Cw 42 2006: Fill & Download for Free

As an architect what is the worst structural building you have ever seen?Well, I am not an architect. Since this question is in my feed I would love to answer it.I found this question super interesting! I did some research. Here is an article showing 50 EPIC architecture fails! Unbelievable! Enjoy:“introSince the potential for mistake from architectural blue print to completion of construction is infinite and the margin for error is infinitesimal, man-made structures inevitably fail from time to time. Bad design, faulty construction and unanticipated loads, often in combination with one another, are frequently the culprits of catastrophic collapse. Both breathtaking and terrifying, bridges, tunnels, dams and buildings can crumble in mere seconds. Our gallery contains the most astounding instances of architectural failure, from 27 A.D. to modern times and from rural China to the good old U.S. of A — click at your own risk.The 50 Worst Architectural Fails.lian yak50. Lian Yak Building (Hotel New World)Location: SingaporeYear of Fail: 1986In 1986 a six-story building occupied by a hotel, bank and nightclub crumbled to the ground in under 60 seconds, trapping 50 people beneath rubble, 33 of whom were killed. Inquiry revealed that the building’s original engineer had made a serious error. While he had calculated and considered the building’s live load (the weight of the building’s occupants, furniture, fixtures, etc.) he never found the building’s dead load (the weight of the building itself). Due to this slip-up, the building could not support its own weight and collapse was imminent.katowice49. Katowice Trade HallLocation: Chorzów, PolandYear of Fail: 2006During an international fair in 2006, the roof of Katowice Trade Hall collapsed atop roughly 700 people, killing 65 and injuring 170. The building’s management neglected to remove snow accumulation, resulting in an overload of over 100%. Moreover, the roof had buckled under snowfall in 2002 and the management did not perform the necessary repairs, obtain clearances or even run tests to ensure that the building was safe thereafter. Further investigation also revealed that the architect’s plans were changed during initial construction in order to cut building costs.POST CONTINUES BELOWbasmanny market48. Basmanny MarketLocation: Moscow, RussiaYear of Fail: 2006The snow-ladden roof of this vegetable market fell in 2006, killing 66 people. While snow-build up was a factor, corrosion caused by inadequate waterproofing and general maintenance negligence by the building’s management was primarily to blame. Design flaws may have also contributed to the failure: another building by the same architect experienced a similar roof collapse that killed 28 people two years prior.charing cross47. Charing Cross Subway SystemLocation: LondonYear of Fail: 1905Six people died and 27 were injured when the iron-and-glass arched roof of Charring Cross Station fell during a maintenance project in 1905. A flawed section of ironwork and the extra weight of construction materials caused two 70-foot sections of roof to fall onto the platforms and tracks. Along with the roof, an entire wall of the building came crashing down as well.fidenae46. Fidenae StadiumLocation: Rome, ItalyYear of Fail: 27 A.D.Roman emperor Tiberius had banned gladiatorial games. When the veto was lifted, stadiums were constructed extremely quickly and huge crowds flocked to the events. One such stadium, built with cheap materials and little to no architectural planning, collapsed in 27 A.D. killing and injuring 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators, making it the deadliest stadium disaster in history. In response, the Roman Senate banned builders below a certain income level from hosting gladiatorial shows and passed laws requiring stadium inspection and certification prior to occupancy.POST CONTINUES BELOWpetionville45. Pétionville SchoolLocation: Port-au-Prince, HaitiYear of Fail: 2008At least 93 people, mainly children, were killed and over 150 injured when the church-operated Collège La Promesse Évangélique collapsed in 2008. The owner of the school, a minister and preacher, was arrested and charged with involuntary manslaughter when he admitted that he had built the school himself without consulting an engineer and using very little structural steel or cement to hold the individual concrete blocks that composed the building together.hintze44. Hintze Ribeiro BridgeLocation: Castelo de Paiva, PortugalYear of Fail: 2001This 100-year-old bridge over the Duoro River collapsed in 2001, killing 59 people. Two decades of illegal sand extraction compromised the stability of t he bridge’s pillars. Authorities knew about the extraction and turned a blind eye, despite warnings from divers and technicians that the bridge was lacking support. The Minister of Transportation resigned hours after the collapse, while rescue efforts were still underway.silver43. The Silver BridgeLocation: Point Pleasant, West VirginiaYear of Fail: 1967A popular commuter route across the Ohio River, The Silver Bridge collapsed during rush hour traffic in 1967. 37 vehicles were crossing the bridge at the time and 31 fell into the river, resulting in 46 deaths and 9 serious injuries. When the suspension bridge was constructed in 1928, a typical car weighed about 1,500 lb and the structure’s load limits were calculated off this number. However, at the time of the failure in 1967 the average automobile was closer to 4,000 lb, putting far more stress on the bridge than intended. Corrosion had caused cracks to form over the years and it was only a matter of time before the weight was too much to bear.POST CONTINUES BELOWhangzhou42. Hangzhou Subway TunnelLocation: Zhejiang Province, ChinaYear of Fail: 2008In 2008 a section of subway tunnel under construction caved in creating a giant sinkhole that swallowed both construction staff working underground and passengers in cars from the road above. Buried underneath steel beams and rubble, 21 people were killed and 24 were injured. In addition to a flimsy system of supports and moldings, the tunnel had been built over unstable, swampy ground. Suggestions to build elsewhere were ignored due to the interests of real estate developers.bangiao41. Banqiao Reservoir DamLocation: Henan Province, ChinaYear of Fail: 1975Built in 1952, the government deemed Banqiao “unbreakable” despite early signs of poor construction and a leading hydrologist’s warning that there were too few water-regulating gates. While these errors certainly contributed to the dam failure in 1975, the super typhoon that preceded the break may have destroyed even a perfect dam. After a year’s worth of rain fell in 24 hours, a message was sent to open the dam gates. The information was never received and Banqiao’s walls ultimately gave way, precipitating the failure of 62 dams in total. The resulting flood caused a wave 6.2 miles wide to rush onto the plains below at over 30 miles per hour. Approximately 26,000 people died during the flooding and another 145,000 perished during ensuing famine and epidemics.cw40. C.W. Post College Dome AuditoriumLocation: Brookville, NYYear of Fail: 1978Built in 1970, this 3,500 person theater collapsed in 1978 following a blizzard. While piled up snow and ice were the ultimate cause of collapse, faulty design made the shallow dome particularly vulnerable. Though compliant with all codes, the architect that designed the building only considered uniform roof loads, ignoring the fact that snow often drifts, causing certain spots to bear more weight than others. Luckily, no one was in the building when the roof caved and fell, saving the college and the architect from a whole lot of lawsuits.pisa39. The Leaning Tower of PisaLocation: Pisa, ItalyYear of Fail: 1178Originally angled 5.5 degrees, the tower’s top is horizontally displaced almost thirteen feet from where it would be were the tower perfectly vertical. Constructed in three stages over 177 years, the tower began to sink in 1178 due to a major initial design flaw: a thin foundation set in unstable subsoil. To compensate for the fact that one side of the tower sunk lower, the engineers working on the structure in 1272 built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Though all floors were completed in 1372, strengthening of the structure to ensure the tower doesn’t topple has been a routine practice since.”To see the rest:The 50 Worst Architecture Fails cw

Simpler question is what isn't. Gut bacteria influence our entire physiology from the basic such as what and how much we eat to the synthesis of essential vitamins, from our immune function and metabolism to even our mood. The study of microbiota, much of it mouse model data, has exploded over the past decade. Instead, I specifically highlight human data from peer-reviewed scientific studies.Antibiotic usage, diet, hygiene and lifestyle shape our microbiota, particularly gut microbiota. In turn, they shape our immune and metabolic function.From 1Let's start from first principles. Food. How do microbes control our eating behavior?From 2. I highlight human data in purple.They influence our reward pathway. After all, our enteric (gut-associated) nervous system is the major source of dopamine and serotonin (3, 4).They modulate our taste perception (5).They play on our vagus nerve as a musician plays his instrument (6, 7). What's the importance of the vagus nerve? It's the main nerve communication between our gut and brain.Our gut microbiota is exquisitely adapted to our diet.a) One of the most compelling examples is of a gut bacterium found in the Japanese. Bacteroides plebeius has a horizontally transferred gene from the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans that gives it the capacity to digest seaweed polysaccharides (8). In fact, human-associated bacteria have a 25-fold higher rate of gene transfer compared to bacteria in other environments (9), implying host-microbe association imposes stringent selection pressures on our microbiota.b) Obese have altered gut microbiota with reduced diversity and greater variability (10, 11, 12, 13).c) US population microbiome appears adapted for a high-fat, high-protein diet while that of people living in rural Malawi and the Amazonas in Venezuela for breaking down complex carbohydrates (14).Gut microbes influence every aspect of our physiologyWhat about the rest of our body functions? Even surprising ones such as metabolism and behavior are profoundly influenced by our microbiota.From 15Our metabolome refers to the variety of metabolites present in our blood circulation. About a third of our metabolome is estimated to be of microbial origin. Using our circulation system as their communication network, animal model studies show that our microbial products can reach every part of our body (16, 17, 18), and influence the metabolism and physiology of distant organs and each other. For example, people with symptomatic atherosclerosis have altered gut microbiota (19). A potential mechanism by which our gut microbes could jeopardize cardiovascular health is through conversion of dietary phosphatidylcholine into the proatherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine (20), a result that needs to be independently verified.Possible Gut-Brain communication mechanismsFrom 21Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Colonic gut microbes digest dietary carbohydrates to generate SCFA such as acetate, butyrate and propionate (22). Signaling through G protein coupled receptors such as (GPRs), GPR41 and GPR43, SCFA induce colonic motility, regulate appetite (23) and even suppress colon cancer (24) in human colon cancer cell lines. While colon cells (colonocytes) use butyrate as an energy source, acetate and propionate enter the blood stream and thence to other organs (25, 26). These SCFAs can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (27).Gut microbiota can also modulate neurotransmitters within the gut. This includes acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histamines, melatonin and serotonin. Gut microbes can express and secrete neuropeptide-like molecules that could influence behavior and emotion (28, 29).Tryptophan is an essential amino acid we only get from our diet (30), and is the precursor of serotonin (31), most of it synthesized by our gut enterochromaffin cells and enteric nerves (32, 33, 34).Gut microbes synthesize vitamins essential for nervous system function. For example, Lactobacillus reuteri is a major source of Vitamin B12 or cobalamin (35), a vitamin important for the development of the nervous system (36).GI diseases and psychiatric comorbiditiesCause and effect or correlation?While that's still debatable, up to 80% of patients with GI diseases (IBS, Irritable Bowel Syndrome; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease) also have psychiatric illnesses such as depression and anxiety (37, 38, 39). Changes in psychological activities are seen both before and after diagnosis of IBD.Serum cortisol, a marker of elevated anxiety, was reduced in patients who consumed probiotics, Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum (40) while healthy subjects showed significantly less psychological distress compared to the placebo group in a double- blind, placebo-controlled, randomized parallel group clinical trial with the same probiotic mixture for 30 days (41).Treatment with a probiotic- containing milk drink resulted in improved mood and cognition in healthy subjects when compared to the placebo group (42).There are signs of cognitive impairment in IBS patients (43).After 4 weeks of treatment with a fermented milk product with probiotics, healthy women volunteers performed a specific cognition test faster (44). Analysis of their brain function indicated specific uptick in activity in regions innervated by serotonergic nerves.Neuroimaging studies suggest abnormal brain function in GI disorders. This includes thinning of the anterior cingulate and insular cortex, and increased activation of the thalamus, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex of IBS patients (45, 46).Lactobacillus and Clostridium species are reduced in stool samples from IBS patients (47, 48).Deconstructing our Gut microbe-Brain connectionHow to infer a connection between our gut microbiota and brain? We could if specifically targeting microbes affected our brain and/or behavior. Antibiotics directly and specifically target microbes. If antibiotic therapy also resulted in any change in brain function and/or behavior, it could be inferred as evidence of microbe-brain connection. As a direct effect, gut microbes synthesize vitamins essential for brain function.Hepatic EncephalopathyIn the first stages of liver disease, cirrhosis, the liver compensates to perform its functions. In later stages, it can no longer compensate. At this stage, there is attendant encephalopathy (degeneration of brain function). Several lines of evidence suggest a link between gut microbiota disturbance (dysbiosis), liver disease and brain function.Oral antibiotics can reverse encephalopathy in decompensated liver disease patients (49, 50, 51)Compared to healthy controls, encephalopathic cirrhosis patients have altered gut microflora (52, 53).In particular, reduced Alcaligenaceae and Porphyromonadaceae and increased Enterococcus, Megasphaera and Burkholderia correlate with poor cognition and increased inflammation in encephalopathic patients with cirrhosis and cognitive dysfunction (54, 55).AutismMost children with Autism often experience a range of GI problems (56).Disease onset usually follows antimicrobial use in a high percentage of late-onset Autism (18–24 mo of age) children having a history of extensive antibiotic use. One study observed a 10-fold increase in certain clusters of Clostridium spp in stool samples from Autistic children compared with healthy controls. The authors speculated that exposure to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole rather than exposure to other antibiotics could be linked to the diagnosis of late-onset Autism since the former are not effective against Clostridium spp, while oral vancomycin specifically targets Gram positive organisms which include Clostridium spp (57). Increased clostridial species in stool samples of Autistic patients was confirmed by another study (58). Indeed, oral vancomycin treatment showed a decrease in Autistic symptoms, while relapse occurred following cessation of treatment (59).Clostridia spores are also implicated in the high rates of Autism seen among siblings (60).Real time qPCR (61) and culture-based microbiota (57) profiling techniques suggest that alteration in microbiota may contribute to disease phenotype.Intestinal biopsy of late-onset Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients revealed reductions in Bifidobacterium spp. and the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia mucini­phila (62).Late-onset Autism patients have marked reduction in Bacteroides and Prevotella species and increase in Sutterella species compared to controls (63, 64, 65, 66).At least one study refutes differences in gut microbiota between Autistic patients and controls (67). Possible reasons for the different result could be they used a different approach for taking samples and used a different technique for microbiome analysis.Altered expression in the ileum of carbohydrate transporters such as hexoses and for enzymes such as disaccharidases suggest a role for carbohydrate malabsorption in Autism (68).Urine and fecal sample metabolites are different in Autism patients (69, 70, 71, 72).Casein- and gluten-free diets are reported to improve behavior of patients with Autism (73, 74, 75).Problems with many Autism-GI disorder association studiesThey study different types of populations (possibly different diseases).Population sizes differ considerably between studies.Different studies use different controls.Do not control for the unique diets of the patients. Diet itself could be a reason for different gut microbe distribution in patients compared to controls.A better controlled and more comprehensive US study (76) examined 589 patients with a history of familial ASD and their unaffected sibling controls. Separating 'Full' from 'Spectrum', they reported constipation (20%) and chronic diarrhea (19%) as the most common symptoms among those with 'Full' Autism. Another study of >140000 ASD patients showed higher prevalence of IBD (0.83% vs 0.54%) and other bowel disorders (11.74% vs 4.5%) compared to hospitalized controls (77).This comprehensive table summarizes findings from various Autism-GI disorder association studiesFrom 78Antibiotic associated behavior changesSometimes antibiotics are associated with behavioral changes spanning insomnia, mood alteration (79, 80), to mania, particularly in elderly patients, ('antibomania') (81).BibliographySommer, Felix, and Fredrik Bäckhed. "The gut microbiota—masters of host development and physiology." 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What Dr Jachollkowski is trying to say involves virtual photons. There are ‘real’ photons, like those that come from a light bulb, and can live indefinately and travel to an indefinate endpoint, then there are ‘virtual photons,’ which unlike real photons, possess mass, and only live a few wavelengths.Virtual photons are what the electromagnetic force is. When two magnets come close together, they exchange virtual photons. However, the existence of virtual photons is a mathematical entity, nonetheless, they exert a ‘real’ force.However, they possess integer spin =1, meaning they remain bosons. However/however, unlike massless photons, massive virtual photons cannot be stacked a mile high like in a LASER. In the information theory that would be a violation of the Beckenstein-Verlinde relationship that I’ve explained so many times I’m just going to say ‘look up my old answers.’ Essentially, you can only stack massive information up as high as:will allow. That was the entire ‘Information Paradox.’ You can only stack it so high was the result, the query was, can you make it go away?If you read the article at LHC that Dr Jachollkowski provided, you can see that two hadrons (i dont’t think it makes mention of leptons) pass close enough, their electromagnetic fields will produce virtual photons. However, this does not imply that the opposite is true, that you can produce particles by stacking up virtual photons. Although most things in QM are reversible, i don’t think this is one of them.Most importantly, there is no way to manipulate virtual photons in such a way as to pack them together like you suggest. They fade out too quickly.The claim of colliding virtual photons to generate particles is a subjective observation, an interpretation that requires ‘belief’ as much as math. first, you have to believe that virtual photons are real entities, and not mathematical constructs of field physics. after you get past that cognitive belief barrier, then you have to believe that two interacting fields (not actually the fields, but the holes in the fields) can produce a wave function which a particle physicist calls a particle. After that, you then have to ‘believe’ that the appearence of an electron-positron pair resulted from virtual photon interactions because you can’t see anything else in proximity to cause that to happen, but you can backtrack to a pair of hadrons passing each other at relativistic speeds, scraping EM fields.I don’t know. In my way of thinking, I group particle physicists in with biologists. They have a name for everything, but can’t seem to figure out how they work.1. 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