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This answer may contain sensitive images. Click on an image to unblur it.Just like any stories told by US about its operations and wars (Vietnam, WMDs in Iraq etc. ) many stories are told about Laden’s death and the factors which led to it. I will be sharing the most believable story known yet and not the official version.**If you are that person who gets bored on reading big articles, Go to "Points in Short" at the end ** The unexpected walk inIt all started in August 2010. One fine day a former senior Pakistani intelligence official walked in to US embassy in Islamabad. He declared his willingness to share the whereabouts of Osama Bin Laden in return for the reward money declared by US in 2001 for information leading to killing or capture of Osama Bin Laden (~25 million US$). As CIA doesn’t believe walk-ins they conducted a polygraph test on him and he passed. At this time the CIA station chief in Pakistan was Jonathan Banks and he took charge of this walk in due to his value. Thus CIA for the first time got a lead on Bin Laden’s position, But still they had to confirm his presence there before terming it as an actionable intelligence.CIA hid this lead initially from Pakistan . They feared that if Pakistanis get this information. ISI,Pakistan’s Intelligence agency, would move Bin Laden to some other location for his protection. Even very few in CIA was read in to the Pakistani source’s story.Initial move was to put the said building in Abbottabad under satellite surveillance. Then CIA rented a house near the said home and used it as a forward operating base. Pakistani and foreign members of CIA was staffed there. The presence of foreigners and rented house did not raise any suspicion as Abbottabad is a tourist destination[1] where houses were regularly rented out on short leases. Later this house will become CIA’s base of operations and ISI’s point of contact for this operation. (Yes I meant ISI !!! To know how ISI knew about the operation read on…)Later on a psychological profile of the informant was created. Also CIA smuggled out his family to US. Now he is known to be relocated in the Washington area and works as a consultant for CIA.In October discussions regarding the possible military options were considered by leaders of military and intelligence agencies.Bunker buster, drone strike, single assassin etc were considered. But still there will not be any proof regarding who he was. Even though the sightings of some guy walking around in the compound at night as reported there was no communication intercepts available. This is because there was no communications from or to the compound (OH O!! I think I busted a bubble here.. So what about the courier which CIA followed to find this compound in the official story..?[2])Now it was time to take president in to confidence. But Obama was not agreeing to a high risk military operation in foreign soil without DNA evidence which proved Bin Laden’s presence. Also CIA and Joint Space Operations Center had to convey that a night operation in Abbottabad will be of minimal risk. Thus they had to get Pakistanis on board for accomplishing both tasks.The ISI storyBin Laden roamed undetected in the Hindu Kush Mountains from 2001–2006. ISI got hold of him by bribing some tribal leaders to betray him. ISI needed Osama in their custody to keep Al-Qaeda and Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan under their control. The Abbottabad complex was not protected with machine guns and all as it was under the protection of ISI itself.Till the end of September Ashfaq Parvez Kayani(Chief of Army Staff ) and Ahmad Shuja Pasha (DG of ISI) reiterated to Americans that they have no knowledge about the whereabouts of Bin Laden . Thus USA has to use the carrot or stick policy to reel them in. The carrot was under the table payment to the main actors in ISI and Army. The stick was cutting the counter terrorism aid from US to Pakistan, which was used to maintain the security cover and armoured limousines of these Generals. Pakistanis wisely chose carrot and agreed to co-operate without much trouble once they knew that Americans know all about the Abbottabad complex and they were blackmailed telling that US will leak the news of Osama’s capture by Pakistan to the jihadist groups, which will make Pakistan their enemy.Pakistanis were worried about the reaction from Saudi’s. They wanted Osama to be taken out of the streets and also the news. So they were paying Pakistan for Bin Laden’s upkeep. Saudi’s don’t want his picture flashed in the media anymore and malign their name. Due to this Pakistanis want the assurance that US will kill Bin Laden and will not take him alive for interrogation and trial which will expose their friends ,Saudis and them.In Pakistan various military regimes have radicalised the society. Thus for many people Islamic militant terrorists like Osama are like leaders of their society and faith[3] . This also troubled ISI, and made them realise that they cannot openly support killing of Osama in their soil. So the plan was made to release the cover story that Osama was killed in an US operation at Hindu Kush mountains. Then Pakistan leaders will blame American highhandedness and arrogance !!! Some prayers meetings and protests will also be conducted after the news is released.Under ISI’s custody Bin Laden became ill due to old age and needed medical help. So they assigned a doctor for him and was living near the Abbottabad complex. When USA needed DNA confirmation they used this ISI contact to obtain it. Later this doctor was rewarded a portion of the 25 Million USD reward money and another doctor was made a scapegoat and punished for unrelated crimes [4] to divert public anger.Ousting the CIA Chief of PakistanNow ISI wanted a cover as a precaution to prove that they have nothing to do with USA and their killing of Bin Laden. They wanted to show the public that they are against the “Great Satan” . So they blew the cover of CIA station chief of Pakistan in December, 2011. This was done by leaking his name to an aggrieved journalist so that he can name the chief in the trial records for killing his relatives in drone attacks [5] [6]. This was publicised as a retaliation against a New York lawsuit against ISI Generals for their role in 2008 Mumbai attacks.Chief was allowed to skip the country even when a trial against him was underway.Pakistan agrees for a Military strikeKayani agreed the military strike by end of January, but insisted that the strike force must be lean and mean . Also he needed assurances from US that Osama will not be taken alive and Pakistani involvement will not come out. After this was agreed upon Pakistan transferred all the plans of the compound to CIA.But Pasha was still reluctant about military strike. But Leon Panetta threatened to cut all the military aid and also delayed the purchase of F16s by Pakistan. This pressured Pasha also to agree by April. To appease Pasha, he promised Pakistan a greater role and freer hand in Afghanistan. This will help them in countering Indian influence. So it was widely seen as a win-win.Covert post at Tarbela GhaziA covert ISI post was set up at Tarbela Ghazi Airbase and all further operations was to be coordinated by this post. A four-man American cell consisting of a Navy Seal, a CIA case officer and two communications specialists were also allowed to join this station. All this was happening while the SeAL team was conducting mock drills at a secret Nevada site.Night of attackElectricity was cut in the whole of Abbottabad hours before the raid by ISI. The Pakistani Air and Army chiefs are given orders not to engage with the US “intruders” at any point. The ISI guards were ordered to leave the compound as soon as the sound of rotors of helicopters are heard.For the raid two Black Hawk helicopters were used. But one of them crashed on reaching the compound thereby creating a loud noise and waking up all the near by residents. The SeAL team was not injured. They continued with the operation as they were sure that there will not be any outside interference ,even from the Pakistani forces in the nearby military compound.ISI had given all the details to the compound and the location of Bin Laden. This was done to avoid unnecessary casualties. Laden was in the third floor ,second door on the right. Pakistanis had also told the team about the reinforced steel doors on first and second floors stairwells.In the whole operation a single stray bullet hit one of Laden’s wives and the other shots which were fired for double tapping Laden.Now when the operation was completed and when the team reached outside they saw a huge crowd of locals and the team members who spoke local language asked them to go back to their homes and close the doors. By this time many people have already shot video clippings and have tweeted about the “US raid on Pakistan”. This changed the plans to announce Bin Laden’s death by a drone strike in Hindu Kush later.Finally the crashed helicopter was bombed to make the communication devices unusable and a bag full of materials from the compound which may have intelligence value was collected. Later it was found to be useless but the news reports says otherwise.The team waited on ground for the new chopper sent from Tarbela Ghazi and returned in it without any harm.Bin Laden’s wives and children were left with the ISI for further interrogation and relocation.Thus Pasha and Kayani kept their end .The President’s Goof up and White House’s Cover upThe President of USA came to know about the mix up in the mission and he wanted to get in front of it before the medias break the story. So he went up stairs and declared that “justice has been done”.He also did not forget to praise the Pakistani Military- Intelligence complex for all their help in this mission !!!Later CIA chief, Leon Panetta and White House chief security adviser, John Brennan told their versions of how all happened.This was a major goof up. Then White House down played President’s remarks on Pakistan’s cooperation and clarified Panetta’s and Brennan’s versions as mistakes due to “Fog of war”[7] .The cover up news reports gave all credit to numerous unnamed CIA analysts who found out Bin Laden and the information about the Walk-in Informant was protected. Also it was made clear that Pakistan was notified only after the operation. !!!Pakistani Cover up through Shock and LeaksPakistan expressed “shock” in American actions on its soil without prior permission. They staged protests against this “appalling” American operation. ISI declared publicly that they were embarrassed by the fact that they failed to detect presence of Bin laden[8] near their military academy. Finally PM of Pakistan ordered a Judicial probe to know how this operation happened without Pakistan’s knowledge in a predominantly military town. !!!The Judicial enquiry found out that Pakistani Intelligence agencies have failed and blamed the state institutions and its officials[9] .This report was “leaked” and somehow Al Jazeera got hold of it[10] .Sufficient to say that it contained all the details supporting the official version and the news that it was “leaked” increased its credibility among the Pakistani public.Thus Osama Bin Laden was killed by US forces in Abbottabad.Points in shortUS searching for OsamaOsama roaming in Hindu Kush mountainsISI keeps Osama under their protectionCIA gets a walk-in at Islamabad Embassy who knew about Osama’s whereaboutsObama notified about it and he asks for DNA confirmationCIA ask for ISI’s help and they agree after some negotiationsCover story made which tell that Osama was killed in drone attack in Hindu Kush MountainsDNA found matching and obama orders military actionCIA station chief removed from PakistanUS asks Pakistan for permission for military operation in Pakistan.Pakistan agrees if US agrees to hide its role in the operation from worldUS agrees to Pakistan’s conditionsISI creates base and arrangements for operationOperation happens but black hawk crashesWhole neighbourhood witnesses Americans attacking Pakistan and live tweets about it with videos, making old cover story non viableOperation complete and Navy SeALS return with Osama’s body.ISI handles the immediate situation that night and relocates Osama’s wife and children.US President announces Osama’s killing and thanks PakistanWhite house cover up with a brand new official narrative (movies and books to follow)Pakistan denies involvement and blames USA publiclyPakistan conducts prayers and protests on its streetsPakistan orders judicial enquiry which finds everyone guiltyThis report somehow “leaks” to Al Jazeera.Pakistan cover up complete.Now whole world believes that Pakistan had no knowledge about US operation near its military academy and an air base.Do Check The Killing of Osama Bin Laden for more details.Hope it helps :)Footnotes[1] Abbottabad[2] Courier who led U.S. to Osama bin Laden's hideout identified[3] Osama bin Laden dead: protests in Pakistan[4] Pakistan charges doctor who helped find Osama bin Laden with murder[5] ISI blows cover of CIA man in Islamabad - Times of India[6] CIA chief in Pakistan leaves after drone trial blows his cover[7] The killing of Osama bin Laden: how the White House changed its story[8] Osama bin Laden dead: Pakistan blames intelligence failures after embarassment over bin Laden raid [9] Pakistan Bin Laden Report Blames State Institutions, Officials[10] PAKISTAN'S BIN LADEN DOSSIER

I know of no one who does not recognize that Floyd Mayweather Junior is a great boxer - where the argument starts is where in the pantheon of greats Floyd resides.He himself, and his most devoted followers believe he is the best of the best.Almost all experts and most of the rest of us disagree.Why do we disagree with Floyd’s assessment of himself?Because no impartial view of all time greatness has Floyd Mayweather Junior on top. He cherry picked opponents, he demanded fight conditions that favored him, he would only fight in Nevada whose Commission gave him favorable treatment, and more. By no rational assessment is Floyd what he thinks he is.CREDIT PICTURE SPORTS TECHFloyd will never top the vast, vast, majority of lists of all time greats:Floyd never unified a title;Floyd never tried to become undisputed champion at any weight class;Floyd never fought an undisputed champion;Floyd never took a fight he was not convinced he could win; indeed, as noted above, he backed out of a fight with Winky Wright after agreeing to it when he viewed fight films and discovered, hey, Winky could beat him;Also as noted above, cherry picking Floyd refused in his prime to fight welterweights he thought might beat him, such as Paul Williams and Antonio Margarito; he refused to fight Kostya Tszyu, he refused to meet Ricky Hatton at junior welterweight;Floyd refused to meet Sergio Martinez when Martinez held the Junior Middleweight title, and then again when he held the middleweight title, though Martinez offered to meet him at a catchweight; Floyd agreed to fight Winky Wright at junior middleweight, and then backed out;Floyd refused to fight any of the young welterweights who called him out at the end of his career, such as Erol Spence, (who beat his ass sparring), Keith Thurman, Shawn Porter, Bud Crawford, and instead, choose to fight washed up Andre Berto;Floyd fought a complete amateur for his 50th, supposedly record breaking, win;Floyd took a highly illegal IV prior to the Pacquiao fight, which was approved retroactively when the press began to publisize it, special treatment allowing injections and IV’s happened regularly in Nevada with Floyd, when not allowed for anyone else;The only people Floyd ever fought once he became a star, who were the same age and under no preconditions, were women.NO opponent of Mayweather sings his praises as the best of all time, and there is a whole list of who he ever ducked completely, or ducked until time had removed the danger for him, or who he made go up or down in weight, or who he had fight him in Nevada so he could get preferential treatment, and more.First, when people assess Floyd, contrary to what he likes to think, they don’t talk about his boring style, they talk about his wanton cherry pickingThe worst case was Winky Wright. Floyd called him out. Floyd agreed to a contract and a catchweight. Then Floyd began looking at film on Winky, and decided it was way too dangerous a fight and withdrew.NO all time elite fighter calls someone out, hammers out a contract, then runs away because he thinks he can’t win.Lewis Watson, the boxing writer and historian, speaks of the artificial puffing up of records against cherry picked competition, saying:“unbeaten records are fairly padded; you have to look if there are any notable victories coming against first rate competition."He also addressed the myopic claims that Mayweather and other fighters claim multi-division titles by grabbing one of the 68 alphabet titles available - and if you count the Ring's titles, there are 85; (255 if you count super, interim, and regular titles!):“lies won’t penetrate the skin of the boxing community, it will, however, continue to deceive the wider casual public, with the true best fighters on this planet the ones that will feel the negative effect."Kim Hogue says:“winning an alphabet world title doesn’t mean you can become branded as an ‘elite’ fighter by anyone who actually understands boxing."Thornton Clifford writes of Armstrong's feat of holding 3 titles simultaneously:“back then there were eight titles, eight weight classes, total, and he held three of them at once! That would be equivalent to Mayweather holding six of today's weight class belts at once if there was only one title in each weightclass, and if you factor in five organizations awarding titles, he would have to have held 24!"Calling Floyd the best in history when he ducked or avoided 2/3 of the best fighters of his age is ridiculous.The only thing Floyd is greatest at, and unbeaten at, is all time cherry pickingDuran was also brutal about Mayweather’s cherry picking:“He says he’s the best ever but of course we know that he has not fought with anybody.”Roberto Duran Details How He Would Have Beaten Floyd Mayweather | Boxing News and ViewsThe greatest fighters do not duck credible opponents. Mayweather certainly did duck those he thought might beat him.Floyd called out Winky - and then ran for his lifeIn 2005, Mayweather called out Winky Wright, the lineal and formerly undisputed 154 lbs title holder who had just beaten Felix Trinidad at 160 lbs and could point to two wins over Mosely. Wright agreed and within days had his team in the office of Top Rank (Floyd's promoters at the time) offices hammering out the contract for the fight.The details were hammered out: the bout would be at 154 lbs but weigh-ins would be the morning of the bout rather than the day before and Wright would not be allowed to gain more than eight pounds between weighing in and the start of the contest. But Mayweather and Bob Arum suddenly pulled out.Mayweather ducked Winky - as the contract was agreed on, Floyd became more and more uneasy, and he pulled out.That is ducking.It is doubly bad ducking when you, like Floyd, ran your mouth about beating Wright, agreed to a contract, and then backed down.Floyd showed no interest in fighting Kostya TszyuFloyd showed no interest in fighting Kostya Tszyu when both were campaigning near the same weight; Tszyu certainly was willing to fight Floyd, but the ultimate cherry picker had no interest in fighting him.Floyd playing “let’s fight at the weight best for me, and I sure won’t show up within the weight limits!”In 2007, Ricky Hatton wanted to fight Floyd at junior welterweight, and Floyd made him come back up to welterweight in order to get the fight.Juan Marquez had never fought above lightweight when Cherry Pickin’ Floyd wanted to fight him. Did he meet Marquez at Junior Welter? Of course not! He insisted on a contract weight of 144, or welterweight, despite that being two weight classes higher than Marquez had fought at.Having gotten another of his favorable weight restrictions, did Floyd show up and make weight? Of course not! The champion cherry picker showed up at 146.Did the Nevada Commission make Floyd pay a penalty or sanction him? of course not! They allowed him to file an amended contract! (he did pay a contract penalty, to Marquez, but the Commission would have sanctioned anyone else!)Just as the commission allows him to use illegal IV’s and denies his opponents legal medications!And then there was Miguel Cotto - Floyd said no to fighting him at his bestIn 2007-08, Miquel Cotto was the next best welterweight in the world behind Mayweather. A thrilling fighter he had moved up in weight and easily disposed of Carlos Quintana, smashed the over-matched Urkal, stopped Judah and then beaten Shane Mosley in an excellent showing. He was by any definition the most deserving fighter to face Mayweather. There was no reason for the bout not to be made. But Mayweather instead signed for a pointless rematch with De La Hoya.Of course Mayweather did eventually face Cotto but it was years later, and after gruelling wars with Margarito and others had sapped Cotto and he wasn't the same fighter.The 2007-08 version of Cotto with his inside game, hook and versatile jab was a major challenge for Mayweather. The 2012 version may have been good enough to pose Mayweather some problems but he wasn't the same. Mayweather ducked Cotto at his best. There's no other way to put it.Paul Williams certainly pursued the elusive Mayweather, who had no intention of facing anyone he was not sure he could beatPaul “The Punisher” Williams wanted a fight with Mayweather, and tried everything to get that chance. He called him out in interviews, trash talked and said he would do anything to get that fight. Williams was confident that he could one day defeat Mayweather.Floyd never gave him a chance, of course.And what about Erislandy Lara, who chased the cherry picker too?Lara spent 2014 and 2015 pursuing Mayweather, before he finally gave up. He didn’t have a chance, since he was definitely in Floyd’s class as a slick boxer or more.What about when Mayweather let his fans pick his next opponent - then backed down when they picked the lightning fast Amir KhanMayweather posted on his personal Facebook, Twitter and Instagram accounts in2014:“I’m going to let the fans vote. Tell me who I should fight next. Khan or Maidana?”Khan won by 2–1, and trainer Freddie Roach talked about Khan using his speed to beat MayweatherRoach said:“I always thought he could beat him with his speed. I think he’s faster than Mayweather and that’s what it takes to beat him. Floyd might have his hands full on the night.Mayweather evidently thought so too, went back on his word, and scheduled the much easier Maidana.Or Antonio Marqarito, who practically begged Mayweather to fight?In 2006 Bob Arum tried to make a Margarito versus Floyd Mayweather Jr fight, and offered old cherry picking Floyd $8 million, but Mayweather turned it down. Called at that time “the most feared man in boxing” Margarito continued to seek out the best possible opponents and met Paul Williams in 2007, while Floyd made a junior welterweight come up to fight him! What a guy!Or Sergio Martinez, who was willing to come down to whip Floyd?He offered to come down to Junior Middleweight to meet Floyd, and would have gone to 152 even. But Floyd was having no part of the then cat quick Martinez.What about Erol Spence, Terrence Crawford, Keith Thurman or Shawn Porter?While Floyd was declaring his cherry picking self the greatest of all time, every major welterweight was calling him out. Erol Spence beat Floyd up sparring with him - and he was still a kid!Instead of doing what Manny Pacquiao did, and challenging a young lion at 40, old Cherry Picking Mayweather ducked them all, each and every one, and fought a complete amateur and then claimed it was a record breaking victory!And Floyd loved him some catchweights!Ask Canelo who Floyd made shrink to 152. Winky had to agree to come down to meet Floyd - but when Floyd watched tape and discovered Winky at 154 was twice the fighter he was, Floyd did what he did best - ran, ran, ran!Floyd loved waiting till fighters got old, had too many ring wars, or not at allAnd that was a pattern through Mayweather’s whole career - he faced Cotto, Mosley, Pacquiao only when he was convinced time and hard fought matches had diminished them to the point where he was safe in facing them.He didn’t face Paul Williams, Tszyu, Margarito, and most of all, Winky Wright, at all.Let’s not even get started on his favorable treatment by the Nevada CommissionOther than his outrageous cherry picking, his disgusting catchweights, and his fighting amateurs as though it were a mighty feat, nothing is more sickening than the incredible bias shown Floyd by the Nevada Athletic Commission.Yes, the good old Nevada Athletic Commission, known to some as the Mayweather Athletic CommissionThe Floyd loving Nevada Commission made repeated outrageous decisions favoring Mayweather.In other jurisdictions, Floyd couldn’t have gotten shots in his hands immediately prior to fight time, or illegal IV’s, while the same commission, wink, wink, denies legitimate medical care to his opponents.Manny Pacquiao had a Full thickness rotator cuff tear before fighting Mayweather. This injury, will normally present with severe shoulder pain and an inability to lift your elbow away from your body. However, in some cases, the rotator cuff tear is so severe that a significant number of your pain fibers are also torn, which can make use of the arm less painful, but results in extreme weakness.So effectively, Manny fought Floyd with one arm.Because of the injury, and believing if he cancelled or postponed the fight Floyd would never agree to another date, Manny, on the advice of his doctors, requested a shot of Ketorolac, sold under the brand name Toradol, among others, which is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), an anti-inflammatory that acts for about 5 days to dramatically reduce inflammation and allow use of a damaged rotator cuff, muscle, et al. It does reduce pain, but that is a side effect of reducing the inflammation so significantly.Ketorolac was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1989. It is available as a generic medication. The primary mechanism of action responsible for ketorolac's anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by competitive blocking of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Ketorolac is a non-selective COX inhibitor. It is considered a first-generation nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.In the US, ketorolac is the only widely available intravenous nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.Toradol is perfectly legal, perfectly appropriate for a fighter to use, and not on the list of banned medications or substances in Nevada.Pacquiao’s camp was told by his orthopedist that he could take the injection if he wanted, and the United States Anti-Doping Agency approved the in-competition use of the remedy for the Pacquiao-Mayweather match in a certified document.The problem was that the Nevada Commission claimed the USADA never shared its approval with the state commission, Chairman Francisco Aguilar said, so when Pacquiao’s camp told the commission it wanted the fighter to take the injection at 6:08 p.m. on fight night, the request was rejected.Aguilar said that Pacquiao’s camp noted the possible need for the medication, already approved, on a medical form filled out at Friday’s weigh-in, but a check mark in the “no” box was placed next to the question of whether the fighter had a shoulder injury. Although the commission, with the medical documentation of the medical necessity, and the Anti-Doping Agency's approval, could have waived that mistake, they choose not to.Pacquiao, who does not speak, let alone write, fluent English, depended on his team to fill the paperwork out properly. When they made the mistake of not checking a shoulder injury, the Nevada Commission - the same Commission which allows Floyd to inject his hands prior to fights with pain killers - seized on the technicality, although the drug itself as listed along with the medial and anti-doping approvals, and refused to allow the medical treatment.Floyd got an illegal IV infusion prior to the same fight, but it was okayed retroactively by the Floyd loving Nevada CommissionTo add insult to outrage, Mayweather was allowed to use an illegal IV prior to the right without any sort of repercussions of any kind.Floyd Mayweather received an intravenous injection before his fight against Manny Pacquiao, contrary to World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. Mayweather received an retroactive exemption for the IV after the fightAgents of the United States Anti-Doping Agency who showed up to give Mayweather a random drug test after the fight’s weigh-in “found evidence of an IV being administered” to the boxer. Nevada State Athletic Commission executive director Bob Bennett told SB Nation, which had broken the story, that USADA did not clarify to the Nevada State Athletic Commission whether Mayweather was actually receiving an injection when the anti-doing agents came to his home, or, he had just received it.In any event, Floyd admitted to receiving “vitamens.”According to Mayweather’s medical team, the fighter was given two composite vitamin mixes for dehydration. While the injections did not allegedly include any banned substances, IVs are still banned under World Anti-Doping Agency and the United States Anti-Doping Agency rules because they are, or can be, used to “dilute or mask the presence of another substance.”Nearly three weeks after the fight, USADA granted Mayweather a retroactive therapeutic use exemption to receive IV injections. USADA told the NSAC that Mayweather had not applied for the therapeutic use exemption until 18 days after the fight, 19 days after his test, and the Commission, the same Commission that refused Pacquiao legitimate medical treatment, approved.The Nevada Commission, either by hook or crook, does everything it can do to tilt the playing field for Mayweather.Injections for your hands? Okay if you are Floyd! But Floyd’s opponents? Forget about it!These kinds of antics definitely affect how people look at Mayweather when assessing his place in history.Floyd in general never took any risks that separates the merely great from the greatest of them allFloyd's cherry picking opponents, and his refusal to ever unify a title, or participate in a fight with one of the undisputed champions, seals his place in history. Most top 50 rankings, like this one, have him around 29, which he is here. (Jake LaMotta is 26, ahead of Floyd as he should be)The Top 50 Pound-for-Pound Boxers of All TimeFloyd's fighting a rank amateur and claiming that as his record breaking 50th win was distasteful. Smart business, but distasteful. As Manny Steward so eloquently said, he :“chose money over glory."Floyd the last 5 years of his career was careful to avoid up and coming fighters like Spence, or Thurman, who would have been a serious risk.Anthony Mason, boxing writer, said:“I think the only way to fairly rank a boxer's place in history is by comparing their résumés. And that does not mean just wins and losses - it is too easy today to fight only has beens or never will be's, and run up the record. Case in point, Floyd Mayweather."Floyd had top 10 talent, but over his career, far less than top 10 performance.NO other top 50 fighter in history picked a complete novice, with no amateur or professional record at all, to fight a record breaking fight with.NO ONE.That antic, and his others in imposing onerous catch weights, and his other antics, are what lowers him in the all time rankings.As Manny Steward so eloquently said:“he chose money over glory."Monte Cox, when compiling the list of all time great welterweights, found Mayweather undeserving:“Floyd Mayweather’s career does not give him a top 10 spot. Luis Rodriguez, for example, had a better career than Floyd beating Emile Griffith, Benny Paret, Hurricane Carter, Curtis Cokes, Georgie Benton and Bennie Briscoe. I cannot in all honesty put Mayweather in the top 10 welterweights based on a career of hand picked opponents and having never unified a major title. Floyd avoided fights with Mosley, Margarito and Pacquiao when they meant something. He waited for these opponents to slow down and fade before considering facing them. Mayweather just does not have the competition to be considered a true all time great. I am not convinced that Floyd would beat any of the top 10 all time welterweights.Cox’s Corner All Time Divisional Boxing RatingsMayweather fan’s primary claim to his greatness is that he never lost, but claiming Mayweather is the greatest of all time because he never lost is idioticBy the logic, any fighter who retired undefeated should be ranked higher than any fighter with a loss, they should all in in the Hall of Fame - only they are not.By the logic that any fighter who retired undefeated should be ranked higher than any fighter with a loss, Jim Barry and Ricardo López must be better than cherry picking Mayweather - they both retired undefeated with more victories than Floyd!Bad logic and it is not so.The five top champions who retired undefeated are:Rocky MarcianoFloyd MayweatherJoe CalzagheAndre WardI would also have to mention Edwin Valero, 27-0-0, the lightweight champion who had just vacated and moved up to light welterweight, and whose retirement came with his suicide, and murder of his wife.I will list the other champions who retired undefeated:Jimmy Barry, 59-0-9 (Bantomweight champion)Kim Ji-Won 16-0-2 (Super Bantomweight champion)Mihai Leu 28-0-0 (welterweight champion)Ricardo López 51-0-1 (Strawweight champion)Terry Marsh, 26-0-1 (Super Featherweight, Lightweight, Light Welterweight champion)Jack McAuliffe 35-0-5 (lightweight champion)Sven Ottke 34-0-0 (Super Middleweight champion)Dmitry Pirog 20-0 (Middleweight champion)Harry Simon 31-0 (Middleweight champion)Pichit Sitbangprachan 24-0-0 (Flyweight champion)There are numerous boxers who never held a title and retired undefeated after a short career.It isn’t your won/loss record which determines greatness, it is who you faced, when you faced them, and who you beat.If Mayweather logic is followed, then Wanheng Menayothin when he retired was the greatest of all time. Wanheng Menayothin, the WBC minimumweight champion from Thailand, retired with his stat-busting 54-0 record. Does that make him the greatest? of course not! He did not face ONE top fighter in his prime!(Then he unretired and promptly lost! Still, no one proclaimed him the greatest when he passed Mayweather’s unbeaten streak!)What do other fighters say?Mike Tyson, in his own, absolutely no hold back way, summed up Floyd, repeated claims that he is the greatest of all time:He's very delusional. Listen, if he was anywhere near that realm of greatness with Ali he'd be able to take his kids to school by himself. He can't take his kids to school by himself, and he’s talking about he's great? Greatness is not guarding yourself from the people, greatness is being accepted by the people. He can’t take his kids alone to school by himself.And Mike added with open contempt:He's a little, scared man. He's a very small, scared man,"Mike Tyson Goes Off on Floyd Mayweather for Saying He's Better Than Muhammad Ali.Sugar Ray Leonard was more diplomatic. He said:Ali is the Greatest of all time, Floyd ain’t.”Sugar Ray Leonard Says Ali is the G.O.A.T., Mayweather Ain'tRoberto Duran laughs at the thought of Mayweather being the best of all time. Speaking in an interview with ESPN Deportes, Duran said:“If Mayweather would have fought me I would have busted all of his ribs. A man who covers up as well as he does you have to throw to the liver, and that is going to give you openings.”Now when you are talking about why people don’t like Floyd, Floyd’s odious personal history comes into play.Floyd and violence, domestic violence.Since 2002 Mayweather has been accused of violence against women with alarming frequency. (perhaps he learned it from his family - his Uncle has also been charged with incidents of domestic violence)He pleaded guilty in two of those incidents, and in another he was convicted only to have the charges dismissed four years later. The most recent incident, in which he hit his ex-girlfriend in front of two of their children at 5 a.m. in 2010, resulted in a 90-day prison sentence.Those three incidents are:Over a five-month span in 2001 and 2002 he pleaded guilty to two counts of battery domestic violence, a search of his criminal record on the Clark County website shows. He received 48 hours of community service and two days of house arrest. Three other charges — stalking, obstruction of a police officer, and violation of a protective order — were dismissed. According to the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Melissa Brim, the mother of Mayweather's oldest daughter, was the victim. She later claimed in a lawsuit that Mayweather "swung open a car door, hitting her jaw, pushed her into the car and punched her several times in the face and body," the Review-Journal reports. That lawsuit was dismissed in 2003, according to the Review-Journal.In November 2003 Mayweather was arrested and charged with two counts of battery for allegedly fighting with two women at a Las Vegas nightclub. He was later convicted of misdemeanor battery and ordered to serve 100 hours of community service, the Associated Press reported at the time. According to the AP, one of the accusers, Herneatha McGill, testified that Mayweather "punched [her] on the cheek, and then punched [Kaara] Blackburn on the back of the head as she tried to help her friend." A search of Mayweather's criminal record shows these charges were "dismissed per negotiation" in 2008. (settlements to the victims were reportedly involved)In December 2011, Mayweather pleaded guilty to one count of misdemeanor battery domestic violence and no contest to two counts of harassment for hitting the mother of three of his children, Josie Harris. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail and released after 60 days. Mayweather allegedly threatened to kill his ex-girlfriend, Josie Harris, pulled her hair and threw her to the floor at her home. The Clark County criminal complaint alleged Mayweather Jr. told Harris he would make her and her new boyfriend “disappear.” Felony coercion counts were filed, alleging Mayweather Jr. threatened to beat his two sons if they left the residence or called 911 during his verbal and physical attack of Harris. In December, 2011, Mayweather pleaded guilty to one domestic violence charge and no-contest to two harassment charges.One of Mayweather's sons saw the fight, ran out of the house, and alerted a friend of his mother's, who called the police, according to the police report.Harris told Yahoo's Martin Rogers in 2013, "Did he beat me to a pulp? No, but I had bruises on my body and contusions and [a] concussion because the hits were to the back of my head. I believe it was planned to do that, because the bruises don't show."Harris had "redness on her face and a large contusion to the right side of her forehead and chin" when she was examined at the hospital, according to the incident report.https://i.usatoday.net/sports/Investigations-and-enterprise/Mayweather-Documents_Part2.pdfOutside of these three incidents, Mayweather has been accused of domestic violence numerous other times. Deadspin published an exhaustive report of these accusations in 2014.According to their report, which is massively detailed, Mayweather has been accused of violence against women seven times in the last 13 years, including a 2005 incident where he was found not guilty of battery after Harris recanted an allegation that he hit and kicked her outside a club.The Trouble With Floyd MayweatherFloyd is the greatest businessman-boxer of all time, and the best of his ear, (though not the greatest boxer of all time, clearly), but his personal life, for all his money, has been marked by disgraceful bouts of domestic violence.But it is hard, when you study his past, not to believe violence would be an inevitable part of Floyd's life, and to not to feel some sadness for a two year old who was held as a human shield by his Dad, and his mother, who after failing to get the Father to let him go, okayed her brother shooting Dad anyway.Finally, any assessment of all time greatness generally takes social impact into account as well as ring accomplishments. What did the fighter do to make the world a better place?His boxing related antics alone will assure that Floyd is never, ever, considered for the GOAT. He simply does not belong in that august company. But when you add in the other factors, it is simply no wonder why a lot of people detest FloydCREDIT TO:Boxrec for statistic, records and rankingsAli: A Life by Jonathan EigFOX Sports - Sports News, Scores, Schedules, & VideosCox’s Corner and Monte CoxDan Rafeal and ESPN “Manny Pacquiao has shoulder surgery” (May 6, 2015)Floyd Mayweather received banned IV fluids before Pacquiao fight by Thomas HauserListon and Ali: The Ugly Bear and the Boy Who Would Be King by Bob MeesMayweather had banned IV before Pacquiao fightMike Tyson Goes Off on Floyd Mayweather for Saying He's Better Than Muhammad Ali.Roberto Duran Details How He Would Have Beaten Floyd Mayweather - Boxing News and ViewsRotator Cuff Tears by J. Miller, Clinical PhysiotherapistSports Illustrated with Thomas HauserSugar Ray Leonard Says Ali is the G.O.A.T., Mayweather Ain'tThe CodeThe Greatest: My Own Story by Muhammad Ali

How destructive is the World's nuclear arsenal? A topic prone to extreme exaggeration and conjecture with little reliance on the facts.The destructive force of all the world's nuclear weapons is a fraction of what it once was. Surprisingly quietly, the USA and Russia have dismantled over 50,000 nuclear weapons over the past 30 years. The nuclear materials from these bombs and other stockpiles of weapons grade materials, was recycled and used in nuclear power generation over the past 20 years. [1] A fact that few may be aware of, the situation actually crashed the uranium market in the early 2000’s. The glut of available fuel brought the open market trading value down from $20 dollars a pound to near $2 per pound at that time. So a lot has changed from the time when many of us can remember the very real threat of mutually assured destruction.Multi Megaton Weapons Now ObsoleteWhat has changed that the world no longer is building megaton weapons? The need for multi-megaton weapons was the result of low accuracy of warhead deliver on target…. we needed a sledgehammer approach to take out hardened targets and the way that was done was through very high yield bombs >=5 mt typically. The average nuclear weapon size today in 2016 is about 443kt at full yield but a large portion of those bombs can be adjusted in the field to a very small fraction of their potential yield.Today the accuracy of on target delivery has massively improved ..we hit what we aim for. This means we need less hammer to do the same job. In the 1980’s the development of earth penetrating rounds was another game changer. Not only were we on target but now we could penetrate hundreds of feet of earth and concrete before detonating the warhead. This allowed a 100 kt weapon to do the damage of a >1 mt surface detonation. This is the primary method now for targeting hardened targets and is the final driver for smaller yield bombs.The net effect of the use of EPW’s (Earth Penetrating Weapons) is a reduction in the number of casualties as compared with the number of casualties from a surface burst. This is primarily due to a 96% reduction in the weapon yield needed using an EPW. The greater coupling of the released energy to the ground shock for a buried detonation is the same as a surface burst with 25 times the explosive energy. For rural targets, the use of a nuclear earth-penetrator weapon is estimated to reduce casualties by a factor of 10 to 100 relative to a nuclear surface burst of equivalent probability of damage.[2]War room from Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)A Common Story: “There are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world many times over.” This is nothing more than poorly crafted fiction an urban legend. This common conclusion isn't based in any factual data. It is based solely in hype, hysteria, propaganda and fear mongering.If you take every weapon in existence today, approximately 6500 megatons between 15,000 warheads with an average yield of 433 kt, [3] and put a single bomb in its own 100 square mile grid… one bomb per grid (10 miles x 10 miles), you will contain >95% of the destructive force of each bomb on average within the grid it is in. [4] This means the total landmass to receive a destructive force from all the world's nuclear bombs is an area of 1.5 million square miles. Not quite half of the United States and 1/38 of the world's total land mass…. thats it!In truth it would be far less. A higher concentration of detonations would take place over military targets and would be likely 10–30 times greater in concentration over those areas. [5] If they were used in war it is unlikely more than 40% would get used even in a total war situation. So the actual area of intense destruction in a nuclear war is somewhere between 150,000 and 300,000 square miles or 1/384 to 1/192 of the worlds land mass.You win wars by taking out the opposing teams ability to make war, not their population centers. The arsenals of today are just enough to cover military objectives. There would be no wholesale war against civilians. That is just more fear mongering and Hollywood story telling.milliseconds after a detonation the bombs heat is conducted faster down the scaffolding support cables making these erie tentacles (called rope tricks). Contrary to most beliefs, the majority of the scaffolding often remains. Broken and thrown asunder after the detonation, the scaffolding will be scattered but it does not always vaporize.Continued from aboveThese numbers are easily verifiable, and they are right. So many have bought into the endless rhetoric of the world shattering destructiveness and the inevitable end of civilization scenarios that they can no longer be objective or analytical as they have put their beliefs in front of rational thinking. I find this true even with most scientists. I challenge anyone to just do the math …it is easy.Fallout is a short lived problem in most places.Using the 7/10 rule of exponential radionuclide decay, after just 49 days the radiation will be 1/10,000 the level it was an hour after the bombs went off and after a year and a half the radiation will have dropped below 1/100,000 of that initial level. The majority of bombs would be airburst which create little to no fallout which significantly reduces these dangers.[6]Where are you safest from fallout?A regular cellar isn't much better than being outside. A good fallout shelter has a rating of 1000, meaning it reduces your exposure to the fallout outside by a factor of 1000. A typical basement is only rated at a 10 which means you're dead if you are in the path of some major fallout.Places rated at a 1000 or higher:a sub-basement (basement under a basement) you need at least 6 feet of dirt over your head to protect you from all forms of radiation.the second level below street level of a concrete reinforced parking garage (obviously that also can be closed off at the entrance as well)the inner windowless rooms on the 4th floor or higher in a highrise building (always leave at least 2 floors above you before the roof.According to FEMA these are your best bets. Whatever gives you the greatest distance from the source of the radiation is your best option. If none of these examples are available you just need to apply that distance guideline and some common sense.[7] [8]Plan on being there at least 2 weeks and perhaps a monthA problem of scaleNuclear weapons are puny on the scale of things in nature. They may be impressive to man but they mean nothing to nature. A typical hurricane releases more energy than all the world's nuclear weapons combined in its brief lifetime. At its peak, a severe storm may have a total power near to 10^15 Watts: about 3,000 times the total electrical power generated in the world. This is equivalent to exploding 500,000 Hiroshima bombs per day. [9]The Chisholm Fire, a man-caused forest fire in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in 2001 released the equivalent energy of 1200 Hiroshima atomic bombs or 18 megatons. [10]Large forest fires release hundreds to 10’s of 1,000’s the times of energy of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Forest fires release on the order of 1 megawatt per second per acre of fire area, a staggering number. [11] Its a perspective and scale issue… man doesn't have a chance in challenging nature.Another comparison of scale is the Chicxulub impact event which is thought to be the cause of the dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago. That impact released over 100,000,000 megatons of energy or over 15,300 times the world total nuclear arsenal without dramatically changing the climate in the long term.[12]How destructive is the worlds nuclear arsenals … as it relates to a possible war between Russia and the USA. A real world risk assessment.Since the early 2000’s there have been numerous scholarly papers written about an American nuclear and conventional weapons primacy and the end of MAD (Mutually Assured destruction)[13] [14] These papers suggest that the USA has such an advantage technologically that we now possess a first strike capability and that there isn't a credible threat to US dominance in the world today or in the upcoming decade. The underlying message is that the unthinkable is becoming thinkable.[15] That military planners may consider the use of local in theater nuclear strikes. Some say the risk of a nuclear exchange has never been greater.[16][17]So how would a war between Russia and the USA unfold in 2016 in a scenario of sudden escalation? There have been many relevant changes in how we posture our nuclear arsenals. In the event of a war breaking out and going nuclear there is one key difference than in the past. The majority of the available nuclear weapons have been taken off high alert. This creates a natural pause that would occur between a strike using high alert strategic assets and mobilization of non alert tactical assets. The strategic assets that would be used will include ICBM’s and SLBM’s, but not all of them. The USA and Russia, per our current treaty agreement, should have no more than 1550 warheads each in this category, all of them considerably less than 1 megaton (80–800kt typical).[18]In the USA it is estimated that approximately 1,930 warheads are deployed of which roughly 1,750 strategic warheads are deployed on ballistic missiles and at bomber bases in the United States. Another 180 tactical bombs are deployed in Europe. The remaining approximately 2,740 warheads – more than 58% – are in storage as a so-called hedge against technical or geopolitical surprises. Many of those are scheduled to be retired before 2030. In addition to the warheads in the Defense Department stockpile, approximately 2,340 retired, but still intact, warheads are in storage under the custody of the Energy Department and awaiting dismantlement, for a total US inventory of roughly 6,970 warheads. As of 1 September 2015, the United States reported that its nuclear arsenal contained 1,538 strategic warheads attributed to 762 deployed missiles and bombers on high alert– a decrease of 105 warheads and 30 launchers compared with a year ago.[19]Russia, as of early 2016, is estimated to have a stockpile of approximately 4500 nuclear warheads assigned for use by long-range strategic launchers and shorter-range tactical nuclear forces. Of these, roughly 1800 strategic warheads are deployed on missiles and at bomber bases on high alert. Another 700 strategic warheads are in storage along with nearly 2000 nonstrategic warheads. In addition to the military stockpile for operational forces, a large number – perhaps 2800 – of retired but still largely intact warheads await dismantlement for a total inventory of 7300 warheads. With its total inventory of roughly 550 deployed strategic launchers out of the 1550 warheads that is allowed by treaty, 768 warheads are on SLBM’s with a total yield of less than 70mt. Russia is already well below the limit of 700 set by New START for February 2018.[20]You may not be able to use any weapons in your active stockpile that wasn’t already deployed in the field. Since the USA no longer keeps large quantities of nukes in the field, you won't use up your strategic assets in the first exchange. The nukes that used to be kept on alert in the field have been removed from the Navy’s surface fleet and the Air Force’s available active weapons. These nukes would have to be staged from inventory first and then loaded onto vehicles. This will take some extra time. Knowing that these locations will be the first targets of a nuclear strike, time is one thing either side wont have available to spare.War on Civilians?With a limited resource of strategic warheads on high alert, you can be assured that the initial targeting is going to be all the hard military assets. Neither side is going to have the assets available for a long shopping list. ICBM’s are seen as a use it or lose it asset. If you don't use them they will be taken out in a major strike. Both the USA and Russia would put a high priority to get all the missiles launched as quickly as possible. Most SLBM’s would be held in reserve though they would still see some launched at command and control assets as the first volley in any war.After the Korean war the U.S. Army’s revised the field manual on the law of land warfare introduced a new statement that expressed as doctrine the growing importance of intention. The revised 1956 manual said, “It is a generally recognized rule of international law that civilians must not be made the object of attack directed exclusively against them.” Previous army manuals had left this rule unexpressed. As a subculture, military professionals may have placed even more emphasis on their intentions not to harm noncombatants even in the face of widespread civilian deaths. While the sources make it difficult to assess the personal sentiments of officers and soldiers about civilian casualties during the Korean War, it is not hard to believe that many in private did not want to think of themselves as waging war against defenseless civilians.[21]Military Doctrine is to minimize civilian casualties not take out the citiesThe committee notes that although some scenarios show substantial nuclear-radiation-induced fatalities, military operational guidance is to attack targets in ways to minimize collateral effects. Calculated numbers of fatalities to be expected from an attack on an HDBT might be reduced by operational planning and employment tactics. Assuming that other strategic considerations permit, the operational commander could warn of a nuclear attack on an HDBT or could time such an attack to take advantage of wind conditions that would reduce expected casualties from acute and latent effects of fallout by factors of up to 100, assuming that the wind conditions were known well enough and were stable and that defenses against the attack could not be mobilized. However, a nuclear weapon burst in a densely populated urban environment will always result in a large number of casualties.[22]MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) has never been an accepted strategy in the military.Even today (2001), however, much discussion of MAD misses one central point: It is not the prime nuclear doctrine of the United States. For more than 30 years, increases in the size, accuracy, and sophistication of the US nuclear arsenal have reduced Mutual Assured Destruction to the status of one among many competing national strategic options.Perhaps any exchange of warheads between nuclear powers would escalate, inevitably, to total war and obliteration of both nations. That is what McNamara fervently believes to this day.However, the US military believes in preparing other, more flexible, strategic plans. Anything less would be an abdication of duty, says Gen. Russell E. Dougherty, a former commander in chief of the Air Force's Strategic Air Command."I don't think Mutual Assured Destruction was ever a military-espoused doctrine," says Dougherty.From a force planner point of view, MAD is a minimalist approach. It requires only that the American nuclear arsenal have enough warheads after any surprise first strike to destroy any opponent's population centers and civilian industry.The Air Force, by contrast, favors a larger and more complicated force structure capable of riding out a first strike and then retaliating against elusive, hardened military targets.[23]"Our philosophy has always been counterforce," says Dougherty. "Force is what hurts us. Find his force, and dis-enable it or denude it."“Riding the bomb” a scene from Dr Strangelove. The world has changed a lot or has it? General Ripper can be substituted with a rogue nuclear state in 2016.Continued from aboveAfter the Initial StrikeThis is where the natural pause after launching your strategic assets will come in handy. Cooler minds will hopefully be clammering for a cease fire.In a real world situation today, it is likely that both sides would see massive losses of their strategic, tactical and reserve nuclear weapons stockpiles as a result of not having these weapons on high alert. The military would be scrambling to get these assets staged and mounted on delivery vehicles with less than an hour of working time, more likely less than 30 minutes. Very few tactical assets would make it out into the field before that area is hammered by dozens of warheads. As a result, any war will see only a fraction of the prewar quantity of warheads actually get used. I would bet that both sides would lose at least 50% in the first strikes. The challenge here is that civilian casualties will always be high due to the close proximity of nuclear assets to population centers.The known locations of nuclear weapons stores at 111 locations in 14 countries, according to an overview produced by FAS and NRDC.Russia: Nearly 1,000 nuclear weapons surround Saratov. Russia has an estimated 48 permanent nuclear weapon storage sites, of which more than half are on bases for operational forces. There are approximately 19 storage sites, of which about half are national-level storage facilities. In addition, a significant number of temporary storage sites occasionally store nuclear weapons in transit between facilities. This is a significant consolidation from the estimated 90 Russian sites ten years ago, and more than 500 sites before 1991.Many of the Russian sites are in close proximity to each other and large populated areas. One example is the Saratov area where the city is surrounded by a missile division, a strategic bomber base, and a national-level storage site with probably well over 1,000 nuclear warheads combined.There is considerable uncertainty about the number of Russian nuclear weapons storage sites, for several reasons. First, the Russian government provides almost no information about its nuclear warhead storage program. Second, Western governments say very little about what they know.Moreover, estimates vary on what constitutes a “storage site;” some count each fenced storage bunker as a site, even though there may be several individually fenced bunkers within a larger storage complex.We count each storage complex as one site or storage location and estimate that Russia today stores nuclear weapons permanently at 40 domestic locations. This is a slight reduction from our 2009 estimate, but a significant reduction from the 100 sites in the late-1990s, 250 sites in the mid-1990s, and 500 sites in 1991.Although the Russian government provides almost no public information about its nuclear weapons storage program, it has occasionally made declarations. For example, at the 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, Russia declared that “the total number of nuclear weapons storage facilities has been reduced fourfold” since 1991 (Russian Federation, 2010a: At the same event, the Russian delegation distributed a publication stating that “ Russian non-strategic nuclear weapons are concentrated in centralized storage bases exclusively ob the national territory” (Russian Federation, 2010b: Moreover, twice a year under the terms of New START, the Kremlin hands over a detailed list of its strategic force deployments to the US government. Unfortunately, the list is secret.There is also uncertainty about the status of many nuclear weapon systems, including what constitutes “non-strategic” weapons. For example, medium-range Tu-22M3 Backfire bombers are sometimes described by Russians as more than tactical, but they are not considered strategic in arms control agreements signed by Russia. Consequently, this notebook considers the Tu-22M3 and all other weapons not covered by New START to be non-strategic and to be covered by the Russian declarations that all non-strategic nuclear warheads have been placed in central storage.Russian permanent nuclear weapon storage locations fall into three main categories: operational warheads at Strategic Rocket Force, navy and air force bases; non-strategic and reserve/retired warheads at national-level storage sites; and warheads at assembly/disassembly factories.The storage locations for operational warheads include 11 ICBM fields and garrisons, two nuclear submarine bases, and two heavy bomber bases. The national-level storage sites include 12 separate storage sites, although the status of a few of these is unclear. The warhead production complexes also have warhead storage facilities. [24]The United States in 2014 stores nuclear weapons at 18 sites, including 12 sites in 11 states in the United States and another six sites in five European countries. At the end of the Cold War, the United States maintained thousands of nuclear weapons outside of its borders on land and on the high seas.In 2014 the United States has further consolidated its nuclear weapons into fewer sites. Most significant is the apparent termination of nuclear weapons storage at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, which only a decade ago contained one of the world’s largest concentrations of nuclear weapons. Similarly, nuclear weapons have been removed from Barksdale Air Force Base, one of three remaining heavy bomber bases,4 and from all tactical fighter-bomber bases in the continental United States. All Air Force nuclear warheads are now stored at five locations: three intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) bases (F. E. Warren, Malmstrom, Minot), two bomber bases (Minot, Whiteman), and one central storage facility, Kirtland Underground Munitions Storage Complex (KUMSC).The last naval non-strategic nuclear weapon system—the Tomahawk land-attack cruise missile (TLAM/N)—was eliminated in 2012. The weapons were stored at the Strategic Weapons Facilities at Bangor in Washington and at Kings Bay in Georgia, the only two remaining naval nuclear weapons storage sites.The United States is the only nuclear-armed state that deploys nuclear weapons in other countries. Approximately 180 non-strategic nuclear bombs are stored in underground vaults beneath 87 aircraft shelters at six bases in five European countries (Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey) for delivery by US and NATO fighter-bombers. [25]Approximately 50 B61 (variable yield bomb 0.3 to 340 kiloton) nuclear bombs inside an igloo at what might be Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. Seventy-five igloos at Nellis store “one of the largest stockpile in the free world,” according to the U.S. Air Force, one of four central storage sites in the United States.Continued from aboveThere is little comfort in this scenario other than the scope of a real nuclear war would likely only involve a fraction of the world's nuclear arsenals, perhaps 1/3 of the world total at most and that a natural pause in the hostilities early on might prevent it from being even that much. It isn't much and it shouldn't make you happy as we are on the verge of going backwards it seems. I am just calling a spade a spade here. This shouldn't be such a risk after making so much progress on disarmament, but it is.Projected US Casualties and Destruction of US Medical Services From Attacks by Russian Nuclear ForcesA 2002 study puts the US death toll from a strategic counterforce strike from the combined effects of blast, burns, and radiation, the attack by 2,000 warheads would cause 52 ± 2 million deaths and 9 ± 1 million injuries, even though it was primarily directed at military targets in sparsely populated areas. The goal of the first attack to recall, was to destroy US military, political, and economic targets. In the 2,000-warhead scenario, there were 660 air bursts, many of which had overlapping zones of mass fires and blast damage because the distances separating some of the targets were less than the diameter of the zones.In a second analysis a vengeance strike against countervalue targets (non-strategic population centers) In this second scenario, the US targets for 500 Russian nuclear weapons are chosen to maximize loss of life. If all 500 warheads detonated over their targets, a total of 132 million deaths and 8 million injuries are calculated to occur.The US Major Attack Options (MAO) in this first scenario assumes a Russian attack similar in target categories to a comprehensive US MAO, with 1,249 discrete targets, some receiving multiple warheads.[26]This 2002 study was made in a time when the world had twice as many nuclear weapons as we have today in 2016. The high alert weapons are fewer and have smaller yields in 2016. The list of high priority targets still remains high which means that there will be no available weapons for countervalue targets of population centers.This report intentionally emphasised a high casualty countervalue attack with the targets chosen for the highest loss of life. This was in response to a proposed National Missile Defense system which for some reason would mean the Russians would target civilians. I don't know why that is a logical conclusion. It really makes no sense and in the scenario in 2016 there isn't going to be strategic weapons available to do such a thing.All the strategic high alert Russian weapons will be aimed at the 1249 targets referenced in that study. In truth, the available weapons to cover this is insufficient to ensure all those targets are taken out. Using all 1800 high alert Russian warheads against 1249 targets only gives you a coverage of 1.4 warheads on a target. In the height of the cold war some targets had over 60 warheads assigned to them. While this is clearly overkill the ratio of 1.4 to 1 is not. It is unlikely that this force of missiles would be able to take out all the known targets as a result.The total military targets of the USA easily consumes all of Russia’s strategics weapons destructive power leaving zero weapons available for civilian targets.There are over 6000 military bases and military warehouses located in the U.S.A. These facilities include a total of 845,441 different buildings and equipments [27] with a total building area 2.1 billion square feet or 75 square miles.[28] The US also has over 800 bases in foreign lands. Adding to the bases inside U.S. territory, the total land area occupied by US military bases domestically within the US and internationally is of the order of TBD (in excess of 100,000 square miles - online numbers reported add up to more than the reported total), which makes the Pentagon one of the largest landowners worldwide.So while the destruction would be less and the cities would not be targeted, the 52 million dead is probably a reasonable figure since the us population has increased over 20% since the time of this report.Map of military facilities in the United States (full size here [29] )EMP EffectsIn the case of high altitude nuclear bursts, two main EMP types come into play, “fast pulse” and the “slow pulse.” The fast pulse EMP field is created by gamma ray interaction with stratospheric air molecules. It peaks at tens of kilovolts per meter in a few nanoseconds, and lasts for a few hundred nanoseconds. The broad-band frequency content of (0-1000 megahertz) enables it to couple to electrical and electronic systems in general, regardless of the length of their penetrating cables and antenna lines. Induced currents range into the 1,000s of amperes. The “slow pulse” EMP is caused by the distortion of the earth’s magnetic field lines due to the expanding nuclear fireball and rising of heated and ionized layers of the ionosphere.DoD has adopted protective priorities using commercial protective equipment. The Department of Defense (DoD) has experience in prioritizing and protecting systems since the 1960s. The DoD has prioritized and has protected selected systems against EMP (and, by similitude to E3, GMD effects). DoD places emphasis on protecting its strategic triad and associated command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence (C4I) systems.Nuclear EMP will burn out every exposed electronic system is FALSE. Based on DoD and Congressional EMP Commission’s EMP test data bases we know that smaller, self-contained systems that are not connected to long-lines tend not to be affected by EMP fields. Examples of such systems include vehicles, hand-held radios, and disconnected portable generators. If there is an effect on these systems, it is more often temporary upset rather than component burnout. [30]“The most probable effect of EMP on a modern nuclear power plant is an unscheduled shutdown. EMP may also cause an extended shutdown by the unnecessary activation of some safety-related systems. In general, EMP would be a nuisance to nuclear plants, but it is not considered a serious threat to plant safety. Counter-measures to minimize the effects of EMP have been recommended. Implementation of these recommendations would also increase the protection of the plant against damage by lightning, switching, and electromagnetic interference transients as well as general failures in electrical, control, and instrument power. “ [31]In SummarySo here is the bottom line. The countries involved, the USA and Russia, will live on and the vast majority of the world would remain untouched. I am not saying it would be pretty as it certainly would not. It would be an unprecedented catastrophe for the USA without a parallel. While Russia has lived through invasions and suffered 10’s of millions dead in WII this would surely exceed that as well. Between the two countries there would be 10’s of millions dead, a total of 150 million is certainly a possibility but even that number means hundreds of millions more survived and for the majority it would be imminently survivable.It would not be the end of man, the world, civilization and not even the end of our countries. All the hype and fear mongering is just that. It isn't hard to do a valid analysis for your own peace of mind.MAD or mutually assured destruction, as a strategy does not exist in 2016 . The above math makes that evident. MAD actually has never been the official accepted position of the USA or Russia. For most of the post cold war era the USA has adopted deterrence as our primary policy.[32] Evidence suggests that this may be changing. A more important epiphany than realizing MAD no longer applies would be to understand the impact of this new reality in the world's future political and military decisions. [33]Further detailed reading on this subject and an analysis debunking a nuclear winter Allen E Hall's answer to In a total nuclear exchange where the entire worlds arsenals are used, how long would the nuclear winter last and would we survive?In the News:Russia Withdraws From a Post-Cold War Nuclear DealU.S. Accuses Russia of Violating Missile TreatyRussia calls new U.S. missile defense system a ‘direct threat’Russia says US missile system breaches nuclear INF treaty - BBC NewsThe future of U.S.-Russian arms control | Brookings InstitutionThe LRSO: US Plans for Nuclear PrimacyNote: I make no claim that I an right… I only offer an analysis with considerations for details and data overlooked by others … sometimes intentionally. Please do your own due diligence and make an educated determination for yourself. Feel free to challenge my analysis, I welcome opposing views.Footnotes[1] Against Long Odds, MIT’s Thomas Neff Hatched a Plan to Turn Russian Warheads into American Electricity[2] The National Academies Press[3] https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/nuclear-notebook/[4] NUKEMAP[5] Overkill Is Not Dead[6] The 7:10 Rule of Thumb[7] https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/shelter.txt[8] Nuclear Blast | Ready.gov[9] What is Physics Good For?[10] http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5247/2006/acp-6-5247-2006.pdf[11] The Nuclear Imperative[12] The KT extinction[13] http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.7[14] https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/a9324932-a61c-4ad4-9626-8e9978b455f7/Johnson-Freese-and-Nichols.aspx[15] Rethinking the Unthinkable[16] A Nuclear Conflict with Russia is Likelier Than You Think[17] http://www.frstrategie.org/publications/notes/web/documents/2016/201601.pdf[18] https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R41219.pdf[19] http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00963402.2016.1145901[20] http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00963402.2016.1170359[21] http://www.globalresearch.ca/americas-ethics-of-bombing-civilians-after-world-war-ii-massive-casualties-and-the-targeting-civilians-in-the-korean-war/5402007[22] The National Academies Press[23] Air Force Magazine[24] Worldwide deployments of nuclear weapons, 2014[25] Worldwide deployments of nuclear weapons, 2014[26] http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/7-2-helfand.pdf[27] http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-worldwide-network-of-us-military-bases/5564[28] http://www.gsa.gov/graphics/ogp/FY_2010_FRPP_Report_Final.pdf[29] Image on wikimedia.org[30] https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Baker-Statement-5-13-EMP.pdf[31] Effects of nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on nuclear power plants (Technical Report)[32] http://www.nukestrat.com/us/stratcom/SAGessentials.PDF[33] http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/files/is3004_pp007-044_lieberpress.pdf