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Has the CCP's control over national industries helped or hurt China's economic growth?

If the objective is to provide something more than a barely above subsistence-level standard of living for the majority of your citizens, clearly a 100% centrally planned, state-controlled economy is not a viable economic model. That was certainly the conclusion Deng Xiaoping came to in the late 1970s, at which point he began pushing for economic reforms to introduce market forces into the system, starting with the agricultural sector.At the same time, there is no wealthy, developed economy in the world where the economy is 100% run by market forces. Even here in the U.S. we have public assets like schools, utilities, the postal system and many other industries like healthcare, telecom and banking are highly regulated by various government agencies. So the optimal proportion for China must lie somewhere between these extremes.This question is more than just a simple yes or no one and requires a fair amount of historical context and background to really answer. We must consider State ownership and control of assets as one component of China's broader economic reforms. We also need to realize that since the early 1980s the "economic model" itself has really been one that has evolved over time -- rapidly at times and generally in the direction of handing greater control of the economy to market forces and Capitalism.Some Historical ContextPrior to the implementation of the first batch of economic reforms under Deng in the early 1980s, the State controlled 100% of all assets and was involved in planning at even the most detailed level e.g. setting grain allocations for villages [1]. Through the decades, the State's direct and indirect involvement in the economy has shrunk considerably. Entire sectors have been de-regulated and even the State's involvement within controlled sectors has evolved from full operational control to what I would characterize today more as board-level control.China saw early success with its agricultural reforms in the early 1980s. This set the stage for another round of massive reforms targeting the largely state-controlled industrial sector in the 1990s. Under Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji, policymakers privatized all but a handful of large state enterprises in select industries like banking, energy and defense.During this process, something like two-fifths of SOE employees lost their jobs, amounting to tens of millions of unemployed workers. This created massive rust belts in the heavily industrialized Northeast and added to the burden on the private sector to create new jobs for these newly unemployed (this was on top of the tens of millions streaming off the farms into the cities). But it did provide a jolt in efficiency to the state sector as well as the broader economy and was one of the primary drivers of China's economic prosperity in the 2000s.Telecom industry: Different paths to the same place?Now let's take a deeper look at the evolution of one sector that has largely remained under the direct ownership of the State: the telecom services sector.Thirty years ago, when we were just talking about telephone services, this industry was managed directly by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. After two plus decades of reform and restructuring, the sector today is dominated by three SOEs (China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom) that all provide a mix of mobile and fixed line services.Meanwhile, over in the U.S., telephone services had historically been provided by the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (better known as AT&T) which maintained a natural monopoly into the early 1980s under the regulatory gaze of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Back then, AT&T provided everything from local and long-distance telephone service to the actual physical phones. In 1982, the monopoly was broken up by the Supreme Court and AT&T was split into seven regional "Baby Bells".Over the years, the Baby Bells grew up. Some changed their names. Some started investing in emerging wireless capabilities; others bought their way in. In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act which deregulated the industry. This kicked off a wave of consolidation in the industry. Today, our mobile sector is dominated by an oligopoly with the Top 4 players controlling over 80% of the market. Stephen Colbert summed it up nicely in this hilarious video about how AT&T is really T1000 from Terminator 2.The point of this history lesson is this: It doesn't matter whether your telecom system comes from a state-owned enterprise or a private sector provider ... in America and China, they are both oligopolies which means you will end up with crappy service and/or bad signal coverage regardless of where you are [2].Economic reform is not easyMarkets are not magic elixirs that you ingest and all of a sudden just work. You cannot just parachute in a few academics that have written papers on economic development and expect things to change. It is nitty-gritty blue-collar work that needs persistence and determination to work over a long period of time. It is not a computer game -- you are dealing with actual people and their lives. It cannot be done successfully overnight (just ask the Russian people).It is even harder when your starting position is abject poverty. Since WW2, there have been only a handful of economies that have been able to claw their way from abject poverty to becoming wealthy economies. And after you cull the city-states, oil-rich countries and small islands, you are really only left with two: South Korea and Taiwan. It took both of them about three decades to go from poor to middle income and another two decades to become "high income" countries. Starting essentially from scratch, these two were like bootstrapped but nimble startups that executed their business plans perfectly, twin paragons of modern economic development success.China has taken about the same amount of time (three decades) to get from abject poverty to the middle income level. It has not yet broken out into the "high income" club but they deserve some points for degree of difficulty which was an order of magnitude or two higher. South Korea and Taiwan had a combined population of 30 million in 1955 -- that would have counted as a smallish Chinese province. They were largely blank slates, with mainly agrarian economies. China had to deal with a massively inefficient industrial sector that was a centrally planned mess. South Korea and Taiwan could lean on their friendship with the world's most powerful country. China's best friend was North Korea.Could China have done it better?In theory -- and with the huge benefit of hindsight -- they could have done things better. China's reforms have not come in a straight, linear path but more in what I would describe as a "two steps forward, one step back" pace. Policymakers have made plenty of mistakes along the way but that is to be expected. You don't have to be right every single time -- but you do have to keep your eyes on the end goal and continue to push forward past the inevitable mistakes.And it is really hard to argue with the overall result, which is the lifting of hundreds of millions of people from abject poverty into the global middle class. China is responsible for three-quarters of global poverty reduction over the last three decades, pulling a grand total of 680 million people out. So arguing that China could have done even better is kind of like criticizing your kid when he brings home an A because it wasn't an A+.The way forwardToday, Chinese SOEs account for less than a quarter of economic output and employment. They are largely concentrated in sectors like telecom, banking, defense, oil and the power grid -- sectors that are either strategically important or capital intensive in nature, which play more to the core strengths (e.g. mobilizing and concentrating resources) of centrally planned systems.These sectors also tend to be ones where there are limits on innovation and productivity growth (better handled by the the private sector and market forces). Just go back to the telecom example -- is there really a lot of innovation going on these days at oligopolies like AT&T and Verizon? The innovation that does occur in communications is happening on the technology side, and just like those innovations are driven by private companies in the U.S. you have private sector companies like Huawei, ZTE and Xiaomi doing the same in China.In the case of the financial and banking sector, sometimes innovation is not necessarily a good thing. Just look at how the invention of CDOs led to the 2007 Subprime Crisis -- financial "innovation" led to some pretty massive capital misallocation in the real estate sector. That said, there is plenty of room for innovation in consumer finance, and interestingly in China you have private sector companies like Alibaba and Tencent driving innovation there.The one area where I think China could use more private sector influence is the oil and gas sector. One of the biggest innovations (as measured in overall societal impact) in America of the past two decades came not out of Silicon Valley but shale formations in Texas and North Dakota. The technology and process behind hydraulic fracturing and the extraction of tight oil and gas is largely the result of independent wildcatters that had the motivation and regulatory leeway to figure this out, largely by trial and error. In the process, they have done more to lead America down the path of energy independence than anything else, including the upwards of $2 trillion we spent fighting in Iraq. This type of innovation just won't happen in China's state run oil sector, even though China probably sits on some fairly massive shale formations of its own.That said, it does look like China is about to embark on another round of SOE reform, perhaps the most substantive since the 1990s. After a burst of efficiency growth following those reforms, the SOEs have gotten a fat and lazy -- in China, landing an SOE job is prestigious and comes with a nice salary and perks. But the SOEs have seen their efficiency come down, especially in recent years.However, I do not expect the massive layoffs and disruption like what happened two decades ago. There will be some job losses, maybe some more privatization and a further shrinking of the sector relative to the much more efficient private sector. Announcements are just starting to trickle about the nature of what this round of SOE reforms will look like.If you take the long view, the good news for China is that much of the heavy lifting on SOE reform has been done. There was a lot more risk of failure back when you were trying to introduce market reforms into an environment where literally everything was owned by the State. Today, the private sector accounts for most economic activity and market forces allocate most resources. Shifting the main growth driver from investment to consumption and from manufacturing to services will rely almost entirely on the private sector, not the State sector.Notes:[1] China has something like a million villages. Imagine what that process looked like in the days before software-based spreadsheets![2] Actually I am pretty happy with T-Mobile now and most Chinese people are satisfied with their mobile telephone service. But you get my point.

How many people died because of Christopher Columbus (either directly by his hand or by the conquests led by him)?

Columbus and the Beginning of Genocide in the "New World"It has been contended by those who would celebrate Columbus thataccusations concerning his perpetration of genocide are distortive"revisions" of history. Whatever the process unleashed by his"discovery" of the "New World," it is said, the discovererhimself cannot be blamed. Whatever his defects and offenses, they aresurpassed by the luster of his achievements; however "tragic" or"unfortunate" certain dimensions of his legacy may be, they aremore than offset by the benefits even for the victims of the resultingblossoming of a "superior civilization" in theAmericas. Essentially the same arguments might be advanced with regardto Adolf Hitler: Hitler caused the Volkswagen to be created, afterall, and the autobahn. His leadership of Germany led to jetpropulsion, significant advances in rocket telemetry, laid thefoundation for genetic engineering. Why not celebrate his bona fideaccomplishments on behalf of humanity rather than "dwelling" sopersistently on the genocidal by-products of his policies?To be fair, Columbus was never a head of state. Comparisons ofhim to Nazi SS leader Heinrich Himmler, rather than Hitler, aretherefore more accurate and appropriate. It is time to delve into thesubstance of the defendants' assertion that Columbus and Himmler, NaziLebensraumpolitik (conquest of "living space" in eastern Europe) andthe "settlement of the New World" bear more than casualresemblance to one another. This has nothing to do with the Columbian"discovery," not that this in itself is completelyirrelevant. Columbus did not sally forth upon the Atlantic for reasonsof "neutral science" or altruism. He went, as his own diaries,reports, and letters make clear, fully expecting to encounter wealthbelonging to others. It was his stated purpose to seize this wealth,by whatever means necessary and available, in order to enrich both hissponsors and himself. Plainly, he pre-figured, both in design and byintent, what came next. To this extent, he not only symbolizes theprocess of conquest and genocide which eventually consumed theindigenous peoples of America, but bears the personal responsibilityof having participated in it. Still, if this were all there was to it,the defendants would be inclined to dismiss him as a mere thug alongthe lines of Al Capone rather than viewing him as a counterpart toHimmler.The 1492 "voyage of discovery" is, however, hardly all that isat issue. In 1493 Columbus returned with an invasion force ofseventeen ships, appointed at his own request by the Spanish Crown toinstall himself as "viceroy and governor of [the Caribbean islands]and the mainland" of America, a position he held until1500. Setting up shop on the large island he called Espa–ola (todayHaiti and the Dominican Republic), he promptly instituted policies ofslavery (encomiendo) and systematic extermination against the nativeTaino population. Columbus's programs reduced Taino numbers from asmany as eight million at the outset of his regime to about threemillion in 1496. Perhaps 100,000 were left by the time of thegovernor's departure. His policies, however, remained, with theresult that by 1514 the Spanish census of the island showed barely22,000 Indians remaining alive. In 1542, only two hundred wererecorded. Thereafter, they were considered extinct, as were Indiansthroughout the Caribbean Basin, an aggregate population which totaledmore than fifteen million at the point of first contact with theAdmiral of the Ocean Sea, as Columbus was known.This, to be sure, constitutes an attrition of population inreal numbers every bit as great as the toll of twelve to fifteenmillion about half of them Jewish most commonly attributed toHimmler's slaughter mills. Moreover, the proportion of indigenousCaribbean population destroyed by the Spanish in a single generationis, no matter how the figures are twisted, far greater than theseventy-five percent of European Jews usually said to have beenexterminated by the Nazis. Worst of all, these data apply only to theCaribbean Basin; the process of genocide in the Americas was only justbeginning at the point such statistics become operant, not ending, asthey did upon the fall of the Third Reich. All told, it is probablethat more than one hundred million native people were "eliminated" inthe course of Europe's ongoing "civilization" of the WesternHemisphere.It has long been asserted by "responsible scholars" that thisdecimation of American Indians which accompanied the European invasionresulted primarily from disease rather than direct killing orconscious policy. There is a certain truth to this, althoughstarvation may have proven just as lethal in the end. It must be bornein mind when considering such facts that a considerable portion ofthose who perished in the Nazi death camps died, not as the victims ofbullets and gas, but from starvation, as well as epidemics of typhus,dysentery, and the like. Their keepers, who could not be said to havekilled these people directly, were nonetheless found to have beenculpable in their deaths by way of deliberately imposing theconditions which led to the proliferation of starvation and diseaseamong them. Certainly, the same can be said of Columbus's regime,under which the original residents were, as a first order of business,permanently dispossessed of their abundant cultivated fields whilebeing converted into chattel, ultimately to be worked to death for thewealth and "glory" of Spain.Nor should more direct means of extermination be relegated toincidental status. As the matter is put by Kirkpatrick Sale in hisrecent book, Conquest of Paradise,The tribute system, instituted by the Governor sometime in 1495, was asimple and brutal way of fulfilling the Spanish lust for gold whileacknowledging the Spanish distaste for labor. Every Taino over the ageof fourteen had to supply the rulers with a hawk's bell of gold everythree months (or in gold-deficient areas, twenty-five pounds of spuncotton); those who did were given a token to wear around their necksas proof that they had made their payment; those who did not were, as[Columbus's brother, Fernando] says discreetly "punished"-by havingtheir hands cut off, as [the priest, BartolomŽ de] las Casas saysless discreetly, and left to bleed to death.It is entirely likely that upwards of 10,000 Indians werekilled in this fashion alone, on Espa–ola alone, as a matter ofpolicy, during Columbus's tenure as governor. Las Casas'Brev’sima relaci—n, among other contemporaneous sources, is alsoreplete with accounts of Spanish colonists (hidalgos) hanging Tainosen masse, roasting them on spits or burning them at the stake (often adozen or more at a time), hacking their children into pieces to beused as dog feed and so forth, all of it to instill in the natives a"proper attitude of respect" toward their Spanish "superiors."[The Spaniards] made bets as to who would slit a man in two, or cutoff his head at one blow; or they opened up his bowels. They tore thebabes from their mother's breast by their feet and dashed their headsagainst the rocks...They spitted the bodies of other babes, togetherwith their mothers and all who were before them, on their swords.No SS trooper could be expected to comport himself with a moreunrelenting viciousness. And there is more. All of this was coupled towholesale and persistent massacres:A Spaniard...suddenly drew his sword. Then the whole hundred drewtheirs and began to rip open the bellies, to cut and kill [a group ofTainos assembled for this purpose] men, women, children and old folk,all of whom were seated, off guard and frightened...And within twocredos, not a man of them there remains alive. The Spaniards enter thelarge house nearby, for this was happening at its door, and in thesame way, with cuts and stabs, began to kill as many as were foundthere, so that a stream of blood was running, as if a great number ofcows had perished.Elsewhere, las Casas went on to recount howin this time, the greatest outrages and slaughterings of people wereperpetrated, whole villages being depopulated...The Indians saw thatwithout any offense on their part they were despoiled of theirkingdoms, their lands and liberties and of their lives, their wives,and homes. As they saw themselves each day perishing by the cruel andinhuman treatment of the Spaniards, crushed to earth by the horses,cut in pieces by swords, eaten and torn by dogs, many buried alive andsuffering all kinds of exquisite tortures... [many surrendered totheir fate, while the survivors] fled to the mountains [to starve].Such descriptions correspond almost perfectly to those ofsystematic Nazi atrocities in the western USSR offered by WilliamShirer in Chapter 27 of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. But,unlike the Nazi extermination campaigns of World War II the Columbianbutchery on Espa–ola continued until there were no Tainos left tobutcher.Evolution of the Columbian LegacyNor was this by any means the end of it. The genocidal modelfor conquest and colonization established by Columbus was to a largeextent replicated by others such as Cortez (in Mexico) a Pizarro (inPeru) during the following half-century. During the same period,expeditions such as those of Ponce de Leon in 1513, Coronado in 1540,and de Soto during the same year were launched with an eye towardseffecting the same pattern on the North American continent proper. Inthe latter sphere the Spanish example was followed and in certain waysintensified by the British, beginning at Roanoake in 1607 and Plymouthin 1620. Overall the process of English colonization along theAtlantic Coast was marked by a series of massacres of native people asrelentless and devastating as any perpetrated by the Spaniards. One ofthe best known illustrations drawn from among hundreds was theslaughter of some 800 Pequots at present-day Mystic, Connecticut, onthe night of May 26, 1637.During the latter portion of the seventeenth century, andthroughout most of the eighteenth, Great Britain battled France forcolonial primacy in North America. The resulting sequence of four"French and Indian Wars" greatly accelerated the liquidation ofindigenous people as far west as the Ohio River Valley. During thelast of these, concluded in 1763 history's first documentable case ofbiological warfare occurred against Pontiac's AlgonkianConfederacy, a powerful military alliance aligned with the French.Sir Jeffrey Amherst, commander-in-chief of the British forces...wrotein a postscript of a letter to Bouquet [a subordinate] that smallpoxbe sent among the disaffected tribes. Bouquet replied, also in apostscript, "I will try to [contaminate] them...with some blanketsthat may fall into their hands, and take care not to get the diseasemyself."...To Bouquet's postscript Amherst replied, "You will dowell to [infect] the Indians by means of blankets as well as to tryevery other method that can serve to extirpate this execrablerace." On June 24, Captain Ecuyer, of the Royal Americans, noted inhis journal: "...we gave them two blankets and a handkerchief outof the smallpox hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect."It did. Over the next few months, the disease spread likewildfire among the Mingo, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Ohio Rivernations, killing perhaps 100,000 people. The example of Amherst'saction does much to dispel the myth that the post contact attrition ofIndian people through disease; introduced by Europeans was necessarilyunintentional and unavoidable. There are a number earlier instances inwhich native people felt disease, had been deliberately inculcatedamong them. For example, the so-called "King Philip's War" of1675-76 was fought largely because the Wampanoag and Narragansettnations believed English traders had consciously contaminated certainof their villages with smallpox. Such tactics were also continued bythe United States after the American Revolution. At Fort Clark on theupper Missouri River, for instance, the U.S. Army distributedsmallpox-laden blankets as gifts among the Mandan. The blankets hadbeen gathered from a military infirmary in St. Louis where troopsinfected with the disease were quarantined. Although the medicalpractice of the day required the precise opposite procedure, armydoctors ordered the Mandans to disperse once they exhibited symptomsof infection. The result was a pandemic among the Plains Indiannations who claimed at least 125,000 lives, and may have reached atoll several times that number.Contemporaneously with the events at Fort Clark, the U.S. wasalso engaged in a policy of wholesale "removal" of indigenous nationseast of the Mississippi River, "clearing" the land of its nativepopulation so that it might be "settled" by "raciallysuperior" Anglo-Saxon "pioneers." This resulted in a seriesof extended forced marches some more than a thousand miles in lengthin which entire peoples were walked at bayonet-point to locations westof the Mississippi. Rations and medical attention were poor, shelterat times all but nonexistent. Attrition among the victims wascorrespondingly high. As many as fifty-five percent of all Cherokees,for example, are known to have died during or as an immediate resultof that people's "Trail of Tears." The Creeks and Seminoles alsolost about half their existing populations as a direct consequence ofbeing "removed." It was the example of nineteenth-centuryU.S. Indian Removal policy upon which Adolf Hitler relied for apractical model when articulating and implementing hisLebensraumpolitik during the 1930s and '40s.By the 1850s, U.S. policymakers had adopted a popularphilosophy called "Manifest Destiny" by which they imagined themselvesenjoying a divinely ordained right to possess all native property,including everything west of the Mississippi. This was coupled to whathas been termed a "rhetoric of extermination" by whichgovernmental and corporate leaders sought to shape public sentiment toembrace the eradication of American Indians. The professed goal ofthis physical reduction of "inferior" indigenous populations wasto open up land for "superior" Euro-American "pioneers."One outcome of this dual articulation was a series of generalmassacres perpetrated by the United States military.A bare sampling of some of the worst must include the 1854 massacre ofperhaps 150 Lakotas at Blue River (Nebraska), the 1863 Bear River(Idaho) Massacre of some 500 Western Shoshones, the 1864 Sand Creek(Colorado) Massacre of as many as 250 Cheyennes and Arapahoes, the1868 massacre of another 300 Cheyennes at the Washita River(Oklahoma), the 1875 massacre of about 75 Cheyennes along the SappaCreek (Kansas), the 1878 massacre of still another 100 Cheyennes atCamp Robinson (Nebraska), and the 1890 massacre of more than 300Lakotas at Wounded Knee (South Dakota).Related phenomena included the army's internment of the bulkof all Navajos for four years (1864-68) under abysmal conditions atthe Bosque Redondo, during which upwards of a third of the populationof this nation is known to have perished of starvation anddisease. Even worse in some ways was the unleashing of Euro-Americancivilians to kill Indians at whim, and sometimes for profit. In Texas,for example, an official bounty on native scalps any native scalps wasmaintained until well into the 1870s. The result was that theindigenous population of this state, once the densest in all of NorthAmerica, had been reduced to near zero by 1880. As it has been putelsewhere, "The facts of history are plain: Most Texas Indians wereexterminated or brought to the brink of oblivion by [civilians] whooften had no more regard for the life of an Indian than they had forthat of a dog, sometimes less." Similarly, in California, "theenormous decrease [in indigenous population] from about aquarter-million [in 1800] to less than 20,000 is due chiefly to thecruelties and wholesale massacres perpetrated by miners and earlysettlers."Much of the killing in California and southern Oregon Territoryresulted, directly and indirectly, from the discovery of gold in 1849and the subsequent influx of miners and settlers. Newspaper accountsdocument the atrocities, as do oral histories of the CaliforniaIndians today. It was not uncommon for small groups or villages to beattacked by immigrants...and virtually wiped out overnight.All told, the North American Indian population within the areaof the forty-eight contiguous states of the United States, anaggregate group which had probably numbered in excess of twelvemillion in the year 1500, was reduced by official estimates to barelymore than 237,000 four centuries later. This vast genocidehistorically paralleled in its magnitude and degree only by that whichoccurred in the Caribbean Basin is the most sustained onrecord. Corresponding almost perfectly with thisupper-ninetieth-percentile erosion of indigenous population by 1900was the expropriation of about 97.5 percent of native land by1920. The situation in Canada was/is entirely comparable. Plainly, theNazi-esque dynamics set in motion by Columbus in 1492 continued, andwere not ultimately consummated until the present century.The Columbian Legacy in the United StatesWhile it is arguable that the worst of the genocidal programsdirected against Native North America had ended by the twentiethcentury, it seems undeniable that several continue into thepresent. One obvious illustration is the massive compulsory transferof American Indian children from their families, communities, andsocieties to Euro-American families and institutions, a policy whichis quite blatant in its disregard for Article l(e) of the 1948Convention. Effected through such mechanisms as the U.S. Bureau ofIndian Affairs (BIA) boarding school system, and a pervasive policy ofplacing Indian children for adoption (including "blind" adoption) withnon-Indians, such circumstances have been visited upon more thanthree-quarters of indigenous youth in some generations after 1900. Thestated goal of such policies has been to bring about the"assimilation" of native people into the value orientations andbelief system of their conquerors. Rephrased, the objective has beento bring about the disappearance of indigenous societies as such, apatent violation of the terms, provisions, and intent of the GenocideConvention (Article I(c)).An even clearer example is a program of involuntarysterilization of American Indian women by the BIA's Indian HealthService (IHS) during the 1970s. The federal government announced thatthe program had been terminated, and acknowledged having performedseveral thousand such sterilizations. Independent researchers haveconcluded that as many as forty-two percent of all native women ofchildbearing age in the United States had been sterilized by thatpoint. That the program represents a rather stark¾and veryrecent¾violation of Article I(d) of the 1948 Convention seemsbeyond all reasonable doubt.More broadly, implications of genocide are quite apparent inthe federal government's self-assigned exercise of "plenary power" andconcomitant "trust" prerogatives over the residual Indian landbase pursuant to the Lonewolf v. Hitchcock case (187U.S. 553(1903)). This has worked, with rather predictable results, tosystematically deny native people the benefit of their remainingmaterial assets. At present, the approximately 1.6 million Indiansrecognized by the government as residing within the U.S., when dividedinto the fifty-million-odd acres nominally reserved for their use andoccupancy, remain the continent's largest landholders on a percapita basis. Moreover, the reservation lands have proven to beextraordinarily resource rich, holding an estimated two-thirds of allU.S. "domestic" uranium reserves, about a quarter of the readilyaccessible low-sulfur coal, as much as a fifth of the oil and naturalgas, as well as substantial deposits of copper, iron, gold, andzeolites. By any rational definition, the U.S. Indian populationshould thus be one of the wealthiest if not the richest populationsectors in North America.Instead, by the federal government's own statistics, theycomprise far and away the poorest. As of 1980, American Indiansexperienced, by a decided margin, the lowest annual and lifetimeincomes on a per capita basis of any ethnic or racial group on thecontinent. Correlated to this are all the standard indices of extremepoverty: the highest rates of infant mortality, death by exposure andmalnutrition, incidence of tuberculosis and other plaguedisease. Indians experience the highest level of unemployment, yearafter year, and the lowest level of educational attainment. Theoverall quality of life is so dismal that alcoholism and other formsof substance abuse are endemic; the rate of teen suicide is alsoseveral times that of the nation as a whole. The average lifeexpectancy of a reservation-based Native American male is less than 45years; that of a reservation-based female less than three yearslonger.It's not that reservation resources are not being exploited,or profits accrued. To the contrary, virtually all uranium mining andmilling occurred on or immediately adjacent to reservation land duringthe life of the Atomic Energy Commission's ore-buying program,1952-81. The largest remaining enclave of traditional Indians in NorthAmerica is currently undergoing forced relocation in order that coalmay be mined on the Navajo Reservation. Alaska native peoples arebeing converted into landless "village corporations" in order that theoil under their territories can be tapped; and so on. Rather, the BIAhas utilized its plenary and trust capacities to negotiate contractswith major mining corporations "in behalf of" its "Indianwards" which pay pennies on the dollar of the conventional mineralroyalty rates. Further, the BIA has typically exempted suchcorporations from an obligation to reclaim whatever reservation landshave been mined, or even to perform basic environmental cleanup ofnuclear and other forms of waste. One outcome has been that theNational Institute for Science has recommended that the two localeswithin the U.S. most heavily populated by native people¾the FourCorners Region and the Black Hills Region¾be designated as"National Sacrifice Areas." Indians have responded that thiswould mean their being converted into "national sacrificepeoples"Even such seemingly innocuous federal policies as thoseconcerning Indian identification criteria carry with them an evidentgenocidal potential. In clinging insistently to a variation of aeugenics formulation dubbed "blood-quantum" ushered in by the 1887General Allotment Act, while implementing such policies as the FederalIndian Relocation Program (1956-1982), the government has set thestage for a "statistical extermination" of the indigenouspopulation within its borders. As the noted western historian,Patricia Nelson Limerick, has observed: "Set the blood-quantum atone-quarter, hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians, letintermarriage proceed...and eventually Indians will be defined out ofexistence. When that happens, the federal government will finally befreed from its persistent 'Indian problem'." Ultimately, there isprecious little difference, other than matters of style, between thisand what was once called the "Final Solution of the JewishProblem."The above article is an excerpt of a legal brief from Ward Churchill'sbook Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America(Common Courage Press, 1994). The defendants in the brief are leadersof the American Indian Movement, who were charged for stopping aColumbus Day celebratory parade near the Colorado State CapitolBuilding in Denver, Colorado on October 12, 1991.

Where can I get financial help for having covid? I'm not working.

Look on Google, here is a long one I copies, you can find others: Do not pay them as I have not looked into this:“America's Debt Help OrganizationNeed Help Now? Call Us!(877) 764-5798Financial Help for Those Impacted by COVID-19The time is rapidly approaching for American consumers to review the “accommodations” they received from government and businesses when the coronavirus pandemic hit in February of 2020 and determine if they can survive without them.The helping hands extended during COVID-19 are slowly being pulled back as program deadlines arrive and bills, some of which haven’t been paid in months, come due.The “accommodations” as the government refers to them, include postponing payments on rent, utilities, credit cards and mortgages, among other things, and receiving direct financial support from the federal government in the form of a $1,200 stimulus check and/or $600 a week supplemental unemployment benefits.The deadline for many of those benefits has either passed or is coming up soon, creating yet another crisis for members of Congress, who were on vacation throughout the month of August.The most obvious example of those facing trouble are renters who have missed or been late with payments due to the coronavirus. Estimates say that between 30 and 40 million Americans are at risk of being put out on the streets because they can’t pay rent.President Trump issued an executive order to prevent evictions that is good through Dec. 31, 2020, though renters must pass a very subjective test to be protected from evictions between now and then.Landlords or property owners, are in similar financial straits. They have problems paying off loans on their properties because they’re not receiving regular rent payments.The HEROES Act passed by the House of Representatives on May 15, included $100 billion to help renters catch up, but the bill is stalled in the Senate. The chances of relief coming from that anytime soon are not good.The next area of concern for consumers could be what to do if credit card companies pull back the concessions they made at the start of the pandemic. Card companies deferred or reduced monthly payments; waived interest and late fees and increased credit limits to help consumers cope with the financial setbacks they faced from COVID-19.Will that assistance remain in place indefinitely? Or will card companies decide they’ve done their part and it’s time to go back to business as usual?Because there are so many companies issuing credit cards and the industry is acting individually, not collectively, it Is best to go to your company’s website and see how they will handle matters.Then, there is the passenger airline industry, which received $25 billion in grants and another $25 million in low interest loans from the CARES ACT to pay salaries. That money runs out Sept. 30.A group of 16 Republican senators have proposed giving the airlines another $25 billion to keep flying. If they don’t get it, the airlines already have announced there will be major layoffs come Oct. 1.Like the virus itself, nobody knows for sure how much more damage is going to be done to a U.S. economy struggling mightily to regain its footing. The bickering among members of Congress and the President over another relief package isn’t helping.The best advice would be to stay in contact with your landlord, credit card companies, mortgage bankers and anyone else you’re doing business with. Let them know your situation and whether you expect things to change.Maybe they will still “accommodate” you.Some of the financial assistance programs passed include:Stimulus ChecksExpanded Unemployment Benefits401(k) Penalties WaivedSmall Business ReliefLoans and Credit Card Relief for COVID-19It’s no surprise that banks and credit card companies led the way in trying to keep consumers stable financially. When the Federal Reserve lowered the interest rate to zero percent in March, it meant any money-lending institution could make a profitable loan to just about any customer.Bank of America details a full list of assistance programs on its website that include waiving non-sufficient fund and monthly maintenance feess and refunds for overdraft fees as well as assistance on credit card and loan payments.But you have to visit the company website and make your request for help online.» More about: COVID-19 LoansCredit card companies, who usually make millions every month off late payment and over-the-limit fees, backed off penalizing their customers. Instead, they waived those fees and some cards even invited customers to skip payments for a month, if they needed the income to handle other responsibilities. Visit your card company’s website and see what types of assistance is still available.» More about: COVID-19 Credit Card AssistanceOther COVID-19 Relief Offerings from Private BusinessesThe most often-repeated message from the big banks and credit card companies is for those negatively impacted by COVID-19 to stay home and use online or mobile app banking services to do their bill-paying and keep track of their accounts.The second most-common message was: Call our customer service department for specific help with either personal or small business accounts. The sooner you contact a bank representative or your credit card company, the better.The CARES Act: Stimulus Package for COVID-19 ReliefThe federal government giveaways have dominated the news throughout COVID-19 because it was basically free money for consumers and business begging for something to cheer about. The effectiveness of the effort is still being measured, but if nothing else, it gave people a reason to be optimistic.If you’re not sure what COVID-19 related assistance programs you might be qualified for from the government, there is a website with answers. Just respond to a few questions and it will tell you what programs and assistance you qualify for.Here is a rundown of the most impactful debt-relief options in the stimulus bill.$1,200 Coronavirus, COVID-19 Relief ChecksYou got one $1,200 check. You may get a second. You probably shouldn’t count on it.Sending a $1,200 stimulus check to consumers making less than $75,000 was one thing Republicans and Democrats have agreed on since the start of COVID-19 relief efforts. Unfortunately, they don’t agree on much else.That is why a second stimulus check – the one talked about all summer and the one most eligible Americans had counted on being in their bank account by now – hasn’t been approved and may never get voted on, let alone approved.Republicans and Democrats bickered over elements of a relief package for two weeks before going on a month-long vacation. They return Sept. 8 and this will be a very hot topic when they get back in the office. So will passing a budget for fiscal year 2020-2021 that all the departments, agencies and contractors feed off. The fiscal begins Oct. 1. And don’t forget that 35 Senate seats and the entire House of Representatives are up for election Nov. 3.That’s a lot of issues and voices screaming at a Congress that hasn’t demonstrated it listens. You’d have to be a serious optimist to think that getting another stimulus check out to Americans in trouble is going to be at the top of their “to-do” list. Tune in the week of Sept. 8-11 to see if this matters.Unemployment BenefitsThe $600 “added benefits” check the federal government tagged on to regular state unemployment benefits ended July 31.President Trump prolonged the program with an executive order that put another $44 billion up for grabs. The order reduced the benefit to $300 per week and 45 states signed up and were approved for the funds that come from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).The only states not signed up are Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey and South Dakota. The first four have indicated they will apply for it, while South Dakota has said it definitely will not.The benefits are retroactive to Aug. 1, meaning if you have been unemployed since then, you will get a catch-up check, then receive $300 a week until the funding for the program runs out.The government projects the “run-out” date to be somewhere in the middle or end of September.This program was one of the major stumbling issues during negotiations on a second relief package and will be a contentious issue again if Congress re-opens debate on a relief package. Republicans think it’s too much of a handout and want to reduce it to $200 a week. Democrats think it’s a necessary lifeline and want the full $600 a week subsidy renewed until the end of January 2021.401(k) Penalties WaivedThe federal government waived the 10% early-withdrawal penalty for taking money from your 401(k) retirement fund. Qualified individuals can withdraw as much as $100,000 to help them get through this crisis. The money must be withdrawn by Dec. 31, 2020.Paycheck Protection Program for Small BusinessesThe Paycheck Protection Program was the second-most popular part of the CARES Act because it allowed thousands of businesses to stay afloat despite quarantine measures in every state that kept residents at home for at least two months.The decision to quarantine most of the country was a shot-in-the-arm to delivery services, but shut down restaurants, shopping malls, theme parks and sporting events that count on live customer experiences to make their money.The PPP stumbled out of the gate for several reasons, but found its purpose. It distributed $525 billion in loans to 5.2 million businesses to help with payroll and business expenses. The average loan amount was $101,000, which most businesses will not have to pay back.Unfortunately, the deadline for joining the program has passed and it too is a disputed part of a second stimulus package. Republicans want to renew it, but Democrats do not.Big Business Gets Some BreaksCompanies with more than 500 employees and deemed “severely distressed” received large grants or loans.The passenger airline industry, for example, received $25 billion in grants (money they won’t pay back) and another $25 billion in loans they are expected to pay back.There was $17 billion in loans to companies considered critical to national security and $425 billion for other businesses, states and cities.Hospitals and Health Care Centers Get HelpThe stimulus bill set aside $100 billion to help hospitals that were hit hardest by the pandemic. The money was intended to allow them to purchase protective gear for health-care workers, testing supplies and support emergency operation centers.Community health centers and public health agencies like the Center for Disease Control and Prevention also will receive funding to help them get better prepared for the next crisis.The Health and Human Service department re-opened the Provider Relief Fund portal to for providers who participate in state Medicaid and CHIP programs and had not yet received a payment from the $50 billion General Distribution.The deadline for applying is Sept. 13, 2020.Other BeneficiariesSome of the agencies expected to play a big part in the recovery from coronavirus received much-needed help from the stimulus package.The food stamp program, now called SNAP, received $25 billion to help the hungry; local schools and colleges received $31 billion; the Federal Emergency Management Agency got $45 billion that it returned to help fund the added benefits for unemployment; and local transit systems received $25 billion.Help from Government AgenciesSeveral agencies in the Trump Administration didn’t wait on Congress to pass a stimulus bill. They took action on their own. Here are some of moves you might find useful.Paid Sick LeaveCongress actually passed a bill called the Families First Coronavirus Response Act to help workers in smaller businesses deal with using sick leave to care for their families.The target audience for the new law is companies with less than 500 employees. Those companies will receive a tax credit on next year’s tax bill for offset the cost of providing it to their employees.The intention of the new law is to give two weeks of paid sick leave at 100% of your normal salary – up to $511 per day – for a total of $5,110. That is just the first of many qualifiers for this program so check with your company’s Human Resources Department before making plans.Benefits of Paid Sick LeaveYou can get two weeks of paid family and medical leave at two-thirds your regular pay rate to care for an individual subject to quarantine.You could get an additional 10 weeks paid family and medical leave at two-thirds pay, up to $200 a day (and $10,000 aggregate), if you’re a parent caring for children whose school has closed.Employees must have worked at least 30 days to be eligible.Businesses with less than 50 employees may be exempt from providing leave due to school closing or childcare unavailability if that jeopardizes the viability of the business.Businesses with more than 500 employees are exempt from the law.Nursing homes, hospitals and health care providers also are exempt.Tax Break … Sort ofThe Treasury Department moved its tax-filing deadline to July 15 from the traditional date of April 15. About 13 million taxpayers were expected to use the summer deadline for filing.If you expected a refund, you can file anytime.Student Loan Interest SuspendedPresident Trump issued an executive order on Aug. 8 that gave student loan borrowers the option to suspend payments through Dec. 31, 2020 without penalty.The order also provided that borrowers would pay no interest on federal student loans through Dec. 31, 2020.To suspend payments, borrowers should contact their service providers and enroll in the forbearance program.If you can afford to make payments, all of the money will go toward reducing your balance, since no interest charges are being collected. It’s a great way to get ahead.Federal Reserve Cuts Interest Rate to 0%The Federal Reserve did its part to slow the economic downturn by reducing interest rates to 0%.The move didn’t initially help its intended targets — a stable stock market and lower borrowing rates for consumers and small businesses – but that has changed dramatically.The Dow Jones Industrial Average, which peaked at 29,568 on Feb. 12, 2020, went as low as 18,213 on March 23, but has since surged back to 27,832 on Sept. 4.Interest rates on home loans, meanwhile, dipped below 3% for some borrowers.Small Business Administration Provides Access to LoansThe coronavirus could be lethal for small businesses, considered the economic lifeline in most communities, but the Small Business Administration is trying to prevent that.The SBA is offering low-interest working capital loans of up to $2 million for small business and nonprofit agencies affected by COVID-19. Small businesses would pay 3.75% interest on the loans and nonprofits would pay 2.75% for terms of up to 30 years.Many states and cities are offering low-interest loans for small businesses. More information is available on the SBA website.What’s Next in COVID-19 Relief Options?The Democrats were so impressed with the public reception of the CARES Act – especially the $1,200 stimulus check — that they rushed an even bigger package the House of Representatives that had no chance of staying intact when and if the Senate looked at it and, not surprisingly, it collapsed..The HEROES Act was a $3.4 trillion economic stimulator that included handouts for nearly every individual and business in America.Of course, it proposed a second stimulus check, reviving the ever-popular $1,200 check to anyone making under $75,000 but threw in a bonus for families, saying that up to three children could join in the fun of having a sizeable amount of money land in your bank account with no restriction on how it could be spent.The $600 ‘bonus check” for unemployment also was part of the bill, extending that barrel of cash six more months, through the end of January 2021.And then there was a $200 billion cutout for “Hazard Pay” to reward all the essential workers who put their lives in danger throughout the coronavirus pandemic. The list of eligible workers included first responders, grocery store workers, cleaning and maintenance, truck drivers and just about anybody else who reported to work during the crisis.Senate Republicans denounced the HEROES Act as nothing more than a liberal wish-list. They put together a $1 trillion package dubbed the HEALS Act that included another $1,200 stimulus check, but cut back or cut out nearly everything else the HEROES Act promised.Representatives from both sides say negotiations on a compromise bill will resume when Congress returns Sept. 8, but there are no voices of optimism for a quick resolution.Scammers AlertThe Federal Trade Commission has posted a warning that scammers are looking at panic-stricken consumers as easy prey for opportunities to take money or steal personal information.Scammers could be using fake social media posts, texts or email posts that sound like news on treatments or information on where to make donations for relief funds and it’s all fake.Here are the FTC’s warnings about scammers:Don’t click on links from sources you don’t recognizeIgnore emails claiming to come from the Center for Disease ControlAvoid online offers for vaccinations or treatmentsIf someone is asking for donations in cash, gift cards or wiring money, stay away!Beware of “investment opportunities” in any company claiming that says it can detect, prevent or cure coronavirus.AUTHORBill FayStaff WriterBill “No Pay” Fay has lived a meager financial existence his entire life. He started writing/bragging about it seven years ago, helping birth Debt.org - America's Debt Help Organization into existence as the site’s original “Frugal Man.” Prior to that, he spent more than 30 years covering college and professional sports, which are the fantasy worlds of finance. His work has been published by the Associated Press, New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Sports Illustrated and Sporting News, among others. His interest in sports has waned some, but his interest in never reaching for his wallet is as passionate as ever. Bill can be reached at [email protected].

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