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Short answer is : NO“Questioning the Turkishness of Ottoman empire is bit laughableAnd implying that Turk means in “ You could compare it to “peasant”: no shame in it, but not something aristocrats would want to be associated with.” @Dimitris Almyrantis ) can be seen as very funny and incorrect: no hard feelingsThe Seljuk's, and the Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state. which they don’t need to express them self as “Turk” because they were known as a “TURK” by every corner of the world and history[turk words were equal as Turks and muslims]. and never had problem with being called Turk. But what should always be kept in mind is that the Ottoman state was an empire and the modern understanding of nationalism did not exist back then.here is small quote a Turkish historian : Erhan AfyoncuThose who point to negative phrases about Turks like "etrak-ı bi-idrak" ("unperceptive, silly Turks") in the works of some Ottoman chroniclers assert that Turks were humiliated during Ottoman times. This is an inconsistent approach. For when the works of Ottoman chroniclers are analyzed, it is seen that such expressions about Turks do not refer to an ethnic identity but rather to a sociological and political situation.Also, this expression was usually meant for those involved in various acts against the state's authority, for the Turkmens who allied with Tamerlane, Şeyh Bedreddin, Uzun Hasan or Shah Ismail, or Şehzade Bayezid, son of Süleyman I (Kanuni), during his rebellion, or for those who took part in the Celali rebellions that ravaged Anatolia.For example, nomadic Arabs were sometimes referred to as "Arab-ı bed-fidal" ("Arabs involved in evil deeds"), "Arab-ı bed-rey" ("evil-minded Arabs"), or "Arab-ı şekavet-şiar" ("Arabs used to banditry"). In other words, the popular claim that Arabs were referred to only as "kavm-i necip" ("noble people") is not true. Names of peoples in such expressions do not denote an ethnic sense but refer to the ways of life of some communities.Writings on 'Turkishness' in the Ottoman legacySo why did they not used term “TURK” or never explained real reason behind it ?You see , Turkic(Turks) people were good at ruling multi ethnics even before and after ottoman time which they don’t need to tell their Turkic-ism either. Such can be seen as Hungarian ruling clan Arpad(hun-bulgar) and Kabars(kavar), which they ruled Magyars. Bulgar Turkic who build old and first Bulgaria , second Bulgar empire terter, Kypchaks, Cumania, khazars, Pechenegs. Zengid , Ikhshidid ,Tulunids, Mamluk, Khalji, Bengal, Mughal,Seljuk Khwarizmi etc.Turkic people never had any problem with using foreign languages as lingua franca such as goth, Slavic , Magyars, Chinese, Farsi, Arabic, Mongolian, Urdu, were used during their reign of power.. but they were always using Turkic in their core which you clearly see that. if Turkic people had similarly nationalism or colonial ideology , half of world would be speaking Turkic by now.oh btw . ottoman loved the Oghuz name which they were originated so Oghuz=Turk mean ok-uz (arrow-people) and every clan of Oghuz such as Seljuk and Ottoman used arrow like tamgas (seals).. [see for oguzname]ottomans are oghuzAhmedi's Dastän, Ottoman section of iskendername during Bayazid timeLeşkerini cem' idib girdi yolaGündüz Alp, Er-tugrıl anuñla bileDâhı Gök Alp-u Oğuz'dan çoh kişiOlmışdı ol yolda anuñ yoldaşı…Ahmedî, "iskender-nâme" : Paris Bibliotheque Nationale, Supp. Turc, nr.: 309, vr. 289b-290a.translation : Ertugrul / gündüz alp including gökalp and many oghuz were helped his gaza with sultan Alâeddin. with oghuz peopleHere is osman I coin written “Here osman bin ertugrul bin gunduz alp “ OSMAN SON OF ERTUGRUL SON OF GÜNDÜZ ALP.ottomans are Kayi of oghuzDivani lugatul turk tamgas / left kayi tamgas (seals) IYI you can found this seal in many area in ertugrul and osmanoglullari areas in turkey..Tevârîh-i Âl-i Selçuk / kayi tamga 1 symbol of left IYI :)Both are Orhan gazi coin so it's clear that they are from kayi tribe oh source : yapi kredi bank collection.When in 18 century nationalism begins to form and western people categorize and nationalized history which some mistakes were made . like Mughal empire as Mungal or mongol while name actually was Babur empire(Gurakānī which they called)[0], similar mistake Chengiz khan empire Mongol-Turkic empire while western sees only mongol etc. you see there are some historical facts which is made by people let the think other historians differently suchH. A. Gibbon in “The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis “ claims that ottomans” founder Osman was son of shepherd name “CUK”or a convert prince from Komnenos house .[1] which is falseSuch claim Wittek ottoman are rum empire which they were converted and later oghuz and kayi implementation made them look like ruling Turkic culture…[2]Main reason why ottoman never had to express their own ethnics is because of the main rule of the Islam. but there are oghuz actualyMain rule of Islam“All mankind is from Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white; [none have superiority over another] except by piety and good action. “The Final Sermon- Prophet Muhammad s.a.v [3]But they prove their Turkishness and perfected their specially Oghuz origins with their signatures. Also Oghuz khan is the ancestor of all turkic people.[4]Kanuni Sultan Suleiman signature. The vertical lines on the top of the tughra are called tuğ, or flagstaff. The three tugs signify independence. The S-shaped lines crossing the tugs are called zülfe and they, together with the tops of the tugs that also look to the right, signify that the winds blow from the east to the west, the traditional movement of the Ottomans. east also considered sacred among the Turkic people. also Tug- driven from tugrul bird ancient oghuz khan mythological symbol of freedom and new life.The tuğra, or sultanic cipher. represents the sultan's signature. By origin, tuğrağ in the Oghuz Turkic dialect meant a special mark or sign signifying the ruler's signature, flag , birth of dynasties (töre, töri is driven from tugra). Oghuz and Seljuk rulers and, finally. the Ottoman sultans employed such a cipher. signature was practiced as early as the ninth or tenth century and passed on to later Turkish dynasties, including the Seljuks and the Mamluks. There have been many speculations on the shape of tuğra. Some believed it originated from "tugri", a mythical hawk, a totem sign with Oghuz Turks. Islamic Encyclopedia defines it as derived from "tuğ", the traditional horse tail signs of Turkic peoples. Although the use of a tuğra was an ancient practice, the type devised by the Ottomans was unique and remained unchanged for some six hundreds years..[5]all ottoman tugras(Tulug urug (State symbol))Before ottoman Islamic teaching about Turks who they are…Prophet Muhammed s.a.v. etrak driven from arabic (atrak): Turks[6] said 500 years before ottoman :D see for more Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)But they used mix Persian Arabic language ?Ottoman Empire used during the period and with Arabic letters written in Turkish; is not a separate language. those who move from the Ottoman present it as a different language is in the works of the some authors are extremely Arabic and Using Persian to make books difficult to understand. but local people were using similar Turkish, so you can safely call today Turkish is decedent from ottoman time. when you speak English you used many Germanic Latin words but you don’t call it Germanic nor Latin language.. If today Turkish person lived in ottoman era they can easily communicated with local Turkish people. but another main problem is that today Turkish simplification which average Turkish person uses 400 - 3000 word in their daily life.According Islamic History, Art and Culture Research CenterHistory of Ottoman Astronomy Literature 2286 Astronomy written in the Ottoman period which 986 are arabic about %43, 1058 books are Turkish %46 percent , rest are mix written books farsi , arabic and turkish. 1114 math literature 48% are arabic 50% are Turkish.[7]Ve bunun eyyam-ı devletinde Türk(seljuk Mesud b. Kılıç Arslan), İstanbul karşısında Üsküdar’a gelüpmelik-i Kostantiniyyeden dahi cizye ve haraç aldılar” [8]translation“in a great days the Turks came to Üsküdar in the face of Istanbul king and they even received tribute from Kostantiniyya.”First Kosovo war when when ottoman was little late and Serbian send a envoy to tells that they were ready which Murad 1 replyOl melun [Sırp Kralı] bunun gibi laf ü güzaf ursa, aceb mi ki İslamkılıcın görmemişdir. Kimse tabancasın yimeyen, kendü tabancasın demurden sanır. Ve kedi karanu evde kendüyü arslan tevehhüm ider. İnşallah ana Türk erliğin gösterem...[9]translationthe doomed [Serbian King] speaks like this, did he not have seen islamic sword. when someone never saw other pistols(guns) thinks their own is iron(strong). those who saw their own cat shadow thinks is a lion i will show them turkish bravery.How ottoman era turkish look likeORUÇ BEY, TEVÂRÎH-İ ÂL-İ OSMÂN around 1503Ve bu tarafdan Rûm tâ’ifesi tekûrı oğlını bir nice bin kâfir ile ehl-i İslâm üzerine gönderdi. Sultân Alâeddîn’e haber oldı, her tarafa nâmeler perâkende kıldı. Hükmi irdüği yerlere tâ Sivas kapusına değin çeriler cem‘ itmeğe âdemler gönderdi. Bunda çeri cem‘ itmekde [iken] bu tarafdan Osmân Gāzî bin mikdâr er ile gazâ-yı ekberdür deyüp bu gelen kâfir leşkerinün üzerine bin kişi üç bölük eyledi. Bir gice üç yerden şebîhûn idüp Rûm çerisine girdiler. Kâfir gāfil serhoş yaturken kılıç koydılar. Sabâha değin kılıcdan geçürüp târümâr itdiler. Nice mâl-ı ganâyimle dönüp mekânlarına geldiler. Mâlın öşrin çıkarup Sultân Alâeddîn’e gönderdiler. Sultân Alâeddîn dahı bu ganîmet mâlı görüp Osmân Gāzî’nün bahadurlığına sevinüp şâd oldı. Tiz buyurdı, hazî[ne]sinden cebe vü cevşen çıkarup elli katâr deve ve elli katâr katır esbâbla yükledüp gönderdi. Ve Mısr’dan gelmiş hazret-i Risâlet’ün –salla’llahü aleyhi ve sellem- ak alemin çıkarup Osmân Gāzî’ye gönderdi. Vezîr Abdülazîz bile gönderdi. Tuğ ve sancak çözilüp Osmân Gāzî’ye getürdiler. Bu tarafdan Osmân Gāzî’ye haber oldı ki, Sultân Alâeddîn’den sana bunca in‘âmlar geleyor.Osmân Gāzî dahı karşu çıkdı, Abdülazîz’le görüşdi. Getürüp kondırdı. Çünki irte oldı,Abdülazîz pâdişâh gönderdüği in‘âmları virdi ve dahı Abdülazîz eytdi: “Ey oğul! Atan Ertuğrul gördüği vâkı‘a buydı ki Şeyh Edebâlî ta‘bîr itmişdi. Meger Osmân Gāzî dahı dünyâya gelmedin Ertuğrul bir gice aceb vâkı‘a gördi, uyandı. Durup sabâh namâzın kılup atına süvâr olup Konya’yaToday turkishBu taraftan, Rumların tekfuru, oğlunu birkaç bin kâfir ile Müslümanların üzerine gönderdi. Sultân Alâeddin haber alınca, her tarafa fermânlar yolladı. Tâ Sivas kapısına kadar hükmettiği yerlerden asker toplamaya adamlar gönderdi. Burada asker toplanırken, diğer taraftan, Osman Gazi bin kadar askerle büyük gazadır diyerek bu gelen kâfir askerinin üzerine bin kişiyi üç bölük yaptı. Bir gece üç yerden baskın yaparak Rum askerine girdiler. Kâfir sarhoş bir hâlde yatarken kılıç koydular, sabaha kadar kılıçtan geçirip darmadağın ettiler. Nice ganimet mallarıyla dönüp makamlarına geldiler. Malın onda birini çıkarıp Sultan Alâeddin’e gönderdiler. Sultân Alâeddin de bu ganimet malını görüp Osman Gazi’ninyiğitliğine sevinerek mutlu oldu. Hemen emretti, hazinesinden zırhlar çıkardı, elli katar deve ve elli katır mal ile yükletip gönderdi. Mısır’dan gelmiş, hazret-i Peygamber’in -salât ve selâm üzerine olsun- ak bayrağını çıkarıp Osman Gazî’ye gönderdi. Vezir Abdülaziz’i de birlikte gönderdi. Tuğ ve sancak çözülüp Osman Gazi’ye getirdiler. Bu taraftan, Osman Gazi’ye: “Sana Sultan Alâeddîn’den bu kadar hediyeler geliyor” diye haber verdiler. Osman Gazi karşılayıp Abdülaziz ile görüştü. Getirip yerleştirdi. Ertesi gün Abdülaziz, padişahın gönderdiği hediyeleri verdi ve dedi ki: “Ey oğul! Baban Ertuğrul’un göndüğü ve Şeyh Edebali’nin yorumladığı rüya şöyledir: Osman Gazi dünyaya gelmeden Ertuğrul bir gece tuhaf rüya görüp uyandı. Bekleyip sabah namazını kılıp atına binerek Konya’yaEnglishOn the other hand, the Greek Cypriots sent their son with few thousand infidels to Muslims. When Sultan Alâeddin received news, he sent Fermans (edict)everywhere. He sent men to gather soldiers from the places until the door of Sivas. While the soldiers gathered here, on the other hand, Osman Gazi said that it is a great jihad and split his 3000 soldiers in 3 unite. One night, they raided three places and entered camps of the RUMS (greek)soldiers. When the infidel lay lying drunk, they put a sword in it, and sliced ​​it up till morning. Nice returned with their booty goods and came to their office. They took out one tenth of the property and sent it to Sultan Alaeddin. Sultan Alaeddin was happy to see this trophy and glad of Osman Gazi's bravery. He immediately ordered, took out armor from his treasure, sent fifty qatar camels and fifty mule goods. He came from Egypt and took the flag of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and sent it to Osman Ghazi. He sent the Grand Vizier Abdulaziz together. Tuğ(banner) and the Flag(sancak) were prepered and brought to Osman Gazi. On this side, they told Osman Gazi: “You receive so many gifts from Sultan Alaeddin.“ Osman Gazi met with Abdulaziz. He brought it in. The next day Abdulaziz gave the sultan's gifts and said: “O son! The dream that your father Ertuğrul sent and interpreted by Sheikh Edebali is as follows: Before Osman Gazi was born, Ertuğrul woke up one night and had a strange dream. Waiting for the morning prayer and riding on the horse to KonyaOne of the litreture Praising The turks of ottoman and ottoman sultan Turks.Ottoman era turkish litreture higher degree ÂŞIKPAŞA-ZÂDE, TEVÂRÎH-İ ÂL-İ OSMÂN 1400 ila 1484Bâb. Anı beyân ider kim, Sultân Mehmed Gāzî döndi kendi vilâyetine girdi neyledi. Diledi kim Gelibolı’dan Rûmili’ne geçe, eytdiler: “Devletlü Sultânum!” Gelibolı Boğazı’na kâfir gemileri geldi” didiler. Hünkâr doğrı Kocaili’ne geldi, İstanbul’un üst yanında boğazda Akçahisâr’a kondı, atası geçdiği yerden Rûmili’ne geçdi. Akçahisâr’ın karşusına kondı, Halîl Paşa’ya eydür: “Lâlâ! Buraya bir hisâr gerekdür”. el-Hâsıl orada hisâr yapdurdı, tamâm oldı. “Akçaylıoğlı Mehmed Bey”i gönderdi kim “tiz var İstanbul’un kapusını yapdur” didi. Mehmed Bey dahı geldi şehrin kapusundan âdem kavradı, köylerinin tavarını sürdi. Tekfûra haber oldı kim, “Türk bizim kürkümüzi yırtdı, evimizi başımıza yıkdı” didiler. Tekfûr eydür: “Bunun bizimle konşuluğı toğanla karga konşuluğına benzer” dir. “Eğer bu Türk’den kurtulmağa çâre olursa dostumuz Halîl Paşa’dan olur” didi. Eydür “balıkçılar göndermek gerekdür” didi. Balığın karnını filoriyle doldurdılar, Halîl Paşa’ya gönderdiler “Tekfûrun Vezîri vardı, “Gürloka” dirlerdi. Ol eydür, “Hey! Halîl balığı yutar, size dermânı yokdur, siz başınız yarağın görün” dir. Halîl’e balığı getirdiler, Halîl balığı yidi, karnını sanduka koydı. Kâfirlerin sözini tutdı, hünkâra geldi arz itdi. Hünkâr eydür “yaz olsun görelüm, Allah ne buyurursa öyle ola” didi. Hisârın hod fethi yarağına meşgūl olup dururlardı. Hemîn ki, esbâb tamâm oldı, yaz geldi, Sultân Mehmed eydür “İstanbul’ı yaylarınToday TurkishBölüm - Sultân Mehmed Gazi dönüp kendi memleketine girdiğinde ne yaptı onu bildirir. Gelibolu’dan Rumeli’ne geçmek istedi. “Devletli Sultanım! Gelibolu Boğazı’na kâfir gemileri geldi” dediler. Hünkâr doğru Kocaeli’ne geldi. İstanbul’un üst yanında boğazda Akçahisar’a kondu. Babasının geçtiği yerden Rumili’ne geçti. Akçahisar’ın karşısına kondu. Halil Paşa’ya: “Lâlâ! Buraya bir hisar gerekdir” dedi. Kısaca orada hisar yaptırdı, tamamlandı. Akçaylıoğlu Mehmed Bey’i gönderdi: “Tez var İstanbul’un kapısını yaptır” dedi. Mehmed Bey de geldi, şehrin kapısından adam yakaladı, köylerinin davarlarını sürüp götürdü. Tekfura haber verildi: “Türk bizim kürkümüzü yırttı, evimizi başımıza yıktı” dediler. Tekfur: “Bunun bizimle komşuluğu doğanla karga komşuluğuna benzer” dedi. “Eğer bu Türk’ten kurtuluş çaresi varsa, o da dostumuz Halil Paşa’dan olur. Balıkçılar göndermek gereklidir” dedi. Balığın karnını filoriyle doldurdular. Halil Paşa’ya gönderdiler. “Tekfurun veziri vardı. “Karluka” derlerdi. O: “Halil balığı yutar, ancak size bir yararı yoktur, siz kendi başınızın çaresine bakın” der. Halil’e balığı getirdiler. Halil balığı yedi, karnındakileri sandığa koydu. Kâfirlerin sözünü dinledi, hünkâra gelip arz etti. Hünkâr:“Yaz olsun görelim, Allah ne buyurursa öyle yaparız” dedi. Zaten hisarın fethi hazırlıklarıyla meşgul idiler. Hazırlıklar tamamlandığında yaz da gelmişti. Sultan Mehmed: “Yazı İstanbul’da geçiririm”ENGLISHWhen Sultan Mehmed Gazi returns and enters his own country, he reports what he has done. He wanted to pass from Gallipoli to Rumelia. “Devletli (Statet) Sultan! The infidels came to the Gallipoli Strait. ” Hünkâr(king) came to Kocaeli . Upper side on the Bosphorus of Istanbul he was on Akçahisar . He passed from his father's place to Rumili. right front of Akçahisar he cross over. then say to Halil Pasha: Lâlâ (teacher )! we need a fort here. ” In short time, he built a fort there. he send Akçaylıoğlu (son of akcayoglu) Mehmed Bey there and : “be fast to make the door of Istanbul,’ he said. Mehmed Bey came, grabbed a man from the city gate, drove the sheep of their village. Tekfura was informed: “The Turkish tore our fur and destroyed our house. Tekfur: “It is similar to the neighboring nature and being crow neighborhood with us,” he said. “If there is a cure for salvation from this Turk, it is from our friend Halil Pasha. It is necessary to send fishermen. They filled the fish belly with filori(gold coins). send to Halil Pasha. “There was a vizier of Tekfur. They called it Karluka. He says: "Halil swallows the fish, but it doesn't help you, you take care of yourself." Halil brought the fish. Halil ate the fish, put the stomachs in the chest. He listened to the disbelievers and came and offered them their problems. Hünkâr(king)says: “Let us see the summer, we do what God commanded,” he said. They were already busy with preparations for the conquest of the citadel. The summer had come when the preparations were completed. Sultan Mehmed: “I spend the summer in IstanbulIYI seal oghuz tamgaThree Ceremonial Arrowheads https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/35794saying : it’s hard to be a Turk you have to conqure world , it’s even harder to be non-Turk you have to fight with a turk…Main problem is Turks used the word of TURK[Why are Turks tough?] many diffrent way. sometimes negative sometimes pozitif. but reason for that is . if you look at the turkic history main rivarly and tough war made by other turkic people , like a alfa wolf attacked by beta wolf. shato turks against uygyrs, itil bulgars against Pechenegs. Pechenegs against cumans, khazar against bulgars. memluks agains ottoman, timurid against ottoman, safavid against turks i mean many lots of war.. because less tan 20 000 turkic people and turkics are capable of creating of dynaties kingdoms, and empires.List of Turkic dynasties and countries - Wikipedia \[0]Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (2002-09-10). Thackston, Wheeler M.. ed. The aburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. Modern Library Classics. ISBN 0-375-76137-3. "Note: Gurkānī is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word "kürügän" ("son-in-law"), the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into Genghis Khan's family.[1]aMehmet Öz, Oktay Özel, Söğüt’ten İstanbul’a, İmge yay, 2011,s33, Yücel Öz-türk,”a.g.m, s.208, 215] This story in full in Formanti, 2-3; Vertot, ii. 97-8; Spandugino, 183. Leunclavius, in Pandectes, 103, says that Nicetas Choniates mentions such a renegade Comnenus, but calls him Isaac.b-De Sacy, in Notices et Extraits, xi. 56, foot-note 1, in his discussion of the text of a treaty between Genoese of Kaffa and Janko, Lord of Solkat, where this word also occurs, suggests that it is an altered form of ‘sheik’.[2]a-orhan Fuad Köprülü, “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluş ve Gelişmesindeki İtici Güçler”, Osmanlı (Siyaset), s.158,b-Yücel Öztürk, a.g.m, s.215.15 M. Fuad Köprülü, Osmanlı’nın Etnik Kökeni, Kaynak yay, İstanbul 1999,s.74,Yücel Öztürk, a.g.m, s204[3]Prophet Muhammad’s Last Sermon: A Final Admonition - The Religion of …[4]Oghuz Khagan - Wikipedia[5]Tugra (Sultanic Cipher)[6]sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) see for more [7] book sorularla osmanlı imparatorluğu, Erhan Afyoncu[8]Neşrî vol I page , 29[9]Neşrî vol I page , 293

Most of the inventions that islamic countries had given to the world was during the Islamic caliphate but there are modern day Muslim scientists that had given the world priceless inventions and discoveries like Mostafa Al-Said who discovered/invented a 100% cure to skin cancer using only Gold particles and laser rays, Ahmed Zuwaeil who discovered the photosecond/Phimtosecond (I don't know what it is called) but it is a time measurement unit smaller than the second.There are other scientists whom I don't remember their names but I remember their inventions like a Muslim Egyptian woman that created anti-missile walls, anti-rust sewage pipes and more than 100 inventions which she was rewarded a noble prize for.Now speaking of the Islamic world during the Islamic caliphate, the golden age of Islam, the Muslims had given the world many great inventions and discoveries that we still use today likeTrigonometry, Sine, Tangent, Co-TangentThe Arabs developed these functions in trigonometry and Ibn Moosaa's work Hisaab-Al Jab-Wal Muqaabala (The Calculation of Integration and Equation) presented 800 examples in the 8th century CE. His work was translated from Arabic into Latin and until the 16th century CE, it was Europe's main textbook on the subject.Algebra and GeometryMuhammad bin Moosaa Al-Khawaarizmi is considered to be one of the founders of Algebra. The word ‘Algorithm’ or 'Algorizm' is a corruption of his name or the name of the town Khwaarizm (Kheva), in what is now Uzbekistan, where he was born. He adopted the use of ‘cipher’ (zero), that was devised in India some centuries earlier, a numeral of fundamental importance, leading up to the so-called arithmetic of positions and the decimal system. The very word ‘zero’ is a derivative of the Arabic ‘sifr’ or ‘cipher’. His pioneering work on the system of numerals is well known as "Algorithm," or "Algorizm." In addition to introducing the Arabic numerals, he developed several arithmetical procedures, including operations on fractions.Another great mathematician was Omar Khayyaam, who offered to the world geometric and algebraic solutions of the second degree. Naseeruddeen wrote the treatise on quadrilateral trigonometry, as well as plain and spherical geometry.Physics and ChemistryKamaaluddeen examined the refraction of sunlight in raindrops and offered an explanation of the genesis of primary and secondary rainbows. The story of the invention of the pendulum and the presentation of a water clock to Emperor Charlemagne by Haaroon Ar-Rasheed is well known.The great historian Gibbons wrote in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Volume 5) that the science of chemistry owes its origin and improvements to the Muslims.Science of MechanicsThe development of the science of mechanics in Islam is an act of genius. Moosaa bin Shaakir described one hundred pieces of mechanical equipment in his book of artifices. Other outstanding Muslim treatises included Al Kitaab Fi Ma`rifat Al-Hiya Al-Handasiyyah (The Book of the Knowledge of Ingenious Geometrical Contrivances) by Abul Fiaz bin Al Raz and Al Kitaab Meezanal-Hikmah (The Book of Balance and Wisdom) by Al-Khazini. He also did work on accurate weighing, and determination of the specific gravity of substances.Camera ObscuraIn the field of optics, Camera Obscura was invented by Ibn Haytham in 1038 CE.Theory of RelativityQaadhi Abu Bakr had developed the theory of relativity in the 8th century CE in terms of time and space by means of mathematical equations and astrophysics. Imagine, Einstein was not even born in the Western world, who propounded the same theory of relativity much later in the 20th century CE.GeographyAs far as geography was concerned, Muslim scientists established that the world was round in the 9th century CE, and the first map of the globe was made during the Caliphate of Ma’moon.Paper MakingThis was one of the earliest skills attained by the Muslims. As early as the 8th century CE, high quality paper was being manufactured in Samarqand. Egypt was known to have its first paper mill in the year 900 CE. The earliest Arabic manuscript written on paper that has been discovered is the Ghareeb Al Hadeeth by Abu ‘Ubayed, dated 837 CE. It can be seen in Holland preserved in the library at the University of Leyden.Advances in IndustryUnder Islamic rule, Spain was an industrial center. It was one of the wealthiest and most thickly populated of the European countries. Muslims were leading in weaving wool, producing silk, pottery, jewelry, leather and perfume industry. In the Middle Ages, world trade was commanded by Muslims and Baghdad Bukhaara and Samarqand remained centers for world fairs until the 16th century CE. The Bayt Al-Hikmah at Cairo contained two million books, the library at Tripoli contained some three million, but this library was burned down by the Christians during the first Crusade.SurgeryAround the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawipublished a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.(There is a fight about wether surgery was created/invented by the Muslims or the Indians)CoffeeNow the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.Flying machine"Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly," said Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later, said Hassani.UniversityIn 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.AlgebraThe word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing." Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.Optics"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," says Hassani. Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.MusicMuslim musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba, according to Hassani. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.ToothbrushAccording to Hassani, the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath. Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.The crankMany of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the lifting of heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.Hospitals"Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt," explained Hassani. The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided free care for anyone who needed it -- a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick. From Cairo, such hospitals spread around the Muslim world.Here is the list of Muslim scientists mostly during the Islamic caliphate taken from Wikipedia:Astronomers :Sind ibn Ali (?-864)Ali Qushji (1403-1474)Ahmad Khani (1650-1707)Ibrahim al-Fazari (?-777)Muhammad al-Fazari (?-796 or 806)Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician (c. 780-c. 850)Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) (787-886 CE)Al-Farghani (800/805-870)Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) (9th century)Dīnawarī (815-896)Al-Majriti (d. 1008 or 1007 CE)Al-Battani (c. 858-929) (Albatenius)Al-Farabi (c. 872-c. 950) (Abunaser)Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (903-986)Abu Sa'id Gorgani (9th century)Kushyar ibn Labban (971-1029)Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900-971)Al-Mahani (8th century)Al-Marwazi (9th century)Al-Nayrizi (865-922)Al-Saghani (d. 990)Al-Farghani (9th century)Abu Nasr Mansur (970-1036)Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (10th century) (Kuhi)Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (940-1000)Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (940-998)Ibn Yunus (950-1009)Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040) (Alhacen)Bīrūnī (973-1048)Avicenna (980-1037) (Ibn Sīnā)Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (1029-1087) (Arzachel)Omar Khayyám (1048-1131)Al-Khazini (fl. 1115-1130)Ibn Bajjah (1095-1138) (Avempace)Ibn Tufail (1105-1185) (Abubacer)Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (12th century-1204) (Alpetragius)Averroes (1126-1198)Al-Jazari (1136-1206)Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (died 1213/4)Anvari (1126-1189)Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (died 1566)Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274)Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311)Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (1250-1310)Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375)Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (1320-80)Jamshīd al-Kāshī (1380-1429)Ulugh Beg (1394-1449)Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526-1585)Ahmad Nahavandi (8th and 9th centuries)Haly Abenragel (10th and 11th century)Abolfadl Harawi (10th century)Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (1200-1266)Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists :Aziz Sancar, Turkish biochemist, the first Muslim biologist awarded the Nobel PrizeIbn Sirin (654-728), author of work ondreamsand dream interpretation[1]Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer ofpsychotherapyand music therapy[2]Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer ofpsychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[3]Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[4] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy,psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[5]Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[6]Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiologyandneurophysiology[6]Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[7]Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder ofexperimental psychology, psychophysics,phenomenology and visual perception[8]Al-Biruni, pioneer of reaction time[9]Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer ofneuropsychiatry,[10] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[11]Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurologyand neuropharmacology[7]Syed Ziaur Rahman, pioneer of Environmental PharmacovigilanceAverroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[7]Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[12]Mohammad Samir Hossain, theorist,[13]author and one of the few Muslim scientists[14] in the field of death anxietyresearch[13][15]Chemists and alchemists :Khalid ibn Yazid (died 704) (Calid)Jafar al-Sadiq (702-765)Jābir ibn Hayyān (721-815) (Geber), father of chemistry[16][17][18]Abbas Ibn Firnas (810-887) (Armen Firman)Al-Kindi (801-873) (Alkindus)Al-Majriti (fl. 1007-1008)Ibn Miskawayh (932-1030)Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048)Avicenna (980-1037)Al-Khazini (fl. 1115-1130)Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274)Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1897-1994)Al-Khwārizmī (780-850), algebra,mathematicsAhmed H. Zewail (1946-2016), Egyptian Chemist and 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[19]Mostafa El-Sayed (1933- )Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936- )Atta ur RahmanOmar M. Yaghi (1965- )Economists and social scientists :Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholarAbu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholarAl-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliesthistorians of science[20]Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economistAbū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[21] and father of Indology[22]Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economistIbn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economistAl-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economistAl-Mawardi (1075–1158), economistNasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economistIbn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologistIbn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economistIbn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner ofsocial sciences[23] such as demography,[24]cultural history,[25] historiography,[26]philosophy of history,[27] sociology[24][27]andeconomics[28][29]Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economistAkhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcreditMuhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer ofmicrofinanceShah Abdul Hannan, pioneer of Islamic banking in South AsiaMahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[30][31]Geographers and earth scientists :Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[32]Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[33]Ibn Al-JazzarAl-TamimiAl-MasihiAli ibn RidwanMuhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographerAhmad ibn FadlanAbū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father ofgeodesy,[21][24]considered the first geologistand "first anthropologist"[21]AvicennaAbd al-Latif al-BaghdadiAverroesIbn al-NafisIbn JubayrIbn BattutaIbn KhaldunPiri ReisEvliya ÇelebiMathematicians :Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda (1926 Tokyo–2003 Ankara)Cahit Arf 1910 Selanik (Thessaloniki)- 1997 IstanbulAli QushjiAl-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn MatarKhalid ibn Yazid (Calid)Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī(Algorismi), father of algebra[34] andalgorithms[35]'Abd al-Hamīd ibn TurkAbū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[36]Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn AslamAl-Abbās ibn Said al-JawharīAl-Kindi (Alkindus)Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn ShākirAl-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn ShākirAl-KhwarizmiAl-MahaniAhmed ibn YusufAl-MajritiAl-Battani (Albatenius)Al-Farabi (Abunaser)Al-NayriziAbū Ja'far al-KhāzinBrethren of PurityAbu'l-Hasan al-UqlidisiAl-SaghaniAbū Sahl al-QūhīAbu-Mahmud al-KhujandiAbū al-Wafā' al-BūzjānīIbn SahlAl-SijziIbn YunusAbu Nasr MansurKushyar ibn LabbanAl-KarajiIbn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)Abū Rayhān al-BīrūnīIbn Tahir al-BaghdadiAl-NasawiAl-JayyaniAbū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)Al-Mu'taman ibn HudOmar KhayyámAl-KhaziniIbn Bajjah (Avempace)Al-Ghazali (Algazel)Al-MarrakushiAl-SamawalIbn Rushd (Averroes)Ibn Seena (Avicenna)Hunayn ibn IshaqIbn al-Banna'Ibn al-ShatirJa'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi(Albumasar)Jamshīd al-KāshīKamāl al-Dīn al-FārisīMuḥyi al-Dīn al-MaghribīMo'ayyeduddin UrdiMuhammad Baqir YazdiNasir al-Din al-Tusi - 13th century Persianmathematician and philosopherQāḍī Zāda al-RūmīQutb al-Din al-ShiraziShams al-Dīn al-SamarqandīSharaf al-Dīn al-TūsīTaqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'rufUlugh BegAl-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)Philosophers :Al-KindiAverroesMuhammad ibn Zakariya al-RaziAl-FarabiAvicennaIbn ArabiRumiJamiIbn KhaldunMir DamadNasir al-Din al-TusiMuhammad IqbalJaved Ahmed GhamdiQuassim CassamPhysicists and engineers :Mimar Sinan (1489-1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân ÂğâJafar al-Sadiq, 8th centuryBanū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th centuryJa'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn ShākirAhmad ibn Mūsā ibn ShākirAl-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn ShākirAbbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th centuryAl-Saghani (d. 990)Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th centuryIbn Sahl, 10th centuryIbn Yunus, 10th centuryAl-Karaji, 10th centuryIbn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqiscientist, father of optics,[37] and experimental physics,[38] considered the "first scientist"[39]Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[40]Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th centuryAl-Khazini, 12th centuryIbn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th centuryHibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi(Nathanel), 12th centuryIbn Rushd/Rooshd (Averroes), 12th centuryAndalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expertAl-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer,Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th centuryQutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th centuryKamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th centuryIbn al-Shatir, 14th centuryTaqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th centuryHezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th centuryLagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th centurySake Dean Mahomet, 18th centuryAbdus Salam, 20th century Pakistani physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in 1979Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi Structural EngineerMahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicistAli Javan, 20th century Iranian physicistBacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and presidentAbdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer,nuclear scientist and the 11th President ofIndiaMehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicistMunir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicistAbdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani metallurgistand nuclear scientistRiazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicistSamar Mubarakmand, Pakistani nuclear scientist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear acceleratorShahid Hussain Bokhari, Pakistani researcher in the field of parallel and distributed computingSultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, Pakistaninuclear engineer and nuclear physicistAli Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicistSameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicistMunir Ahmed Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientistKerim Kerimov, founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut andMir)[41][42]Farouk El-Baz, NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[43]Cumrun Vafa, Iranian theoretical physicist and string theoristPolitical scientists :Shah Waliullah DehlawiTaqiuddin al-NabhaniSyed QutbMohammad Baqir al-SadrAbul Ala MaududiHasan al-TurabiHassan al-BannaMohamed Hassanein HeikalM. A. Muqtedar KhanRashid al-GhannushiṢalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn AyyūbMaulana Abul Kalam AzadAnd There are many other scientists, Muslims were once the most advanced and the modern science that Europe has is taken from Muslims during Europe ‘s dark ages when they sent their kida to Spain to learn in Qurtuba university the Muslim science and know Arabic because during the Islamic caliphate the Muslims were following Islam at its best becaue Islam asks us to learn and when we learn we get rewarded from Allah but now Muslims don't follow Islam truly and why we are now backwards but if we were backwards actually we would better.Allah knows best and I hope this answered your question.