Astronomy 1 Final Sample Name: Fill & Download for Free

The ships crossed the Channel at night. This is really important. The day for the invasion depended on a low tide just after dawn, and moonlight for the airborne landings in the hours before dawn. The ships approached with lights off, radios silent, in the dark. They arrived, and could only be sighted, as the sun was coming up. The landing craft hit the beaches at low tide, when the German beach obstacles were most easily seenThe Allies controlled the sea and the air above it that the ships passed through. NO German reconnaissance aircraft patrolled the Channel. No German submarines lurked off the coast of the UK. The Germans sent agents into the UK, and they were routinely captured and turned, or tried and executed.The Germans bought the comprehensive and long-running Allied deceptions that made Calais the real target of the invasion and Normandy only a diversion. The Germans were sure that General Patton’s First United States Army Group , entirely fictional, would be landing in the ‘real’ invasion. The “First United States Army Group”, “FUSAG”, was “detected” from fake radio traffic broadcast from empty fields in the UK, and the full range of fake paperwork, shipping manifests, destination labels, shipments of letters from home and everything else intelligence services live to collect was carefully spoon fed to them. And inflatable rubber tanks and trucks by the hundreds were parked where the “First US Army Group” was stationed, along with tents and everything else an Army would have. But there were no soldiers, or weapons, just decoys. No food or fuel, just empty containers. German intelligence confidently reported the location and status of this fake Army Group even after the invasion. Assisting the deception, there IS a First United States Army, and General Patton was a real commander, with name recognition. Patton returned to his real job as soon as the invasion had happened, he led the 3rd Army’s breakout from Normandy.The Germans detected an “invasion fleet” approaching Calais where they were expecting the invasion. But this fleet was a phantom created by the scores of RAF bombers dropping radar reflecting chaff in a constantly renewed pattern that was the size and shape of an invasion fleet, and moved forward at the speed of an invasion fleet, but disappeared as the sun rose.The Allies sent fighters and bombers to attack many plausible spots on the coast, only a fraction (less than 1/2) actually in the Normandy area. German targets near Calais were hit particularly hard, repeatedly. But enough radar was allowed to survive to detect the fake invasion fleet, while radar near Normandy was effectively eliminated. Air attack, jamming and the French Resistance forces targeted communications systems along the coast. The various paratroop forces dropped in the early hours of D Day were specifically tasked to cut off all communications with the Normandy shore.The Allies took the trouble to capture and remove the German weather ship that had sent reports from the North Atlantic, so German weather reports were less accurate and fine-grained than the Allies. The Allies got data and forecasts from Greenland, Iceland and convoy and naval ships. The break in bad weather that Eisenhower chose for D Day wasn’t forecast by the Germans. Rommel took a break for his wife’s birthday, sure that the weather would stay too bad for an invasion attempt, while he was gone. Rommel’s absence was good luck for the Allies.Hitler was a micromanager and obsessive psychopath who thought he was smarter and more capable than any of his Generals. And he mistrusted them and doubted their judgement. Therefore he reserved, for himself, the release of reserve armored divisions that would be sent to push any invasion back into the sea. Hitler was also a terrible boss, and nobody wanted to risk his wrath by waking him with news of a possible invasion. So what news got out, wasn’t presented to him until he awoke on his own. And he thought it was a diversion.At Bletchley Park, the British were reading all of the German’s highest security cyphers based on the Enigma machine. The Germans never suspected this break, and the British kept it mum for 30 years after. The German Navy were the most effective users of Enigma, with good systems and competent operations. Luck gave a current Naval codebook and cypher settings to the Soviets, in 1941 or 42, and they shared it with the British. Knowing what they had been missing, the British made it their business to get the new codebook and setting every six months when the German Navy issued new ones. The German Army was less adept with Enigma, and committed beginner mistakes like sending the same message using the old then the new codebook and settings. Their systematic tradecraft was less effective. The Luftwaffe, the most “National Socialist” of the Nazi military branches, had the worst code and cypher discipline and tradecraft. Bletchley Park succeeded with automated frontal attacks against the Army and Luftwaffe Enigma traffic.My first correction was getting the name of the “First United States Army Group”, correct. I’d mis-identified it, using the name of the real 3rd Army that General Patton commanded following the invasion. Thanks to Bill Soo!My second correction is that the landings were at low tide- when the German defensive obstacles were most easily seen, avoided and demolished/neutralized. Thank you Thomas Harper! I’d gotten it backward. Source: Astronomy and D-Day: The Sun, Moon, and Tides at Normandy - Sky & TelescopeRegarding British (and American) efforts to read and use coded and encrypted messages, “The Codebreakers” by David Kahn, ISBN-10 0684831309, ISBN-13 978-0684831305, still in print and revised with Internet topics in 1996, is a good place for anyone to start. For more blow-by-blow coverage of the two Poles who initially broke Enigma, how that solution was put to work in Poland, France and finally Great Britain, relative quality of use by various Nazi military arms, the Soviet capture of a German code book from a disabled but not sunken Nazi ship, British seizure of subsequent code books and much, much, more, see Kahn’s “Seizing The Enigma”. ISBN-10: 0395427398 ISBN-13: 978-0395427392.I haven’t finished reading it yet, but the recent biography of Alan Turing, “The Enigma” goes into much greater detail describing his contribution to retail, daily, semi-automated defeat of what the Germans never imagined was breakable….Additional books about Allied success against Nazi codes are “The Ultra Secret” F.W. Winterbotham, and “Ultra Goes To War” by Ron Lewin.I’ve probably read 100 books that touched on D-Day to some degree or other: Good places to start include: “The Longest Day” by Cornelius Ryan; “Crusade In Europe” by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower; “Seven Armies In Normandy” by John Keegan; “D-Day June 6, 1944” and “Band of Brothers” by Stephen Ambrose; “How the Allies Won” by Richard Overy; “The Double Cross System” by J. C. Masterman; “D-Day: The Battle for Normandy” by Antony Beevor; “Night Drop: The American Airbone Invasion of Normandy” by S. L. A. Marshall, H. Garver Miller, et al; Invasion 1944 : Rommel and the Normandy campaign. by Hans Speidel; Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy: General Eisenhower's Decision of March 25, 1944 (Ideas & Action) by W. W. Rostow;There is a book about the swimmers who probed the German defenses, secretly, at night, bringing back samples of the beach, accurate tide tables, etc. Books bout the 2nd Tactical Air Force which integrated RAF and USAAF close support, about the Army engineers who assisted in the invasion and breakout; about the radar support for the invasion and mobile night-fighter direction that landed on D-Day and protected the landing from the first day. About Coastal Command and its war against the U-Boat fleet, which is why no U-Boats observed the invasion fleet. Books by Royal Navy and US Navy officers and sailors who figured out how to *do* the invasion; books about secret weapons (floating tanks, motorized flails to detonate land-mine fields); books about the logistics enabled by the Mulberry artificial harbors, etc. Books about what happened at every invasion beach (Sword, Gold, Juno, Omaha, etc.), the Canadian, British and US Armies that invaded on the first day and the build-up that followed. Books that cover the 30 mile pipes to carry gasoline from the UK to France that were unrolled across the channel, to obviate docking tankers at the Mulberry harbors

There is absolutely nothing in the Hanuman Chalisa that can even be stretched to claim knowledge of the speed of light.What some people claim is that Hanuman Chalisa contains the distance to the sun. But this is a fake later stretching of a devotional verse. Copying another answer I wrote about this previously[1]First thing, Hanuman Chalisa[1] is not a science book. It is a devotional hymn consisting of forty verses. You can read it on Wikisource[2] or listen to it in under ten minutes.[3]So, before getting into the question of whether Hanuman Chalisa contains the correct sun-earth distance, let us see whether the actual astronomy books of the time got the distance correct.I have written previously about how ancient Indian astronomy books like Surya Siddhanta[4] and Aryabhatiya[5] got astronomical distances and sizes wrong. But these books were written centuries before Hanuman Chalisa, is it possible that the sun-earth distance was calculated correctly in the meantime?Turns out that this is unlikely. Tulsidas who wrote Hanuman Chalisa lived in the sixteenth century. We do have a sixteenth-century astronomical manuscript: Yuktibhasha.[6] (It might have been written around the time of Tulsidas’ birth)And this book got the distance to the sun wrong as well. The calculations are done with the assumption that the sun-earth distance is 863 times the radius of the earth whereas the real value is more like 23500. This was due to two issues: One, the solar parallax[7] is only about eight arcseconds, an angle too tiny to measure with tools of the era. Two, Indian astronomers had a wrong model of the solar system. They assumed that all planets (grahas including the sun) moved at constant speeds around the earth. This is why their estimate of the ratio of the distances from the earth to the sun and the moon are inversely proportional to their periods.Hence there is strong evidence that even astronomers at that time did not know the earth-sun distance correctly.Next, what does Hanuman Chalisa really say? The verse supposedly containing the earth-sun distance is verse 18जुग सहस्र जोजन पर भानु ।लील्यो ताहि मधुर फल जानू ॥१८॥juga sahasra jojana para bhānū।līlyo tāhi madhura phala jānū॥ 18 ॥This verse talks about the story of Hanuman’s childhood.[8] He thought that the sun was a fruit and jumped all the way to the sun. The part of this story where he is wounded in his jaw is one of the interpretations of the name Hanuman.[9]The distance to the sun is supposed to be in juga sahasra jojana (yuga sahasra yojana). So how do people translate this verse? Seems there is a lot of variation (I could not find any translation I could accept as authentic, so I merely sampled a few I found online).There are sources which translate it as thousands of miles[10]On your own you dashed upon the Sun, which is at a fabulous distance of thousands of miles, thinking it to be a sweet luscious fruit.Another source[11]हजारो योजन दुरी पर मौजूद सूर्य पर पहुचने के लिए लोगो को वर्षो लग गए परन्तु आपने बचपन में इसे मीठे फल समझ कर बड़े आसानी से निगल गये थे |(My translation from Hindi: Sun which is situated thousands of yojanas away and it takes people years to reach, you thought it was a sweet fruit and swallowed it easily)Some translate is as so far it would take aeons to reach[12]जो सूर्य इतने योजन दूरी पर है की उस पर पहुँचने के लिए हजार युग लगे(My translation from Hindi: Sun which is so many yojanas far that it would take thousand yugas to reach)I have also seen translations which take the yug in the beginning as two, so that the distance would be two thousand yojanas [ibid]दो हजार योजन की दूरी पर स्थित सूर्य को आपने एक मीठा फल समझ कर निगल लिया(My translation from Hindi: Considering it to be a sweet fruit, swallowed the sun which is situated at the distance of two thousand yojanas)This would also be the meaning based on which some translations give the distance as sixteen thousand miles,[13] if we take yojana = 8 milesThe Sun which was at a distance from Sixteen Thousand Miles,You Swallowed It (the Sun) thinking it to be a Sweet Fruit.Even the sources I find which talk about yojanas and time together just use thousands of[14]You flew towards the sun who is thousands of years of Yojanas away, thinking of him as a sweet fruit.In short, most of the translators just translate the verse as denoting a large distance/one which takes a long time to reach instead of a fixed distance. And when they give a fixed distance, it is something small rather than the millions of kilometres to the sun.You might object that I have picked random translations and none of these is the correct translation. I would also love to see the one true authentic translation of Hanuman Chalisa. Please provide me with one that translates the whole hymn and not just verse 18, and preferably something from a few decades ago before the viral internet forward. Should not be very hard for a centuries-old hymn. Thank you in advance.Now, let us look at the specific translation which people use to claim that the exact distance is given. Let us pick a random source I found[15]1 Juug = 120001 Sahastra= 10001 Yojan = 8 MilesThus12000 X 1000 X 8 = 96,000,000 miles1 mile = 1.6 kmsThis further implies that distance is 96,000,000 * 1.6 kms = 153,600,000 KmsLet us look at the multiple issues with this.First, if you take the actual conversion from miles to km, you end up with something more like 154,500,000 km.[16] So you can already see that they don’t really care about the accuracy of the one conversion they could have done without any knowledge.Second. significant figures.[17] When a verse says thousand, what does it really mean? Would you take it to be exactly thousand or approximately thousand? With a round number like 1000, you should assume at least a 10% error. Anyone who puts four significant figures in the result should be immediately suspect.We are now getting from the nitpicky parts to the serious issues.Third, the values of the various units. Sahasra is 1000 all right, but how much are a yuga and a yojana? The yuga is taken to be 12,000 years. But is there any source for this? If we look at the Wikipedia page for Yuga,[18] we will find that the number only appears in one place12,000 divine years = 4 Yugas (= 4,320,000 human years) = 1 Mahā-Yuga (also is equal to 12,000 Daiva (divine) Yuga).There are many other numbers in the page which are corresponding to yugasSatya Yuga equals 1,728,000 Human yearsTreta Yuga equals 1,296,000 Human yearsDvapara Yuga equals 864,000 Human yearsKali Yuga equals 432,000 Human yearsAlso look at the page about Hindu units of time.[19] There are so many units of yugas varying in orders of magnitude. Of all these, I would say that claiming the number of “divine” years in one Mahayuga to be the definition of Yuga is the least reasonable. Take it to be the length of the Kaliyuga or Tretayuga maybe. Or even the number of human years in a Mahayuga. But why divine years in a Mahayuga?We also know that actual astronomy books take the yuga to be 4,320,000 years. For instance, from AryabhatiyaAfter I wrote this answer, Aniket pointed me to the wonderful book Indian astronomy: a source-book[20] which details even more possibilities for defining the Yuga.The Yajurveda recension of Vendanga jyotisha[21] defines a yuga as five years![22]Varahamihira’s[23] Pancha Siddhantika gives two more possibilities for the yugaSurya Siddhanta[24] and Vatesvara Siddhanta[25][26] give the same value. of 4,320,000 years per yuga as Aryabhata. In short, the definition of Yuga can vary from five to 4,320,000 depending on the source, but the latter value is the one which later astronomers closer to the time of Hanuman Chalisa seem to have used.Yojana[27] has a similar issue. It has had various definitions ranging from 5 miles to 9 miles. With so many possibilities of time and distance units to pick from, is it that surprising that one of them kinda matches the sun-earth distance? If we take the most reasonable interpretations (yuga=4,320,000 and yojana=5 miles), we get a distance of 35 billion km which is off by two orders of magnitude.Finally, even if we accept all this, the calculation is not even dimensionally correct! Dimensional analysis[28] is taught in school as the first thing you should check to see whether a formula is correct. So a yuga is a unit of time and a yojana is a unit of distance. How exactly do you multiply them to get a distance?!All things considered, everything points to the claim of sun-earth distance in Hanuman Chalisa being a later pseudoscientific stretching of a poetic devotional verse. Neither the author nor anyone who heard and recited it for centuries would have thought that it contained the distance. We did not have the tools or theory to measure the distance, and looking at the astronomy books of the time makes this clear.I wonder how many times I will have to keep saying this. Please stop looking for science in ancient literary, religious and mythological works. There are real scientific works from our past, why not appreciate those instead of fabricating such claims and inviting ridicule on the scientific heritage?Footnotes[1] Hanuman Chalisa - Wikipedia[2] हनुमानचालीसा - Wikisource[3] Hanuman Chalisa [Full Song] Gulshan Kumar, Hariharan - Shree Hanuman Chalisa[4] Raziman T.V. (റസിമാൻ ടി.വി.)'s answer to How did Hindu scholars measure astronomical distances and speed so accurately during Vedic times?[5] Raziman T.V. (റസിമാൻ ടി.വി.)'s answer to Will it be relevant to read Arybhatiyam in 2019, as I was always fascinated about it since childhood?[6] Yuktibhāṣā - Wikipedia[7] Parallax - Wikipedia[8] When Hanuman wanted the sun[9] Hanuman - Wikipedia[10] Hanuman Chalisa With Meaning (English) - Hanuman Chalisa | All About Hanuman[11] Hanuman Chalisa in Hindi and Meaning - हनुमान चालीसा[12] meaning of hanuman chalisa- क्या अर्थ है हनुमान चालीसा का[13] Tekst van de Hanuman Chalisa (met Engelse vertaling)[14] Hanuman Chalisa Translation | Shri Hanuman Chalisa Translation in English with Video[15] Distance between Sun and Earth is Mentioned in "Hanuman Chalisa"- An Ancient Prayer | Science Behind Indian Culture[16] 96000000 miles to km[17] Significant figures - Wikipedia[18] Yuga - Wikipedia[19] Hindu units of time - Wikipedia[20] Indian Astronomy A Sourcebook : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[21] Vedanga Jyotisha - Wikipedia[22] https://web.archive.org/web/2011...[23] Varāhamihira - Wikipedia[24] Surya Siddhanta - Wikipedia[25] Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta - Wikipedia[26] Vatesvara-siddhanta And Gola[27] Yojana - Wikipedia[28] Dimensional analysis - WikipediaPS: My answers countering such fake claims are aggregated here.Footnotes[1] Raziman T.V. (റസിമാൻ ടി.വി.)'s answer to Is the distance to the Sun from the Earth found in the Hanuman Chalisa? How did Tulsidas know this?

Lemon, Chili and Needle hangingIf you observe some houses still hanging the Lemon, Chili and Needle, says it will save our house from badluck, buri najar, kanna drushta... so on.but the fact is, in Ancient India, there were no resources for commutation so they use to walk from city to city, also they need to cross some dense forest area some times in day and some times in night as well.if you check some more about benefits Lemon and Chilli's you will find Lemon keeps your body cool and will not allow you to dehydrate so whenever people walking near by and some sun strokes or something like this, they used Lemon to cure it, this is just an example there are many benefits.Let's come to Chilli, Chilli is nothing but one kind of poison (very mild), whenever and whoever get fits (strokes) they use to smell chili to cure the people and another best example is if snake bites or any poisons insect bites, then people use to try to eat chili, if it taste hot then it's okay if it didn't taste it like normal chili then poison's insect bite comes positive.Needle, In India people use to walk by bare legs no chappals or shoes, so there may be a chance of thorns on the road, so they use needle to take out the thorns from foot.Baudhāyana SulbasūtraPythagorean theoremIt is also referred to as Baudhayana theorem. The most notable of the rules (the Sulbasūtra-s do not contain any proofs for the rules which they describe, since they are sūtra-s, formulae, concise) in the Baudhāyana Sulba Sūtra says:दीर्घचतुरश्रस्याक्ष्णया रज्जु: पार्श्र्वमानी तिर्यग् मानी च यत् पृथग् भूते कुरूतस्तदुभयं करोति ॥dīrghachatursrasyākṣaṇayā rajjuḥ pārśvamānī, tiryagmānī,cha yatpṛthagbhūte kurutastadubhayāṅ karoti.A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together.[6]The lines are to be referring to a rectangle, although some interpretations consider this to refer to a square. In either case, it states that the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the sides. If restricted to right-angled isosceles triangles, however, it would constitute a less general claim, but the text seems to be quite open to unequal sides.If this refers to a rectangle, it is the earliest recorded statement of the Pythagorean theorem.Baudhāyana also provides a non-axiomatic demonstration using a rope measure of the reduced form of the Pythagorean theorem for an isosceles right triangle:The cord which is stretched across a square produces an area double the size of the original square.Sequences of Pythagorean triples used in cryptography as random sequences and for the generation of keys have been dubbed "Baudhayana sequences" in a 2014 paper.[7]Circling the squareAnother problem tackled by Baudhāyana is that of finding a circle whose area is the same as that of a square (the reverse of squaring the circle). His sūtra i.58 gives this construction:Draw half its diagonal about the centre towards the East-West line; then describe a circle together with a third part of that which lies outside the square.Explanation:Draw the half-diagonal of the square, which is larger than the half-side by .Then draw a circle with radius , or , which equals .Now , so the area .Square root of 2Baudhāyana i.61-2 (elaborated in Āpastamba Sulbasūtra i.6) gives the length of the diagonal of a square in terms of its sides, which is equivalent to a formula for the square root of 2:samasya dvikaraṇī. pramāṇaṃ tṛtīyena vardhayettac caturthenātmacatustriṃśonena saviśeṣaḥThe diagonal [lit. "doubler"] of a square. The measure is to be increased by a third and by a fourth decreased by the 34th. That is its diagonal approximately.[citation needed]That is,which is correct to five decimals.[8]Other theorems include: diagonals of rectangle bisect each other, diagonals of rhombus bisect at right angles, area of a square formed by joining the middle points of a square is half of original, the midpoints of a rectangle joined forms a rhombus whose area is half the rectangle, etc.Note the emphasis on rectangles and squares; this arises from the need to specify yajña bhūmikās—i.e. the altar on which a rituals were conducted, including fire offerings (yajña).Voltaire, the famous French writer and philosopher, stated that “Pythagoras went to the Ganges to learn geometry.” Abraham Seidenberg, author of the authoritative “History of Mathematics,” credits the Sulba Sutras as inspiring all mathematics of the ancient world from Babylonia to Egypt to Greece. As Voltaire & Seidenberg have stated, many highly significant mathematical concepts have come from the Vedic culture, such as:• The theorem bearing the name of the Greek mathematician Pythagorus is found in the Shatapatha Brahmanaas well as the Sulba Sutra, the Indian mathematical treatise, written centuries before Pythagorus was born.• The Decimal system, based on powers of ten, where the remainder is carried over to the next column, is first mentioned in the Taittiriya Samhita of the Black Yajurveda.• The Introduction of zero as both a numerical value and a place marker.• The Concept of infinity.• The Binary number system, essential for computers, was used in Vedic verse meters.• A hashing technique, similar to that used by modern search algorithms, such as that of Google, was used in South Indian musicology. From the name of a raga one can determine the notes of the raga from this Kathapayadi system.1. Were the ancients more advanced?Mythological stories are normally treated as a literature material or sometimes a science fiction. But there is a huge possibility that mythological stories in any religion may not merely be a legend or a piece of literature. In this blog, I would discuss some unbelievable correlation between some Hindu mythological stories and well established scientific facts. Take a look…2. Strange Narrations in MahabharataThere are certain narrations in Mahabharata that defies any rational explanations. Some examples are explanations about flying vehicles (Vimanas), Arjuna's travels in a flying chariot across the Himalayas, his visit of the Deva territories (ancient alien base-camp in Tibet?), his battle with the Nivata Kavachas (men in space-suits?), Salwa's attack of the city of Dwaraka in a flying city named Saubha, the triple space-cities of Asuras that revolved around Earth in three circular orbits that was destroyed by Siva using a single projectile weapon, and many more…3. Nuclear weaponsA few excerpts from the Mahabharata have caused doubts in the minds of historians, indicating the possibility of nuclear weapons being used in the Mahabharata war or post-war. This fire of suspicion has further been fuelled by the recent discoveries of green glass and many radioactive samples in certain excavations, in India, which apparently were associated with the Mahabharata war. Green glass is said to form when sand melts at very high temperatures prevalent in Nuclear Explosions.4. Nuclear weaponsIn the Mahabharata the total death toll amounts to around 1.6 billion in a matter of 18 days. How could this be possible unless and otherwise there is an involvement of weapons of mass destruction. Modern archeological surveys have slowly started to provide us valuable clues of the war. The vast amount of devastation found at the site of Mohenjo Daro corresponds exactly to Nagasaki.5. An example of cloningIn Srimad Bhagavatam, it has been mentioned that when His Excellency Nimi was dead, the seers by process of Mantha, (perhaps, human cloning in modern idioms) created a new baby from his dead body. The baby was called Janaka, as it was out of (mantha) cloning of his father. It was called Videha, as it was born out of a non-sexual process. As the baby was born out of a process of mantha it was called Mithila and his kingdom was also named as Mithila.6. An example of cloningIn another episode when Sita and Rama’s son “Lava” was lost, Valmiki produced "Kusha" from grass, which is analogous to cloning. Apparently again, the cloning he did was far more advanced than the cloning techniques of today. “Raktabij” is another similar citing, where every drop of his blood on earth produced his “Adult clone”.7. The birth of KauravasThe science of cloning was well known and practised during the Mahabharatha times. As per Dr. B.G. Matapurkar, the Kauravas "were products of technology that modern science has not even developed yet". He said that according to the description in Mahabharatha, the Kauravas were created by splitting the single embryo into 100 parts and growing each part in a separate container. In other words, "they not only knew about test-tube babies and embryo splitting but also had the technology to grow human foetuses outside human body."8. Romans used nanotechnologyThe Lycurgus Cup is a 1,600-year-old jade green Roman chalice that changes colour depending on the direction of the light upon it. It baffled scientists as they could not work out why the cup appeared jade green when lit from the front but blood red when lit from behind. The mystery was solved in 1990, when researchers discovered that the Roman artisans were nanotechnology pioneers: they had impregnated the glass with particles of silver and gold, ground down until they were as small as 50 nanometres in diameter.9. Embryo transfer and the birth of BalramaEmbryo transfer is done today as In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) or Zygote IntraFallopian Transfer (ZIFT) and in both processes embryo is developed outside the womb and then placed inside. When Kansa had killed six foetuses of Devaki and she got pregnant for the seventh time, transfer of foetus was arranged by Vishnu. He ordered Yogamaya to take out the foetus of Devaki and place it in the womb of Rohini, another wife of Vasudeva who then resided in the house of Nanda in Gokul.10. Abhimanyu, A warrior in the wombIn Mahabharatha, when Subhadra was pregnant, Arjun told her the secret of entering the chakravyuh. When he was explaining the exit procedure, Subhadra fell asleep. Hence Abhimanyu learned the entrance procedure while he was in Subhadra's womb but did not learn the exit strategy. There was a time when people criticized this concept. But modern science says that it is very much possible. In his book "Right Brain Education in Infancy" Dr. Makoto Shichida, says, the right brain is active during gestation.11. Ram Setu was built by Lord RamaRamasethu is an engineering masterpiece. From scientific point of view, the technology once existed to make stones float on water and the architect like Nal and Neel were two architects advanced in building a bridge from India to sri lanka within 5 days with the help of dedicated work force of million Vanaras. Even in Valmiki Ramayana, there is a concept of civil engineering in building this bridge. This bridge was not constructed just by throwing stone with lord name but there were many engineering methods.12. Organ transplantsWe know that there are two types of replacement of body parts: First there are parts like hands, arms, and legs, which are not vital organs. Then there are the transplants of vital organs. The one instance where one can conceive of a combination of the two is transplanting the entire head, which is both an external appendage and the storehouse of the most important organ in the body, namely the brain. Thus, head replacement would be the most sophisticated organ transplant one can imagine.13. Organ transplantsWe find an instance of this in the story of Ganesha. There are several accounts of how Ganesha received his head. According to one, Shani was among the guests at Ganesha's birth. When Shani looked directly at the child, the baby's head turned to ash. Parvati began to wail. When this happened, Vishnu, flew off in search of a substitute head. He found on the bank of a river a sleeping elephant. He severed the beast's head and affixed it on to the body of Ganesha.14. Live TelecastAs Dhritarashtra was blind but wanted to know what was happening at the battlefield, Krishna gifted Sanjay with "Dibya Drishti", so that he could see a “Live Telecast” of “Kurukshetra” and describe that to Dhritarashtra. “Dibya drishti” is analogous to modern television set in the sense that Krishna could not give it directly to Dhristarastra but needed Sanjay.15. Live TelecastImagine a central computer system with wireless links that can accept voice commands or thoughts, then you can understand how cameras in the heaven, as in satellites of these days, would point to the locations which Dhritarashtra asked Sanjay to describe about. Therefore, “Dibya drishti” in modern description is a television set with a wireless link to the satellite and an access right to the system to control the cameras. The access permission was granted by the System Administrator, Krishna.16. Time TravelIf we look into ancient texts we can find a number of references to time travelling. In Hindu mythology, there is the story of King Raivata Kakudmi who travels to meet the creator Brahma. Even if this trip didn’t last long, when Kakudmi returned back to Earth, 108 yugas had passed on Earth, and it is thought that each yuga represents about 4 million years. The explanation Brahma gave to Kakudmi is that time runs differently in different planes of existence.17. Time TravelSimilarly, we have references in the Quran about the cave of Al-Kahf. The story refers to a group of young Christian people, who in 250 AD tried to escape persecution and retreated, under God’s guidance, to a cave where God put them to sleep. They woke up 309 years later. This story coincides with the Christian story of the seven sleepers, with a few differences.18. Tele-visionSanjaya received the faculty of distant vision especially for performing the task of reporting what was going on in the battlefield. Conceptually, it was as if he was watching the unraveling of the scenes on a television screen. It was more than that: He was endowed with full knowledge of history and geography which enabled him to recount to the king in details of the topography of the entire country, and narrate everything that was going on in Kurukshetra.19. Life-principle from the stars: Akash GangaIn Hindu lore there is an interesting account of how the sacred river Ganga which has its origins in the Himalayan range, actually arose. In Ramayana it is stated that the river "rose from the skies and finally came down to earth in the form of a terrestrial stream that has the power to rid us of worldly sins." In this vision, the river's pristine presence in the universe may still be seen as the Milky which is known as Akash Ganga or the Celestial Ganga.20. Life-principle from the stars: Akash GangaWe note that this is perhaps the first instance in history where one put forward the idea of a material something reaching us from the stellar world. The extra-terrestrial origin of meteors was not discovered until the eighteenth century. And it was only in the twentieth century that we became aware of the ceaseless shower of cosmic rays which reach us from the sun primarily, but also from beyond our solar system.21. Sexual orgasmIn a conversation between Yudhishtra and Bhisma, Yudhishthira said, “O king to tell me truly which of the two viz., man or woman derives the greater pleasure from an act of union with each other. Kindly resolve my doubt in this respect.” Bhishma while replying his questions explains a story where a king transformed into women later given an option to again opt for whichever sex he/she likes opts to remain as women with the following explanation for it.22. Sexual orgasmThe lady said, 'I desire to remain a woman, In acts of congress, the pleasure that women enjoy is always much greater than what is enjoyed by men. It is for this reason, O Sakra! that I desire to continue a woman” This is very much acknowledged by modern sexologists.23. Aircrafts of those timesGoing into the history of the Indian sub-continent and the ancient science that prevailed, the hypothesis of "vimanas existed" comes close to true. The Vaimaanika shasthra of Maharishi Bharadhwaja gives description of aircrafts that are much more advanced than our present generational aircrafts. According to the Dronaparva, Vimanas are described as shaped like a sphere and can move along at great speed on a mighty wind generated by mercury. Section XLIII of Vana Parva describes about Arjuna's arival at the city of Indra 'Amaravati' wherein vimanas are mentioned.24. Distance of Earth from SunTwo lines of “Hanuman Chalisa" computes the distance of earth from sun with great simplicity and that too quite accurately - जुग सहस्त्र योजन पर भानु, लील्यो ताहि मधुर फल जानू (Juug Sahastra Yojan Par Bhanu, Lilyo taahi madhur fal jaanun). This means that Sun (Bhanu) is at a distance of Juug Sahastra Yojans (जुग सहस्त्र योजन- Distance Unit in Hindi).25. Distance of Earth from SunAccording to conversion practices that are in use as per Hindu Vedic Literature - 1Juug= 12000; Sahastra= 1000; 1Yojan=8 Miles. Thus 12000 X 1000 X 8 = 96,000,000 miles. 1 miles= 1.6 kms. This means 153,600,000 Km. In the 17th century two scientists Giovanni and Richer have calculated the distance of sun from earth accurately and real close (at 140 million kilometers) to now officially declared figures.26. TeleportationConsider the story of Usha and Chitralekha, which appears in "Srimad Bhagavatam." The beautiful Princess Usha, single and longing for love, had the experience of a handsome youth in her dream one night. The dream was interrupted, and she woke up and exclaimed, "Oh, beloved one, where are you?" She confided the dream to her close friend Chitralekha. Chitralekha said she would find who the young man was and get him to her. But how was she to recognize him?27. TeleportationChitralekha began to draw a series of faces, and asked Usha if any of them resembled the man of her dream. Usha came upon a drawing which was of Aniruddha, a grandson of Lord Krishna. That night, Chitralekha transported herself to Dwaraka where she found Aniruddha. Two aspects of today's world are implicit in this story. First there is the idea that one can identify an unknown person through sketches, a matter that is routinely done in criminal investigations. Then, of course, there is the notion of teleportation.28. Successful Brain SurgeryScientists have discovered the world’s oldest known case of a successful human brain surgery after unearthing a 4300 year old skull from the site of an ancient Civilization site. This discovery was done by the scientists from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) who found evidence pointing this to be the oldest known case of Trephination in the world meant to treat a skull injury. Trephination is the process of drilling holes in the damaged skull to remove shattered bits of bone from a fractured skull.29. Where did all that technology vanish?The natural question that comes up is that if this were so, where did all that technology vanish? My guess would be that the Mahabharat War was Nuclear in nature and the use of all those divine Astras (aka Nuclear weapons) led to the decimation of not only a large portion of the world population but also the technology and civilizational progress that mankind had achieved till then. Imagine if such a war breaks out today, what would be the condition of humanity in the decades to come?I would like to take this opportunity to mention the most misunderstood myth or truth about Hindu gods, as 33 Core, it’s not 33 Core it’s 33 types.33 Koti Devata ~ The Concept Of 33 Koti Devata( From Veda)The Vedas refer to not 33 crore Devatas but 33 types (Koti in Sanskrit) of Devatas. They are explained in Shatpath Brahman and many other scriptures very clearly."Yasya Trayastrinshad Devaa Ange Sarve Samaahitaa, Skamma Tam Bruhi Katamah Swideva Sah”.(Atharva Veda)Which means: with God’s influence, these thirty-three (supporting devta) sustain the world.In Brhadaranyaka Upanishad while discussing Brahman, Yajnavalkya is asked how many gods are there. He says that there are three hundred and three and three thousand and three gods. When the question is repeated? He says, thirty three. When the question is again repeated he says, six. Finally, after several repetitions he says ONE. (Chapter I, hymn 9, verse 1)The number 33 comes from the number of Vedic gods explained by Yajnavalkya in Brhadaranyaka Upanishad – the eight Vasus, the eleven Rudras, the twelve Adityas, Indra and Prajapati. (Chapter I, hymn 9, verse 2)They are: 8-Vasu, 11-Rudra, and 12-Aaditya, 1-Indra and 1-Prajaapati.8. Vasus are ~ Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether, Moon, Sun, and Star. They are called Vasus, because they are abode of all that lives, moves or exists. (also mentioned in Mahabharat, 1/66/18)11. Rudras ~ The ten Pranas (Praana, Apaana, Vyaana, Samaana, Udaana, Naag, Kurma, Krikal, Devadutta and Dhananjaya) i.e. nervauric forces which live in the human body. The eleventh is the human soul. These are called ‘Rudras’ because when they desert the body, it becomes dead and the relations of the deceased, consequently, begin to weep.Rudra means one who makes a person to weep. { also mentioned in Harivansha 13/51-52})12. Adityaas ---the twelve months of a year called Adityaas, they cause the lapse of the term of existence of each object or being. (also mentioned in Mahabharat)1. Indra which is also known as the (all-pervading) electricity, as it is productive of great force.1. Prajaapati , also called the “Yajna” because it benefits mankind by the purification of air, water, rain and vegetables and because it aids the development of various arts, and in it the honor is accorded to the learned and the wise.The master of these 33 Devatas is the Mahadeva or Ishwar who alone is to be worshipped as per 14th Kanda of Shatpath Brahman.1. Indian Scriptures have answers that modern science needs?During the growth of the ancient civilizations, ancient technology was the result of incredible advances in engineering in ancient times. These advances in the history of technology stimulated societies to adopt new ways of living and governance. However, many ancient inventions were forgotten, lost to the pages of history, only to be re-invented millennia later. Here are the best examples of ancient technology and inventions that demonstrate the ingenuity of our ancient ancestors. So, get ready to be awed...2. Saints or scientists?The land of India is known to be the land of saints and Gods. It is filled with various types of unexplainable things. In ancient times, various saints after doing years of hard meditation, their work and with their patience found the secrets hidden in the Vedas 1,000 years ago. These inventions later came to be known as modern science. Some of the saints came out with such amazing inventions that shocked the kings of those times as well. Click on to know…3. The Indian Sage who developed Atomic Theory 2,600 years agoJohn Dalton (1766 – 1844), an English chemist and physicist, is the man credited today with the development of atomic theory. However, a theory of atoms was actually formulated 2,500 years before Dalton by an Indian sage and philosopher, known as Acharya Kanad. Acharya Kanad was born in 600 BC in Prabhas Kshetra (near Dwaraka) in Gujarat, India. His real name was Kashyap. It was Kanada who originated the idea that anu (atom) was an indestructible particle of matter.4. The Indian Sage who developed Atomic Theory 2,600 years agoAn interesting story states that this theory occurred to him while he was walking with food in his hand. As he nibbled at the food in his hand, throwing away the small particles, it occurred to him that he could not divide the food into further parts and thus the idea of a matter which cannot be divided further came into existence. He called that indivisible matter anu, i.e. molecule, which was misinterpreted as atom. He also stated that anu can have two states - Absolute rest and a State of motion.5. Newton’s Law, 1200 Years before Newton“Objects fall on the earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit due to this attraction.” The meaning of these lines is parallel to that of Newton’s Law of Gravity. But these lines are not said by the European scientist. They are said by an Indian - in Surya Siddhanta, dated 400-500 AD, the ancient Hindu astronomer Bhaskaracharya states these lines. Approximately 1200 years later (1687 AD), Sir Isaac Newton rediscovered this phenomenon and called it the Law of Gravity.6. Acharya Charak: Father of medicineAcharya Charak has been crowned as the Father of Medicine. His renowned work, the "Charak Samhita," is considered as an encyclopedia of Ayurveda. His principles, diagnoses, and cures retain their potency and truth even after a couple of millennium. When the science of anatomy was confused with different theories in Europe, Acharya Charak revealed through his innate genius and inquires the facts on human anatomy, embryology, pharmacology, blood circulation and diseases like diabetes, tuberculosis, heart disease, etc.7. Charak SamhitaIn the "Charak Samhita" he has described the medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000 herbal plants. He has emphasized the influence of diet and activity on mind and body. He has proved the correlation of spirituality and physical health contributed greatly to diagnostic and curative sciences. He has also prescribed and ethical charter for medical practitioners two centuries prior to the Oath. Through his genius and intuition, Acharya Charak forever remains etched in the annals of history as one of the greatest and noblest of rishi-scientists.8. Sage BharadwajIn 1875, the Vymaanika-Shaastra, a fourth century BC text written by Maharshi Bhardwaj, was discovered in a temple in India. The book dealt with the operation of ancient vimanas and included information on steering, precautions for long flights, protection of the airships from storms and lightning, and how to switch the drive to solar energy, or some other “free energy” source. Vimanas were said to take off vertically or dirigible. Bharadwaj the Wise refers to no less than 70 authorities and 10 experts of air travel in antiquity.9. Rishi KanvaThe science of wind has been explained by Sage Kanva in Rigveda sections 8/41/6 in Jagati meter of God wind. Sage Kashyapa has described the features and properties of this substance in Rigveda 9/64/26 in the hymns of God Pavamana Soma in meter Gayatri. Kanva was a great Rishi, a descendent of Sage Angirasa. He looked after Shakuntala when she was abandoned by her mother and father (rishi vishwamitra). Bharat, the son of Shakuntala was also brought up by him.10. Sage Kapil Muni: Author of the Sankhya DarshanKapil muni was born equipped with rare intellect, dispassion and spiritual powers. He authored Sankhya Darshan that defined the term "Dhyaan or Meditation" as “the state of mind when remains without any subjectivity / objectivity i.e. without any thought (when the mind is away from worldly objects), is called the "Dhyaan or Meditation”. He teaches that there is an unbroken continuity from the lowest inorganic to the highest organic forms. The source of world according to him is Prakriti (fundamental nature).11. Kapil Muni: Finding how the Universe was createdAccording to Kapil Muni, there are twenty-five principles responsible for the manifestation of the Creation (Samasara), out of which Purusha and Prakriti are eternal and independent of each other. Kapila is not concerned to deny the reality of personal God or Maheshwara. Yet his assertion is that, no arguments can irrefutably establish God's reality. Therefore, in his model of creation the Purusha (Spirit) and Prakrity (matter) are held solely responsible for creation, without acknowledging an Almighty and intelligent Creator, the God.12. Patanjali: The father of YogaThe Science of Yoga is one of several unique contributions of India to the world. It seeks to discover and realize the ultimate Reality through yogic practices. Acharya Patanjali, prescribed the control of prana (life breath) as the means to control the body, mind and soul. This subsequently rewards one with good health and inner happiness. His 84 yogic postures effectively enhance the efficiency of the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, digestive and endocrine systems and many other organs of the body.13. AryabhattHe was a master Astronomer and Mathematician, born in 476 CE in Kusumpur (Bihar). In 499 CE, he wrote a text on astronomy and an unparallel treatise on mathematics called "Aryabhatiyam" He formulated the process of calculating the motion of planets and the time of eclipses. Aryabhatt was the first to proclaim that the earth is round, it rotates on its axis, orbits the sun and is suspended in space - 1,000 years before Copernicus published his heliocentric theory.14. SushrutaBorn to sage Vishwamitra, Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago, he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, Rhinoplasty (restoration of a damaged nose), 12 types of fractures, 6 types of dislocations, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. He is the author of the book "Sushruta Samhita", in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 125 surgical instruments.15. BhaskaracharyaHe calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart; Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days. Born in the obscure village of Vijjadit (Jalgaon) in Maharastra, Bhaskaracharya's mathematical works called "Lilavati" and "Bijaganita" are considered to be unparalleled. In his treatise "Siddhant Shiromani" he writes on planetary positions, eclipses, cosmography, mathematical techniques and astronomical equipment. In the "Surya Siddhant" he makes a note on the force of gravity.16. VarahamihiraVarahamihir's book "panch siddhant", noted that the moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight. In the "Bruhad Samhita" and "Bruhad Jatak", he has revealed his discoveries in the domains of geography, constellation, science, botany and animal science. In his treatise on botanical science, Varahamihir presents cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees.17. The galaxy is oval, Earth is sphericalYajur Vedic verse: "Brahmaanda vyapta deha bhasitha himaruja..." describing Shiva as the one who is spread out in Brahmaanda. Anda means an egg depicting the shape of the galaxy. It was the middle east Europians and Greeks who wrongly believed that earth was flat. But Indians, since long have always known that it was spherical. In many scriptures, the word Bhoogala is used, Gola meaning round.18. Existence of Atomic and Sub atomic particlesThe world accounts discovery of atoms and sub atomic particles to Western scientists who coined these words and theories only in the early 17th century. An excerpt from Lalitha Sahasranama, told by Hayagreeva to Agasthya muni, dating back to the distant ages of the past,describes the Goddess as the super consciousness/Brahman that pervades even the sub atomic particles within matter. "Paranjyotih parandhamah paramanuh paratpara". The word "anuvu" means atom. Paramanu is sub-atomic particle, finer than the finest of atom, meaning electrons and the others.19. Ancient times and nuclear weaponsRadiation still so intense, the area is highly dangerous! A heavy layer of radioactive ash in Rajasthan, India, covers a three-square mile area, ten miles west of Jodhpur. For some time it has been established that there is a very high rate of birth defects and cancer in the area under construction. Scientists have unearthed an ancient city where evidence shows an atomic blast dating back thousands of years, from 8,000 to 12,000 years, destroying everything most of the buildings and probably a half-million people.20. Ancient times and nuclear weaponsThe Mahabharata clearly describes a catastrophic blast that rocked the continent. "A single projectile charged with all the power in the Universe...An incandescent column of smoke and flame as bright as 10,000 suns, rose in all its splendor...it was an unknown weapon, an iron thunderbolt, a gigantic messenger of death which reduced to ashes an entire race.” Historian Kisari Mohan Ganguli says that Indian sacred writings are full of such descriptions.21. Ancient ultrasound machines?Using a variety of complicated instruments, gynecologists have gradually come to know how the embryo grows during the period of pregnancy. But the Shrimad Bhagavatam, 3rd canto, 30th chapter, gives a vivid description of the growth of the embryo in the mother's womb. If we compare the information given therein with the information given in a standard textbook such as the embryology section of Gray's Anatomy, there are striking similarities in the information obtained from the two sources.22. Ancient science knows more than modern science?The Vedas claim that there are living entities everywhere - even in fire. Modern science, however, presumed that no life could exist in fire. This presumption is in fact the basis for the process of sterilization. But recent advancements in the field of medicine have shown that microbes called 'fire bacteria' survive even in fire.23. The incredible powers of the ancient Siddhars!Siddhars are a type of saint in India who are said to have had many powers and achieved a ‘god-like’ state through specific secret practices that were known only to them. These powers spanned from controlling time and space, to transforming the body, manipulating matter at the molecular level and achieving immortality. The Siddhars were followers of the God Shiva and according to different texts there were 18 of them. Their teachings and findings were written in the form of poems in the Tamil language.24. Who were Siddhars?There is a debate as to who was the first Siddhar. Some legends talk about Sri Pathanjali, who was considered to be an incarnation of Adiseshan, the celestial five-headed snake associated with God Vishnu. But the prevailing tradition refers to Agasthya (or Agasthyar) as the first Siddhar, one of the seven sages (or Saptarshis) as mentioned in the Vedic texts, and he was the son of the god Brahma of the Hindu creation story.25. Siddhars or scientists?Agathiyar is considered to be the author of a lot of the first Siddhar literature and he was supposed to have lived in the 7th century BC. About 96 books are attributed to him and that includes writings in alchemy, medicine and spirituality. Apart from the legends that exist, the beginnings of the Siddhars’ are lost in time.26. Ashta Siddhis of SiddharsThe powers that the Siddhars possessed were separated in categories. The main category included 8 powers called ashta siddhis: To become tiny as the atom within the atom (Anima); To become big in unshakeable proportions (Mahima); To become as light as vapour in levitation (Laghima); To become as heavy as the mountain (Garima); To enter into other bodies in transmigration (Prapti); To be in all things, omni-pervasive (Prakamya); To be lord of all creation in omnipotence (Isatvam); To be everywhere in omnipresence (Vasitvam)27. Ten Siddhis of SiddharsThere are ten secondary siddhis as described in Bhagavata Purana that include the following: Being undisturbed by hunger, thirst, and other bodily appetites; Hearing things far away; Seeing things far away; Moving the body wherever thought goes (teleportation/astral projection); Assuming any form desired; Entering the bodies of others; Dying when one desires; Witnessing and participating in the past times of the gods; Perfect accomplishment of one's determination; Orders or commands being unimpeded28. Ancient science and SiddharsA famous Siddhar was Tirumular, who was a Tamil mystic and writer of 6th century AD and was also one of the 18 Siddhars according to the Tamil Siddha tradition. His main work is named “Tirumantiram”, a 3,000 verse text, which is the foundation of the Southern Shaiva Siddharta School of philosophy. Another Siddhar, Bhogar (Bhoganathar), who lived between the 3rd and 5th century AD is said to have discovered the elixir of immortality – one his main works is the Pharmacognosy.29. The mystery remains…!Due to the closely-guarded nature of the Siddhar records, the original knowledge of this enigmatic group of saints has remained shrouded in secrecy. The question remains whether their powers were real and, if so, how they managed to attain them. Manipulating space, time and matter would require knowledge far beyond what we have today.source : Shocking scientific inventions by ancient Hindu saints!Our India is great.Thanks for all upvotes.