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Global warming kicked in by the late 1970s. When we cleared up the air and the cooling effect from pollution/aerosols, that had masked the warming since 1945, disappeared.https://data.giss.nasa.gov/giste...https://data.giss.nasa.gov/model...The bad consequences are all over the place:New Studies Increase Confidence in NASA's Measure of Earth's Temperature – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the PlanetMay 2019 was the 4th hottest on record for the globeOur impact is almost unreal:Present day CO2 levels are not unique, but the speed of these changes have never been seen before. Changes that typically take millions of years are now happening in a century. The increase in CO2 from 280 ppm in 1880 to 409 ppm in 2019 is a 46% increase of Co2(128/280*100) and 31.4% of the atmosphere CO2 is thus from humans (128/408*100).Nature does what it does. Extra carbon dioxide, extra greenhouse effect. Extra greenhouse effect, higher mean global temperature. Its basic physics.For 400 Months in a Row, the Earth Has Been Warmer Than 20th Century AverageGlobal Warming Is Messing with the Jet Stream. That Means More Extreme Weather.About two-thirds of the 190 major weather events since 2004 were found to have been exacerbated by human-induced climate changeMaybe this is the summer we all start to believe in global warmingExtreme weather affected 62 million people last year, UN climate change report saysDroughts, heatwaves and floods: How to tell when climate change is to blameWeather forecasters will soon provide instant assessments of global warming’s influence on extreme events.Weather is getting weirder (2018 has been full of weird weather so far). We are getting rain bombs (Rain Bombs: Increasing Precipitation Extremes), severe blasts of icy cold air from the Arctic (Polar Vortex: How the Jet Stream and Climate Change Bring on Cold Snaps), super hurricanes (Hurricane Florence’s Unusual Extremes Worsened by Climate Change), extreme heat waves (This Summer’s Heat Waves Could Be the Strongest Climate Signal Yet), and other unprecedented weather patterns (Federal climate report warns of more weather 'weirding.'Extreme weather explicitly blamed on humans for the first timeUntil now scientists have been cagey about linking extreme weather events such as this summer's heatwave to climate change. An emerging field is changing all thatScientists are finally linking extreme weather to climate changeClimate change behind the ferocious wildfires, says Professor Mann:{{ngMeta.title}}Summer weather is getting 'stuck' due to Arctic warmingRising Arctic temperatures mean we face a future of ‘extreme extremes’ where sunny days become heatwaves and rain becomes floods, study saysSummer weather patterns are increasingly likely to stall in Europe, North America and parts of Asia, according to a new climate study that explains why Arctic warming is making heatwaves elsewhere more persistent and dangerous.Rising temperatures in the Arctic have slowed the circulation of the jet stream and other giant planetary winds, says the paper, which means high and low pressure fronts are getting stuck and weather is less able to moderate itself.Summer weather is getting 'stuck' due to Arctic warmingDroughtsAre greenhouse gases released by human activities affecting precipitation and drought? Yes, and the answer is in the trees:NASA Study: Human Influence on Global Droughts Goes Back 100 Years – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet (NASA Study: Human Influence on Global Droughts Goes Back 100 Years – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet)For the first time, scientists at NASA GISS have linked human activities with patterns of drought around the world. Getting clues from tree ring atlases, historical rain and temperature measurements, and modern satellite-based soil moisture measurements, the researchers found the data "fingerprint" showing that greenhouse gases were influencing drought risk as far back as the early 1900's. Credit: NASA Goddard/ LK WardSTORMS/HURRICANES/CYCLONES AND TORNADOESIs Climate Change Fueling Tornadoes?Studies suggest an increase in tornado swarms and possible shifts in storm tracks, but what about global warming connections? Here's what scientists had to say.Tornadoes need three things to form: warm, moist air near the ground, cold and dry air above, and horizontal winds generally getting stronger with height, and turning as you go up, Brooks said.At ground level, the winds blow from the equator; at high elevation, from the west. The clash of those winds twists the rising bubbles of hot, moist air into destructive vortices.The central U.S. is a hotbed for severe weather due to the presence of the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico, said University of Missouri atmospheric scientist Anthony Lupo. "These geographical features set the stage for the collision of cold dry air from Canada meeting warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. This contrast in the density of air masses gives rise to storm systems that spawn severe weather."As the planet warms, Brooks said, "we expect the warm moist air at low levels will increase. But the changes in winds with height (wind shear), is projected to decrease on average."Is Climate Change Fueling Tornadoes?Human-caused climate change was the driving force behind Hurricane Maria’s devastating and deadly precipitation, a new study finds.Maria hit Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017 as a super-hurricane with 155-mile-per-hour winds. The record-breaking storm caused more than $90 billion in damage, with independent fatality estimates ranging from 2,975 deaths to “more than 5,000.”The authors of the new Geophysical Research Letters study concluded that a Maria-level hurricane “is nearly five times more likely to form now than during the 1950s, an increase due largely to the effects of human-induced warming.”How does global warming drive extreme deluges? As lead author David Keellings explained, it’s the combination of key long-term changes in the climate “like the atmosphere getting warmer, sea surface temperatures increasing, and more moisture being available in the atmosphere.”Scientists explain how climate change made Hurricane Maria so devastatingThere is a major distinction most people miss.Takeaways:Climate change do not create bad weather, extreme weather or natural disasters, but climate change exacerbate them. Because of climate change there is an increase in more loaded extreme weathers which strengthen faster. This was as predicted by scientists.For “normal” extreme weathers, there are no increase, maybe even a little decline. More hurricanes was at 50% certain.Five Takeaways from the IPCC Report on Extreme Weather and Climate ChangeWhat the IPCC report says about extreme weather events | Carbon Brief2013:“On hurricanes, climate models predict it is more likely than not – meaning that there is over a 50 per cent chance – that the number of the most intense storms will increase in certain parts of the world. Globally, however, the IPCC says it’s likely the number of tropical cyclones will “either decrease or remain essentially unchanged”.“It’s hard to make predictions about these types of storms as the processes involved occur on much smaller scales than climate models can currently replicate.”Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis“Hurricanes, tropical cyclones and typhoons aren’t getting more frequent, either: but they are getting stronger as they’re super-charged by warming oceans. They are also intensifying faster and getting bigger, slower, and with a lot more rain associated with them. It’s estimated that nearly 40% of the rain that fell during Hurricane Harvey would not have fallen if the exact same storm had occurred a hundred years ago.”Katharine Hayhoe's answer to What are some of the impacts of climate change that have already happened?Powerful hurricanes strengthen faster now than 30 years agoHurricanes that intensify rapidly—a characteristic of almost all powerful hurricanes—do so more strongly and quickly now than they did 30 years ago, according to a study published recently in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.Powerful hurricanes strengthen faster now than 30 years agoHuman-caused climate change was the driving force behind Hurricane Maria’s devastating and deadly precipitation, a new study finds.Maria hit Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017 as a super-hurricane with 155-mile-per-hour winds. The record-breaking storm caused more than $90 billion in damage, with independent fatality estimates ranging from 2,975 deaths to “more than 5,000.”The authors of the new Geophysical Research Letters study concluded that a Maria-level hurricane “is nearly five times more likely to form now than during the 1950s, an increase due largely to the effects of human-induced warming.”How does global warming drive extreme deluges? As lead author David Keellings explained, it’s the combination of key long-term changes in the climate “like the atmosphere getting warmer, sea surface temperatures increasing, and more moisture being available in the atmosphere.”Scientists explain how climate change made Hurricane Maria so devastatingNorthwestern Pacific typhoon intensity controlled by changes in ocean temperaturesNorthwestern Pacific typhoon intensity controlled by changes in ocean temperaturesWith Tropical Storm Ophelia’s transition to Hurricane Ophelia on Wednesday, 2017 became the first year in more than a century — and only the fourth on record — in which 10 Atlantic storms in a row reached hurricane strength.10 Hurricanes in 10 Weeks: With Ophelia, a 124-Year-Old Record is Matchedhttps://www.vox.com/energy-and-e...More tornadoes in the most extreme U.S. tornado outbreakshttp://science.sciencemag.org/co...This, combined with rising sea levels, has also led to larger storm surges and the costs of the damage that goes with them. As Grinsted et al. (2013)concluded,"we have probably crossed the threshold where Katrina magnitude hurricane surges are more likely caused by global warming than not."Global warming also adds moisture to the atmosphere, with the increase in precipitation also adding to the flooding associated with these storms, and the damages they cause. The bottom line is that many types of extreme weather are being intensified by human-caused global warming, and that will continue in the future. And there is evidence that climate change is adding to the costs of extreme weather damage.Category 3+ Hurricanes on the Rise in the AtlanticWarmer water fuels hurricanes, and not surprisingly, the average number of major hurricanes — those Category 3 or higher — has increased in the Atlantic basin since the 1970s. Globally, climate models project that there will likely be an increase in the wind speed and rainfall intensity of the strongest hurricanes (aka tropical cyclones), even though their frequency may remain unchanged or even decrease by the end of this century. However, the extent of these effects from climate change will vary by regionCategory 3+ Hurricanes on the Rise in the AtlanticThe 2017 North Atlantic hurricane season had 17 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and six major hurricanes. This is well above the 1981-2010 average of 12.1 named storms, 6.4 hurricanes, and 2.7 major hurricanes.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/t...Climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe explains:The ferocious “frankenstorm” known as Sandy that ripped through greater New York City five years ago remains one for the record books. Like this year’s hurricane season, it racked up tens of billions of dollars in economic damages.Superstorm Sandy had another close, yet underappreciated, similarity to this year’s hurricanes: less affluent groups of people suffered more, both in the initial damage and recovery.An analysis by a team I led at Stony Brook University shows that Sandy’s destructive path across Long Island, from Brooklyn to the Hamptons, was not as even-handed as media coverage often made it seem, both in its initial impact and people’s recovery.The storm season of 2017 has already left behind an even more dramatic version of this story: Following Hurricane Harvey, Houston quickly switched water and electricity back on and emptied most emergency shelters. Meanwhile, several weeks after Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico, much of the island is still in “survival mode.” Both hurricane seasons expose the close ties between severe weather events and social inequality.https://theconversation.com/stor...Human influence on tropical cyclone intensityhttps://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global...https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/so...“As the 21st century proceeds, we expect greenhouse gas warming to further outpace aerosol cooling and PI increases to exceed those observed to date. TC intensities at any given fixed location should increase accordingly, on average; simulations suggest trends on the order of 1ms–1 decade–1 at the high end. If poleward shifts continue, these increases will be manifest in increases in activity at the poleward margins of TC basins, as well as in the occurrence of more intense storms (if perhaps fewer storms overall) in the historical cores of the basins.”https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/wp-con...Climate change is making storms like Florence worseRecent Scientific Advancements Show New Connections Between Climate Change and HurricanesHurricane Florence’s Unusual Extremes Worsened by Climate ChangeHow Climate Change Is Creating A New Breed Of HurricaneHurricane Lane Brings Hawaii a Warning About Future Storm Risk__________________________________________________________Hurricanes are a subset of tropical cyclones and are typically called typhoons in Asia. We have already seen clear statistical evidence of greater frequency and severity of typhoons hitting land in Asia over the past 40 years.The paper this is from was co-authored by Wei Mei & Shang-Ping Xie from the Scripps Institute of Oceanograpy and published in Nature Geoscience. As they say in the abstract:over the past 37 years, typhoons that strike East and Southeast Asia have intensified by 12–15%, with the proportion of storms of categories 4 and 5 having doubled or even tripled.Confounding factors in the Atlantic including shear mitigated for warmer oceans until the 2017 season, when seven records for hurricane activity and severity were broken. The accumulated cyclone energy was 50% above the level required for the season to be considered extremely active.Three studies using three different methodologies confirmed that Hurricane Harvey was worsened by global warming.Harvey could not have produced so much rain without human‐induced climate change.Hurricane Harvey links to Ocean Heat Content and Climate Change Adaptationwe conclude that global warming made the precipitation about 15% (8%–19%) more intense, or equivalently made such an event three (1.5–5) times more likely.http://iopscience.iop.org/articl...precipitation accumulations in these areas were likely increased by at least 18.8% (best estimate of 37.7%), which is larger than the 6–7% associated with an attributable warming of 1°C in the Gulf of Mexico and Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling.Attributable Human‐Induced Changes in the Likelihood and Magnitude of the Observed Extreme Precipitation during Hurricane HarveyHarvey wasn’t a particularly intense hurricane by either the common Saffir-Simpson Scale or the slightly more accurate Accumulated Cyclonic Energy Scale (ACE). It’s rainfall due to first increased water vapor due to warmer water and it’s stalling over Houston due to a jetstream oscillation associated with global warming caused the problem. As a note, this is part of why Hurricane Florence is so concerning; it’s predicted to stall over the Carolinas, unleashing historically unprecedented floods.Similarly, Sandy wasn’t a particularly strong hurricane when it hit New York and area. It was, however, very wide and very slow moving. That contributed to storm surge, flooding, a greater area of damage and more time for the winds to do damage. I’ve posited a notional improved hurricane severity scale as a thought exercise and it more correctly asserts the damaging aspect of Sandy, but fails to capture Harvey’s impact.Michael Barnard's answer to Has the intensity of this year’s hurricane season been directly correlated to climate change?_______________________________________________________________________HEAT WAVESIntense, prolonged heatwaves, such as the record-breaking ones we’ve seen around the world in recent years, will become stronger and more frequent. The 2003 European heatwave, responsible for over 70,000 deaths as well as extensive wildfires and flooding from melting glaciers, was one of the first events for which the impact of human-induced climate change on the event could be formally qualified. Scientists determined that,“human influence at least doubled the risk” of this event.https://qr.ae/TUtx6PAs global surface temperatures have increased, heatwaves are becoming more frequent. Coumou, Robinson, and Rahmstorf 2013 found that record-breaking monthly temperature records are already occurring five times more often than they would in the absence of human-caused global warming. This means that there is an 80% chance that any monthly heat record today is due to human-caused global warming.https://rd.springer.com/article/...https://www.skepticalscience.com...The link between GW and heatwaves confirmed:Are the heatwaves caused by climate change?In France, 14,802 heat-related deaths (mostly among the elderly) occurred during the heat wave, according to the French National Institute of Health2003 European heat wave - WikipediaEstimated 70 Deaths Linked To Canada's Heat WaveDeaths rose 650 above average during UK heatwave – with older people most at riskUK heatwave turns KILLER: 1,000 more people die this summer than average as temps soar'Unprecedented' Japan heatwave kills 65 people in a weekWe're Going to Die in Record Numbers as Heatwaves Bake The World, First Global Study ShowsHeat records falling twice as often as cold ones, AP findsFOREST FIRES / WILD FIRES:“As we approach meteorological summer, which is the dry season in the West, risk will grow for another extreme related to climate change — wildfires. While these blazes can happen anywhere in the country, many occur in the 11 western states across the Mountain and Pacific time zones. Western wildfires killed 160 people and cost more than $40 billion in the past two years alone. Across the West, there have been more large fires, burning more acres — particularly in warmer years.”Large Western Wildfires on the Rise“Wildfire isn’t becoming more frequent, but in fire-prone areas such as western Canada and the U.S., fires are burning greater and greater areas due to the increasing frequency of hot, dry conditions. Since the mid-1980s, it’s estimated that human-induced climate change has nearly doubled the area burned across the western U.S. compared to what would have occurred naturally.”Katharine Hayhoe's answer to What are some of the impacts of climate change that have already happened?Source: Fourth National Climate Assessment: Chapter 25: SouthwestLets ask the experts.The US Forest Service:Here in our National Forests and Grasslands, these shifts include:More frequent wildfires that burn larger areasMore severe problems with insects, pests, and diseases threatening trees and cropsSnowpack decline in mountainous regions due to decreased snowfall and shorter wintersPlant and animal ranges shifting northward to accommodate warmer temperaturesThreatened watersheds due to more frequent water shortages, increased pest and fire severity, and shifts in ecosystem health"For all ecoregions combined, the number of large fires increased at a rate of seven fires per year, while total fire area increased at a rate of 355 km2 per year. Continuing changes in climate, invasive species, and consequences of past fire management, added to the impacts of larger, more frequent fires, will drive further disruptions to fire regimes of the western U.S. and other fire-prone regions of the world."Climate Change | US Forest ServiceWhat are the Impacts?http://www.climatecentral.org/ga...http://wxshift.com/climate-chang...2018 is one of the worst years for Colorado's wildfires, five blazes make top 20The Forest Service and Climate Change:WHAT DOES THE PEER REVIEWED SCIENCE SAY ON AGW AND WILD FIRES?Large wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984–2011GRLWe used a database capturing large wildfires (> 405 ha) in the western U.S. to document regional trends in fire occurrence, total fire area, fire size, and day of year of ignition for 1984–2011. Over the western U.S. and in a majority of ecoregions, we found significant, increasing trends in the number of large fires and/or total large fire area per year. Trends were most significant for southern and mountain ecoregions, coinciding with trends toward increased drought severity. For all ecoregions combined, the number of large fires increased at a rate of seven fires per year, while total fire area increased at a rate of 355 km2 per year. Continuing changes in climate, invasive species, and consequences of past fire management, added to the impacts of larger, more frequent fires, will drive further disruptions to fire regimes of the western U.S. and other fire‐prone regions of the world.. DOI: 10.1002/2014GL059576https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wi...Abatzoglou and Williams 2016 - Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forestsPNASIncreased forest fire activity across the western United States in recent decades has contributed to widespread forest mortality, carbon emissions, periods of degraded air quality, and substantial fire suppression expenditures. Although numerous factors aided the recent rise in fire activity, observed warming and drying have significantly increased fire-season fuel aridity, fostering a more favorable fire environment across forested systems. We demonstrate that human-caused climate change caused over half of the documented increases in fuel aridity since the 1970s and doubled the cumulative forest fire area since 1984. This analysis suggests that anthropogenic climate change will continue to chronically enhance the potential for western US forest fire activity while fuels are not limiting."Anthropogenic increases in temperature and vapor pressure deficit significantly enhanced fuel aridity across western US forests over the past several decades and, during 2000–2015, contributed to 75% more forested area experiencing high (>1 σ) fire-season fuel aridity and an average of nine additional days per year of high fire potential.Anthropogenic climate change accounted for ∼55% of observed increases in fuel aridity from 1979 to 2015 across western US forests, highlighting both anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability as important contributors to increased wildfire potential in recent decades.We estimate that human-caused climate change contributed to an additional 4.2 million ha of forest fire area during 1984–2015, nearly doubling the forest fire area expected in its absence.doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/...Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire ActivityWestern United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons.http://science.sciencemag.org/co...Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013NATURE"We show that fire weather seasons have lengthened across 29.6 million km2 (25.3%) of the Earth’s vegetated surface, resulting in an 18.7% increase in global mean fire weather season length. We also show a doubling (108.1% increase) of global burnable area affected by long fire weather seasons (>1.0 σ above the historical mean) and an increased global frequency of long fire weather seasons across 62.4 million km2 (53.4%) during the second half of the study period."doi:10.1038/ncomms8537https://www.nature.com/articles/...FLOODS AND SEA LEVEL RISE:http://www.climatecentral.org/ga...NOAA: Sea level has been rising over the past century, and the rate has increased in recent decades. In 2016, global sea level was 3.2 inches (82 mm) above the 1993 average—the highest annual average in the satellite record (1993-present).There was a huge climate report out just now from the USA:The report was peer reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences.You know, the academy founded by Abraham Lincoln.They have 200 Nobel Prize winners among their members.Global mean sea level (GMSL) has risen by about 7–8 inches (about 16–21 cm) since 1900, with about 3 of those inches (about 7 cm) occurring since 1993 (very high confidence). Human-caused climate change has made a substantial contribution to GMSL rise since 1900 (high confidence).http://www.climatecentral.org/ga...The economic damage from coastal flooding in Europe could reach almost €1 trillion per year by 2100 without new investment in adaptation to climate change, a new study finds.Coastal flooding in Europe ‘could cost up to €1 trillion per year’ by 2100 | Carbon BriefTHE FARMERSSomeone please tell the farmers of the world more C02 is "good for us" while they have their harvest hit by droughts or flooded by billions of tons of water because of AGW. And maybe those same people can send “thoughs and prayers” while we wait for the humanitarian and atheist help organizations to arrive with actual help?Farmers needs stability and predictability, not a rapidly warming and changing world.Rising carbon levels threaten diets of hundreds of millions of poorRising carbon emissions could make vital food crops from wheat to rice less nutritious and endanger the health of hundreds of millions of the world's poorestCertain staple crops grown in open fields with elevated carbon dioxide levels had up to 17 percent lower levels of protein, iron and zinc compared to those grown amid less of the gas, according to a study in the journal Nature Climate Change.Crop failure and bankruptcy threaten farmers as drought grips Europehttps://www.theguardian.com/envi...Another study published in Nature Climate Change last week concluded that higher temperatures will cause wheat production to decline. Just a 1°C rise in global temperature will decrease wheat yields by about 5% (approximately 35 million tons).Climate change will make rice less nutritious, putting millions of the world's poor at riskClimate change is bad news for several of our staple crops. For example, a 2012 paper found that higher temperatures are detrimental to French corn yields. While French corn production has increased steadily in recent decades due to a combination of technological improvements and CO2 fertilization (the former far more than the latter), yields have leveled off in recent years, and were particularly low when struck by heat waves.CO2: Friend or Foe to Agriculture? - FactCheck.org_____________________________________________________________________In sub-Saharan Africa, a much higher risk of droughts will lead to insufficient access to drinking and irrigation water, and reduced agricultural productivity.Vietnamese farmers are migrating en masse to escape climate changeThousands of kilometres of dykes, many over four metres high, now criss-cross the delta. They were built principally to protect people and crops from flooding, but those same dykes have fundamentally altered the ecosystem. The poor and the landless can no longer find fish to eat and sell, and the dykes prevent free nutrients being carried onto paddies by the flood.All this demonstrates that climate change threatens to exacerbate the existing trends of economic migration. One large scale study of migration in deltas has found that climate factors such as extreme floods, cyclones, erosion, and land degradation play a role in making natural resource-based livelihoods more tenuous, further encouraging inhabitants to migrate.Vietnamese farmers are migrating en masse to escape climate changeSEA LEVEL RISEIt’s already happening.Sea level rise already causing billions in home value to disappearSea level rise already costs billions in lower home pricesMIAMI:Miami and Miami Beach already struggle with serious flooding related to sea-level rise — even when there is no rain.The ground under the cities of South Florida is largely porous limestone, which means water will eventually rise up through it.The cities are taking flood-control measures like installing pumps, raising roads, and restoring wetlands.Coastal cities around the world face similar problems.Miami is racing against time to keep up with sea-level riseThis Miami street could be the blueprint for how the city handles sea level riseThis Miami street could be the blueprint for how the city handles sea level riseThe risk of sea level rise is chipping away at Miami home values, new research showsUS coastal property prices have dropped 7% and insurance rates are rising.Here’s a good resource: When Rising Seas Hit Home: Hard Choices Ahead for Hundreds of US Coastal Communities (2017)Katharine Hayhoe's answer to At what level of influence does climate change have on the US coastline? Would this change disrupt ocean side real-estate?NEW ORLEANSThe current New Orleans dike and levee system is about 7 meters (23 feet) high on the Mississippi River side, and about 5.5 meters (17.5 feet) high along Lake Pontchartrain. The system, which failed spectacularly during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, has been patched up, but still needs some work (New Orleans under water: 12 years after Katrina, officials can't get it right). So any work done to prepare for sea level change plus geological subsidence will have to include shoring up the current levee system so that the added levee will be on a solid foundation.(Source: By Alexdi at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, File:New Orleans Elevations.jpg)According to studies presented by Climate Central, the current worst-case assessment (including recent concerns about Antarctic ice sheet instability) calls for about 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) of sea-level rise by the end of this century. In addition, New Orleans is sinking at a rate of about 2 inches (5 cm) annually - this will produce an additional 4 meters (13 feet) of sea level change (or at least effective sea level change) to accommodate. So if New Orleans keeps sinking at its current rate and sea level rises the maximum amount projected, New Orleans will have to build another 20 feet (6.5 meters) of dikes if they’re going to remain dry.THE NETHERLANDS:So to accommodate both sea level rise and subsidence the Army Corps of Engineers (or whatever company has bought out the privatized Army Corps of Engineers in the next few decades) will have to just about double the height of the existing levee system. Of course, the Dutch have been doing this for awhile (The Dutch Have Solutions to Rising Seas. The World Is Watching). I have no doubt that if the Dutch are consulted (and listened to) that New Orleans will remain safe for the next century or so.Andrew Karam's answer to Will New Orleans survive rising ocean levels into the next century?FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISELatest research:The rate of global sea level rise has been accelerating in recent decades, rather than increasing steadily, according to a new study based on 25 years of NASA and European satellite data. The new research suggests he world’s oceans will be on average at least 60 cm (23.6 inches)higher by the end of the century.Satellite observations show sea levels rising, and climate change is accelerating itNew study finds sea level rise accelerating – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the PlanetSea level rise is happening now, and the rate at which it is rising is increasing every year, according to a study released Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Researchers, led by University of Colorado-Boulder professor of aerospace engineering sciences Steve Nerem, used satellite data dating to 1993 to observe the levels of the world's oceans.Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.- Brandon Miller, CNN, Feb 12, 2017https://www.theguardian.com/envi...http://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/1...http://www.pnas.org/content/earl...Antarctic Modeling Pushes Up Sea-Level Rise ProjectionsTHE NEW ESTIMATE OF 60 CM IS WITHIN THE RANGE OF PREDICTIONS FROM THE 2 MAIN CLIMATE REPORTS:Relative to the year 2000, GMSL is very likely to rise by 0.3–0.6 feet (9–18 cm) by 2030, 0.5–1.2 feet (15–38 cm) by 2050, and 1.0–4.3 feet (30–130 cm) by 2100 (very high confidencehttps://science2017.globalchange...IPCC:For high emissions IPCC now predicts a global rise by 52-98 cm by the year 2100, which would threaten the survival of coastal cities and entire island nations.Sea level in the 5th IPCC reportJULY 2018 - NEW VERY POWERFUL EVIDENCEAbstractWe provide scientific evidence that a human-caused signal in the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperature has emerged from the background noise of natural variability. Satellite data and the anthropogenic “fingerprint” predicted by climate models show common large-scale changes in geographical patterns of seasonal cycle amplitude. These common features include increases in amplitude at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres, amplitude decreases at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, and small changes in the tropics. Simple physical mechanisms explain these features. The model fingerprint of seasonal cycle changes is identifiable with high statistical confidence in five out of six satellite temperature datasets. Our results suggest that attribution studies with the changing seasonal cycle provide powerful evidence for a significant human effect on Earth’s climate.Scientists studying the troposphere – the lowest level of the atmosphere – have found “powerful evidence” that climate change is altering seasonal temperatures.the findings show the “substantial human influence on Earth’s climate, affecting not only global averages, but also local and seasonal changes”, another scientist says.The results show that only simulations that include the impact of human-caused climate change could correctly predict the patterns of seasonal temperature change recorded by the satellites. The researchers say:“The real-world observations are much closer to model simulations that include increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, allowing us to attribute the observational record to human influence using formal climate detection and attribution techniques.”The results indicate that humans are having a “substantial influence” on the temperatures in the troposphere, says Dr William Randel, a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who was not involved in the research. In an accompanying perspectives article, he writes:“[The] findings provide further markers of a substantial human influence on Earth’s climate, affecting not only global averages, but also local and seasonal changes.”Conclusion.Our results suggest that attribution studies with the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperature provide powerful and novel evidence for a statistically significant human effect on Earth’s climate. We hope that this finding will stimulate more detailed exploration of the seasonal signals caused by anthropogenic forcing.‘Powerful evidence’ of global warming’s effect on seasons found in troposphere | Carbon BriefHuman influence on the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperatureTHE PRICE OF GLOBAL WARMING IS GOING UP:It’s official: 2017 was the costliest year on record for natural disasters in the United States, with a price tag of at least $306 billion.It's also not surprising that hurricanes would now be doing more damage, because research has shown that the most intense hurricanes are already occurring more often as a result of human-caused global warming.http://www.climatecentral.org/ga...Reinsurance company Munich Re provides data about the number of annual disasters, and the frequency of these events is indeed rising:"For thunderstorm-related losses the analysis reveals increasing volatility and a significant long-term upward trend in the normalized figures over the last 40 years. These figures have been adjusted to account for factors such as increasing values, population growth and inflation ... In all likelihood, we have to regard this finding as an initial climate-change footprint in our US loss data from the last four decades.""Nowhere in the world is the rising number of natural catastrophes more evident than in North America. The study shows a nearly quintupled number of weather-related loss events in North America for the past three decades, compared with an increase factor of 4 in Asia, 2.5 in Africa, 2 in Europe and 1.5 in South America. Anthropogenic climate change is believed to contribute to this trend, though it influences various perils in different ways."The climate hasn't changed much since we settled into towns, invented plumbing, and started calling ourselves civilized.Thus it’s dramatic how fast we left the stable temperatures that allowed the development of agriculture and human civilization to arise.

No. Mother Nature and natural variability are the answer as the earth is cooling. Cooling is not the new warming and we are not living in the fantasy of Alice in Wonderland where words become meaningless. There is no evidence of global warming now or for the past few decades. The Sun is the primary driver of climate not Co2 and the Sun is getting older and is dimming sending the earth less energy making the temperature colder.The Sun is DimmingDECEMBER 17, 2017 / DR.TONY PHILLIPSDec. 15, 2017: On Friday, Dec. 15th, at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, SpaceX launched a new sensor to the International Space Station named TSIS-1. Its mission: to measure the dimming of the sun. As the sunspot cycle plunges toward its 11-year minimum, NASA satellites are tracking a decline in total solar irradiance (TSI). Across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, the sun’s output has dropped nearly 0.1% compared to the Solar Maximum of 2012-2014. This plot shows the TSI since 1978 as observed from nine previous satellites:Click here for a complete explanation of this plot.The rise and fall of the sun’s luminosity is a natural part of the solar cycle. A change of 0.1% may not sound like much, but the sun deposits a lot of energy on the Earth, approximately 1,361 watts per square meter. Summed over the globe, a 0.1% variation in this quantity exceeds all of our planet’s other energy sources (such as natural radioactivity in Earth’s core) combined. A 2013 report issued by the National Research Council (NRC), “The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth’s Climate,” spells out some of the ways the cyclic change in TSI can affect the chemistry of Earth’s upper atmosphere and possibly alter regional weather patterns, especially in the Pacific.The Sun is DimmingThe polar vortex is when Arctic air from the jet stream shifts South during the winters bringing record cold and massive snowfall. It has happened often in the past. The vortex does not move evenly and causes different weather in its path. It is old hat and not caused by global warming.The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth's North and South poles. The term vortex refers to the counter-clockwise flow of air that helps keep the colder air close to the poles (left globe). Often during winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex will become less stable and expand, sending cold Arctic air southward over the United States with the jet stream (right globe).NOAAAs a Canadian studying in Cambridge Mass. in Feb. 24–27, 1969 we suffered the the massive 100 year record cold winter snowfall. (It was so bad my wife working as an RN at Mount Auburn hospital couldn’t come home she had to sleep over because replacements could not make it to work .)2. The Blizzard of ‘78 (Feb. 6-7) - 27.1 inchesThe infamous Blizzard of 1978 destroyed hundreds of homes and flooded the coast. It caused $500 million in damage in Massachusetts and left 73 dead and 4,324 injured, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).Residents of Farragut Road in South Boston dig out cars from snowdrifts from the blizzard of '78. (AP)3. Feb. 24-27, 1969 - 26.3 inchesThis storm lasted several days and left 26.3 inches of snow in Boston.The media said nothing about a polar voltex in those days. They blamed the weather on Arctic air sweeping down from Canada. Yes, it was at this time that the politicians and scientists were worried about global cooling not global warming. Today the alarmist are afraid to admit this fact as it weakens their narrative, but even big media stories documentThe NY Times alway ready to scare the public reported - “the Arctic climate is becoming more frigid, why parts of the Arctic sea ice have recently become ominously thicker and whether the extent of that ice cover contributes to the onset of ice ages. ???Thankfully the cause of this ice age fear is more believeable as it is cold weather becoming even colder not the specious, bizarre claim that COOLING IS THE NEW WARMING?It is surely phony science to blame carbon dioxide for Polar Vortex variability. Arctic air is always unstable and changes are natural and documented for millions of years in climate history.Winters are increasingly bitter with massive snowfall as we see in January 2019.Delingpole: The Frozen Hell Outside Your Window Is What Global Warming Looks LikeThe Midwest and Northeast are being ravaged by the Polar Vortex. Illinois has recorded its coldest temperature on record. Aurora, Illinois has recorded the coldest afternoon on record. Mail deliveries and flights have been cancelled. Governors in Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan have declared emergencies.BIZARRE THEORY LINKING GLOBAL WARMING TO ‘POLAR VORTEXES’ RESURFACES. SCIENTISTS ARE PUSHING BACKIn what’s become an annual affair, the media is pushing articles suggesting bone-chilling temperatures about to hit the U.S. are the product of man-made global warming.However, many scientists disagree that global warming is having the bizarre effect of making it colder in winter, despite the media’s narrative.The two scientists published a study last year claiming cold snaps are more likely when the Arctic is abnormally warm, but their work suffered from serious flaws, namely, it did not test any hypothesis nor did it try to establish causality between global warming and cold snaps.The New York Times also pushed Cohen and Francis’s theory of global warming-induced cold. However, many scientists disagree with that theory and, in fact, there seems to be more evidence it’s just plain wrong.It defies common sense to claim that warming in the Arctic makes colder weather South of the Arctic. There is a much more practical answer to the Polar Vortex cause and that is ALBEDO OF FRESH SNOW.Albedo is an expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight (heat from the sun). Light-coloured surfaces return a large part of the sunrays back to the atmosphere (high albedo). Dark surfaces absorb the rays from the sun (low albedo).As the simple graph shows snow reflects 85% of sunlight back into space making the climate cooler.Ice- and snow-covered areas have high albedo, and an ice-covered Arctic reflects solar radiation which otherwise would be absorbed by the oceans and cause the Earth's surface to heat up. The proportion of the Earth's surface that is covered by snow and ice has a great deal to say for how much of the incoming solar radiation is reflected or absorbed. Low albedo (dark surfaces) leads to higher uptake of energy and, hence, warming. Moreover, when more ice and snow melt, there will be more dark surfaces. This is therefore a self-reinforcing effect. Climate change in the Arctic is consequently important for the development of climate change globally.http://www.npolar.no/en/facts/al...Norwegian Polar InstituteAs the Arctic expands with increased ice and snow the albedo is triggered and that makes the temperature colder like we witnessed this year. The snow albedo from the Arctic is a loop where cold gets colder and so on. This is surely a more common sense explanation than the bizarre unproved theory that global warming causes the shift in Arctic air. Also there are major science peer reviewed papers that identify the ALBEDO as the cause of this unique cooling.To realize how significant the snow albedo impact on temperature can be consider this evidence of our climate past.An extreme ice age hit the planet around 717 million years ago. Known as the Sturtian glaciation, this event is more informally dubbed "Snowball Earth" and it's thought to be the most extreme, and long-lasting, ice age the planet ever experienced. For around 50 million years, the entire globe was essentially covered in ice.https://newatlas.com/rise-of-algae-snowball-earth-animal-evolution/50934/#galleryThe research about the devastating snowball earth millions of years ago finds the albedo is the major cause.Effect of land albedo, CO2, orography, and oceanic heat transport on extreme climatesV. Romanova1 , G. Lohmann2,3, and K. Grosfeld2,3 1 Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 2Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany 3Department of Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee, 330440 Bremen, Germany Received: 11 October 2005 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 7 December 2005 Revised: 2 June 2006 – Accepted: 2 June 2006 – Published: 30 June 2006Abstract. Using an atmospheric general circulation model of intermediate complexity coupled to a sea ice – slab ocean model, we perform a number of sensitivity experiments under present-day orbital conditions and geographical distribution to assess the possibility that land albedo, atmospheric CO2, orography and oceanic heat transport may cause an ice covered Earth. Changing only one boundary or initial condition, the model produces solutions with at least some ice free oceans in the low latitudes. Using some combination of these forcing parameters, a full Earth’s glaciation is obtained. We find that the most significant factor leading to an ice-covered Earth is the high land albedo in combination with initial temperatures set equal to the freezing point.Oceanic heat transport and orography play only a minor role for the climate state. Extremely low concentrations of CO2 also appear to be insufficient to provoke a runaway ice-albedo feedback, but the strong deviations in surface air temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere point to the existence of a strong nonlinearity in the system. Finally, we argue that the initial condition determines whether the system can go into a completely ice covered state, indicating multiple equilibria, a feature known from simple energy balance models.https://www.clim-past.net/2/31/2...The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that Earth's surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen at least once, sometime earlier than 650 Mya (million years ago). Freezing weather with albedo feedback locked temperatures into a downward spiral.The climate history of the runaway snow albedo causing ‘an ice covered earth’ ended most plant and animal life 700 million years ago.SNOWBALL EARTHSnowball Earth - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn...Ice- and snow-covered areas have high albedo, and an ice-covered Arctic reflects solar radiation which otherwise would be absorbed by the oceans and cause the Earth's surface to heat up. The proportion of the Earth's surface that is covered by snow and ice has a great deal to say for how much of the incoming solar radiation is reflected or absorbed. Low albedo (dark surfaces) leads to higher uptake of energy and, hence, warming. Moreover, when more ice and snow melt, there will be more dark surfaces. This is therefore a self-reinforcing effect. Climate change in the Arctic is consequently important for the development of climate change globally.http://www.npolar.no/en/facts/al...Norwegian Polar InstituteGLACIER GIRL AND MASSIVE SNOWFALLThere are four factors which affect ice sheet mass balance: snowfall, sublimation, melting, and glacier calving. In both Greenland and Antarctica, snowfall is by far the most important of those four. In fact, in Antarctica, snowfall accumulation is approximately equal to the sum of the other three.The magnitude and importance of snowfall on ice sheet mass balance is illustrated by the story of Glacier Girl. She's a Lockheed P-38 Lightning which was extracted in pieces from beneath 268 feet of accumulated ice and snow (mostly ice), fifty yearsafter she landed on the Greenland Ice Sheet.That is an astonishing number, more than 5 feet of ice per year, which is equivalent to more than seventy feet of annual snowfall! That snow represents evaporated water, mostly removed from the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, which then fell as ocean-effect snow on the Greenland Ice Sheet.Dave BurtonThe story of Glacier Girl is fascinating. You can read more about it here:Glacier Girl: The Back Storyand here:The Lost Squadron (Recovery of a P-38 from beneath a Greenland ice cap)So, what happens to snowfall in a warming climate?Is the Polar Vortex Affected by Climate Change? HOW STUFF WORKSNOWhile the polar vortex might seem like a shocking new phenomenon, cold snapscaused by distortions in the vortex actually have happened at other times in recent history. Back in January 1985, for example, the northern polar vortex was really distorted, and polar air pushed southward into the eastern U.S. In normally balmy Florida, the plunging temperatures destroyed 90 percent of the state's citrus crop. In Washington, D.C., the parade and outdoor ceremony for President Ronald Reagan's second inauguration had to be cancelled. Worse yet, at least 126 people died from the effects of the cold [source: NOAA].However, the polar vortex really isn't anything new to scientists. The polar vortex actually is a seasonal atmospheric phenomenon, a system of strong, high-level winds -- called the jet stream -- surrounding an extremely cold pocket of Arcticair. And while it might sound like a malevolent force of nature, the polar vortex for the most part is a pretty good thing, because its winds usually form a boundary that keeps the cold air contained and prevents us from freezing [source: Duke].The problem, though, is that once in a while, the polar vortex breaks down a little. The result is a big, powerful blast of Arctic air that can travel far south, causing the temperature to plunge in places accustomed to having mild winters [source: Duke]. In this article, we'll explain more about what the polar vortex is, and why it sometimes fluctuates.You may have heard a climate change skeptic point to a cold snap as proof that the planet isn't actually warming. Proponents, however, note that climate change may actually be contributing to distortions of the polar vortices, and the sudden plunges in temperature that those distortions cause.Here's the possible explanation. Scientists have observed that more and more Arctic sea ice is melting during the summer months. As the ice melts, the Arctic Ocean warms, and radiates that excess heat back to the atmosphere in winter. [BUT THE ARCTIC ICE IS NOT MELTING SEE BELOW] Because that heat somewhat reduces the contrast between the Arctic air and the atmosphere in regions farther south, it reduces the intensity of the winds that form the barrier between the two areas. That, in turn, weakens and disrupts the polar vortex. That hypothesis is supported by data taken over the past decade, which shows that in years when a lot of Arctic sea ice disappears, the vortex has a greater tendency to weaken [source: Fischetti].https://science.howstuffworks.co...ARCTIC sea-ice, refusing to suffer ‘missing out syndrome’, setting its own ‘inconvenient’ record …via Tony Heller’s Real Climate Science :Largest Increase In November Sea Ice Volume On RecordPosted on December 13, 2018 by tonyhellerThe increase in Arctic sea ice volume during November was the largest on record.spreadsheet dataNovember snow cover was the largest on record in North America.Rutgers University Climate Lab :: Global Snow LabAnd it was the fourth coldest November on record in the US.https://hprcc.unl.edu/products/m...November-Average-Maximum-Temperature-Vs-Year-1895-2018Meanwhile, our leading experts are warning that we are burning up and Arctic ice is disappearing.STATE OF ARCTIC SEA-ICE : 2018 SUMMER MINIMUMARCTIC SEA-ICE EXTENT (September 2018)MINIMUM sea-ice extent has been trending up over the past decade. The EXACT opposite of what the press and ‘97% experts’ have been telling you :Ocean and Ice Services | Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut | September Minimum Extent*ARCTIC SEA-ICE VOLUME (September 2018)2.0 – 3.0 meter-thick sea-ice covered most of the Arctic basin during the 2018 summer minimum : [This volume of ice refutes the bizarre warming is causing freezing.]DMI Modelled ice thickness | Sep 20, 2018*ARCTIC minimum sea-ice volume has been increasing since 2007 :Last winter was described by USA Today as “one of the snowiest, coldest, most miserable on record.”IPCC SAID in 2001 Report:“Milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms.” Third Assessment Report The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) stated very clearly, Ice Storms 15.2.4.1.2.4.N [NOT HAPPENING]Here's how California's 6 feet of snow in 24 hours compares to other snowfall extremes:https://wxch.nl/2BhOn124:05 PM - 4 Feb 2019What this means if that the alarmist hypothesis that human emissions of Co2 are creating a climate crisis of catastrophic warming is false. It is pseudo - science.The alarmist and media are very duplicitous on this issue by seeing a bit of warming as global and dangerous and ignoring the massive freezing winters around the world recently by claiming they are caused by warming??? IMPOSSIBLE ORWELLIAN ILLOGICGood example was the drought in California in 2015–17 while record cold weather across the US. OBAMA said drought was climate change a record cold was just weather. Now California has massive snowfall and of course this is dismissed as winter weather?– Christine Stewart,former Canadian Minister of the Environment“No matter if the science of global warming is all phony…climate change provides the greatest opportunity tobring about justice and equality in the world.”– Christine Stewart,UN IPCC global warming science hypothesis is falseSadly the science relied on by the alarmists claiming a discernible human impact on global warming is bunk! Surprising that it is old and demolished science of the 1800s relied on by alarmists today for any connections between human emissions of co2 and global warming. They wrongly rely on Joseph Fourier in 1824, John Tyndall in 1860, and by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.The presumed pioneers, Fourier and Pouillet, were only concerned with water vapour. Tyndall showed that water vapour was far more important than carbon dioxide. Yet the wrong greenhouse gas has been chosen, purely because its concentration can be blamed on human activity.Arrhenius ignored the advice of these pioneers and failed to realise that Langley’s measurements which he used did not include carbon dioxide absorption; so his results were for water vapour instead. All subsequent advocates for an important role for carbon dioxide have failed to realise this.The settled science that a greenhouse warms up due to re-radiated light (energy), as set out by Fourier (1824), Tyndall (1861), Arrhenius (1896), NASA (2008), et al., is false.CHAPTER 5 :THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTThe alarmists fail to offer any modern references supportive of anthropogenic (i.e. man made causes. This is the reason that 2000 IPCC scientists researching the very issue of human caused climate activity found none in their summary report in 1995 -1. “None of the studies cited above has shown clear evidence that we can attribute the observed (climate) changes to the specific cause of increases in greenhouse gases.”2. “No study to date has positively attributed all or part (of observed climate change) to anthropogenic (i.e. man-made) causes.”3. “Any claims of positive detection of significant climate change are likely to remain controversial until uncertainties in the natural variability of the climate system are reduced.”The uncertainties of the IPCC working group 1 continue without any peer reviewed studies. Yet the public are bamboozled by the lies of Al Gore and other alarmists on this issue."If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it."“WE need to get some broad based support,to capture the public’s imagination…So we have to offer up scary scenarios,make simplified, dramatic statementsand make little mention of any doubts…Each of us has to decide what the right balanceis between being effective and being honest.“– Prof. Stephen Schneider,Stanford Professor of Climatology,lead author of many IPCC reportsTHE Great “Extreme Weather” Climate Change Propaganda ConPosted: February 22, 2017 | Author: Jamie Spry | Filed under: Alarmism Debunked,The “Extreme Weather” meme has earned its place in climate change history as the fundamental driver of climate scaremongering, used deceptively and effectively to promote the catastrophic man-made climate change theory by instilling fear, doom and gloom directly into the human psyche through simple imagery and repetitive correlation rhetoric.Even though “weather” is not climate, the daily bombardment via news and multi-media of climatic disaster clips provide more than enough evidence for the casual observer to convince them that the climate is in fact changing as a direct result of human CO2 emissions.Much of the mainstream media gleefully encourages and promotes the catastrophic man-made warming narrative. Hence, sensationalising a typhoon in the Phillipines or a forest fire in California has become fair-game in the virtuous and IMHO nefarious push to enhance the supposed human CO2-induced climate catastrophe.However, when you look at hard data and scientific evidence pertaining to extreme weather through the lens of “Government data” and “Peer-Reviewed Science”, as opposed to scary pictures and videos, absorbed via billions of iPhones and hysterical climate-obsessed mainstream media, things are not quite as bad as they seem. In fact, by most metrics, extreme weather events are becoming ‘less’ extreme as CO2 increases. This should come as relieving news to all, though sadly, yet predictably, such data will come as extremely inconvenient news to the virtuous “Save The Planet” lobby and especially those invested in the trillion dollarglobal warming climate change industry that feeds and thrives off doomsday scenarios.*Below are listed the more common metrics associated with the much maligned and deceptively ascribed “extreme weather” meme. A term which I would label as a very clever weapon of mass climate propaganda to elevate hysteria, emotions and fear with the ultimate end to mould groupthink belief in human CO2-induced climate change…HURRICANESThe US is currently experiencing a record 12 year (4,380 days) drought of major landfall hurricanes (Cat3+). The last major hurricane to hit was “Wilma” in 2005:The major hurricane drought for Category 3 or greater storms continues. Updated December 2016 by Dr. Roger Pielke Jr. (via WUWT)Interesting historical reference point:NOAA keeps hurricane records back to 1850. The average number of US hurricane strikes per presidency is about eleven. Obama’s presidency had five hurricane strikes, the last being “Matthew” (Cat 1 at landfall, October 8,2016).Grover Cleveland (1885 – 1889 & 1893 – 1897) and Franklin D Roosevelt (1933 – 1945) both presided over 26 hurricanes, almost six times as many as Obama:The presidency of Barack Obama had the lowest frequency of US hurricane strikes of any president:Charts via Steve S Goddard – Only updated to 2014NOAA – Chronological List of All HurricanesDuring Obama’s presidency, atmospheric CO2 levels were between 384-400 ppm. At the time of Grover Cleveland, atmospheric CO2 levels were at 294 ppm. (NASA CO2 Data)*TORNADOESLast years tornado season marked the fifth consecutive year of below normal tornado activity in the US:NOAA | Storm Prediction Center WCM PageNOAAOver the past 55 years there has been a large reduction in frequency of stronger tornadoes:There has been no trend in EF-1+ Tornadoes 1954-2014:Historical Records and Trends | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)Paul Homewood, of the excellent climate blog NALOPKT, notes that NOAA has not bothered to update Tornado data for 2015/16. “Could it be they would rather the public did not find out the truth?”Last year may set the record for the least number of Tornadoes on record:http://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/#dataIn summary, with an interesting caveat from NOAA:No trend in EF-1+ Tornadoes 1954-2014 tornadoes.Large reduction in frequency of stronger tornadoes over the past 55 years.2016 perhaps a record for the least number of Tornadoes on record.ALL THIS despite rising CO2 and advanced technologies, including doppler radar and greater attention to reporting – Tornado chasers, increased population etc – which can create “a misleading appearance of an increasing trend in tornado frequency.” – NOAA*TROPICAL CYCLONESJamal Munshi of Sonoma State University published this paper last June, A General Linear Model for Trends in Tropical Cyclone Activity:ABSTRACTThe ACE index is used to compare tropical cyclone activity worldwide among seven decades from 1945 to 2014. Some increase in tropical cyclone activity is found relative to the earliest decades. No trend is found after the decade 1965-1974. A comparison of the six cyclone basins in the study shows that the Western Pacific Basin is the most active basin and the North Indian Basin the least. The advantages of using a general linear model for trend analysis are described.A General Linear Model for Trends in Tropical Cyclone Activity by Jamal Munshi :: SSRNAgain, despite rising CO2, there is no trend in tropical cyclone activity after the decade 1965-1974. With a sharp decline in activity over the past two decades.AUSTRALIAN TROPICAL CYCLONESAustralia’s Bureau of Meteorology graph shows a significant downtrend in all tropical storms, with no discernible trend for severe tropical cyclones:Tropical Cyclone Trends | Bureau Of MeteorologyAgain, it’s clear from the BoM graph that as CO2 has increased, the frequency and strength of cyclones has decreased.NB, the (warmist) BoM is still yet to update its cyclone graph from 2011. Are they simply lazy? Have no data since 2011? Or are they trying to hide inconvenient climate data that doesn’t fit the CO2-induced extreme weather narrative? You decide.*SNOWIPCC WRONG AGAINIPCC SAID:“Milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms.”Third Assessment Report The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) stated very clearly, Ice Storms 15.2.4.1.2.4.N [NOT HAPPENING]UPDATE (June 2018)THE latest UAH V6.0 May anomaly of +0.18 brings temperatures back to the levels they were at the beginning of the Century, reinforcing the current 18+ year global warming “pause”, despite record and rising CO2 emissions…GLOBAL WARMING THEORY CHECK : Global Temps Continue Century-Record Plunge, Despite Rising Emissions! | ClimatismSnowfall will become “a very rare and exciting event.”“Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”Dr David Viner – Senior scientist, climatic research unit (CRU)Climate change alarmists (experts) use tangible and emotional climatic horror scenarios to scare you into belief. One of the more classic instances of such fear-mongering, gone horribly wrong, was that by Dr David Viner – esteemed climatologist from the UK’s CRU, in 2000.From the Independent’s most cited article: Snowfalls are now just a thing of the past by Charles Onians:However, the warming is so far manifesting itself more in winters which are less cold than in much hotter summers. According to Dr David Viner, a senior research scientist at the climatic research unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia,within a few years winter snowfall will become “a very rare and exciting event”.“Children just aren’t going to know what snow is,” he said.As many as 97% of climate scientist went along with the prediction of moderate winters lacking snow.Also of course the world continues to suffer brutal winters with massive snowfall. Mother nature has rebutted the alarmists with aplomb.“First the snow disappears, and then winter.”DietZeitA good example of climate predictions gone awry is in the area of snow.“97%” of venerated ‘scientific’ institutions in concert with the warmist mainstream media were predicting the end of snow…In the beginning the alarmist scientists and politicians like Al Gore and Barack Obama predicted moderate winters without snow.IN 2000, climate expert Dr David Viner of the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Unit(CRU) assured us that :Snowfall will become “A very rare and exciting event…Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”Dr David Viner – Senior scientist, climatic research unit (CRU)SNOWFALL Will Become “A Very Rare And Exciting Event…” | ClimatismSnowfalls are now just a thing of the past – The Independent (PDF)IPCC Third Assessment Report – Climate Change 2001 – Complete online versions | GRID-Arendal – Publications – OtherIPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeThe (warmist) CSIRO jumped on the “end of snow” bandwagon in August 2003:Simulations of future snow conditions in the Australian alpine regions were prepared for the years 2020 and 2050…Conclusion:The low impact scenario for 2020 has a minor impact on snow conditions. Average season lengths are reduced by around five days. Reductions in peak depths are usually less than 10%, but can be larger at lower sites (e.g. Mt Baw Baw and Wellington High Plains).The high impact scenario for 2020 leads to reductions of 30-40 days in average season lengths. At higher sites such as Mt Hotham, this can represent reductions in season duration of about 25%, but at lower sites such as Mt Baw Baw the reduction can be more significant (up to 60%)…We have very high confidence (at least 95%) that the low impact scenarios will be exceeded and the high impact scenarios will not be exceeded.In 2014, the New York Times signalled “The End of Snow”:The End of Snow? – NYTimes.comWRONG MORE WINTER SNOW IS THE REAL WORLDTourists flock to see 52 feet of fresh snow in Japanese Mountains.Brutal record cold winter in Chicago in Feb. 2019.Why is there more bad winter weather year after year? Two major reasons are the decline in solar sunspots ‘activity and the increase in solar albedo.CALIFORNIALast September, New York’s Daily News forecast centuries of global warming drought for California:One of the myriad incorrect assertions by climate-change deniers is that scientists who have proven manmade causes for the current global warming ignore periods of warming in the Earth’s past that were not caused by industrial pollution.Since it’s essentially, and of course ironically, entirely non-scientists who make this claim, the deniers would do well to read a recent UCLA study that indicates California’s current six-year severe drought could be exacerbated enough by global warming to extend the dry period for centuries.Five months later the “Permanent” drought is over and the prediction drowned:California has now seen more moisture in the last 8 weeks than it typically does in an entire year… San Francisco, Sacramento, Los Angeles, and several other cities have recorded one of their wettest Januarys on record and an incredibly wet 8 weeks overall.And for those who desire to claim the recent California floods are “unprecedented” and “extreme”, the below graph shows that inflow to Oroville so far this year is far from unprecedented, with a much greater total in 1997.And we can see from the state rainfall totals that January 2017 was nothing special:HISTORICAL DROUGHT PERSPECTIVEUSA drought during the low-CO2 1930’s:USA drought during 400ppm “unprecedented”-CO2 levels of 2017:Drought – January 2017 | State of the Climate | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)*For the next few “Extreme Weather/Climate” categories, feel free to click on the links to read government data and peer-reviewed science sourced to unfold any concern(s) you may have…HEATWAVESShock news : Australia has always had heatwaves | ClimatismSEA LEVEL RISENASA “Sea Level Rise” Fraud | Climatism44th Pacific “Sinking Islands” Extortion Forum (COP21 Update 2015) | ClimatismIf Sea Level Rise were such a threat, ask yourself one simple Q: Why would Barack Hussein Obama (spruiker-in-chief of climate change alarmism) purchase the Hawaii seaside mansion where Magnum PI was filmed?While warning us of ‘rising oceans’ in SOTU, did Obama just buy a beachfront mansion? | Watts Up With That?Maybe its because, outside of his eco-pantheist ideology and Leftist, wealth redistribution agenda, Obama too, knows very well that Islands like Hawaii “Shape-shift” i.e. they grow with Sea Level Rise. In fact, 80% of Island nations around the world are growing, not “Sinking” as climate activists and alarmists will have you believe.*RECENT “EXTREME WEATHER” RELATED SCIENTIFIC STUDIESChina’s not so extreme weather study:China’s weather now betterThe biggest study of China’s extreme weather finds the frequency of hail storms, thunderstorms and high wind events has actually halved since 1960.In one of the most comprehensive studies on trends in local severe weather patterns to date, an international team of researchers found that the frequency of hail storms, thunderstorms and high wind events has decreased by nearly 50 percent on average throughout China since 1960…“Most of the data published on trends in severe weather has been incomplete or collected for a limited short period,” said Fuqing Zhang, professor of meteorology and atmospheric science and director, Center for Advanced Data Assimilation and Predictability Techniques, Penn State. “The record we used is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest, both in time scale and area of land covered.”http://www.heraldsun.com.au/blog...When will warmist scientists admit the apocalypse they predicted simply isn’t coming?Oh and just as a side, Al Gore’s “Extreme Weather” poster child sufferers – POLAR BEARS – are doing more than fine…as CO2 rises!*If we rely on the above scientific hard data and peer-reviewed evidence, it should hopefully become clearer that colourless, odourless, plant food and trace gas CO2 – the gas of life – does not control the climate or the weather.*In my opinion if the temperature gradient between the polar regions and tropics were to increase because of polar cooling, expect to see more and genuine extreme weather occurrences. Ergo, has slight global warming since the 1970’s actually decreased the frequency and strength of extreme weather events? The above evidence strongly supports this case. Especially in the case of Northern Hemisphere Hurricanes, Tornadoes and drought.Ironically and to this point, in 1974 climatologists blamed extreme weather on “Global Cooling”.The panic was so real during the “Global Cooling” scare of the 1970’s that UN scientists wanted to melt the Arctic by spreading black soot on it!02 Feb 1972 – Scientists fear for Arctic Sea ice – TroveAnd today, the UN, all those expert climatologists and their sycophant media gleefully blame any extreme weather event, not on “global cooling” but now “global warming”. Nuff said.*TO FINISH. A message, in their own words, from the promulgators of climate change fear, doom and gloom – the UN’s very own IPCC …Direct from their IPCC SREX report released 2012 :“We Do Not Know If The Climate Is Becoming More Extreme”•••THE Great “Extreme Weather” Climate Change Propaganda Con

It will be much longer than you or any of your descendants will need to have any concern about it. Here are some other alarmist climate predictions you probably missed:1. “Due to global warming, the coming winters in the local regions will become milder.”Stefan Rahmstorf, Potsdam Institute of Climate Impact Research, University of Potsdam, February 8, 2006****2. “Milder winters, drier summers: Climate study shows a need to adapt in Saxony Anhalt.”Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Press Release, January 10, 2010.****3. “More heat waves, no snow in the winter… Climate models… over 20 times more precise than the UN IPCC global models. In no other country do we have more precise calculations of climate consequences. They should form the basis for political planning… Temperatures in the wintertime will rise the most… there will be less cold air coming to Central Europe from the east…In the Alps winters will be 2°C warmer already between 2021 and 2050.”Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, September 2, 2008.****4. “The new Germany will be characterized by dry-hot summers and warm-wet winters.”Wilhelm Gerstengarbe and Peter Werner, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), March 2, 2007****5. “Clear climate trends are seen from the computer simulations. Foremost the winter months will be warmer all over Germany. Depending of CO2 emissions, temperatures will rise by up to 4°C, in the Alps by up to 5°C.”Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 7 Dec 2009.****6. “In summer under certain conditions the scientists reckon with a complete melting of the Arctic sea ice. For Europe we expect an increase in drier and warmer summers. Winters on the other hand will be warmer and wetter.”Erich Roeckner, Max Planck Institute, Hamburg, 29 Sept 2005.****7. “The more than ‘unusually ‘warm January weather is yet ‘another extreme event’, ‘a harbinger of the winters that are ahead of us’. … The global temperature will ‘increase every year by 0.2°C’”Michael Müller, Socialist, State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Environment,Die Zeit, 15 Jan 2007****8. “Harsh winters likely will be more seldom and precipitation in the wintertime will be heavier everywhere. However, due to the milder temperatures, it’ll fall more often as rain than as snow.”Online-Atlas of the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, 2010****9. “We’ve mostly had mild winters in which only a few cold months were scattered about, like January 2009. This winter is a cold outlier, but that doesn’t change the picture as a whole. Generally it’s going to get warmer, also in the wintertime.”Gerhard Müller-Westermeier, German Weather Service (DWD), 26 Jan 2010****10. “Winters with strong frost and lots of snow like we had 20 years ago will cease to exist at our latitudes.”Mojib Latif, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 1 April 2000****11. “Good bye winter. Never again snow?”Spiegel, 1 April 2000****12. “In the northern part of the continent there likely will be some benefits in the form of reduced cold periods and higher agricultural yields. But the continued increase in temperatures will cancel off these benefits. In some regions up to 60% of the species could die off by 2080.”3Sat, 26 June 2003****13. “Although the magnitude of the trends shows large variation among different models, Miller et al. (2006) find that none of the 14 models exhibits a trend towards a lower NAM index and higher arctic SLP.”IPCC 2007 4AR, (quoted by Georg Hoffmann)****14. “Based on the rising temperature, less snow will be expected regionally. While currently 1/3 of the precipitation in the Alps falls as snow, the snow-share of precipitation by the end of the century could end up being just one sixth.”Germanwatch, Page 7, Feb 2007****15. “Assuming there will be a doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere, as is projected by the year 2030. The consequences could be hotter and drier summers, and winters warmer and wetter. Such a warming will be proportionately higher at higher elevations – and especially will have a powerful impact on the glaciers of the Firn regions.”and“ The ski areas that reliably have snow will shift from 1200 meters to 1500 meters elevation by the year 2050; because of the climate prognoses warmer winters have to be anticipated.”Scinexx Wissenschaft Magazin, 26 Mar 2002****16. “Yesterday’s snow… Because temperatures in the Alps are rising quickly, there will be more precipitation in many places. But because it will rain more often than it snows, this will be bad news for tourists. For many ski lifts this means the end of business.”Daniela Jacob, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 8 Aug 2006****17. “Spring will begin in January starting in 2030.”Die Welt, 30 Sept 2010****18. “Ice, snow, and frost will disappear, i.e. milder winters” … “Unusually warm winters without snow and ice are now being viewed by many as signs of climate change.”Schleswig Holstein NABU, 10 Feb 2007****19. “Good bye winter… In the northern hemisphere the deviations are much greater according to NOAA calculations, in some areas up to 5°C. That has consequences says DWD meteorologist Müller-Westermeier: When the snowline rises over large areas, the bare ground is warmed up even more by sunlight. This amplifies global warming. A process that is uncontrollable – and for this reason understandably arouses old childhood fears: First the snow disappears, and then winter.”Die Zeit, 16 Mar 2007****20. “Warm in the winter, dry in the summer … Long, hard winters in Germany remain rare: By 2085 large areas of the Alps and Central German Mountains will be almost free of snow. Because air temperatures in winter will rise more quickly than in summer, there will be more precipitation. ‘However, much of it will fall as rain,’ says Daniela Jacob of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology.”FOCUS, 24 May 2006****21. “Consequences and impacts for regional agriculture: Hotter summers, milder plus shorter winters (palm trees!). Agriculture: More CO2 in the air, higher temperatures, foremost in winter.”Dr. Michael Schirmer, University of Bremen, presentation of 2 Feb 2007****22. “Winters: wet and mild”Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture, presentation 23 Aug 2007****23. “The climate model prognoses currently indicate that the following climate changes will occur: Increase in minimum temperatures in the winter.”Chamber of Agriculture of Lower Saxony Date: 6 July 2009****24. “Both the prognoses for global climate development and the prognoses for the climatic development of the Fichtel Mountains clearly show a warming of the average temperature, whereby especially the winter months will be greatly impacted.”Willi Seifert, University of Bayreuth, diploma thesis, p. 203, 7 July 2004****25. “Already in the year 2025 the conditions for winter sports in the Fichtel Mountains will develop negatively, especially with regards to ‘natural’ snow conditions and for so-called snow-making potential. A financially viable ski business operation after about the year 2025 appears under these conditions to be extremely improbable (Seifert, 2004)”.Andreas Matzarakis, University of Freiburg Meteorological Institute, 26 July 2006****26. “Skiing among palm trees? … For this reason I would advise no one in the Berchtesgadener Land to invest in a ski-lift. The probability of earning money with the global warming is getting less and less.”Hartmut Graßl, Director Emeritus,Max Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, page 3, 4 Mar 2006****27. “Climate warming leads to an increasingly higher snow line. The number of future ski resorts that can be expected to have snow is reducing. […] Climate change does not only lead to higher temperatures, but also to changes in the precipitation ratios in summer and winter. […] In the wintertime more precipitation is to be anticipated. However, it will fall more often as rain, and less often as snow, in the future.”Hans Elsasser, Director of the Geographical Institute of the University of Zurich, 4 Mar 2006****28. “All climate simulations – global and regional – were carried out at the Deutschen Klimarechenzentrum [German Climate Simulation Center]. […] In the winter months the temperature rise is from 1.5°C to 2°C and stretches from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea. Only in regions that are directly influenced by the Atlantic (Great Britain, Portugal, parts of Spain) will the winter temperature increase be less (Fig. 1).”Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Press Release, Date: December 2007/January 2013.****29. “By the year 2050 … temperatures will rise 1.5ºC to 2.5°C (summer) and 3°C (winter). … in the summer it will rain up to 40% less and in the winter up to 30% more.German Federal Department of Highways, 1 Sept 2010****30. “We are now at the threshold of making reliable statements about the future.”Daniela Jacob, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, page 44, 10/2001****31. “The scenarios of climate scientists are unanimous about one thing: In the future in Germany we will have to live with drier and drier summers and a lot more rain in the winters.”Gerhard Müller-Westermeier, German Weather Service (DWD), 20 May 2010****32. “In the wintertime the winds will be more from the west and will bring storms to Germany. Especially in western and southern Germany there will be flooding.” FOCUS / Mojib Latif, Leibniz Institute for Ocean Sciences of the University of Kiel, 27 May 2006.****33. “While the increases in the springtime appear as rather modest, the (late)summer and winter months are showing an especially powerful warming trend.”State Ministry of Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Saxony, p. 133, Schriftenreihe Heft 25/2009.****34. “Warm Winters Result From Greenhouse Effect, Columbia Scientists Find, Using NASA Model … Despite appearing as part of a natural climate oscillation, the large increases in wintertime surface temperatures over the continents may therefore be attributable in large part to human activities,”Science Daily, Dr. Drew Shindell 4 June 1999****35. “Within a few years winter snowfall will become a very rare and exciting event. … Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”David Viner, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 20 March 2000****36. “This data confirms what many gardeners believe – winters are not as hard as they used to be. … And if recent trends continue a white Christmas in Wales could certainly be a thing of the past.”BBC, Dr Jeremy Williams, Bangor University, Lecturer in Geomatics, 20 Dec 2004****37. The rise in temperature associated with climate change leads to a general reduction in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow, and a consequent reduction in many areas in the duration of snow cover.”Global Environmental Change, Nigel W. Arnell, Geographer, 1 Oct 1999****38. “Computer models predict that the temperature rise will continue at that accelerated pace if emissions of heat-trapping gases are not reduced, and also predict that warming will be especially pronounced in the wintertime.”Star News, William K. Stevens, New York Times, 11 Mar 2000****39. “In a warmer world, less winter precipitation falls as snow and the melting of winter snow occurs earlier in spring. Even without any changes in precipitation intensity, both of these effects lead to a shift in peak river runoff to winter and early spring, away from summer and autumn.”Nature, T. P. Barnett et. al., 17 Nov 2005*****40. “We are beginning to approximate the kind of warming you should see in the winter season.”Star News, Mike Changery, National Climatic Data Center, 11 Mar 2000****41. “Milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms but could cause an increase in freezing rain if average daily temperatures fluctuate about the freezing point.”IPCC Climate Change, 2001****42. “Global climate change is likely to be accompanied by an increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves, as well as warmer summers and milder winters…9.4.2. Decreased Mortality Resulting from Milder Winters … One study estimates a decrease in annual cold-related deaths of 20,000 in the UK by the 2050s (a reduction of 25%)”IPCC Climate Change, 2001****43. “The lowest winter temperatures are likely to increase more than average winter temperature in northern Europe. …The duration of the snow season is very likely to shorten in all of Europe, and snow depth is likely to decrease in at least most of Europe.”IPCC Climate Change, 2007****44. “Snowlines are going up in altitude all over the world. The idea that we will get less snow is absolutely in line with what we expect from global warming.”WalesOnline, Sir John Houghton – atmospheric physicist, 30 June 2007****45. “In the UK wetter winters are expected which will lead to more extreme rainfall, whereas summers are expected to get drier. However, it is possible under climate change that there could be an increase of extreme rainfall even under general drying.”Telegraph, Dr. Peter Stott, Met Office, 24 July 2007****46. “Winter has gone forever and we should officially bring spring forward instead. … There is no winter any more despite a cold snap before Christmas. It is nothing like years ago when I was younger. There is a real problem with spring because so much is flowering so early year to year.”Express, Dr Nigel Taylor, Curator of Kew Gardens, 8 Feb 2008****47. “The past is no longer a guide to the future. We no longer have a stationary climate,”…Independent, Dr. Peter Stott, Met Office, 27 Jul 2007****48. “It is consistent with the climate change message. It is exactly what we expect winters to be like – warmer and wetter, and dryer and hotter summers. …the winter we have just seen is consistent with the type of weather we expect to see more and more in the future.”Wayne Elliott, Met Office meteorologist, BBC, 27 Feb 2007****49. “ If your decisions depend on what’s happening at these very fine scales of 25 km or even 5 km resolution then you probably shouldn’t be making irreversible investment decisions now.”Myles Allen, “one of the UK’s leading climate modellers”, Oxford University, 18 June 2009****50. “It’s great that the government has decided to put together such a scientifically robust analysis of the potential impacts of climate change in the UK.”Keith Allott, WWF-UK, 18 June 2009****51. “The data collected by experts from the university [of Bangor] suggests that a white Christmas on Snowdon – the tallest mountain in England and Wales – may one day become no more than a memory.”BBC News, 20 Dec 2004[BBC 2013: “Snowdon Mountain Railway will be shut over the Easter weekend after it was hit by 30ft (9.1m) snow drifts.”]****52. “Spring is arriving earlier each year as a result of climate change, the first ‘conclusive proof’ that global warming is altering the timing of the seasons, scientists announced yesterday.”Guardian, 26 Aug 2006.****53. “Given the increase in the average winter temperature it is obvious that the number of frost days and the number of days that the snow remains, will decline. For Europe the models indicate that cold winters such as at the end of the 20th century, that happened at an average once every ten years, will gradually disappear in the course of the century.” (p. 19), and“…but it might well be that nothing remains of the snowjoy in the Hautes Fagnes but some yellowed photos because of the climate change … moreover an increase in winter precipitation would certainly not be favorable for recreation!” (p38)Jean-Pascal van Ypersele and Philippe Marbaix, Greenpeace, 2004****54. “Shindell’s model predicts that if greenhouse gases continue to increase, winter in the Northern Hemisphere will continue to warm. ‘In our model, we’re seeing a very large signal of global warming and it’s not a naturally occurring thing. It’s most likely linked to greenhouse gases,’ he said.NASA, GISS, 2 June 1999****55. “We have seen that in the last years and decades that winters have become much milder than before and that there isn’t nearly as much snowfall. All simulations show this trend will continue in the future and that we have to expect an intense warming in the Alps…especially in the foothills, snow will turn to rain and winter sports will no longer be possible anymore.”Mojib Latif, Leibnitz Institute for Oceanography, University of Kiel, February 17, 2005****56. Planning for a snowless future: “Our study is already showing that that there will be a much worse situation in 20 years.”Christopher Krull, Black Forest Tourism Association / Spiegel, 17 Feb 2005****57. “Rhineland-Palatinate, as will be the case for all of Central Europe, will be affected by higher than average warming rates and winters with snow disappearing increasingly.”Prof. Dr. Hartmut Grassl, “internationally renowned meteorologist”, Director Emeritus, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 20 Nov 2008****58. “With the pace of global warming increasing, some climate change experts predict that the Scottish ski industry will cease to exist within 20 years.”Guardian, 14 February 2004[4 January 2013: “Nevis Range, The Lecht, Cairngorm, Glenshee and Glencoe all remain closed today due to the heavy snow and strong winds.”]****59. “Unfortunately, it’s just getting too hot for the Scottish ski industry.”David Viner, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 14 Feb 2004****60. “For the Baltic ringed seal, climate change could mean its demise” warned a team of scientists at the Baltic Sea Experiment (Baltex) conference in Goteborg. “This is because the warming leads to the ice on the Baltic Sea to melt earlier and earlier every year.”Spiegel, 3 June 2006[The Local 2013: “Late-season freeze sets Baltic ice record … I’ve never seen this much ice this late in the season.”]****61. Forecasters Predict More Mild Winter for EuropeReuters, Nov 09, 2012FRANKFURT – European weather in the coming winter now looks more likely to be mild than in previous studies, German meteorologist Georg Mueller said in a monthly report.“The latest runs are generally in favor of a milder than normal winter, especially over northern Europe.”****62. “Spring is arriving earlier each year as a result of climate change, the first ‘conclusive proof’ that global warming is altering the timing of the seasons, scientists announced yesterday.”Guardian, 26 August 2006.http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/aug/26/climatechange.climatechangeenvironment****63. “Given the increase in the average winter temperature it is obvious that the number of frost days and the number of days that the snow remains, will decline. For Europe the models indicate that cold winters such as at the end of the 20th century, that happened at an average once every ten years, will gradually disappear in the course of the century.” (p19)“…but it might well be that nothing remains of the snowjoy in the Hautes Fagnes but some yellowed photos because of the climate change … moreover an increase in winter precipitation would certainly not be favorable for recreation!” (p38)Impact of the climate change in Belgium (translated from Dutch).Jean-Pascal van Ypersele and Philippe Marbaix for Greenpeace, 2004****64. “The hottest year since 1659 spells global doom”Telegraph December 14, 2006http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1536852/The-hottest-year-since-1659-spells-global-doom.html****65. “Jay Wynne from the BBC Weather Centre presents reports for typical days in 2020, 2050 and 2080 as predicted by our experiment.”BBCs Climate Change Experimenthttp://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/climateexperiment/whattheymean/theuk.shtml****66. “Cold winters would gradually disappear.” (p.4)67. “In Belgium, snow on the ground could become increasingly rare but there would be plenty of grey sky and rain in winter..” (p.6)The Greenpeace report “Impacts of climate change in Belgium” is available in an abbreviated version in English:http://www.greenpeace.org/belgium/PageFiles/19049/SumIB_uk.pdfImpacts of climate change in BelgiumJean-Pascal van Ypersele and Philippe Marbaix for Greenpeace, 2004Climate scientist van Ypersele is Vice Chair of the IPCC.****68. “Warmer and Wetter Winters in Europe and Western North America Linked to Increasing Greenhouse Gases.”NASA, June 2, 1999http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/19990602/****69. “The global temperature will increase every year by 0.2°C”Michael Müller, Socialist, State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Environment, in Die Zeit, January 15, 2007****70. “Unfortunately, it’s just getting too hot for the Scottish ski industry. It is very vulnerable to climate change; the resorts have always been marginal in terms of snow and, as the rate of climate change increases, it is hard to see a long-term future.”David Viner, of the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia.February 14, 2004http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/14/climatechange.scotland****71. “Climate change will have the effect of pushing more and more winter sports higher and higher up mountains,…”Rolf Burki and his colleagues at the University of Zurichhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/03/research.sciencenews****72. “ In the future, snowdrops will be out in January, primroses in February, mayflowers and lilac in April and wild roses in May, the ponds will be full of tadpoles in March and a month later even the oaks will be in full leaf. If that isn’t enough, autumn probably won’t begin until October.”Geraint Smith, Science Correspondent, Standardhttp://www.standard.co.uk/news/british-seasons-start-to-shift-6358532.html****73. “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water. And there will be tape across the windows across the street because of high winds. And the same birds won’t be there. The trees in the median strip will change….There will be more police cars….[since] you know what happens to crime when the heat goes up.”Dr. James Hansen, 1988, in an interview with author Rob Reiss.Reiss asked how the greenhouse effect was likely to affect the neighborhood below Hansen’s office in NYC in the next 20 years.****74. March 20, 2000, from The Independent, According to Dr David Viner of the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit, snowfall in Britain would become “a very rare and exciting event” and “children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”****75. September 2006, Arnold Schwarzenegger signing California’s anti-emissions law, “We simply must do everything in our power to slow down global warming before it is too late…The science is clear. The global warming debate is over.”****76. 1990 Actress Meryl Streep “By the year 2000 – that’s less than ten years away–earth’s climate will be warmer than it’s been in over 100,000 years. If we don’t do something, there’ll be enormous calamities in a very short time.”****77. April 2008, Media Mogul Ted Turner on Charlie Rose (On not taking drastic action to correct global warming) “Not doing it will be catastrophic. We’ll be eight degrees hotter in ten, not ten but 30 or 40 years and basically none of the crops will grow. Most of the people will have died and the rest of us will be cannibals.”[Strictly speaking, this is not a failed prediction. It won’t be until at least 2048 that our church-going and pie-baking neighbors come after us for their noonday meal. But the prediction is so bizarre that it is included it here.]****78. January 1970 Life Magazine “Scientists have solid experimental and theoretical evidence to support …the following predictions: In a decade, urban dwellers will have to wear gas masks to survive air pollution…by 1985 air pollution will have reduced the amount of sunlight reaching earth by one half…”****79. “Earth Day” 1970 Kenneth Watt, ecologist: “At the present rate of nitrogen build-up, it’s only a matter of time before light will be filtered out of the atmosphere and none of our land will be usable.”****80. “Earth Day” 1970 Kenneth Watt, ecologist: “The world has been chilling sharply for about twenty years. If present trends continue, the world will be about four degrees colder for the global mean temperature in 1990, but eleven degrees colder in the year 2000. This is about twice what it would take to put us into an ice age.”****81. April 28, 1975 Newsweek “There are ominous signs that Earth’s weather patterns have begun to change dramatically….The evidence in support of these predictions has now begun to accumulate so massively that meteorologists are hard-pressed to keep up with it….The central fact is that…the earth’s climate seems to be cooling down…If the climate change is as profound as some of the pessimists fear, the resulting famines could be catastrophic.”****82. 1976 Lowell Ponte in “The Cooling,”: “This cooling has already killed hundreds of thousands of people. If it continues and no strong action is taken, it will cause world famine, world chaos and world war, and this could all come about before the year 2000.”****83. July 9, 1971, Washington Post: “In the next 50 years fine dust that humans discharge into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuel will screen out so much of the sun’s rays that the Earth’s average temperature could fall by six degrees. Sustained emissions over five to ten years, could be sufficient to trigger an ice age.”****84. June, 1975, Nigel Calder in International Wildlife: “The continued rapid cooling of the earth since WWII is in accord with the increase in global air pollution associated with industrialization, mechanization, urbanization and exploding population.”****85. June 30, 1989, Associated Press: U.N. OFFICIAL PREDICTS DISASTER, SAYS GREENHOUSE EFFECT COULD WIPE SOME NATIONS OFF MAP–entire nations could be wiped off the face of the earth by rising sea levels if global warming is not reversed by the year 2000. Coastal flooding and crop failures would create an exodus of ‘eco-refugees,’ threatening political chaos,” said Brown, director of the New York office of the U.N. Environment Program. He added that governments have a 10-year window of opportunity to solve the greenhouse effect.****86. Sept 19, 1989, St. Louis Post-Dispatch: “New York will probably be like Florida 15 years from now.”****87. December 5, 1989, Dallas Morning News: “Some predictions for the next decade are not difficult to make…Americans may see the ’80s migration to the Sun Belt reverse as a global warming trend rekindles interest in cooler climates.”—****88. Michael Oppenheimer, 1990, The Environmental Defense Fund: “By 1995, the greenhouse effect would be desolating the heartlands of North America and Eurasia with horrific drought, causing crop failures and food riots…”(By 1996) The Platte River of Nebraska would be dry, while a continent-wide black blizzard of prairie topsoil will stop traffic on interstates, strip paint from houses and shut down computers…The Mexican police will round up illegal American migrants surging into Mexico seeking work as field hands.”****89. April 18, 1990, Denver Post: “Giant sand dunes may turn Plains to desert–huge sand dunes extending east from Colorado’s Front Range may be on the verge of breaking through the thin topsoil, transforming America’s rolling High Plains into a desert, new research suggests. The giant sand dunes discovered by NASA satellite photos are expected to re-emerge over the next 20 t0 50 years, depending on how fast average temperatures rise from the suspected ‘greenhouse effect’ scientists believe.”****90. Edward Goldsmith, 1991, (5000 Days to Save the Planet): “By 2000, British and American oil will have diminished to a trickle….Ozone depletion and global warming threaten food shortages, but the wealthy North will enjoy a temporary reprieve by buying up the produce of the South. Unrest among the hungry and the ensuing political instability, will be contained by the North’s greater military might. A bleak future indeed, but an inevitable one unless we change the way we live…At present rates of exploitation there may be no rainforest left in 10 years. If measures are not taken immediately, the greenhouse effect may be unstoppable in 12 to 15 years.”****91. April 22, 1990 ABC, The Miracle Planet: “I think we’re in trouble. When you realize how little time we have left–we are now given not 10 years to save the rainforests, but in many cases five years. Madagascar will largely be gone in five years unless something happens. And nothing is happening.”****92. February 1993, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution: “Most of the great environmental struggles will be either won or lost in the 1990s and by the next century it will be too late.”****93. November 7, 1997, (BBC commentator): “It appears that we have a very good case for suggesting that the El Niños are going to become more frequent, and they’re going to become more intense, and in a few years, or a decade or so, we’ll go into a permanent El Nino. So instead of having cool water periods for a year or two, we’ll have El Niño upon El Niño, and that will become the norm. And you’ll have an El Niño, that instead of lasting 18 months, lasts 18 years.”****94. July 26, 1999 The Birmingham Post: “Scientists are warning that some of the Himalayan glaciers could vanish within ten years because of global warming. A build-up of greenhouse gases is blamed for the meltdown, which could lead to drought and flooding in the region affecting millions of people.”****95. October 15, 1990 Carl Sagan: “The planet could face an ‘ecological and agricultural catastrophe’ by the next decade if global warming trends continue.”****96. Sept 11, 1999, The Guardian: “A report last week claimed that within a decade, the disease (malaria) will be common again on the Spanish coast. The effects of global warming are coming home to roost in the developed world.”****97. March 29, 2001, CNN: “In ten year’s time, most of the low-lying atolls surrounding Tuvalu’s nine islands in the South Pacific Ocean will be submerged under water as global warming rises sea levels.”****98. 1969, Lubos Moti, Czech physicist: “It is now pretty clearly agreed that CO2 content [in the atmosphere] will rise 25% by 2000. This could increase the average temperature near the earth’s surface by 7 degrees Fahrenheit. This in turn could raise the level of the sea by 10 feet. Goodbye New York. Goodbye Washington, for that matter.”****99. 2005, Andrew Simms, policy director of the New Economics Foundation: “Scholars are predicting that 50 million people worldwide will be displaced by 2010 because of rising sea levels, desertification, dried up aquifers, weather-induced flooding and other serious environmental changes.”****100. Oct 20, 2009, Gordon Brown UK Prime Minister (referring to the Copenhagen climate conference): “World leaders have 50 days to save the Earth from irreversible global warming.”****101. June 2008, Ted Alvarez, Backpacker Magazine Blogs: “you could potentially sail, kayak, or even swim to the North Pole by the end of the summer. Climate scientists say that the Arctic ice…is currently on track to melt sometime in 2008.”[Shortly after this prediction was made, a Russian icebreaker was trapped in the ice of the Northwest Passage for a week.]****102. May 31, 2006 Al Gore, CBS Early Show: “…the debate among the scientists is over. There is no more debate. We face a planetary emergency. There is no more scientific debate among serious people who’ve looked at the science…Well, I guess in some quarters, there’s still a debate over whether the moon landing was staged in a movie lot in Arizona, or whether the Earth is flat instead of round.”****103. January 2000 Dr. Michael Oppenheimer of the Environmental Defense Fund commenting (in a NY Times interview) on the mild winters in New York City: “But it does not take a scientist to size up the effects of snowless winters on the children too young to remember the record-setting blizzards of 1996. For them, the pleasures of sledding and snowball fights are as out-of-date as hoop-rolling, and the delight of a snow day off from school is unknown.”****104. 2008 Dr. James Hansen of the Goddard Space Institute (NASA) on a visit to Britain: “The recent warm winters that Britain has experienced are a sign that the climate is changing.”[Two exceptionally cold winters followed. The 2009-10 winter may be the coldest experienced in the UK since 1683.]****105. June 11, 1986, Dr. James Hansen of the Goddard Space Institute (NASA) in testimony to Congress (according to the Milwaukee Journal): “Hansen predicted global temperatures should be nearly 2 degrees higher in 20 years, ‘which is about the warmest the earth has been in the last 100,000 years.’”****106. June 8, 1972, Christian Science Monitor: “Arctic specialist Bernt Balchen says a general warming trend over the North Pole is melting the polar ice cap and may produce an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the year 2000.”****107. May 15, 1989, Associated Press: “Using computer models, researchers concluded that global warming would raise average annual temperatures nationwide [USA] two degrees by 2010.”