstatic frenzy. This is a polar opposite to the atmosphere of the concert hall, or the college classroom. Ellington saw no contradiction between playing for dancers and being an artist, but the academy only fully embraced him once he ceased to be a dance musician. To this day, the music academy remains reluctant to validate social dance or the music that inspires it.Jazz would appear to be “safe” for formal academic settings. It has been many years since Ellington’s music was associated with hustlers, gangsters, nightclubs and zoots. But the plunger-muted horns still have the power to shock with their bodily intimacy. “The sounds of pain are often indistinguishable from those of ecstasy. Hearing either one makes us uncomfortable, as if we were listening to something not meant for our ears, but that, upon the hearing, draws us into and implicates us in the experience, often as interlopers” (Kapchan, 2017, p. 282). Listening to such sounds is a full-body experience, and our reactions take place very much from the neck down. When we listen to “Creole Love Call” or “Black and Tan Fantasy,” the rhythms and melodies might be safely dated and distant, but the animalistic sounds of the horns continue to be as arresting as an unexpected physical touch.That college music departments have admitted Ellington to the canon is an improvement over excluding him. But American colleges and universities continue to center the traditions of upper-class Western Europeans from centuries ago. In so doing, they send a message: that European-descended tastes are a fundamental truth rather than a set of arbitrary and contingent preferences, and that white cultural dominance is normative. Music is an art form, but it is also a discipline, a set of techniques and procedures, a technology of cultural power. The state and its laws are “only the terminal forms power takes,” the “institutional crystallization” of forces at play throughout all the hierarchies that make up a society (Foucault, 1978, pp. 92-93). Figures like Ellington are still exceptions, still special cases. When we accord him the full respect he is due, and learn to embrace his process as well as his product, we will send a very different message to students about the value of blackness in general. We will no longer legitimize contempt for blackness, or well-meaning condescension to it.ReferencesAlanen, A. (2015). Black and Tan. Retrieved from Black and TanBlacking, J. (1990). “A commonsense view of all music”: Reflections on Percy Grainger’s contribution to ethnomusicology and music education. New York: Cambridge University Press.Boyle, J. (2009). The jazz problem? Retrieved October 12, 2017, from The Jazz Problem?Bradbury, D. (2005). Duke Ellington. London: Haus Publishing.Chinen, N. (2007, January 7). Jazz Is alive and well. In the classroom, anyway. The New York Times. New York. Retrieved from Jazz Education - Music - ReportDance, S. (1970). The world of Duke Ellington. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Darrell, R. D. (n.d.). Black beauty. In M. Tucker (Ed.), The Duke Ellington reader (pp. 57–65). New York: Oxford University Press.Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality. Volume I: An introduction. New York: Vintage Books.Hall, B., & Hall, M. (2015). Gene Hall. Retrieved December 13, 2017, from Hall, Gene | Grove MusicKapchan, D. (2017). Listening acts – Witnessing the pain (and praise) of others. In D. Kapchan (Ed.), Theorizing sound writing. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.Karns, K. (2015). A brief history of jazz education prior to 1950. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from A BRIEF HISTORY OF JAZZ EDUCATION PRIOR TO 1950Kelley, R. D. G. (1996). Race rebels: Culture, politics, and the Black working class. New York: Simon and Schuster.Kennedy, G. (2017). Jazz education. In B. Kernfeld (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz (2nd (Web)). New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from Jazz education (jazz) | Grove MusicKratus, J. (2015). The role of subversion in changing music education. In C. Randles (Ed.), Music education: Navigating the future (pp. 340–346). New York & London: Routledge.Lambert, C. (1934). Music Ho! A study of music in decline. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Lawrence, A. H. (2004). Duke Ellington and his world. New York: Routledge.Maita, J. (2014). Revisiting “The Jazz Problem.” Retrieved October 12, 2017, from http://jerryjazzmusician.com/2014/02/revisiting-jazz-problem/Mark, M. L. (1987). The acceptance of jazz in the music education curriculum: A model for interpreting a historical process. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, (92), 15–21.McClary, S. (2000). Conventional wisdom: The content of musical form. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Moten, F. (2003). In the break: The aesthetics of the Black radical tradition. University of Minnesota Press.Murphy, D. (1929). Black and Tan. United States: RKO Radio Pictures.Rodriguez, A. (2012). A brief history of jazz education, pt. 1. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from A Brief History Of Jazz Education, Pt. 1Sargent, W. (1943, October). Is jazz music? The American Mercury.Small, C. (2011). Music of the common tongue: Survival and celebration in African-American music. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Teachout, T. (2013). Duke: A life of Duke Ellington. New York: Gotham Books.Tucker, M. (1990). The renaissance education of Duke Ellington. In S. Floyd (Ed.), Black music in the Harlem Renaissance. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.Tucker, M. (1993). The Duke Ellington reader. New York: Oxford University Press.X, Malcolm. (1965). The Autobiography of Malcolm X (as told to Alex Haley). New York: Ballantine Books.

Not knowing your credentials, I will assume you were at or below their admission standards: keep in mind the very, VERY low admission rate for these schools and also keep in mind that they have different requirements from year to year for special admission cases: representation for foreign students, athletes, legacies, ethnic groups etc. that may cut off otherwise well qualified candidates. Columbia’s admission rate was 6%…Cornell’s was 13% (keep in mind Cornell includes some state schools). That means 87–94% of the HIGHLY QUALIFIED candidates who applied were rejected.What were your SATs? your GPA? APs? what were your extracurricular activities? did your credentials meet or exceed the admissions standards for the schools? Were you realistic in your applications?NOW, I hope you had enough common sense to realize that even qualified applicants get rejected and you also applied to some of the MANY high quality schools that are equal to or just below the academic level of the Ivies. Google: Little Ivies, Patriot League, Public Ivies, Southern Ivies etc. for a listing of some truly excellent schools that can give you a comparable education. I would say any school listed in the top 50–70 of US News and World Report National Universities and top 40 of National Liberal Arts colleges will give you some excellent options.There are many reasons why you got rejected by all 8. It does not make you any less of a good candidate for a top school. I know the Ivies have an amazing reputation, but there are some 4,000 colleges and universities in the US, so looking at the top 200–300 schools still keeps you in the elite company of the best schools. Keep in mind that the best non-ivy schools are just as challenging to get into, i.e. acceptance rates for Stanford-4.8%, U of Chicago and MIT-7.9%, Amherst-14%, Georgetown-16%.Apply to some good schools whose admission standards you exceed. Be realistic in your approach to this process. There are many happy, successful people in this world who did not go to an Ivy League School.Take note of this info I got off the net (and note only 3 of the schools listed are Ivy League):15 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY ALMA MATERS OF TOP-PAID AMERICAN CEOSHere is a list of 15 universities and colleges that serve as alma maters to 18 of the highest-paid American CEOs.-Lists current/ recent CEOs of American companies who completed their bachelor’s degree at an American institution of higher education.-CEO candidates listed here appeared in the top 20 of one of the “top CEOs/ execs” lists, including AFL-CIO, Equilar/ NY Times, and http://FindTheCompany.com- Schools are listed in reverse order based on the 2013 compensation of a top-paid CEO who graduated from a bachelor’s program there, starting. A school’s ranking is based on the ranking of the highest paid CEO(s) that received a bachelor’s degree there. As there were three schools in this list that had two top-18 CEOs as alumni, there are 15 schools representing 18 CEOs.15. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAThe University of Southern California (aka USC), located in Los Angeles, CA, was founded in 1880. It is a private non-profit research institution – the oldest in California. Aside from non-academic achievements, the school has earned nearly 290 Olympic medals as of 2012.USC has many famous alumni from several walks of life, and most especially arts and entertainment (George Lucas, John Wayne, Will Ferrell, Neil Armstrong, Judd Apatow). It is also the alma mater of well-known businessmen, including Marc Benioff Russell, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Salesforce.com: The Customer Success Platform To Grow Your Business Inc, headquartered in San Francisco, CA. He received a BS in Business Administration from USC. He ranked #18 in our list, gaining about $31.33M in total compensation.Benioff has been Chairman of Salesforce.com: The Customer Success Platform To Grow Your Business since co-founded the company in Feb 1999. His role as CEO started in Nov 2001. Prior to this, he was at Oracle. Currently, he serves on the Board for Cisco Systems and is a trustee at his alma mater, USC.14. BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY, SUNYBinghamton University, SUNY (aka SUNY-BU or BU), located in Vestal, New York, was founded in 1946 is a public institution. BU, which started as the liberal arts-focused, bachelor-level Harpur College, now offers bachelor-, master- and doctoral-level programs. The Greenes’ Guide considers BU to be a “Public Ivy” institution and it is ranked by USA Today as a top-10 best-value college for 2014, as well as being designated as a “high research activity” university.SUNY-BU is the alma mater of David M. Zaslav, President and CEO of Discovery Communications Class Inc., which is headquartered in Silver Spring, MD. Zaslav completed a BS degree at SUNY-BU, as well as a JD (Juris Doctor) in 1985 at Boston University‘s School of Law. He made #15 on our list, pulling in about $33.35M in total compensation.Zaslav has served as CEO and President of Discovery Channel since Sept 2008, and served in executive positions at other media and entertainment companies including NBC Universal Inc. He is a board member of Univision Communications and Sirius XM Radio Inc. (whose predecessor company Sirius Satellite Radio was founded by Martine Rothblatt, and who ranked #11 in our list of top-paid American CEOs.)13. ITHACA COLLEGEIthaca College, located in Ithaca, NY, was founded in 1892, originally as a music conservatory. It is a private college with a long-standing top-10 ranking as a master’s institution (US News) and general top college (Princeton Review). While in the shadow of its Ivy league neighbor Cornell, it is stands on its own laurels.Ithaca is the alma mater of numerous celebrities and power-brokers, including Robert A. Iger, CEO and Chairman of Walt Disney Co, headquartered in Burbank, CA. He earned a BS in 1973 from Ithaca’s Roy H. Park School of Communication — a school highly ranked for media and film as well as journalism. Iger ranked #14 in our list, pulling in about $34.32M in total compensation.Iger has been CEO and President of Walt Disney since Mar 2012, and before that held the same titles at Walt Disney International (2000-2005), and ABC Group (1999-2000). At the international parent, Iger took over as CEO from Michael Eisner. Iger serves as a board member at other organizations, and has been a trustee for his alma mater as well as for American Film Institute.12. CORNELL UNIVERSITYCornell University, located in Ithaca, NY, was founded in 1865. It’s a private institution with an Ivy League designation. It is one of only a small handful of private universities that have a land grant (MIT is another).Cornell is the alma mater of Leonard S. Schleifer, CEO, Director and President of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, which is headquartered in Tarrytown, NY. He completed a BS from Cornell and later an MD and PHD in Pharmacology from University of Virginia, where he studied under Alfred Gilman (later a Nobel Laureate). He later trained as a neurologist at Cornell’s New York Hospital. (Cornell has a medical campus in NYC.) He spent 1984-1988 as an Assistant Professor at Cornell. Schleifer ranked #13 on our list, earning about $36.27M in total compensation, which contributed to his becoming a billionaire in early 2014, after 25 years with Regeneron.Schleifer is a co-founder of Regeneron and has held his roles since 1988. He held the position of Chairman of the Board from 1990-94. His wife, Harriet, also has multiple degrees (two in education, and a law degree). Before Regeneron changed their strategy, they produced drugs to treat ALS (aka Lou Gehrig’s disease) and obesity – both of which were unsuccessful. More recently, they have been successful with a cholesterol drug and one to control blood vessel problems in the eye.11. YALE UNIVERSITYYale University, located in New Haven, CT – roughly 80 miles NE of New York City. It was founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, and renamed in Yale College in 1718. It became Yale University (private, Ivy League) in 1887 but awarded the first American in 1861. It’s the third-oldest higher ed institution in the U.S. and has one of the largest academic libraries.Yale has numerous notable alumni, including presidents (Clinton, Bush Sr and Jr, Gerald Ford, Taft) and many billionaire alumni, members of congress, heads of state and more. It is also the alma mater of both Phillipe P. Dauman, CEO and President of Viacom Inc., and Jeffrey L. Bewkes, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Time Warner Inc., both of which are headquartered in NYC, NY. Dauman received a bachelor’s degree from Yale, and a JD (law) degree in 1978 from Columbia University’s Columbia Law School. He placed #12 on our list, pulling in about $37.18M in total compensation. Bewkes received a BA from Yale in 1974, as well as an MBA from Stanford Graduate School of Business. He placed #16, garnering about $32.5M in total compensation.Dauman was Director of CBS (2005-2006), which was at one point owned by Viacom, after Sumner Redstone (Executive Chairman) launched a hostile takeover of Viacom. The current (post-2005) Viacom was spun off from CBS Corporation. Predecessor companies are the original Viacom, which became CBS Corporation, which then spun off the current Viacom, Gulf+Western (now Paramount Communications, Inc.), and Westinghouse Electric. To get even more confusing, the original Viacom started as CBS Films, Inc., which was a division of CBS the TV network. Dauman has been CEO and President of Viacom Inc. since Sep 2006 and held other CEO and executive positions in other companies, including DND Capital Partners LLC. He co-launched the Get Schooled initiative with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2009, which raises awareness of the public education crisis in the U.S.10. UCLAUniversity of California, Los Angeles (aka UCLA), located in Los Angeles, CA, was founded in 1919, with origins dating back to 1882 (as the State Normal School). It is a public research institution and third in the UC system, and one of two flagship campuses along with UC Berkeley.UCLA is the alma mater of Martine A. Rothblatt, who is Chairman and CEO of United Therapeutics Corp, headquartered in Silver Spring, MD. Rothblatt earned a BA and combined law (JD) and MBA degrees from UCLA, then a PhD from Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry. She ranked #11 in our list, earning about $38.22M from her roles in United.Rothblatt is considered the highest paid female/transgender executive in the U.S., but was actually born a man (Martin Rothblatt), undergoing gender reassignment surgery in 1994. She founded or co-founded several companies, including GeoStar and Sirius Radio. The latter she sold to fund United Therapeutics Corp, which she founded in order to find a cure for her ailing daughter. She also founded a religion, the Terasem Movement, which in a nutshell, is an amalgamation of Judaism, yoga and technology.9. CLAREMONT MCKENNA COLLEGEClaremont McKenna College (CMC), located in Claremont, CA, was founded in 1946 as the Claremont Men’s College. It is a private coed liberal arts college that U.S. News and World Report has ranked highly. It is also ranked #2 for happiest students by Princeton Review.CMC, which is part of Claremont Colleges, is the alma mater of both Henry Kravis and George R. Roberts. Roberts received a BA Economics from Claremont in 1966 and a JD (Juris Doctor) from University of California Hastings College of Law in 1969. Kravis received a BA in 1967 from Claremont and an MBA from Columbia University Business School.Kravis and Roberts are two of three founding members of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) and are both Co-CEO and Co-Chairman. Kravis is #9 on our list, taking home about $44.2M in total compensation, followed by Roberts at #10, who earned $44.1M.KKR – also co-founded byJerome Kohlberg, Jr. – is a financial services, investment banking, and private equity firm with a history of buyouts. One of their big leveraged buyouts was of RJR Nabisco — which was written about in the book “Barbarians at the Gate,” which was also a television movie.8. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA / WHARTON SCHOOLThe University of Pennsylvania (aka UPenn), located in Philadelphia, PA, was founded in 1740. Ben Franklin, a statue of who is displayed on campus, is considered to be the founder of UPenn. UPenn is one of the nine “Colonial Colleges” created before the United States of America was formed. It is also a founding member institution of the Association of American Universities. UPenn has been the home to the first American school of medicine and first college-level business school.UPenn is the alma mater of both Jeffrey Weiner, CEO of LinkedIn Corp (headquartered in Mountain View, CA), and Brian L. Roberts, CEO, President and Chairman of the Board of Comcast Corp (headquartered in Philadelphia, PA). Weiner received a BS in Economics at UPenn’s Wharton School in 1992 and placed #8 on our list, with a total compensation package of about $49.07M. Roberts received a BS from Wharton and placed #17 on our list, with his compensation running about $31.37M.Weiner has held the position of LinkedIn CEO since Jun 2009 and the Director position since Jul 2009, and previously was an interim President. He is also a Director of Intuit and has held executive positions in other companies including Accel Partners, Greylock Partners and Yahoo!Roberts has been Comcast CEO since Nov 2002, the position of President since Feb 1990, and the position of Chairman since May 2004. He holds a Director position at National Cable and Telecommunications Association (NCTA). Roberts’ father, Ralph J. Roberts, co-founded Comcast.Billionaire Donald Trump is also a graduate but is counted only partially as he spent 50% of his college time at Fordham University.7. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTAThe University of Minnesota (aka U of M), located in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, MN, was founded in 1851 and is the oldest campus of the U of M system — and has one of the largest student populations in the U.S. It is a public research university with several campuses besides the Twin Cities.U of M is the alma mater of John H. Hammergren, CEO of McKesson Corp, headquartered in San Francisco, CA. Hammergren earned a BBA in 1981 from U of M, and an MBA in 1987 from Xavier University‘s Williams College of Business. He ranked #7 on our list with a total compensation package of about $51.74M.Hammergren was the the highest paid U.S. CEO in 2011, accordion to The Guardian in Dec of that year – with a total of over $145M pay and mostly stock options. Hammergren has held the position of CEO of McKesson since Apr 2001, and was a Director of Hewlett-Packard from 2005-2013.6. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITYMississippi State University (aka MSU), located in Starkville, MS, was founded in 1878. It is a public institution with a”very high research activity” designation, especially for doctoral research, and has a strong focus on agriculture and applied science, and a number of campuses throughout the state.Drexel has the Richard C. Adkerson School of Accountancy, named after the CEO, Director, President, and Vice Chairman of the Board at Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold (headquartered in Phoenix, AZ). MSU is Adkerson’s alma mater, where he earned a Bachelor’s in Accounting (and an honorary doctorate), and later completed a management program at Harvard University. Adkerson ranked #6 on our list, taking in about $55.26M in total compensation. Adkerson has been CEO of Freeport-McMoRan since Dec 2003 and held executive roles in previous incarnations of the company as well as at other companies.5. DREXEL UNIVERSITYDrexel University, located in Philadelphia, PA, was founded in 1891, originally as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry by philanthropist financier Anthony Drexel. It is a top-ranking private research university with a co-op program that gives participating students more than a year of work experience.Drexel is the alma mater of Walter Nicholas Howley, CEO Director and Chairman of the Board of Transdigm Group Inc., headquartered in Cleveland, OH. Howley completed a BS in Mechanical Engineering in 1975 at Drexel, and an MBA in 1979 from Harvard University. Howley ranked #5 in our list, pulling in about $64.21M in total compensation.Howley founded Transdigm, which is in the aerospace industry. He has had the role of either or both of President or CEO of Transdigm since it was founded in Dec 1998. He has had executive roles in other companies, and was a trustee of Case-Western Reserve University.4. BUCKNELL UNIVERSITYBucknell University, located in Lewisburg, PA, was founded in 1846 as University at Lewisburg. It is a private institution with Baptist origins and a focus on liberal arts – which includes schools /colleges in Arts and Sciences, Management and Engineering. Undergrad student population is about 3,600, and student-teacher ratio is very low at a 9:1 ratio.Bucknell is the alma mater of Leslie “Les” Moonves, CEO and President of CBS Corp, which is headquartered in NYC, NY. Moonves, a former actor and once president of Warner Bros. Television, received a bachelor’s degree from Bucknell. He ranked #4 on our list, pulling in about $65.59M in total compensation.Moonves switched his study major from pre-med to Spanish and found an interest in acting after graduation. He is highly regarded as a content programmer of network television, and during his time at CBS he has catered to mobile device content consumers with short video clips. He has held his roles of President and CEO of CBS Corp since Jan 2006. CBS has gone through various ownerships, including Westinghouse Electric and the original Viacom3. UC DAVISThe University of California, Davis (aka UC Davis, UCD), located in Davis, CA (near Sacramento), was founded in 1905 as University Farm and underwent a number of name changes before becoming part of the UC system. US News places it in the top 10 public universities in their 2015 list, and amongst the best in the UC system. It is a member of the Association of American Universities, and is designated as a “very-high research activity” institution under the Carnegie Classification system, as well as a “Public Ivy” school.UC Davis is the alma mater of Jay N. Levine, CEO and President of Springleaf Financial, headquartered in Evansville, IN. Levine completed a BA in Economics at Davis. (UC Davis’ Economics department has a top-10 ranking.) He placed #3 in our list, pulling in about $78.7M in total compensation.Levine took up the position of CEO (and President and Director) in Oct 2011. Previously, he held similar positions at Capmark Financial Group Inc., Royal Bank of Scotland Global Banking and Markets and RBS Greenwich Capital — all of which are in the financial services industry.2. FORDHAM UFordham University, located in New York City, NY, was founded in 1841 originally as St. John’s College by New York’s Catholic Archdiocese. It is a private research university with a Jesuit tradition, and has both grad and postgrad colleges. Bachelor’s programs include BA, BS and BFA (Fine Arts) degrees. Grad programs include masters and doctoral degrees.Fordham is the alma mater of Mario Joseph Gabelli, CEO, Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of GAMCO Investors Inc. (formerly GAMCO), which is headquartered in Rye, NY. Gabelli received a BA from Fordham, and later an MBA from Columbia Business School. Gabelli placed #2 on our list with total compensation of about $85.05M. However, all of that amount comes from “other compensation,” none from salary, bonuses, stock, options, pension or non-equity incentives. Gabelli, who founded GAMCO (Gabelli Asset Management Company), has been a billionaire since about 2011. He has donated to numerous universities/ business schools. Bill Gates owns 1.3% of GAMCO via Cascade, LLC, his investment company.Fordham has produced other billionaires. Billionaire Donald Trump also attended but is counted only partially as he spent 50% of his college time at Fordham University while graduating from The University of Pennsylvania.1.COLGATE UNIVERSITYColgate University, located in Hamilton Village, Hamilton, New York, was founded in 1819 by the Baptist Education Society. It is a private liberal arts college with several dozen undergrad programs that lead to a Bachelor of Arts degree.Colgate is the alma mater of Charif Souki, who is Chairman, President and CEO, and Director of Cheniere Energy Inc, headquartered in Houston, TX. Souki also completed an MBA at Columbia University. For his many roles at Cheniere Energy, Souki took home nearly $142M ($141.95M) in compensation, making it to the top of our list of highest-paid American CEOs. Souki gained his CEO position in Dec 2002, and has been President on and off since then. He has several decades of investment banking experience in the oil and gas industry, with a focus on financing small-cap companies in that industry.