Bill 1162: Fill & Download for Free

Actually according to Forbes the wealthiest current royal is this man:He is Chairman of the Emirates Group. His name is Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum and lives in Dubai. They call him the “Sheikh of Dubai.” As of April 2011 his net worth was in the neighborhood of $31.7 billion US dollars but has increased since.Here is a more complete list from Wikipedia: List of royalty by net worth - Wikipedia But since the publication of that list: Since the publication of the estimates from 2011, Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and Bhumibol of Thailand have died and Beatrix of the Netherlands and Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani have abdicated.As far as European royalty, Hans Adam II, the Prince of Liechtenstein is number 8 on that list. Here’s a photo:People always wonder if Elizabeth II is the richest European royal. No, she’s number 13 as the Prince I pictured above is a lot higher on the Forbes list. I should add the Prince of Monaco is number 10 (Albert II).If you want to know who was the wealthiest king who ever lived? *drum roll please! Try the King of Timbuktu according to Money. The King of Timbuktu lived between 1280 and 1337. Timbuktu was the place which was the largest source of gold at the time that gold was in huge demand. Historians know that Musa loved his gold. He had a gold staff, a gold crown, and a gold cup. In addition once his camels were loaded into a caravan, they were worth hundreds of pounds of gold.From Getty images:Mansa Musa. The country was Mali. Amount of wealth? unknown but richer than anyone can imagine. He was so rich, people throughout history have not been able to describe his amount of wealth.(Comparing rich people throughout history is subjective due to change of economics, monetary value, deflation and inflation.)Next on the list? Augustus CaesarThe country was Rome. He was worth about $4.6 trillion. 63 BC to 14 AD. He was in charge of the empire that represented about 25 to 30% of the world’s economic output. His personal wealth was supposedly about 1/5 of Rome’s wealth according to a Stanford University history professor. For awhile he even personally owned all of Egypt.There are others on the list: The 10 Richest People of All Time but interestingly enough Joseph Stalin was number 6! (although he wasn’t a king). Also please remember that when reading the list, number 10 is the wealthiest not number 1.Genghis Khan who lived from 1162–1227 is on the list. He ruled the Mongolian Empire. (There is a debate on whether or not Genghis Khan was richer than Bill Gates, but of course Mr. Gates is not a king. But Genghis Khan was land rich so it is hard to put figures to the amount that land was worth.)Also from Getty images:Genghis Khan owned a lot of land, but not much else. He didn’t even build a house for himself, a temple, a burial tomb, nor a palace. He did share the wealth which was one of the key’s to his success and of course was famous for his military campaigns.The 20 richest people of all time has some interesting rulers on their list (from msn.com) many of who I’ve already named.

This a very good question. The “fortifications” at Dublin were very easily overrun by the Normans. That has less to do with superior tactics, cavalry, armour and weaponry, and more to do with a lack of solid defensive walls. So the first question is, why was Dublin so poorly defended?Secondly, we know an assembly was convened in 1167 at Athboy in Meath at the request of the High King where 13,000 horsemen gathered, including a thousand from Dublin. So the second question is this: if the High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair could call upon a force of this size why could he not defeat the far inferior numbers of the Normans? Allegedly, Ruaidhrí had 60,000 men at his disposal, and a fleet of 30 ships.Were the Normans really invincible? Magnus Barefoot was a king of Norway who in a surprise attack beat the Normans at Anglesea just days after they were celebrating a victory over the Welsh in 1098. Battle of Anglesey Sound Magnus went on to become King of Dublin in 1101 until he and his men were ambushed an Irishman struck his neck with an axe in 1103.Sweyn II of Denmark actually took York from the Normans in 1069, and had to paid off by William the Conqueror before Sweyn returned to Scotland.How much did Irish chieftains know about the Normans? Well, the escapade by Magnus against the Normans allowed Gruffudd ap Cynan to take back control over Anglesea from the Normans. Don't be fooled by the Welsh sounding name. Gruffud was born in Dublin and grew up appropriately enough in Swords, but was the son of a Welsh prince.Gruffud landed in Anglesea in 1075 with a force Hiberno-Norse and Irish soldiers and in fact, sided with a Norman Robert of Rhuddlan and his men. Gruffud was driven back, but returned with an army of Danes and Irish from Waterford four years later only for the newly crowned king of Gwynedd to be betrayed by Robert. In 1093, Gruffud returned the favour by leading a force which resulted in Robert's death by incoming javelins.In 1098, Gruffud was forced to flee to Ireland yet again, as the Ostmen in Dublin switched sides and aligned themselves with the Normans. Lucky for him Magnus came along… During Gruffud's reign the Welsh routed the Normans at Battle of Crug Mawr in 1136.Gruffud's son, Owain Gwynedd had the good fortune of torrential rain on his side when King Henry invaded Gwynedd in 1167. Eventually, Henry gave up and returned to England. So we can say from an Irish point of view, the Norman's must have seemed like a bunch of softies who couldn't handle a bit of rain.Magnus was an ally of Muirchertach Ua Briain King of Munster and High King of Ireland, who during this period had a Norman ally Arnulf de Montgomery who in fact married his daughter. Arnulf and his brother had been in revolt against King Henry I, and some historians speculate this Welsh based Norman baron may have led mercenaries in Ireland. He certainly fled to Ireland later on after the revolt against Henry failed.In 1154 an Irish fleet defeated a fleet of Gaelic-Norse (Ostmen) from Galloway and the Isles led by Mac Scelling. This was one of the greatest naval battles of the 12th century anywhere in the world, and it occurred near the Inishowen peninsula in Donegal. So we can fairly say Irish chieftains knew how to beat the Ostmen in their own field of excellence.The ports of Dublin, Wexford and Waterford were not under the direct control of Irish chieftains, but the Hiberno-Norse kings. These ports were necessary to secure if you were mounting an invasion from Wales, and needed reinforcements.The Hiberno-Norse (Ostmen) were mostly Gaelic speaking through intermarriage, but they kept a lot of Viking customs. Some of them still spoke Norse, and worshipped Odin. There were also accounts of beserkers fighting the invading Normans.The inhabitants in Dublin had stronger connections with the Isle of Man and the Orkneys than the rest of Ireland. They were ruled by Asculf or Ascall mac Ragnaill, the King of Dublin.King Asculf had to first submit to Diarmaid mac Murchadha when he was King of Leinster, and later to Ruaidhrí when he overthrew Diarmaid in 1166. Apparently, Dublin received a stipend of 4,000 cows from Ruaidhrí to secure its cooperation.Given Asculf's tendancy to switch sides, and the connections to the Orkneys and Man, any attempt to seriously fortify Dublin would be seen as a provocative act especially as Ruaidhrí was still based in Connacht.Also, in 1162, Diarmaid’s overlord, the (then) High King Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, laid siege to Dublin as it appears Guðrøðr Óláfsson the King of the Isles was installed as King of Dublin. An army of 3,000 horsemen were repulsed by the Dubliners.At some stage though, Diarmaid sacked Dublin forcing the Hiberno-Norse to pay 140 ounces of gold to Muirchertach. This would be valued at roughly $250,000 today.On 21 of September 1170, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (Strongbow) attacked Dublin with the aim of securing the Leinster throne for his future father-in-law, Diarmaid.The details vary from account to account. Ruaidhrí is said to have been in negotiations with Diarmaid and Strongbow when another Norman force conducted a surprise raid. Dublin's fortifications were easily overrun. King Asculf fled from the Norman invaders. He fled to the Isle of Man or the Orkneys. Ruaidhrí and his army disgusted at Asculf's hasty retreat, swiftly left the scene without engaging the Norman force.Asculf returned in May 1171 to take back Dublin with his new army of heavily armoured Islesmen and Norwegians. Asculf knew what he was up against. Many of the Dubliners stayed behind and sided with the Normans. So they were well briefed about Asculf. Also, Ruaidhrí would not come to his aid.The Ostmen brought 60 to 100 ships. It looks like Asculf wasn't the smartest tool in the box because although he successfully recaptured Dublin from the Normans, without proper fortifications, it was never going to be easy to defend. He was beheaded for his troubles by the Normans.Dublin back in Norman control was besieged by a landforce of 60,000 led by the High King Ruaidhrí in August/September 1171, and a sea force of Ostmen from the Isles led by Guðrøðr, the former king of Dublin deposed by Diarmaid.The Normans had a force of 90 knights, 180 mounted archers, and 300 infantry. Ruaidhrí divided his forces into four camps. Strongbow offered a deal to submit to Ruaidhrí in return for the Kingship of Leinster. In Ireland submission is a temporary thing, and you are always threatened by an ambitious king. Naturally, Ruaidhrí refused and was only willing to offer the ports of Dublin, Waterford and Wexford which would leave Strongbow in a weak position if an angry King Henry II chose to invade.At Castleknock, Strongbow led a surprise attack on Ruaidhrí’s camp killing hundreds in the process. Ruaidhrí was bathing in a river during the assault and he barely escaped. The Normans were able to secure enough food supplies to last them through the siege, and many of Ruaidhrí's followers defected to Diarmaid.Strongbow learned a lot from Welsh tactics, but Ruaidhrí massively blundered.Had they coordinated an attack in an alliance with Asculf, history might have been different. With Strongbow's power broken, Henry II wouldn't have bothered invading Ireland that same year and within a couple of years he had to deal with his rebellious sons. However, getting Asculf, Ruaidhrí and Guðrøðr to put aside their differences and find a way to divide the spoils would be some feat.Ruaidhrí continued to fight on even after King Henry II's invasion. In fact, he enlisted the aid of Mac Scelling the losing Ostman leader at Inishowen and an army of Ostmen from the Hebrides. Ruaidhrí also managed to beat Strongbow at Battle of Thurles in 1174.Eventually, Ruaidhrí signed Treaty of Windsor (1175) with Henry who was so fed up with the situation in Ireland and his rebellious sons, he granted the title of Lord of Ireland to his ten year old son, Prince John.So we know the main Irish ports weren't properly fortified as it would be difficult to control the duplicitous Hiberno-Norse. There was a Game of Thrones situation surrounding the High Kingship, and there were major rivalries between the Irish chieftains.Nonetheless, Ruaidhrí had the forces to achieve victory. As Ruaidhrí held Diarmaid's son hostage, he probably felt he had leverage there. The Welsh proved the Normans weren't invincible, and to the Irish, King Henry II was the man who retreated from Gwynedd without so much as a fight because of the rain. What could possibly go wrong…?Ruaidhrí was up against a man who had nothing to lose and who was willing to gamble everything on a high risk venture. Ruaidhrí only beat Strongbow when the roles were reversed, but by then he could no longer rally sufficient forces.

NOAH is the Hebrew year 1057 to 2007 (2705–1755bce); the Chinese trace their origin to the start of the Chinese Calendar HY 1064 (2698 bce); Stonehenge dates to HY 1162 (2600 bce); the Great pyramid is also dated to that time-frame — actually to HY 1213–1246 (2551–2528 bce).The explanation of the dating system in Genesis and the related histories for the various Partarch time periods are given in the book "GENESIS OF GENESIS" {AMAZON, May 2012}.As we can see from the dating presented here, Noah came first and those structures were built when he was about 200-years old. The Tale of Gilgamesh, which is the basis for the Flood story, is dated to around 1262, or about the time the Pyramids were finished. The Flood Story occurs in HY 1657/58 and marks the end of the interlocking mathematical system used for dating the Genesis Patriarchs and ensuring there is no error introduced; it brings an end to the 10 cycles, represented by ten patriarchs, and introduces THE SHEM ERROR (a correction in the calendar system) and then transitions to a somewhat less rigid or fanciful dating system (where each generation is born with an average of about 30 years between the birth of each, rather than the 100+ average of the first ten) then ends with patriarch 25 - Joseph.Were the pyramids built before Noah or after? They were built DURING the Noah period and before the Flood.