Irs Notice 97 75: Fill & Download for Free

A shift to another country is a big move for anyone. There are probably bound to be some changes you like and some that you don’t. It’s good that you’re getting yourself prepared.I’ve only been to the USA twice, but here are some things I can think of:Driving on the left hand side of the road - This takes some time to adjust to, even things like crossing the street you have to be extra careful until looking to your right becomes natural.2. Speeding- in the USA it doesn’t appear to be as well enforced as it is in Australia. There are often speed cameras on many of our main roads so if you’re three kilometres (2 miles) over the speed limit, you might get a speeding fine. This will usually arrive in the mail. They are costly and you will also lose points from your licence. Lose too many points and you lose your licence.3. Vehicles - Australians generally don’t like driving gas guzzling cars because our fuel is expensive ($1.50 per litre or >$6.50 per gallon), car parking spaces are generally small & we’re starting to become more environmentally aware. Our most popular brands are Toyota, Holden, Ford, Mazda, Mistubishi, Nissan, Honda, Subaru and Volkswagen. As we drive on the left hand side the steering wheel is on the right hand side.4. Money- At the moment the Australian $ is worth about 75 US cents. So some imports are dearer.5. Money 2-Also our notes are polymer (plastic) not paper. This is more economical than our previous paper based money as it can stay in circulation for longer, is harder to counterfeit as it has a hologram, will survive going through the washing machine by mistake and is impossible to tear. We don’t have 1 or 2 cent coins anymore so if you buy something it’s rounded up or down to the nearest 5 cents. So if you buy 97 cents of fruit you pay 95 cents at the register, if you buy 98 cents it’s rounded up to $1. Half the time you win, half the time you lose so it evens out.We don’t have $1 or $2 notes, they are coins. Our coins also state the value on it numerically, this makes it easier for people who may have English as a 2nd language. Yes we have the Queen on some of our notes/coins, a legacy from our past strong ties to England.Our silver coins increase in size with their value.Our gold coins, decrease in size with their value. I think this is because they were introduced many years after the others had been in circulation and they didn’t want them to be too big. They have a different amount of grooves on them to help people with vision impairments.6. Climate - Generally we’re warmer than most parts of the U.S. so you are very unlikely to encounter snow for prolonged periods. The further south you go, the colder the winters and vice versa. As crazy as it sounds I have friends in Victoria who find it cheaper to go for a skiing holiday in Japan than it is in Victoria. The downside from not shovelling snow is that Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world. So make sure you slip on a shirt, slop on some sunscreen, and slap on a hat to protect yourself during summer. Sunburn hurts.7. Medicare - Australia has a universal healthcare system. So if you’re unfortunate enough to be admitted to hospital you at least know that your hospital bill is unlikely to make you bankrupt. The medicare rate is 2% of your wage, so the more you earn the more you pay. If you earn below a certain amount then you don’t pay medicare. You can pay for medical insurance on top of Medicare and this will allow you to choose your doctor, reduced waiting times, and might get you other benefits such as physiotherapist, dental, glasses etc.8. Minimum Wage - The minimum wage in Australia is $18.29 so we don’t need to tip anyone. Ye-hah! The price on the taxi meter or the restaurant menu is the price you pay.9. Prices Clearly Displayed - There are state taxes, but none of these affect what you pay when you buy goods and services. We have a GST rate of 10% and this is already included in the price. So if you buy bread for $3.00 the price you pay is $3.00 not $3.00 + local state tax. It makes life a whole lot easier as you know what you’re going to pay before you get to the counter.10. Electricity 1 - We use 240 volts over here so electrical safety is very important as 240 volts will kill. For this reason, only qualified electricians are allowed to do some work such as switch plugs on appliances. This makes us safer, but unfortunately it’s lead to a throw away society as it’s cheaper to buy a new toaster than to have an electrician put a new plug on it. It also means that you can’t donate your old electrical appliances to a 2nd hand store as they won’t accept them because it’s too costly for them to provide an electrical safety guarantee and they don’t want to be sued.11 Electricity 2 - This is what our power outlets look like so if you want to bring any of your electrical items you’re going to need an adapter for them to fit.12. Animals - I don’t know what state you live in, but many of the beautiful and unique animals and birds that you have in the U.S. such as bears, wolves, skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, bluejays etc. will not be found in Australia. Where you stay at in Australia will determine what animals you see. Australia is well known for having the most venomous spiders/snakes/octopus/jellyfish/coneshells etc. Yes, the nasty ones can freak out a lot of people. Some people living in major cities may never actually encounter any of these. Sydney is where you’re most likely to meet a funnel web spider.13. Guns - We have a lot less of these in Australia and you need to be registered to own one and you have to keep it in an approved gun cabinet when not in use. That means little Billy or Jenny can’t accidentally shoot their sibling or people they don’t like at school. See the graph below for how much safer it is here. If you don’t need a gun for your work such as a policeman, farmer, ranger, vet etc. and you aren’t in a gun club then there’s no need to own a gun. If you apply for a gun and say that you want a gun for your safety this is going to ring warning bells right away.14. School Safety - Due to our reasonably good gun laws and strict access we don’t have kids needing to be scanned before going into school. The kids don’t have the mental anguish of whether or not they’ll be shot and there’s reduced costs as we don’t have to employ any security guards at any school.15. Fire Safety - In the U.S. it appears that many tall buildings such as Trump Tower don’t have to have sprinkler systems if they were built prior to a certain date. In Hawaii I read in a newspaper that one building the owners were going to discuss whether or not to install and were debating over the potential cost. In Australia, regardless of date built, tall buildings would be required by law to have them installed or face heavy fines.16. School Meals - We don’t provide school meals so your kids will either have to take leftovers or sandwiches from home or buy something from the school canteen.17. School Grades - We don’t have a Middle School. Generally you go to primary school from Preps (5 years old) to Grade 6 (12 years old). Then High School from Year 7 (13 years old) to Year 12 (18 years old). Some schools have what they call P12 so it has children from Preps (5 years old) to Year 12 (18 years old).18. University Courses - Talking to a US friend she told me that many University Degrees in the US require you to take a Degree before you can do the Degree you actually wanted to do. To me that sounds insane, if I want an Accounting Degree why would I need to take another Degree to become an Accountant? This makes it more expensive to study for your chosen career and instead of entering it at 22 years of age you might be 25 years old. Anyway for the time being most degrees in Australia you can do without a prerequisite degree, however, I know that with medical degrees you need a prerequisite in something else such as Health or Sciences. I feel sorry for those medical students as they have to study so hard just to get chosen in the first place.19. Metric System - Get ready to talk grams, kilograms, litres, millimetres, kilometres etc.20. Spelling - Some of our spelling is different as it’s based on English spelling. So don’t be surprised if you find harbor is now harbour, tire is now tyre, meter is metre etc. It’s nothing drastic, but you will notice it. I think the U.S. dropping of silent letters such as u in harbor or putting them in order of the way that they sound such as meter makes more sense.21. The letter Z is pronounced Zed (which honestly doesn’t make sense to me as I can’t think of a single word where you actually pronounce the z as a zed), so I think the US pronunciation makes more sense.22. Voting is compulsory for Federal and State elections for all registered voters. If you don’t vote you and don’t have a reasonable excuse such as you were hospitalised, you will receive a fine. Voting is normally at a local school and you get to use abnormally short pencils to mark your vote with. Their are local elections as well, but normally only registered rate payers (property owners vote for those).23. We don’t vote for sheriffs/law enforcement. Those that get high positions within the police force do so by merit, not popularity.24. Accent - Yes, we have an accent, but I think it’s pretty standard across all states. I was born in Australia and when I talk to someone from a different state I can’t tell what state they’re from. Although some linguists claim they can. You will be able to notice accents of people who have emigrated here. I can often pick a U.S. Southerner from a Northerner, so I think the regional differences are greater in the U.S. The U.K. is a lot of fun because they have so many dialects in such a small country. I love the different accents a lot of people have.25. Abbreviations - We like to make things shorter ‘cause we’re lazy so afternoon becomes arvo. This occurs with city/town names a lot e.g. Brisbane becomes Brizzy, Shepparton = Shep, Kyabram = Ky, Wangaratta = Wang etc.26. Spanish - You won’t hear it much in Australia because there’s not a large % of the population from Spain or South America. You’re more likely to hear Chinese, Italian, Greek, Vietnamese etc.27. Aboriginals - You’ll notice Aboriginals will be more prominent in your life and you’ll see their influence in things such as artworks, sport, movies, currency.28. Name Changes - Some of the words you use might be called something else over here such as: Burger king + Hungry Jack’s, Klondike bars = Eskimo Pies, pickup truck = ute, semi = truck, redneck = Bogan, Yield = Give Way, trash can = rubbish bin, flip flops = thongs, gas = petrol, cilantro = coriander, shrimp = prawn, etc. The funniest one to be aware of is if you say you rooting for someone or a team in Australia it has a very different meaning than the US. Over here rooting means having sex.29. Bible Belt - We don’t have one. Religion is not a big thing for many people. Don’t get me wrong, there are a lot of people who attend church, swear on the bible in court etc. There are a lot of people who attend church on a regular basis. It’s just that many people only go to church for three reasons: hatches (christenings), matches (marriages) and despatches (funerals). Many of us are more interested in what football team you barrack for, than your religion.30. Political Parties - In Australia the two main parties are the Liberals who are a conservative party and the Labor Party which was founded by the Trade Unions. Smaller parties include: The Greens (Conservationists), Nationals (Farmers) and the Democrats (a split from the Liberals). Sometimes if a major party doesn’t win in their own right they will do a deal with a smaller party to form a government. We don’t vote for who will be our Prime Minister (President). We vote for a party, the members of that party decide who the leader will be, if that makes sense. So if during a term in power, the Prime Minister becomes less popular they may be replaced by someone else within that party. If the Prime Minister is popular they can stay in power indefinitely. For example, Sir Robert Menzies had two terms in power, one of them lasted 16 years and 38 days.31. Royalty - For some reason the TV channels, newspapers and women’s magazines still think we care about a royal wedding, birth etc. They might be nice people, but many of us couldn’t care less as they don’t really affect us apart from having them on our currency, and having buildings/street names named in honour of their deceased relatives.32.Slang - We use a lot of slang, you’ll eventually get better at it.33. Four Way stop signs - We don’t have them. We’d either have a roundabout, or the main road would have the right of way and the smaller road would have either a Stop or Give Way (Yield) sign.34. New Zealanders - Or Kiwi’s as we like to call them. We love them, stirring them up and asking them to say things like six fish and chips. For some reason their letter i sounds like a u. They thrash us 90% of the time at rugby.35. Cricket, Australian Rules Football, Rugby League, Rugby Union & Field Hockey - Cricket is preferred to baseball and Rugby or Australian Rules are more popular than Grid Iron by a long margin. As we don’t have many ice skating rinks, field hockey is played more often than ice hockey.36. Internet - Our speeds are s-l-o-w compared to yours.37. Netflix - ain’t what you’re used to. Our version here only has approx. 10% of the shows you have in the U.S. So you might have to use Stan or another provider for some shows that are shown on Netflix US.38. Sense of Humour - We like a laugh and will make fun of anyone, especially our mates. This extends to even after they’ve deceased, that’s probably why we have a Harold Holt Memorial Pool, which was opened by one of his friends who later became Prime Minister. (Harold Holt was our Prime Minister that drowned). There is also a Harold Holt Fisheries Reserves.39. Flies - We hate them! The further inland you go, the worse they get. Please feel free to kill or export as many as you can while you’re here.There are probably many others, but this will give you a head start. Just think of Australia as being a different version of Hawaii and you’ll fit right in.40. Tax - Gary Clueit has suggested that I add this so I’ve pasted in his comment direct. You will continue to be required to file and pay taxes to the US. The double taxation treaty covers some things, but passive income, superannuation and other types of investments can lead to double taxation. Even if you owe the IRS nothing, compliance costs can be very high. International taxation is complex and help is expensive. The only way out of the US tax system is to renounce your citizenship -itself a potentially expensive option. You should the check out Let's Fix the Australia/US Tax Treaty!before you make the leap. It outlines the many issues.41. Tax rates in Australia are generally higher, but it appears that as we don’t pay tax on the first $18,200 it might even out? It will depend on your tax bracket. Australian Tax Rates from Wikipedia.US Tax Rates from Wikipedia.42. Amazon - Amazon Australia doesn’t have the large choice approx. 10% of what US Amazon has. Our Amazon prime could be described as subprime compared to the US as your delivery schedules are generally much quicker.43. Drinking Water - The drinking water in all large towns and cities is treated and safe to drink from the tap (faucet). Water is fluoridated to reduce dental cavities so some people don’t like that.44. Shops - They appear to have longer opening hours in the US.45. Annual Leave - In Australia, you get 4 weeks annual leave each year.46. Public Holidays - Apart from New Years Day, Easter, & Christmas ours don’t match up with yours. So you might find it strange that no one celebrates Thanksgiving, Martin Luther King Day, Columbus Day etc. Our Labor Day is in March. We celebrate the Queens Birthday in a month that she wasn’t even born in and it varies from state to state?47. You will miss a lot of things - Your friends, family, native birds & wildlife, local celebrations, favourite shop, bridges, buildings etc. of your home town. This is natural. Skype, google and you tube can help, but you will find at times missing some of those.48. Our major grocery stores are Woolworths (Safeway), Coles, IGA, and Aldi. Our major retail stores are: Big W, K-Mart and Target. Our upmarket retail stores are Myers and David Jones.49. Eating out for Breakfast - Some people do it, but generally it’s not a regular thing for most people as it’s usually cheaper and healthier to have breakfast at home.50- Phone coverage is not 100% in some remote areas you won’t get any coverage unless you have a satellite phone. Telstra has the greatest coverage. I dare say the plans are different and you probably have more on offer in the U.S.51 - Travel - We’re a long way from the U.S., Europe etc. so if you want to visit family/friends you’ll probably be tired by the time you arrive.52 - There are probably many other things that I haven’t mentioned.So you’ve got some things you might like and some that you might not. Regardless of how long you stay, I hope you enjoy your time over here. And even if you go back and say it’s not the place for me, at least you’ve gained the experience of living somewhere different.

There are a list of projects i would like to bring in your notice.Propeller display of Time / MessageVehicle Tracking By GPS – GSMAuto Intensity Control of Street LightsAuto Metro Train to Shuttle Between StationsAuto Power Supply Control from 4 Different Sources: Solar, Mains, Generator & Inverter to Ensure No Break PowerAutomatic Bell System for InstitutionsAutomatic Dialing to Any Telephone Using I2C Protocol on Detecting BurglaryAutomatic irrigation System on Sensing Soil Moisture ContentAutomatic Surveillance Camera Panning System from PCAutomatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for PatientsBeacon Flasher Using MicrocontrollerBidirectional Rotation of an Induction Motor with a Remote Control DeviceBLDC Motor Speed Control with RPM DisplayCell Phone Based DTMF Controlled Garage Door Opening SystemCell Phone Controlled Robotic VehicleClosed Loop Control for a Brushless DC Motor to Run at the Exactly Entered SpeedCyclo Converter Using ThyristorsDensity Based Traffic Signal SystemDetecting Power Grid Synchronization Failure on Sensing Frequency or Voltage Beyond Acceptable RangeDiscotheque Light Stroboscopic FlasherDish Positioning Control by IR RemoteDisplay of Dialed Telephone Numbers on Seven Segment DisplaysDistance Measurement by Ultrasonic SensorDTMF Based Load Control SystemFACTs (flexible ac transmission) by TSRFACTs by SVC (flexible ac transmission)Fire Fighting Robotic VehicleFlash Flood Intimation Over GSM NetworkFour Quadrant DC Motor Speed Control with MicrocontrollerGSM Based Energy Meter Reading with Load ControlGSM Based Monthly Energy Meter Billing via SMSIndustrial Battery Charger by Thyristor Firing Angle ControlIndustrial Power Control by Integral Cycle Switching without Generating HarmonicsIntegrated Energy Management System Based on GSM Protocol with Acknowledgement FeatureIR Controlled Robotic VehicleIR Obstacle Detection to Actuate LoadLamp Life Extender by ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching)Life Cycle Testing of Electrical Loads by Down CounterMicrocontroller Based Line Following Robotic VehicleDesign and Implementation of Metal Detector Robotic VehicleAutomatic Door Opening System with Movement SenseNetworking of Multiple MicrocontrollersMicrocontroller based Non Contact TachometerObject Counter with 7 Segment Display using MicrocontrollerObject Detection using Ultrasonic SensorObstacle Avoidance Robotic VehicleOptimum Energy Management SystemParallel Telephone Lines with Security SystemPassword Based Circuit BreakerPC Based Electrical Load ControlPC Controlled Scrolling Message Display for Notice BoardPick N Place with Soft Catching GripperPortable Programmable Medication ReminderPower Saver for Industries & Commercial EstablishmentsPre Stampede Monitoring and Alarm SystemPrecise Digital Temperature ControlPrecise Illumination Control of LampPredefined Speed Control of BLDC MotorProgrammable Energy Meter for Electrical Load SurveyProgrammable Load Shedding Time Management for Utility DepartmentProgrammable Switching Control for Industrial Automation in Repetitive Nature of WorkRailway Level Crossing Gate Control through SMS by the Station Master or the DriverRailway Track Security SystemRemote Jamming DeviceRF Based Home Automation SystemRF Controlled Robotic Vehicle With Laser Beam ArrangementRFID based attendance systemRFID Based Passport DetailsRFID security access control systemSCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) for Remote Industrial PlantSecret Code Enabled Secure Communication Using RF TechnologySecurity System Using Smartcard TechnologySecurity System With User Changeable PasswordSine Pulse Width Modulation (spwm)Solar Powered Auto irrigation SystemSolar Powered LED Street Light with Auto Intensity ControlSpeed Checker to Detect Rash Driving on HighwaysSpeed Control Unit Designed for a DC MotorSpeed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in IndustriesStamp Value Calculator for Postage NeedsSun Tracking Solar PanelSVPWM Space Vector Pulse Width ModulationSynchronized Traffic SignalsTampered Energy Meter Information Conveyed to Concerned Authority by Wireless CommunicationTheft Intimation of the Vehicle Over SMS to Owner Who Can Stop the Engine RemotelyThree Phase Solid State Relay with ZVSThyristor Controlled Power for Induction MotorThyristor Power Control by IR RemoteTouch Screen Based Home Automation SystemTouch Screen Based Industrial Load SwitchingTouch Screen Based Remote Controlled Robotic Vehicle for Stores ManagementTV Remote Operated Domestic Appliances ControlUltra Fast Acting Electronic Circuit BreakerUnderground Cable Fault Distance LocatorUnique Office Communication System Using RFUsing TV Remote as a Cordless Mouse for the ComputerWar Field Spying Robot with Night Vision Wireless CameraWireless Electronic Notice Board Using GSMWireless message Communication Between Two Computers

If discounting the fact that modern Egyptians now speak Egyptian Arabic, there is still the Coptic language to use for comparison. The Coptic language, which might not actually be dead yet, is rather different from Ancient Egyptian. Although, naturally, the caveat is that with each later stage of Ancient Egyptian, the more like Coptic it becomes. For Arabic relative to Ancient Egyptian, the differences are even vaster. Below are the differences.Coptic is mainly an SVO language (I eat cake), whereas Ancient Egyptian was mainly a VSO language (eat I cake). Although, it’s worth noting that SVO had already begun developing relatively early on in Ancient Egyptian. [1][1][1][1] Additionally, there are still some constructions in Coptic that retain VSO usage. [2][2][2][2] Below are examples with the meaning “he usually hears” [3][3][3][3]Old Egyptian (VSO):sḏm.ḫr.fhear-AOR.-heAOR = aorist [4]lit., “hears [usually] he”Late Egyptian (SVO):ḫr-jr-f-sdmAOR.-do-he-hear.INFINF = infinitivelit., “[usually] does he hear”Coptic (SVO):ša-f-sôtm (ϣⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ)AOR.-he-hear → lit., “[usually] he hears”Whereas Ancient Egyptian was generally a fusional language with little agglutination, Coptic is agglutinative, though still with some fusional traits. Some linguists even regard Coptic as polysynthetic. [5][5][5][5] Interestingly, preceding the development of Coptic, Egyptian went through a period in which it became an analytic language. [6][6][6][6][7][7][7][7][8][8][8][8][9][9][9][9][10][10][10][10]Old Egyptian (fusional):jw sḏm.n.j ḫrw“situation” hear.PRET.1SG voicePRET = preterite; 1SG = 1st person singular“I heard a voice”Late Egyptian (analytic):jr-j-sdm ꜥ-ḫrwdo.PRET.-I-hearing a-voice“I heard a voice”Note A: This is considered analytic, since the verb sdm is combined with jr.Coptic (polysynthetic):a-i-setm-ou-ḫroou (ⲁ-ⲓ-ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ-ⲟⲩ-ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ)PRET.-I-hear-a-voice“I heard a voice”Old Egyptian (fusional):jsṯ gm.n ḥm.f r-pr pn m ḏbtPCLE find-PST Majesty-3sgM temple this in brick-F = “His Majesty found this temple in brick”PCLE = particle; PST = past; F = feminine, 3sgF = 3rd person masculine singularSahidic Coptic (agglutinative/polysynethic):t͡ʃi-nt-a-i-r̩-monak.hos (ϫⲓ-ⲛⲧ-ⲁ-ⲓ-ⲣ̅-ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ)since-that-PAST-1sg-do-monk“Since I became a monk”Sahidic Coptic (agglutinative/polysynethic):ent-a-f-tre-n-r-p-oa (ⲉⲛⲧ-ⲁ-ϥ-ⲧⲣⲉ-ⲛ-ⲣ-ⲡ-ϣⲁ)REL-PAST-3sgM-CAUS-1pl-do-the-observance“he who made us keep the ceremony”Coptic borrowed between 20% (on average) and 40% (in written texts) of its vocabulary from Greek, a figure reminiscent of the Arabic lexical influence on Swahili. [11][11][11][11]Koiné Greek monakhós (μοναχός)Compare Coptic monakʰos (ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ) “monk”Koiné Greek makários (μακάριος)Compare Coptic makarios (ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ) “blessed, holy”Ancient Greek allá (ἀλλά)Compare Coptic alla (ⲁⲗⲗⲁ) “but, rather”Ancient Greek agathós (ἀγαθός)Compare Coptic agathos (ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ) “good”Ancient Greek arkhḗ (ἀρχή)Compare Coptic arkhē (ⲁⲣⲭⲏ) “worthy”Ancient Greek éthnos (ἔθνος)Compare Coptic ethnos (ⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ) “people, gentile”Ancient Greek oikouménē (οἰκουμένη)Compare Coptic oikoumenē (ⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ) “world”Ancient Greek thálassa (θάλασσα)Compare Coptic thalassa (ⲑⲁⲗⲁⲥⲥⲁ) “sea, lake”Coptic has lost the use of the Ancient Egyptian stative pronominal suffixes, which was a significant aspect of Ancient Egyptian speech. Instead, Coptic uses a lexicalized stative to achieve the same function.Lexicalization is how the causative form of “rise” is “raise” rather than affixing a derivational suffix to indicate the causative.So, that’s a significant change in the morphology. Below is an example with the Egyptian verb Egyptian: ḥqr “to be(come) hungry” and the Coptic root ⲕ-ⲧ (k-t) ~ √kt “build”: [12][12][12][12]1st-person singular stative: .kj ~ .kw→ ḥqr.kj (reconstructed as *ḥaqráku) → “I am hungry”2nd-person singular stative: .tj→ ḥqr.tjreconstructed as *ḥaqráti → “You are hungry”Possible masculine reconstruction as *ḥaqráta/tu if assuming the correspondence was originally like in Akkadian. This is, however, not proven, only suggested.1st-person plural stative: .nw→ ḥqr.nw (reconstructed as *ḥaqránu) → “We are hungry”2nd-person plural stative: .twnj ~ tjwn→ ḥqr.twnj ~ ḥqr.tjwnreconstructed as *ḥaqratiun ~ *ḥaqratunu (possibly)→ “You (plural) are hungry”Possibly originally marked for gender. If so, and if assuming the correspondence was like in Akkadian, then the suggested masculine reconstruction is *ḥaqratunu, while the suggested feminine reconstruction would be *ḥaqratina. This is not proven, though, only suggested.Coptic infinitive: ϥⲕⲟⲧ (f-kôt) = “he builds” [13]he-builds-INF.INF = infinitiveCoptic stative: ϥⲕⲉⲧ (f-kêt) = “it is built” [14]it-built.STAT.Note that the Coptic stative is now marked by a vowel change in the example above (ô v. ê). Also, the Coptic now uses “f-,” which is from the Ancient Egyptian 3rd-person masculine suffix conjugational ending “.f.” [15] Instead, the stative form for the 3rd-person masculine was “.j/.w,” which no longer exists anymore in Coptic.It’s worth noting that Coptic has also lost suffix conjugation use, but there are still readily recognizable traces of the original morphemes. [16][17]The old gender-marking system of Egyptian has been rather radically altered. For instance, Coptic has lost the original use of the feminine marking suffix -t, whereby -t would be attached to the end of a noun in Ancient Egyptian. [18][18][18][18] The loss was already noticeable by the Old Kingdom period, and by Late Egyptian, it was no longer pronounced at the end of a word, but it was still preserved in writing. [19][19][19][19][20][20][20][20] An example is with the Coptic word šeere (ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ) “girl”, which comes from Demotic šrt, and eventually from Ancient Egyptian šrjt. The final -t is now simply gone in Coptic. [21][21][21][21] Likewise, in Coptic, masculine markers, where they existed in Egyptian are now gone. Now, only in definite and demonstrative articles, which precede the verb, may one see remnants of the original gender system.Egyptian feminine: [22]sn (“brother”) v. snt (“sister”)s3t (“daughter”)Coptic feminine: [23]definite (the): t-/te- (ⲧ/ⲧⲉ) → t-šeere šēm (ⲧϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ ϣⲏⲙ) → “the little girl”demonstrative (this): tei (ⲧⲉⲓ) → tei-šeere (ⲧⲉⲓϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ) → “this girl”Coptic masculine: [24]definite (the): p-/pe- (ⲡ/ⲡⲉ) → p-noc nrôme (ⲡⲛⲟϭ ⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ) → ‘the great man’demonstrative (this): pei (ⲡⲉⲓ) → peirôme (ⲡⲉⲓⲣⲱⲙⲉ) → “this man”Coptic plural: [25]definite (the): n-/ne- (ⲛ/ⲛⲉ) → nrôme (ⲛⲣⲱⲙⲉ) → “the men”demonstrative (these): nei (ⲛⲉⲓ) → neirôme (ⲛⲉⲓⲣⲱⲙⲉ) → “these men”As you’ve likely been able to see, Coptic uses a Greek-based writing system (i.e., the Coptic alphabet) rather than Egyptian Hieroglyphics or the derivative Demotic script. Although, a caveat is that the Greek alphabet is actually itself ultimately rooted in Egyptian hieroglyphics, albeit indirectly. The use of the now Greek-based writing system allows for Coptic to reflect vowels in writing, which Ancient Egyptian couldn’t do.As for Egyptian Arabic, it was itself influenced somewhat by Coptic. Phonologically, this likely helps explain, for example, the lack of dental fricatives in its phonology. [26][26][26][26]Classical Arabic /θ/ > Egyptian Arabic /t/Classical Arabic /ð/ > Egyptian Arabic /d/Classical Arabic /ðˤ/ > Egyptian Arabic /dˤ/In terms of words derived from Coptic, some of them are listed below (no Arabic transcription available): [27][27][27][27]ʔamm “food” (variants = hamm and mam) < Coptic ouōm (ⲟⲩⲱⲙ) “to eat,” “food,” “the act of eating” < Egyptian wnm “to eat” [28]ʔis “behold!” < Coptic eis (ⲉⲓⲥ) “lo, behold” < Egyptian jsw “lo, behold”[29]ʔišlal “let us pray!” < Coptic š̀lēl (ϣ̀ⲗⲏⲗ) “to pray” < Egyptian srr “to shout” [30]simmāna “quail” < smoune (ⲥⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ) “Nile goose” < Egyptian smn ~ śmn “goose”[31][32]berbe “site of a ruined temple” < Coptic perpe (ⲡⲉⲣⲡⲉ) “temple” < pe (ⲡⲉ) “the” (from Egyptian pw “this (masculine)”) + Egyptian rp “house”) [33][34]With that said, if comparing Arabic (including Egyptian Arabic) to Ancient Egyptian (or Coptic, really), they are very different.Whereas (mainly literary/classical) Arabic has morphosyntactic case-marking (nominative, accusative, genitive), Ancient Egyptian did not have a case-marking system. [35][35][35][35] Although, Egyptian did appear to have leftovers of case. [36][36][36][36] Below is the Arabic case-system.Arabic nominative: -u [37]noun: walad (ولد) “boy”ḍahaba l-waladu ila l-madrasati (ذهبَ الولدُ إلى المدرسةِ)→ “The boy went to school”Arabic accusative: -a [38]noun: liqā (لقاء) “meeting”ḥaḍarū l-liqā'a (حضروا اللقاءَ)→ “They attended the meeting”Arabic genitive: -i [39]noun: nūr (نور) “light”taḥta nūri š-šamsi (تحتَ نورِ الشمسِ)→ “under the sunlight (lit. light of the sun)”Again, nothing like this exists as far as can be told with Egyptian. Earlier Egyptian had no morphological indications of case marking like in Arabic. Pronouns do vary formally depending on the position (as seen below), and they appear to show a nominative-absolutive alignment, but at the same time, some believe their distribution does not necessarily map easily onto any standard case alignment. [40][40][40][40][41][41][41][41]jnk (independent pronoun | absolutive) → jnk pw (“it is I”)wj (dependent pronoun | absolutive) → sḏm wj (“hear me!”)j (suffix pronoun | nominative/genitive) → pr.j ~ pr=j (“my house”) | ḥr.j ~ ḥr=j (“on me”)However, some researchers believe there are indications of at least traces of some of the standard Afro-Asiatic case endings (nominative *-u, absolutive *-a, genitive *-i) in very early Egyptian, albeit still functionally reinterpreted. [42][42][42][42] This can apparently be seen when roots are inflected to make masculine nouns with affixing of the original nominative marker, for example. [43][43][43][43]*-u: [44][45]ḥrw (reconstructed as *ḥāruw "(the god) Horus” < ultimately from the root “ḥr (“above, (possibly) distant”)) → Horus = “the one above, the distant one”The stem ḥaru- (u-stem of the root ḥr) + the Proto-Afroasiatic nominative case marker *-u, which then became /w/, thus resulting in the new stem ending in a vowel.ḫprw (reconstructed as *ḫopraw "form, mode of being” < ultimately from the root ḫpr (“to come into being, to start to exist”))The stem ḫopra- (a-stem of ḫpr)+ the Proto-Afro-Asiatic absolutive case marker *-u, which then became /w/msḏw (reconstructed as *mastʼiw ~ *masɟiw “enemy, rival” < ultimately from the root msḏ (“strong dislike, hate, scorn, shun”))The stem mastʼi- (written as msḏj) (i-stem of the root msḏ)+ the Proto-Afro-Asiatic absolutive case marker *-u, which then became /w/*-a: [46]prepositions can be followed by a noun or suffix pronoun, but the prepositions always carry */a/ in the stem, which appears to be a remnant of the absolutive case.jr.f ~ jr=f (reconstructed as *ja’raf) “to him” (compare /ir/ as the usual pronunciation of jr, and .f being the 3rd person masculine suffix pronoun)the vocalization of the subjunctive mood for many words displays a pattern of C₁aC₂(C₃)a, with the /a/ (particularly the final /a/ in the sequence) sound hypothesized to be a reflex of the Afro-Asiatic absolutive case ending *-a.ḫwj (reconstructed as *χawˈja) = “protect (subjunctive)”ḫwj.f-wj (reconstructed as *χawˈjafwij) = “he shall protect me,” with the .f (“he”) being a reference to the God “Khnum”ḫwj is the subjunctive stem of the verb ḫw (otherwise reconstructed as *χuːi), which itself simply means “protect.”*-i: [47][48]-i (nisba suffix ("relation to, belonging to") for the derivation of masculine adjectives [49]ḥr (“face”) + -j suffix (hypothesized to from the Afro-Asiatic genitive marker *-i) → ḥrj → “related to the face” (additional semantic extension = “upper part”)tꜣš (“border”) + -j suffix → tꜣšj → “relating to the border” (additional semantic extension = “neighbor”)nwt (“city”) + j suffix → nwtj → “local, municipal, of the city” [50][51]ḫr (“under”) + j suffix → “who/which is under” [52]Note C: This is where there is a similarity with Arabic, which, like other Semitic languages, also has nisba derivation (ي-): masr (مصر) “Egypt” v. masri (مصري) “Egyptian” [53][54][55][56] However, nisba derivation began falling out of use after the Early Egyptian period, and was no longer productive by the Late Egyptian period. [57]Arabic, like all Semitic languages and some other Afro-Asiatic branches, uses what’s called prefix conjugation (which actually includes both prefixes and suffixes added to the verb stem) to indicate person and number for the imperfective aspect. Then, it uses suffix conjugations (a separate kind to the suffixes of the prefix conjugation), which are largely unlike the prefix conjugations phonologically, to indicate the perfective aspect while still marking gender and number. Below are examples with the root √ktb:Imperfective stem (-ktub- “write(s)/will write”) prefix conjugations:1st-person singular: ʼa-ktub-u (أَكْتُبُ)2nd-person masculine singular: ta-ktub-u (تَكْتُبُ)2nd-person feminine singular: ta-ktub-īna (تَكْتُبِينَ)3rd-person masculine singular: ya-ktub-u (يَكْتُبُ)3rd-person feminine singular: ta-ktub-u (تَكْتُبُ)Perfective stem (katab- “wrote”) suffix conjugations:1st-person singular: katab-tu (كَتَبْتُ)2nd-person masculine singular: katab-ta (كَتَبْتَ)2nd-person feminine singular: katab-ti (كَتَبْتِ)3rd-person masculine singular: katab-a (كَتَبَ)3rd-person feminine singular: katab-at (كَتَبَتْ)Unlike Arabic and other Semitic languages, Egyptian didn’t have prefix conjugation at all. [58][58][58][58] However, it did use special stative endings (often called the Egyptian “pseudo-participle” or “Old Perfective”) to indicate a condition or state as the result of an action generally with intransitive verbs. [59][59][59][59][60][60][60][60] The Ancient Egyptian stative endings are actually very similar to the suffix conjugation endings in Semitic languages (Arabic included), and also, by extension, to the stative endings in Akkadian (they correspond very clearly). [61][61][61][61] [62][62][62][62]Now, Egyptian did have suffix conjugation, which was somewhat different from the suffix conjugations of Semitic in form and usage. However, instead of the suffix conjugations used specifically for the perfective aspect as it is with Semitic, Egyptian used suffix conjugations irrespective of the aspect (perfective or imperfective) employed. Rather, all the suffix conjugation pronominal markers would do in Ancient Egyptian was to indicate the subject of a verb (or more specifically a verbal predicate as some sources prefer to say). [63][63][63][63][64][64][64][64][65][65][65][65]Egyptian:suffix conjugation:imperfective: sḏm.f → “he hears/will hear”perfective (marked by “.n”): sḏm.n.f → “he heard” [66]stative:sḏm.w m pr.i → “he was heard in my house” [67]ꜥnḫ.w → “may he be alive”compare ꜥnḫ.f → “may he live” [68]Above: Conjugational morphology across Afro-Asiatic. [69][69][69][69]Arabic, like all other Semitic languages, makes extensive use of root-and-pattern morphology with triliteral roots, such that Arabic can make many, many kinds of new words with one triliteral root. Egyptian did use root-and-pattern morphology, but not to the extent that Semitic languages did. Also, unlike Semitic languages like Arabic, Egyptian has many bi- and even mono-syllabic roots. [70][70][70][70]Egyptian:rmṯ “person, human being”wn “walk”fx “loosen, release”pr “come”j “say”Arabic:bašar (بشر) (“human”) < from the root b-š-rsayr (سير) (“walk”) < from the root s-y-rfuk (فك) (“loosen”) < from the root f-k-kʾatā (أتى) (“come”) < from the root ʾ-t-yʾ = /Ɂ/ in IPAqāla (قال) (“to say”) < from the root q-w-lLexically, Egyptian and Arabic (really, even Semitic at large) are very, very different even when looking at basic vocabulary. That fact in conjunction with the large grammatical dissimilarities indicates that the two haven’t shared an ancestor for a very long time. [71][71][71][71] However, there do still exist some obvious similarities in, for example, pronouns, possessive suffixes, and numerals.At the same time, however, at least for some numerals, it seems that at least some of the similarities in the numerals are due to contact between the ancestor of Egyptian and the ancestor of Semitic (i.e., the likeness isn’t due to shared inheritance).The numerals for “six” through “nine” are too similar between Egyptian and Semitic to have arisen by chance. But then, these numerals have some underlying phonological irregularity in Egyptian that is unusual relative to what are considered the likeliest genetically inherited numeral cognates between Egyptian and Semitic (e.g., “one” and “two”), though at least one source even considers the correspondence between for “two” to possibly be a superficial similarity (Nevertheless, the former proposition seems likelier.). [72]Consequently, the irregularity of the numerals for “six” through “nine” significantly raises the possibility of these higher numerals being the result of borrowing during a later secondary areal contact with Semitic (or more likely, its immediate ancestor, since this would have been well before the first appearance of Egyptian or Semitic) rather than being inherited cognates from the shared proto-language. [73]Above: Proposed parallels between Egyptian and other Afro-Asiatic branches with respect to numerals. [74][74][74][74][-] yields a lack of a shared corresponding cognate with a branch[(+)] yields a corresponding, albeit less direct, cognate with a branch[+] yields a corresponding cognate with a branchBy excluding “six” through “nine,” only “one” and “two” yield the most firmly positive results. This helps to highlight how distinct the two branches are from one another.Likewise, there had been varying degrees of lexical influence from early Semitic languages onto Egyptian seemingly throughout all stages of its recorded development (as early as the 3rd millennium B.C.E. at least (likely even somewhat before then)), which increased markedly by the Middle Egyptian period (noticeably during the 1st half the 2nd millennium B.C.E.). [75][75][75][75] Thus, Egyptian is a bit more reminiscent of Semitic languages like Arabic (with the obvious caveat that Ancient Egyptian was never in contact with Arabic) than it otherwise would have been without later contact. [76][76][76][76]Central Semitic *yamm- “sea”Late Egyptian ym → Coptic yom (ⲓⲟⲙ) [77]This replaced the pre-existing Egyptian “wʔɟ wrr” (“lit., the great green”) (alternatively transcribed as “w3č wr,” [78] “wꜣḏ wr,” “w3ḏ wr,” wȝḏ wr,” and “wadj wer”) [79] [80] [81]compare Hebrew yām (ים) “sea, ocean” [82]Canaanite (Central Semitic) ʔayyaal - “deer”Late Egyptian ʔywr ~ jwr → Coptic eioul ~ e[y]uːl (ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ) “stag, hart, hind” [83][84]compare Hebrew ayál (אייל)Proto-Semitic *walad- “to give birth”Demotic ꜥlw “child” → Coptic alou (ⲁⲗⲟⲩ) “pupil, child” [85]compare Arabic walad (ولد) “boy”Proto-Semitic *labVʔ- “lion” [86]Older Egyptian rwꜣbw → Late Egyptian rby → Demotic lby → Coptic labo (ⲗⲁⲃⲟ) [87]Compare Arabic labuʾa ~ labwa (لبؤة) “lioness” and Hebrew laví (לביא ~ לָבִיא)Compare native Egyptian mꜣjProto-Semitic *ṯalg- “snow” [88]Egyptian sꜣrꜣqw ~ sȝrȝqwCompare Hebrew šéleḡ (שֶׁלֶג ~ שלג) and Arabic ṯulūj (ثلج)Proto-Semitic *zayt- “olive, olive tree” [89][90] [91]Late Egyptian ḏt → Demotic ḏjṱ → Coptic čoeit (ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ)Compare Amharic zäyt (ዘይት) “oil,” Arabic zaytūn (زَيْتُون) “olive,” Arabic zayt (زَيْت) “olive oil, oil,” Hebrew záyit (זית) “olive, olive tree”, Aramaic zētā (זיתא)Unspecified Northwest Semitic root for “chariot” (No specific term given) [92][93]Egyptian mrkbt → Coptic berecōouts (ⲃⲉⲣⲉϭⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ) “chariot, car”Compare Hebrew merkavá (מֶרְכָּבָה) “carriage, chariot,” and (less directly) Arabic markab (مَرْكَب) “vehicle, ship, boat, vessel”Proto-Semitic *baraḳ- “lightning” [94](reconstructed) Egyptian *baraka “to sparkle” → Coptic ebrēce (ⲉⲃⲣⲏϭⲉ) “lightning” [95]Compare Hebrew bārā́q (בָּרָק ~ ברק) “lightning, shine,” Arabic barq (بَرْق) “lightning, to shine, glitter, sparkle,” Amharic bärräkä (በረቀ) “lightning” Tigre bärk (በርቅ) “lightning”Unspecified Northwest Semitic root for “quiver” (No specific term given) [96]Egyptian jspt “quiver (for arrows)” [97]compare Hebrew ʾašpâh (אַשְׁפָּה) “garbage, quiver for arrows” [98][99]Thanks a lot for reading this!If you’ve liked my answers so far, and are interested in linguistics, anthropology, Africa, and the like, and would like to support me, do check out my Patreon page. The link is at the bottom of my profile.Footnotes[1] Egyptian Hieroglyphics[1] Egyptian Hieroglyphics[1] Egyptian Hieroglyphics[1] Egyptian Hieroglyphics[2] Stability, Variation, and Change of Word-order Patterns Over Time[2] Stability, Variation, and Change of Word-order Patterns Over Time[2] Stability, Variation, and Change of Word-order Patterns Over Time[2] Stability, Variation, and Change of Word-order Patterns Over Time[3] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[3] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[3] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[3] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[4] The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages. In: Israel Oriental Studies 20, 2002, 227–264.[5] Ancient Egyptian[5] Ancient Egyptian[5] Ancient Egyptian[5] Ancient Egyptian[6] https://www.linguistik.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/professuren/korpuslinguistik/mitarbeiter-innen/amir/pdf/leipzig_eh2013.pdf[6] https://www.linguistik.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/professuren/korpuslinguistik/mitarbeiter-innen/amir/pdf/leipzig_eh2013.pdf[6] https://www.linguistik.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/professuren/korpuslinguistik/mitarbeiter-innen/amir/pdf/leipzig_eh2013.pdf[6] https://www.linguistik.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/professuren/korpuslinguistik/mitarbeiter-innen/amir/pdf/leipzig_eh2013.pdf[7] Ancient Egyptian[7] Ancient Egyptian[7] Ancient Egyptian[7] Ancient Egyptian[8] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[8] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[8] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[8] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[9] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[9] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[9] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[9] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[10] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[10] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[10] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[10] Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World[11] The Oxford Handbook of African Languages[11] The Oxford Handbook of African Languages[11] The Oxford Handbook of African Languages[11] The Oxford Handbook of African Languages[12] The Ancient Egyptian Language[12] The Ancient Egyptian Language[12] The Ancient Egyptian Language[12] The Ancient Egyptian Language[13] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[14] The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum[15] Afroasiatic and the Nostratic hypothesis[16] Stability, Variation, and Change of Word-order Patterns Over Time[17] On a Law of Historical Change in Ancient Egyptian on JSTOR[18] The Ancient Egyptian Language[18] The Ancient Egyptian Language[18] The Ancient Egyptian Language[18] The Ancient Egyptian Language[19] The Ancient Egyptian Language[19] The Ancient Egyptian Language[19] The Ancient Egyptian Language[19] The Ancient Egyptian Language[20] Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible[20] Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible[20] Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible[20] Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible[21] ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ - Wiktionary[21] ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ - Wiktionary[21] ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ - Wiktionary[21] ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ - Wiktionary[22] https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00946203/document[23] http://mals.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Coptic-Beginners-notes.pdf[24] http://mals.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Coptic-Beginners-notes.pdf[25] http://mals.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Coptic-Beginners-notes.pdf[26] History and Development of the Arabic Language[26] History and Development of the Arabic Language[26] History and Development of the Arabic Language[26] History and Development of the Arabic Language[27] https://www.uco.es/investiga/grupos/hum380/collectanea/sites/default/files/12_0.pdf[27] https://www.uco.es/investiga/grupos/hum380/collectanea/sites/default/files/12_0.pdf[27] https://www.uco.es/investiga/grupos/hum380/collectanea/sites/default/files/12_0.pdf[27] https://www.uco.es/investiga/grupos/hum380/collectanea/sites/default/files/12_0.pdf[28] ⲟⲩⲱⲙ - Wiktionary[29] Coptic Dictionary Online[30] ϣⲗⲏⲗ - Wiktionary[31] Coptic Dictionary Online[32] smn - 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In: Israel Oriental Studies 20, 2002, 227–264.[42] The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages. In: Israel Oriental Studies 20, 2002, 227–264.[42] The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages. In: Israel Oriental Studies 20, 2002, 227–264.[42] The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages. 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