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Commonly asked computer networking questions:0)What happens when you visit a website? What exactly goes on after you type a URL into a browser?When you visit a website a lot of things happen behind the scenes that you may not be aware of. Let’s go through a list of those things in the order that they occur:1. When you visit a website, the web browser that you are using (whether it is Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Internet Explorer etc.) will contact what’s called a DNS (Domain Name System) server that will translate the human readable website name into a numeric IP address. It’s important to remember that every website name is basically an alias for an IP address. So, DNS converts that URL into an IP address, and each website has its own unique IP address.DNS is interesting because of the fact that it is basically works in a hierarchical structure. There are many DNS servers distributed throughout the world, and if one DNS server does not know a particular IP address, then it will ask another DNS server that is “higher up” in the hierarchy. How does your personal computer know which DNS server to use? Well, your ISP (Internet Service Provider) actually sends some extra network information to your computer whenever you connect to the Internet. That “extra” network information includes which DNS server your computer should be using whenever you visit a website.Once a DNS server finds the IP address of the website you are looking for, that IP address is returned to your browser.2. Your browser will now use the IP address returned by DNS to communicate with the web server that hosts the website that you want to visit. It will connect to port number 80 on the web server using a protocol called TCP.3. Now that your browser has a connection with the website’s web server, your browser will retrieve the html code of the specific page that is requested.4. Once your browser receives the HTML code from the web server, it will display that HTML code to you in the browser window.5. If and when you close that particular browser window, the connection with the web server will end.1) What is a Link?A link refers to the connectivity between two devices. It includes the type of cables and protocols used in order for one device to be able to communicate with the other.2) What are the layers of the OSI reference model?There are 7 OSI layers: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.3) What is backbone network?A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure that is designed to distribute different routes and data to various networks. It also handles management of bandwidth and various channels.4) What is a LAN?LAN is short for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection between computers and other network devices that are located within a small physical location.5) What is a node?A node refers to a point or joint where a connection takes place. It can be computer or device that is part of a network. Two or more nodes are needed in order to form a network connection.6) What are routers?Routers can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network devices that store information in its routing table such as paths, hops and bottlenecks. With this info, they are able to determine the best path for data transfer. Routers operate at the OSI Network Layer.7) What is point to point link?It refers to a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point to point connection does not need any other network devices other than connecting a cable to the NIC cards of both computers.8) What is anonymous FTP?Anonymous FTP is a way of granting user access to files in public servers. Users that are allowed access to data in these servers do not need to identify themselves, but instead log in as an anonymous guest.9) What is subnet mask?A subnet mask is combined with an IP address in order to identify two parts: the extended network address and the host address. Like an IP address, a subnet mask is made up of 32 bits.10) What is the maximum length allowed for a UTP cable?A single segment of UTP cable has an allowable length of 90 to 100 meters. This limitation can be overcome by using repeaters and switches.11) What is data encapsulation?Data encapsulation is the process of breaking down information into smaller manageable chunks before it is transmitted across the network. It is also in this process that the source and destination addresses are attached into the headers, along with parity checks.12) Describe Network TopologyNetwork Topology refers to the layout of a computer network. It shows how devices and cables are physically laid out, as well as how they connect to one another.13) What is VPN?VPN means Virtual Private Network, a technology that allows a secure tunnel to be created across a network such as the Internet. For example, VPNs allow you to establish a secure dial-up connection to a remote server.14) Briefly describe NAT.NAT is Network Address Translation. This is a protocol that provides a way for multiple computers on a common network to share single connection to the Internet.15) What is the job of the Network Layer under the OSI reference model?The Network layer is responsible for data routing, packet switching and control of network congestion. Routers operate under this layer.16) How does a network topology affect your decision in setting up a network?Network topology dictates what media you must use to interconnect devices. It also serves as basis on what materials, connector and terminations that is applicable for the setup.17) What is RIP?RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol is used by routers to send data from one network to another. It efficiently manages routing data by broadcasting its routing table to all other routers within the network. It determines the network distance in units of hops.18) What are different ways of securing a computer network?There are several ways to do this. Install reliable and updated anti-virus program on all computers. Make sure firewalls are setup and configured properly. User authentication will also help a lot. All of these combined would make a highly secured network.19) What is NIC?NIC is short for Network Interface Card. This is a peripheral card that is attached to a PC in order to connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC on the network.20) What is WAN?WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an interconnection of computers and devices that are geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in different regions and countries.21) What is the importance of the OSI Physical Layer?The physical layer does the conversion from data bits to electrical signal, and vice versa. This is where network devices and cable types are considered and setup.22) How many layers are there under TCP/IP?There are four layers: the Network Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer and Application Layer.23) What are proxy servers and how do they protect computer networks?Proxy servers primarily prevent external users who identifying the IP addresses of an internal network. Without knowledge of the correct IP address, even the physical location of the network cannot be identified. Proxy servers can make a network virtually invisible to external users.24) What is the function of the OSI Session Layer?This layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to communicate with each other by holding a session. This includes setting up the session, managing information exchange during the session, and tear-down process upon termination of the session.25) What is the importance of implementing a Fault Tolerance System? Are there limitations?A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data availability. This is done by eliminating a single point of failure. However, this type of system would not be able to protect data in some cases, such as in accidental deletions.26) What does 10Base-T mean?The 10 refers to the data transfer rate, in this case is 10Mbps. The word Base refers to base band, as oppose to broad band. T means twisted pair, which is the cable used for that network.27) What is a private IP address?Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for internal networks and are not routable on external public networks. These ensures that no conflicts are present among internal networks while at the same time the same range of private IP addresses are reusable for multiple intranets since they do not “see” each other.28) What is NOS?NOS, or Network Operating System, is specialized software whose main task is to provide network connectivity to a computer in order for it to be able to communicate with other computers and connected devices.29) What is DoS?DoS, or Denial-of-Service attack, is an attempt to prevent users from being able to access the internet or any other network services. Such attacks may come in different forms and are done by a group of perpetuators. One common method of doing this is to overload the system server so it cannot anymore process legitimate traffic and will be forced to reset.30) What is OSI and what role does it play in computer networks?OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves as a reference model for data communication. It is made up of 7 layers, with each layer defining a particular aspect on how network devices connect and communicate with one another. One layer may deal with the physical media used, while another layer dictates how data is actually transmitted across the network.31) What is the purpose of cables being shielded and having twisted pairs?The main purpose of this is to prevent crosstalk. Crosstalks are electromagnetic interferences or noise that can affect data being transmitted across cables.32) What is the advantage of address sharing?By using address translation instead of routing, address sharing provides an inherent security benefit. That’s because host PCs on the Internet can only see the public IP address of the external interface on the computer that provides address translation and not the private IP addresses on the internal network.33) What are MAC addresses?MAC, or Media Access Control, uniquely identifies a device on the network. It is also known as physical address or Ethernet address. A MAC address is made up of 6-byte parts.34) What is the equivalent layer or layers of the TCP/IP Application layer in terms of OSI reference model?The TCP/IP Application layer actually has three counterparts on the OSI model: the Session layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.35) How can you identify the IP class of a given IP address?By looking at the first octet of any given IP address, you can identify whether it’s Class A, B or C. If the first octet begins with a 0 bit, that address is Class A. If it begins with bits 10 then that address is a Class B address. If it begins with 110, then it’s a Class C network.36) What is the main purpose of OSPF?OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables to determine the best possible path for data exchange.37) What are firewalls?Firewalls serve to protect an internal network from external attacks. These external threats can be hackers who want to steal data or computer viruses that can wipe out data in an instant. It also prevents other users from external networks from gaining access to the private network.38) Describe star topologyStar topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the easiest to setup and maintain.39) What are gateways?Gateways provide connectivity between two or more network segments. It is usually a computer that runs the gateway software and provides translation services. This translation is a key in allowing different systems to communicate on the network.40) What is the disadvantage of a star topology?One major disadvantage of star topology is that once the central hub or switch get damaged, the entire network becomes unusable.41) What is SLIP?SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is actually an old protocol developed during the early UNIX days. This is one of the protocols that are used for remote access.42) Give some examples of private network addresses.10.0.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0172.16.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.240.0.0192.168.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.0.043) What is tracert?Tracert is a Windows utility program that can used to trace the route taken by data from the router to the destination network. It also shows the number of hops taken during the entire transmission route.44) What are the functions of a network administrator?A network administrator has many responsibilities that can be summarize into 3 key functions: installation of a network, configuration of network settings, and maintenance/troubleshooting of networks.45) Describe at one disadvantage of a peer to peer network.When you are accessing the resources that are shared by one of the workstations on the network, that workstation takes a performance hit.46) What is Hybrid Network?A hybrid network is a network setup that makes use of both client-server and peer-to-peer architecture.47) What is DHCP?DHCP is short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Its main task is to automatically assign an IP address to devices across the network. It first checks for the next available address not yet taken by any device, then assigns this to a network device.48) What is the main job of the ARP?The main task of ARP or Address Resolution Protocol is to map a known IP address to a MAC layer address.49) What is TCP/IP?TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. This is a set of protocol layers that is designed to make data exchange possible on different types of computer networks, also known as heterogeneous network.50) How can you manage a network using a router?Routers have built in console that lets you configure different settings, like security and data logging. You can assign restrictions to computers, such as what resources it is allowed access, or what particular time of the day they can browse the internet. You can even put restrictions on what websites are not viewable across the entire network.51) What protocol can be applied when you want to transfer files between different platforms, such between UNIX systems and Windows servers?Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers between such different servers. This is possible because FTP is platform independent.52) What is the use of a default gateway?Default gateways provide means for the local networks to connect to the external network. The default gateway for connecting to the external network is usually the address of the external router port.53) One way of securing a network is through the use of passwords. What can be considered as good passwords?Good passwords are made up of not just letters, but by combining letters and numbers. A password that combines uppercase and lowercase letters is favorable than one that uses all upper case or all lower case letters. Passwords must be not words that can easily be guessed by hackers, such as dates, names, favorites, etc. Longer passwords are also better than short ones.54) What is the proper termination rate for UTP cables?The proper termination for unshielded twisted pair network cable is 100 ohms.55) What is netstat?Netstat is a command line utility program. It provides useful information about the current TCP/IP settings of a connection.56) What is the number of network IDs in a Class C network?For a Class C network, the number of usable Network ID bits is 21. The number of possible network IDs is 2 raised to 21 or 2,097,152. The number of host IDs per network ID is 2 raised to 8 minus 2, or 254.57) What happens when you use cables longer than the prescribed length?Cables that are too long would result in signal loss. This means that data transmission and reception would be affected, because the signal degrades over length.58) What common software problems can lead to network defects?Software related problems can be any or a combination of the following:– client server problems– application conflicts– error in configuration– protocol mismatch– security issues– user policy and rights issues59) What is ICMP?ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol. It provides messaging and communication for protocols within the TCP/IP stack. This is also the protocol that manages error messages that are used by network tools such as PING.60) What is Ping?Ping is a utility program that allows you to check connectivity between network devices on the network. You can ping a device by using its IP address or device name, such as a computer name.61) What is peer to peer?Peer to peer are networks that does not reply on a server. All PCs on this network act as individual workstations.62) What is DNS?DNS is Domain Name System. The main function of this network service is to provide host names to TCP/IP address resolution.63) What advantages does fiber optics have over other media?One major advantage of fiber optics is that is it less susceptible to electrical interference. It also supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can be transmitted and received. Signal degrading is also very minimal over long distances.64) What is the difference between a hub and a switch?A hub acts as a multiport repeater. However, as more and more devices connect to it, it would not be able to efficiently manage the volume of traffic that passes through it. A switch provides a better alternative that can improve the performance especially when high traffic volume is expected across all ports.65) What are the different network protocols that are supported by Windows RRAS services?There are three main network protocols supported: NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX.66) What are the maximum networks and hosts in a class A, B and C network?For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and 16,777,214 hostsFor Class B, there are 16,384 possible networks and 65,534 hostsFor Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible networks and 254 hosts67) What is the standard color sequence of a straight-through cable?orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown.68) What protocols fall under the Application layer of the TCP/IP stack?The following are the protocols under TCP/IP Application layer: FTP, TFTP, Telnet and SMTP.69) You need to connect two computers for file sharing. Is it possible to do this without using a hub or router?Yes, you can connect two computers together using only one cable. A crossover type cable can be use in this scenario. In this setup, the data transmit pin of one cable is connected to the data receive pin of the other cable, and vice versa.70) What is ipconfig?Ipconfig is a utility program that is commonly used to identify the addresses information of a computer on a network. It can show the physical address as well as the IP address.71) What is the difference between a straight-through and crossover cable?A straight-through cable is used to connect computers to a switch, hub or router. A crossover cable is used to connect two similar devices together, such as a PC to PC or Hub to hub.72) What is client/server?Client/server is a type of network wherein one or more computers act as servers. Servers provide a centralized repository of resources such as printers and files. Clients refers to workstation that access the server.73) Describe networking.Networking refers to the inter connection between computers and peripherals for data communication. Networking can be done using wired cabling or through wireless link.74) When you move the NIC cards from one PC to another PC, does the MAC address gets transferred as well?Yes, that’s because MAC addresses are hard-wired into the NIC circuitry, not the PC. This also means that a PC can have a different MAC address when the NIC card was replace by another one.75) Explain clustering supportClustering support refers to the ability of a network operating system to connect multiple servers in a fault-tolerant group. The main purpose of this is the in the event that one server fails, all processing will continue on with the next server in the cluster.76) In a network that contains two servers and twenty workstations, where is the best place to install an Anti-virus program?An anti-virus program must be installed on all servers and workstations to ensure protection. That’s because individual users can access any workstation and introduce a computer virus when plugging in their removable hard drives or flash drives.77) Describe Ethernet.Ethernet is one of the popular networking technologies used these days. It was developed during the early 1970s and is based on specifications as stated in the IEEE. Ethernet is used in local area networks.78) What are some drawbacks of implementing a ring topology?In case one workstation on the network suffers a malfunction, it can bring down the entire network. Another drawback is that when there are adjustments and reconfigurations needed to be performed on a particular part of the network, the entire network has to be temporarily brought down as well.79) What is the difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA?CSMA/CD, or Collision Detect, retransmits data frames whenever a collision occurred. CSMA/CA, or Collision Avoidance, will first broadcast intent to send prior to data transmission.80) What is SMTP?SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol deals with all Internal mail, and provides the necessary mail delivery services on the TCP/IP protocol stack.81) What is multicast routing?Multicast routing is a targeted form of broadcasting that sends message to a selected group of user, instead of sending it to all users on a subnet.82) What is the importance of Encryption on a network?Encryption is the process of translating information into a code that is unreadable by the user. It is then translated back or decrypted back to its normal readable format using a secret key or password. Encryption help ensure that information that is intercepted halfway would remain unreadable because the user has to have the correct password or key for it.83) How are IP addresses arranged and displayed?IP addresses are displayed as a series of four decimal numbers that are separated by period or dots. Another term for this arrangement is the dotted decimal format. An example is 192.168.101.284) Explain the importance of authentication.Authentication is the process of verifying a user’s credentials before he can log into the network. It is normally performed using a username and password. This provides a secure means of limiting the access from unwanted intruders on the network.85) What do mean by tunnel mode?This is a mode of data exchange wherein two communicating computers do not use IPSec themselves. Instead, the gateway that is connecting their LANs to the transit network creates a virtual tunnel that uses the IPSec protocol to secure all communication that passes through it.86) What are the different technologies involved in establishing WAN links?Analog connections – using conventional telephone lines; Digital connections – using digital-grade telephone lines; switched connections – using multiple sets of links between sender and receiver to move data.87) What is one advantage of mesh topology?In the event that one link fails, there will always be another available. Mesh topology is actually one of the most fault-tolerant network topology.88) When troubleshooting computer network problems, what common hardware-related problems can occur?A large percentage of a network is made up of hardware. Problems in these areas can range from malfunctioning hard drives, broken NICs and even hardware startups. Incorrectly hardware configuration is also one of those culprits to look into.89) What can be done to fix signal attenuation problems?A common way of dealing with such a problem is to use repeaters and hub, because it will help regenerate the signal and therefore prevent signal loss. Checking if cables are properly terminated is also a must.90) How does dynamic host configuration protocol aid in network administration?Instead of having to visit each client computer to configure a static IP address, the network administrator can apply dynamic host configuration protocol to create a pool of IP addresses known as scopes that can be dynamically assigned to clients.91) Explain profile in terms of networking concept?Profiles are the configuration settings made for each user. A profile may be created that puts a user in a group, for example.92) What is sneakernet?Sneakernet is believed to be the earliest form of networking wherein data is physically transported using removable media, such as disk, tapes.93) What is the role of IEEE in computer networking?IEEE, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is an organization composed of engineers that issues and manages standards for electrical and electronic devices. This includes networking devices, network interfaces, cablings and connectors.94) What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet Layer?There are 4 protocols that are being managed by this layer. These are ICMP, IGMP, IP and ARP.95) When it comes to networking, what are rights?Rights refer to the authorized permission to perform specific actions on the network. Each user on the network can be assigned individual rights, depending on what must be allowed for that user.96) What is one basic requirement for establishing VLANs?A VLAN is required because at switch level there is only one broadcast domain, it means whenever new user is connected to switch this information is spread throughout the network. VLAN on switch helps to create separate broadcast domain at switch level. It is used for security purpose.97) What is IPv6?IPv6 , or Internet Protocol version 6, was developed to replace IPv4. At present, IPv4 is being used to control internet traffic, butis expected to get saturated in the near future. IPv6 was designed to overcome this limitation.98) What is RSA algorithm?RSA is short for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It is the most commonly used public key encryption algorithm in use today.99) What is mesh topology?Mesh topology is a setup wherein each device is connected directly to every other device on the network. Consequently, it requires that each device have at least two network connections.100) what is the maximum segment length of a 100Base-FX network?The maximum allowable length for a network segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters. The maximum length for the entire network is 5 kilometers.

It might seem like a daunting task to set up a new home router. But it doesn't have to be if you understand the most common way routers are managed: through the web interface. The hardest part of using the web interface is getting to it. Once you have accessed it, the rest -- at least most of it -- is self-explanatory.Most routers' web interfaces are similar and self-explanatory.Dong NgoNote: Almost all home routers on the market come with a web interface; that is, a web page from which users can view, manage and monitor the router's settings and features. The only company that doesn't offer a web interface for its routers is Apple. There are also some new types of routers with vendor-assisted setup and management using a mobile app, such as the Google OnHub, the Eero or the Starry that also don't have a web interface. With that in mind, this guide is intended only for routers with a web interface.In this post, I'll talk about how you can quickly set up any router by accessing its web interface using a browser and manage it from any connected computer or even a tablet or smartphone.Let's start with the basics.1. What is a browser?HOME NETWORKING EXPLAINEDPart 1: Here's the URL for youPart 2: Optimizing your Wi-Fi networkPart 3: Taking control of your wiresPart 4: Wi-Fi vs InternetPart 6: Securing your networkA web browser is a software application designed for retrieving, presenting, and exchanging information resources on the internet. All browsers have an address bar where you can type in the web address of a website, such as www.cnet.com. After that, you hit Enter and the browser will let you browse (hence the name) the content of the site. As you surf the internet, the address bar automatically displays the current address of the web page you're looking at, whether you typed in the URL or got to it by clicking on a link, such as one from within an email or from another web page. This web page address is called a uniform resource locator (URL).Among the most popular browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, and Microsoft Internet Explorer. You'll find at least one of these browsers on any computer, tablet, or smartphone, and any of them can be used to manage a router's web interface.6Common home router Web interfaces (pictures)2. Setting up the hardwareWhen you get a new router, setting up the hardware is very simple. (If this part of home networking is new to you, check out part 1 of this series first). All you need is a computer that has a network port (most computers do) and two network cables (a new router comes with at least one network cable). Follow these steps, regardless of what the router's included setup guide might say:Connect the router's WAN port to your internet source, such as a DSL or cable modem, using the first network cable. All home routers have just one WAN port (sometimes labeled the internet port); this port is always separate from the other network ports and often is a different color to further differentiate it. Note: If you do not have internet access at home, or want to have an isolated (non internet-enabled) network, you can skip this step. Later on you can always complete this step when the internet is available or needed.Connect one of the router's LAN ports (most routers have four LAN ports) to the computer using the second network cable.Plug the router into the power outlet using its power adapter, as you would with most electronics. If the router has an on-off switch, make sure the router is on. Many routers don't have this switch and will turn on as you plug it in.That's it -- you have just finished the hardware setup.A router's WAN (internet) port is always clearly distinguished from the LAN (Ethernet) ports. Also note the reset button, which brings the router's settings to default value.Dong Ngo/CNET3. Accessing the web interfaceThe next step is to use the web browser to display the router's web interface. Basically, you will need two things: the router's URL, which is always its default IP address, and default log-in information. You'll find this information in the router's manual, and sometimes it's printed on the underside of the router, as well.Most, if not all home routers on the market have a default IP address in this format:192.168.x.1, where, depending on the vendor, x tends to be 0, 1, 2, 3, 10 or 11. For example, routers from Trendnet almost always have a default address of 192.168.10.1, while D-Link routers use 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1.And the log-in information is also quite predictable. The username (if any) is almost always admin and the password (if any) tends to be one of these: admin, password, default, or 1234.Once you have gotten these two pieces of information, just type the router's IP address in the address bar of a browser on a connected computer, press Enter, and then enter the log-in information, after which you'll be greeted with the web interface.VendorDefault IPDefault log-in (username/password)Most AT&T gateway192.168.0.254 / 192.168.1.254(blank)/(the device's serial number or access code)Amped Wireless192.168.3.1admin/adminAsus192.168.1.1admin/adminBelkin192.168.2.1(blank)/(blank) or admin/1234Buffalo192.168.11.1root/(blank)D-Link192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1admin/(blank)Linksys192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1admin/admin or (blank)/root or (blank)/admin or Administrator/adminMotorola192.168.0.1admin/motorola or admin/passwordNetgear192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1admin/password or Admin/1234Trendnet192.168.10.1admin/adminZyXel192.168.1.1admin/1234You can quickly find out the router's default address by using the ipconfig command on a Windows computer.Dong Ngo/CNETAlso, from a connected computer, you can always find out what the current IP address is of the local network's router. This is helpful if a router's default IP address has been changed. On a Windows computer do this:Run the command prompt (you can find it in the Start menu, or in Windows 8 just type cmd when you're at the Metro Start menu, then press Enter).At the Command Prompt window, type in ipconfig then press Enter. You will see a lot of things, but the IP address following the Default Gateway is the address of the router.On a Mac, it's also quite easy to find out the default IP of the local network's router.Dong Ngo/CNETOn a Mac: Head to System Preferences > Network > select the current connected connection (it's likely Ethernet) > click on Advanced > on the first tab, TCP/IP, the router's IP address is shown next to Router.4. A new router's basic settingsThough the design of the web interface is opened varies from one vendor to another, most of them have granular menus. Listed below are typical main menu items and what they do.Wizard: This is where you can start a step-by step guided setup process. Many routers' interfaces show the wizard when the web interface is accessed for the first time. You just have to go through and set up a few of the routers' settings, such as its log-in password (to be changed from the default -- you should definitely do this to keep your network secure) and the name and password for the Wi-Fi network (or networks, for dual-band routers). Some wizards also ask for your time zone, the current time and date, and so on. With most routers you can skip the wizard and set up the router manually, if you want to, or you can finish the wizard and get back to the interface to further customize the network.It's a good practice to save the router's current settings before making changes. This way you can always restore the previous settings if something goes wrong.Dong Ngo/CNETSetup sectionWireless (or Wireless settings): Where you can customize the router's Wi-Fi network(s). You can pick the name of the network, change the password, turn the Wi-Fi Protected Setup feature on or off, and a lot more.WAN (or Internet): Most of the time you should use the Auto setting for this section. However, some ISPs might require special settings; in those cases you can enter them here.LAN (or Network settings): This is where you can change the local network settings, including the default IP address of the router itself. (Note that if you change the router's default IP address, which is recommended for security reason, you'll then need to use the new address to access the router's web interface.) Here you can also change the range of IP addresses used for local clients, and add clients to the DHCP Reservation list. Once on this list, the clients' IP addresses will remain the same, which is required for some internet applications. Most of the time, you don't need to change anything in this section at all.Tools (or Administration) sectionAdmin password (or Password): Change the router's password. This is the password required when you log in the router's web interface.System: Where you can back up the current settings of the router to a file, or restore settings from a file; update the router's firmware; and so on. It's always helpful to back up the router's settings before you make changes.You'll find a lot more settings and features on a router's web interface, and when have time, you should try them out. If worst comes to worst, you can turn to the last-resort step below to restore the router to its default settings.5. The last resortAll routers come with a reset button. This is a tiny recessed button that can be found on the bottom or side of the device. Using something pointy, such as an unfolded paper clip, to press and hold this button for about 10 seconds (when the router is plugged into a power source) will bring its settings back to the factory default. In other words, the router will be reset to the state it was in when you bought it. You can set it up again from the beginning, or you can log in to its web interface and restore the router's settings from a backup file.To learn some simple tips on keeping your home network secure, check out Part 6 of this series.

I had to look up what you were talking about. Schrodinger’s Cat is quantum physics. It is what is described as a paradox.Version:1.0 StartHTML:000000217 EndHTML:000350542 StartFragment:000152032 EndFragment:000350510 StartSelection:000152032 EndSelection:000350510 SourceURL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_catSchrödinger's catFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(September 2018)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)For other uses, see Schrödinger's cat (disambiguation).Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.Part of a series of articles aboutQuantum mechanics[math]i ℏ ∂ ∂ [/math][math]t[/math][math] | ψ ( [/math][math]t[/math][math] ) ⟩ = H ^ | ψ ( [/math][math]t[/math][math] ) ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle } [/math]Schrödinger equationIntroductionGlossaryHistoryBackground[show]Classical mechanicsOld quantum theoryBra–ket notationHamiltonianInterferenceFundamentals[show]CoherenceDecoherenceComplementarityEnergy levelEntanglementHamiltonianUncertainty principleGround stateInterferenceMeasurementNonlocalityObservableOperatorQuantumQuantum fluctuationQuantum foamQuantum levitationQuantum numberQuantum noiseQuantum realmQuantum stateQuantum systemQuantum teleportationQubitSpinSuperpositionSymmetry(Spontaneous) symmetry breakingVacuum stateWave propagationWave functionWave function collapseWave–particle dualityMatter waveEffects[show]Zeeman effectStark effectAharonov–Bohm effectLandau quantizationQuantum Hall effectQuantum Zeno effectQuantum tunnellingPhotoelectric effectCasimir effectExperiments[hide]AfsharBell's inequalityDavisson–GermerDouble-slitElitzur–VaidmanFranck–HertzLeggett–Garg inequalityMach–ZehnderPopperQuantum eraser (delayed-choice)Schrödinger's catQuantum suicide and immortalityStern–GerlachWheeler's delayed-choiceFormulations[show]OverviewHeisenbergInteractionMatrixPhase-spaceSchrödingerSum-over-histories (path-integral)Equations[show]DiracKlein–GordonPauliRydbergSchrödingerInterpretations[show]OverviewConsistent historiesCopenhagende Broglie–BohmEnsembleHidden-variableMany-worldsObjective collapseBayesianQuantum logicRelationalStochasticScale relativityTransactionalAdvanced topics[show]Quantum annealingQuantum chaosQuantum computingDensity matrixQuantum field theoryFractional quantum mechanicsQuantum gravityQuantum information scienceQuantum machine learningPerturbation theory (quantum mechanics)Relativistic quantum mechanicsScattering theorySpontaneous parametric down-conversionQuantum statistical mechanicsScientists[show]AharonovBellBlackettBlochBohmBohrBornBosede BroglieCandlinComptonDiracDavissonDebyeEhrenfestEinsteinEverettFockFermiFeynmanGlauberGutzwillerHeisenbergHilbertJordanKramersPauliLambLandauLaueMoseleyMillikanOnnesPlanckRabiRamanRydbergSchrödingerSommerfeldvon NeumannWeylWienWignerZeemanZeilingervteSchrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935.[1]It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]a state known as a quantum superposition, as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur. The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.Contents1Origin and motivation2Thought experiment3Interpretations of the experiment3.1Copenhagen interpretation3.2Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories3.3Ensemble interpretation3.4Relational interpretation3.5Transactional interpretation3.6Zeno effects3.7Objective collapse theories4Applications and tests5Extensions6See also7References8External linksOrigin and motivation[edit]Life-size cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. Depending on the light conditions, the cat appears either alive or dead.Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935.[9]The EPR article highlighted the bizarre nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.[citation needed]The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, said that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world.[citation needed]When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states.[citation needed]The EPR experiment showed that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances could be in such a superposition.[citation needed]Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.[citation needed]To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition.[citation needed]He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.[citation needed]According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed.[citation needed]Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.[1]However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.[8][5]Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation,[10]the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics.[citation needed]Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.[citation needed]Thought experiment[edit]Schrödinger wrote:[1][11]One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naively accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?).[citation needed]If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive.[citation needed]But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions.[citation needed]The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture.[citation needed]Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues.[citation needed]In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.[12]Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.[citation needed]Interpretations of the experiment[edit]Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.Copenhagen interpretation[edit]Main article: Copenhagen interpretationA commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.[13]In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation.[citation needed]The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.[citation needed]However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, so that Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer.[14]Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,[15]although the validity of their design is disputed.[16]The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories.[citation needed]The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the many worlds approach denies that collapse ever occurs.[citation needed]Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories[edit]The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.Main article: Many-worlds interpretationIn 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process.[citation needed]In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other.[citation needed]In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other.[citation needed]Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation.[citation needed]Roger Penrose criticises this:I wish to make it clear that, as it stands, this is far from a resolution of the cat paradox. For there is nothing in the formalism of quantum mechanics that demands that a state of consciousness cannot involve the simultaneous perception of a live and a dead cat.[17]However, the mainstream view (without necessarily endorsing many-worlds) is that decoherence is the mechanism that forbids such simultaneous perception.[18][19]A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.[20]Ensemble interpretation[edit]The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.[citation needed]This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.[citation needed]Relational interpretation[edit]The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.[21]The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.Transactional interpretation[edit]In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave.[citation needed]The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer".[citation needed]In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus.[citation needed]The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box.[citation needed]The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.[citation needed]Zeno effects[edit]The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.[citation needed]On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes.[citation needed]For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it.[citation needed]Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information.[citation needed]But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.[22]Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.[citation needed]Objective collapse theories[edit]According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached.[citation needed]Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".[citation needed]Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.In a realist interpretation of quantum mechanics a superposition of a wave function which represents a real object (not a probability amplitude) at time t_1 with the wave function at time t_2 ≠ t_1 is unjustified[23]. Thus superposing the two cat states is unjustified and collapse need nor even be mentioned here. Superpositions of wave functions representing several objects at the same time is not excuded.Applications and tests[edit]Play mediaSchrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherenceThe experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.[24]These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.[25]A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.[26]An experiment involving a superconducting quantum interference device ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."[27]A piezoelectric "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.[28]An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.[29]An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.[30]In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" often refers to the special entanglement of qubits wherein the qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,[math]| ψ ⟩ = 1 2 ( | 00 … 0 ⟩ + | 11 … 1 ⟩ ) . {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigg (}|00\ldots 0\rangle +|11\ldots 1\rangle {\bigg )}.} [/math]Extensions[edit]Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?[citation needed]A recurring joke in the Weekly Planet podcast refers to "Schrodinger's Bat." This refers to the months of Ben Affleck appearing to be in or out of the upcoming Matthew Reaves Batman movie, leading some to wonder whether Affleck can, like Schrodinger's cat, be both simultaneously in and out of the Reaves movie.In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.[31][32]See also[edit]Physics portalBasis functionComplementarity (physics)Consensus realityDouble-slit experimentElitzur–Vaidman bomb testerHalf-lifeHeisenberg cutLeggett–Garg inequalityMaxwell's DemonMeasurement problemMicro black holeModal realismObserver (quantum physics)Observer effect (physics)SchroedinbugSchrödinger equationSchrödinger's cat in popular cultureReferences[edit]^ Jump up to: a b c Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)". Naturwissenschaften. 23 (48): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}Jump up ^ Moring, Gary (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe. Penguin. pp. 192–193. ISBN 1440695725.Jump up ^ Gribbin, John (2011). In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality. Random House Publishing Group. p. 234. ISBN 0307790444. Archived from the original on 2015-05-17.Jump up ^ Greenstein, George; Zajonc, Arthur (2006). The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 186. ISBN 076372470X. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.^ Jump up to: a b Tetlow, Philip (2012). Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science. Gower Publishing, Ltd. p. 321. ISBN 1409440400. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19.Jump up ^ Herbert, Nick (2011). Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 150. ISBN 030780674X. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.Jump up ^ Charap, John M. (2002). Explaining The Universe. Universities Press. p. 99. ISBN 8173714673. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.^ Jump up to: a b Polkinghorne, J. C. (1985). The Quantum World. Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0691023883. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19.Jump up ^ Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? Archived 2006-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)Jump up ^ Feltman, Rachel (27 May 2018). "Schrödinger's cat just got even weirder (And even more confusing)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.Jump up ^ Trimmer, John D. (1980). "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 124 (5): 323–338. JSTOR 986572. Reproduced with some inaccuracies here: Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?Jump up ^ Maxwell, Nicholas (1 January 1993). "Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 44 (2): 275–305. doi:10.1093/bjps/44.2.275. JSTOR 687649.Jump up ^ Wimmel, Hermann (1992). Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics. World Scientific. p. 2. ISBN 978-981-02-1010-6. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2011.Jump up ^ Faye, J (2008-01-24). "Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. Retrieved 2010-09-19.Jump up ^ Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ (2006). "The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse" (PDF). Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie. 31 (1): 45–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2010-09-10.Jump up ^ Okón E, Sebastián MA (2016). "How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness". Mind and Matter. 14 (1): 25–49.Jump up ^ Penrose, R. The Road to Reality, p 807.Jump up ^ Zurek, Wojciech H. (2003). "Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75: 715. arXiv:quant-ph/0105127. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..715Z. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.75.715.Jump up ^ Wojciech H. Zurek, "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", Physics Today, 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)Jump up ^ #1Lib1Ref "How Quantum Suicide Works" Check |url= value (help). HowStuffWorks. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2018-10-02.Jump up ^ Rovelli, Carlo (1996). "Relational Quantum Mechanics". International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 35 (8): 1637–1678. arXiv:quant-ph/9609002. Bibcode:1996IJTP...35.1637R. doi:10.1007/BF02302261.Jump up ^ "How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat". Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.Jump up ^ Jabs, Arthur (2018). Schrödinger's cat in a realist quantum mechanics, arXiv:1606.02955 (2018).Jump up ^ "What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?". Archived from the original on 2012-01-08.Jump up ^ "Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light". 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012.Jump up ^ C. Monroe, et al. A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom Archived 2012-01-07 at the Wayback Machine.Jump up ^ Physics World: Schrödinger's cat comes into view Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.Jump up ^ Scientific American : Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine.Jump up ^ arXiv, Emerging Technology from the. "How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things".Jump up ^ "Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition? - physicsworld.com". Archived from the original on 2016-07-30.Jump up ^ "Has observing the universe hastened its end?". New Scientist. 2007-11-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2007-11-25. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)Jump up ^ Krauss, Lawrence M.; James Dent (April 30, 2008). "Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States". Phys. Rev. Lett. US: APS. 100 (17). arXiv:0711.1821. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100q1301K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schrödinger's cat.Listen to this article (info/dl)Menu0:00This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Schrödinger's cat" dated 2013-08-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesErwin Schrödinger (1935) The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics (translation of 3-part Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)". Naturwissenschaften. 23 (48): 823807–828812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF014918914. and pp. 823–828, 844–849) Schrödinger's cat paperEinstein, A.; Podolsky, B.; Rosen, N. (15 May 1935). "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?". Physical Review. 47 (10): 777–780. Bibcode:1935PhRv...47..777E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777. The EPR paperPhillip Yam (October 10, 2012) Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life, Scientific American. Describes investigations of quantum "cat states" and wavefunction collapse by Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland for which they won the 2012 Nobel Prize in PhysicsTony Leggett (August 2000) New Life for Schrödinger's Cat, Physics World, p. 23-24. Article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.Information Philosopher on Schrödinger's cat More diagrams and an information creation explanation.Poliakoff, Martyn (2009). "Schrödinger's Cat". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.Schrödinger's cat in audio produced by SifthidevteQuantum mechanicsBackgroundIntroductionHistory timelineGlossaryClassical mechanicsOld quantum theoryFundamentalsBra–ket notationCasimir effectComplementarityDensity matrixEnergy level ground stateexcited statedegenerate levelsVacuum stateZero-point energyQED vacuumQCD vacuumHamiltonianOperatorQuantum coherenceQuantum decoherenceMeasurementQuantumQuantum realmQuantum systemQuantum stateQuantum numberQuantum entanglementQuantum superpositionQuantum nonlocalityQuantum tunnellingQuantum levitationQuantum fluctuationQuantum annealingQuantum foamQuantum noiseHeisenberg uncertainty principleSpontaneous parametric down-conversionVon Neumann entropySpinScattering theorySymmetry in quantum mechanicsSymmetry breakingSpontaneous symmetry breakingWave propagationQuantum interferenceWave function Wave function collapseWave–particle dualityMatter waveQubitQutritObservableProbability distributionFormulationsFormulationsHeisenbergInteractionMatrix mechanicsSchrödingerPath integral formulationPhase spaceEquationsDiracKlein–GordonPauliRydbergSchrödingerInterpretationsInterpretationsBayesianConsistent historiesCopenhagende Broglie–BohmEnsembleHidden variablesMany worldsObjective collapseQuantum logicRelationalStochasticTransactionalCosmologicalExperimentsAfsharBell's inequalityCold Atom LaboratoryDavisson–GermerDelayed choice quantum eraserDouble-slitFranck–Hertz experimentLeggett–Garg inequalityMach-Zehnder inter.Elitzur–VaidmanPopperQuantum eraserSchrödinger's catQuantum suicide and immortalityStern–GerlachWheeler's delayed choiceScienceQuantum BayesianismQuantum biologyQuantum calculusQuantum chemistryQuantum chaosQuantum cognitionQuantum cosmologyQuantum differential calculusQuantum dynamicsQuantum evolutionQuantum geometryQuantum groupQuantum measurement problemQuantum mindQuantum probabilityQuantum stochastic calculusQuantum spacetimeTechnologyQuantum algorithmsQuantum amplifierQuantum cellular automata Quantum finite automataQuantum electronicsQuantum logic gatesQuantum clockQuantum channelQuantum busQuantum circuitPhase qubitMatrix isolationQuantum dotQuantum dot displayQuantum dot solar cellQuantum dot cellular automatonQuantum dot single-photon sourceQuantum dot laserQuantum wellQuantum computing TimelineQuantum cryptographyPost-quantum cryptographyQuantum error correctionQuantum imagingQuantum image processingQuantum informationQuantum key distributionQuantum machineQuantum machine learningQuantum metamaterialQuantum metrologyQuantum networkQuantum neural networkQuantum opticsQuantum programmingQuantum sensorsQuantum simulatorQuantum teleportationQuantum levitationTime travelQuantum complexity theoryExtensionsQuantum statistical mechanicsRelativistic quantum mechanicsFractional quantum mechanicsQuantum field theory Axiomatic quantum field theoryQuantum field theory in curved spacetimeThermal quantum field theoryTopological quantum field theoryLocal quantum field theoryConformal field theoryTwo-dimensional conformal field theoryLiouville field theoryHistoryQuantum gravityCategoryPortal:PhysicsCommons<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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