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Guadalajara TodayMay – July 2017The State Capitol of Jalisco MexicoIs Like Living in Any City in The USA,But More Economical!By Carlos TurverIntroduction1. Keeping busy.2. I no longer miss living in the USA.3. US TV in Guadalajara.4. Public Transportation.5. Owning a Car in Mexico.6. Where can I meet North Americans?7. Health care in Mexico.8. A recent hospital experience.9. Assisted living.10. Dentistry.11. What it costs me to live in Guadalajara.12. Staying safe in Guadalajara.13. Emigrating to Mexico.14. Language.Conclusion.IntroductionAlthough I have been living in Guadalajara since 1970, I make it a point to kept myself informed about what is happening in the USA. Quite frankly, with all that has been going on up north, it surprises me that I have not seen any significant increase in the number of Americans retiring to this city.Prior to the two major devaluations of the Mexican peso in September of 1975 and in August of 1982, it seemed that every other automobile had US plates and were driven by fair skinned North Americans. However, when they lost approximately 50% of their assets over night, they cashed in their pesos for dollars and returned home.The following cycle of US plated cars that were in abundance throughout the city, were driven by Mexican nationals who had returned home to take advantage of the increased purchasing power of their hard-earned dollars.Since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a large variety of foreign automobiles can now be purchased here on credit. Consequently, US plated cars are now seldom seen.------My parents retired to Mexico in the summer of 1969. A few months later, my father passed on. Although I was a few months shy of completing my four-year enlistment obligation, the US Coast Guard gave me an early honorable discharge so that I could be with my mother while she was recovering from her loss. Shortly after I arrived, I also made the decision to make Guadalajara my new home.------Soon after my military discharge, I married a Mexican National. I got a job as an account manager for an investment house whose clients were primarily English-speaking North Americans. A few years later I owned and operated two small American style food restaurants that were both named Uncle Sam’s Kitchen. The first was patronized by students from the USA who attended the AMA accredited Autonomous University school of medicine. The second restaurant was initially supported by North Americans and other foreign executives who came to Guadalajara to manage the numerous industries that had been allowed to operate in this city because of NAFTA.Prior to the implementation of this free trade agreement, it was extremely difficult to get working papers. Only foreign-born language teachers and those who were married to Mexican nationals were permitted to work. The exception to this law was for those foreigners who invested a minimum of $100,000usd into businesses that created jobs.Those foreigners who were 55 years old and provided proof of a specified minimum monthly income that was required at that time, could obtain temporary residency, but were not allowed to work. However, after 5 annual referendums, the temporary residency papers were upgraded to permanent resident and foreigner was then allowed to work in Mexico.There was a time when it virtually took a presidential decree for foreign males to obtain Mexican citizenship. However, foreign females who were married to Mexican males could apply. In 1975 a supplement to this law was added that allowed foreign males to become citizens when they were married to Mexican females.As I met this condition and as I had decided to live permanently in Mexico, I applied for and received Mexican citizenship that same year. At the time, it was required that I surrender my US passport, birth certificate, my temporary resident papers and a copy of my marriage certificate. The attorney’s fee was $1,000usd. One month after these papers were submitted, I became a legal Mexican citizen. I was recently informed that it now takes a few years to obtain this privilege.Soon after I received my naturalization papers, I was visited by a US government official who informed me that it was very likely that I would lose my US citizenship unless I could provide an adequate explanation of my actions to the Department of State, as it was called at the time. However, even after I had informed this government agency that it was never my intention to lose my US citizenship, I still received a CERTIFICATE OF LOSS OF NATIONALITY OF THE UNITED STATES that was approved on Nov. 17, 1978. This document stated that I had taken an oath of allegiance to Mexico on Nov. 25,1975. As I had signed a document of allegiance to Mexico that enabled me to receive my citizenship papers, I reluctantly accepted their decision. However, in 1990 the law regarding dual citizenship with Mexico was modified. I applied for and received a new US Passport in 2009 and retained my Mexican nationality.During my non-US citizen years, whenever I visited the United States, I had to stand in the line for foreigners and enter with a USA visitor’s visa stamped in my Mexican passport.Whenever I decide to revisit the USA, I will be required show the Mexican immigration authorities my Mexican passport as proof of legal residency in Mexico. My US passport must be shown to the travel agency prior to the issuance of an airplane ticket, as one is required for all US citizens reentering the USA.------Whenever I am asked why I decided to stay permanently in Guadalajara, I previously gave three reasons. Now I give four:1. The weather. Decades ago I learned that Guadalajara had the world’s second-best climate with Nairobi Africa being the first. Guadalajara was closer.2. The Pacific coast is less than 3 to 4 hours when traveling by car or by bus.3. Guadalajara is known for its beautiful women who concentrate daily in any one of the many modern shopping malls that are located throughout the city.4. As my wife and I own our home, our monthly combined income of $25,068 pesos or $1,355usd more than covers our needs.The reason that brought my parents to Mexico is explained in the Conclusion section of this booklet.Unless otherwise specified, the exchange rate of $18.50 pesos for $1.00usd will be used for converting pesos and dollar currency throughout this booklet. In most cases, the currency conversions will be rounded off to the nearest dollar or peso.------Keeping busy.When I retired 10 years ago, I made my goal to get out of the house every morning for at least a few hours.My daily routine is walking to and from the buses I take to meet friends for breakfast and/or coffee. Current events and a variety of other topics are discussed daily except for sports and personal health issues. However, brief updates these two are permitted.Every afternoon I watch less than one hour of Main Street Media, prepare lunch and then take a one to two-hour siesta. Prior to the evening meal, I turn on my computer and listen to informative documentaries and later read the various points of view offered by the alternative media. Before the day’s end, I spend a couple of hours watching episodes or movies on Netflix and You Tube.My hobby for the past 5 years has been writing booklets about an improvement that I made to the martingale betting system that have also been self-published on Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & more. The time spent on the keyboard helps to fill in a few hours of each day and helps to keep my mind distant from the mornings conversations that invariably cover doom and gloom topics.Now that I have written all that I care to about gambling, I have diversified from that subject matter. I recently wrote a booklet that explains a diet that I follow daily titled “A Diet for The Body’s Needs, Not for Its Wants”. After self-publishing this booklet, I have an idea for a non-religious short story that I may title “Life After Death, Eternal Revelations of What Could Have Been”.I hate to admit it, but if it were not for the many hours that I spend on the Internet the days would be very long! The computer has become my main source of entertainment and has been well worth the $389.00 pesos or $21usd monthly fee for the telephone and for modem. Also included with these services are all local, national and international land line calls to the USA and Canada. These services are all included with my subscription to Telmex and Infinitum, Mexico’s largest telephone and Internet network!I no longer miss living in the USA.Since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Guadalajara offers much of what can be found today in any given metropolis in the USA: Shopping malls, movie theaters, cultural events, gambling casinos, convenience stores, super markets, fast food establishments, restaurants, car dealerships etc. For example:In Guadalajara’s high-end Andares Plaza, there are many familiar brand name stores: Calvin Klein Jeans, Victoria’s Secret, Dockers, Nespresso, Brooks Brothers, Subway, Great American Cookies, Pretzel Maker, GNC, Apple MacStore, Best Buy, AT&T, Steren Shop, Radio Shack, Movistar, Starbucks Coffee, Krispy Kreme, Levi’s, Rolex and others that I am not familiar with as I have not returned to the USA for the past 28 years nor have I lived there for any length of time during the past 47.Throughout the metropolis, there are many other well with known outlets: Walmart, Sam’s, Costco, Office Depot, Home Depot, Office Max, Outback, Red Lobster, Chilis, I Hopp, UPS, Federal Express, DHL, Waldo’s, Dairy Queen, Black Coffee, 7 Eleven, Ford, Chevrolet, Jeep, Mini, BMW, Mercedes Benz, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Pizza Hut, Dominoes, Little Ceaser’s, McDonalds, Carl Juniors, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Applebees, Dennys, Sirloin Stockade etc. And when take out with home delivery is preferred, just call UberEATS.Many American foods can be found in a few stores that specialize only in products from the USA. There are even “As advertised on T.V.” stores that can be found in a few shopping malls. Many US companies that previously exported their products to Mexico, are now being manufactured here: IBM, Flextronics, Hewlet Packard, Herbalife and many others. Several North American products are manufactured in Mexico under licensing agreements with reputable Mexican companies: Pringles potato chips, Mars and Hersey chocolates, Coca and Pepsi Cola, McCormick Mayonnaise, Del Monte Catsup, Kraft Cheese, Campbell´s soups, an assortment of Great Value and Procter&Gamle products, Crosse&Blackwell, Hunts BBQ sauce etc.The Americanization of Guadalajara gradually began prior to the North American Free Trade Agreement. However, consumers could only purchase large ticket items with cash. Since the implementation of NAFTA, many jobs have been created and the standard of living for many Mexican nationals has improved. Just like in the USA, a considerable percentage of Mexico’s population can now purchase anything that they want on credit.Welcome to the country of the Mexican Dream!US TV in Guadalajara.Twenty-four seven, 365 days of the year, most, if not all, US TV programing can be accessed and watched in the comfort of one’s home. There are several satellite and cable networks to choose from that offer news, movies, sports, sitcoms and documentaries on well-known channels such as Warner, Disney, History, Discovery, Cinemax, Showtime CBS, NBC, ABC FOX, CNN, ESPN and MSNBC, all transmitted in English. And if cable is not wanted, multiple US news channels can be seen at http://www.zahipedia.net.Depending on the company contracted, a basic package, that offers a limited choice of sitcom and movie channels in English, start around $245 pesos or $13usd/month.A few free channels can be watched on http://watch.ustvnow.com “TV for U.S. Military Service Members and Americans Abroad”. A variety of additional channels can be subscribed to for a monthly fee.Netflix is also available.Public Transportation.Regardless of where anyone lives in Guadalajara, a bus stop is usually only a short walk away. Students and the elderly ride for free with special “transvale” tickets. A one-way fare is $7.00 pesos or $0.39usd. For those in possession of a federal INAPAM (Instituto Nacional para las Personas Adultas Mayores) senior citizens discount card, the price is reduced by 50%. As I take an average of 3 busses, my daily transportation expenses total $10.50 pesos or $0.58usd.There are a few bus lines that charge $10 and $12 pesos, $0.54 and $ 0.65usd respectively, that offer more comfortable seating, air-conditioning, fewer stops and more direct routes, but no discounts.Upon presenting the INAPAM card with a pictured ID, traveling to any destination throughout the country is also half the normal price. On a recent trip to Puerto Vallarta, the round-trip fare that costs $1,080 pesos or $58usd was only $540 pesos or $29usd.Graffiti free, clean and modern, the above and below ground Metro Buses, electric trains “tren lijeros”, taxis and Uber services provide economical travel to any part of Guadalajara.A 20-mile cab fare to the international airport on the opposite end of town from where I live costs $280 pesos or $15usd. A ride to a terminal that will get me on a bus to P.V. costs $120 pesos or $6.47usd. For $90 pesos or $4.87usd a cab will take me to a closer location where I can access buses to points south of Puerto Vallarta.In a few designated zones on the outskirts of the city, a relatively new form of transportation service is available: Three-wheel motor vehicles that can carry up to 4 passengers, including the driver, for short distances.Owning a Car in Mexico.My wife recently upgraded her 2007 Nissan Sentra to a 2012 Honda Civic. Full insurance coverage on this vehicle for one-year cost $5,666 pesos or $306usd.It appears that an important part of the NAFTA will soon be implemented that will allow foreign oil companies to compete with Mexico’s Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX. As there is currently no competition to this federally owned gasoline monopoly, the cost per liter was recently increased. The PEMEX Magna now costs $16.26 pesos or $0.88usd per liter and the PEMEX Premium $18.19 pesos or $0.98usd per liter. The price per gallon cost is approximately $3.33 and $3.72usd respectively.The annual registration fee for the Honda was for $450 peso or $24usd. There is also a yearly emissions test that usually requires a major tune-up. This once a year expense was for $1,500 pesos or $81usd.Toll roads are much safer, but costly. For example, according to Mexico’s SCT (Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes) the cost for a round trip visit to Puerto Vallarta from Guadalajara for tolls and gasoline is for approximately $1,486 pesos or $80usd for a 4-cylinder automobile.Driving in this city is no longer fun! Total concentration is required to maneuver through Guadalajara’s heavy traffic. Since the implementation of The North American Free Trade Agreement the streets have been literally inundated with automobiles and motorcycles as these vehicles can now be purchased on credit.With so many vehicles on the streets, body shops are doing a thriving business! When involved in any accident, even the tiniest of fender benders, the law requires that the vehicles involved remain exactly where the accident occurred until the proper authorities arrive to fill out the paperwork. This can take a few hours and will pretty much ruin anyone’s well planned day along with those drivers who are unable to get past this potential crime scene.The country’s judicial system continues to be based on Napoleonic law. Whenever any blood is shed, the accident becomes a felony.Where can I meet North Americans?The weekly Guadalajara Reporter at http://theguadalajarareporter.net/ lists the time and dates of many social activities that take place in the city or at nearby Lake Chapala some 50 kilometers or 30 miles south, where many Americans and Canadians have opted to reside.Several expatriates can be found at the luncheons offered by the American Society (AMSOC) on Thursday afternoons. Open mornings Monday thru Saturday from 10am to early afternoon, this nonprofit organization offers a 60-inch TV screen for those who want to keep abreast of world events. There is also a large English book and movie library for its members. AMSOC can be contacted at 312-123-95, [email protected] or at The American Society of Jalisco, A.C.. At Lake Chapala, there is a similar organization called the Lake Chapala Society. There is also an American Legion.Health care in Mexico.Before visiting Mexico, it would be advisable to read your health insurance policy to be well informed of your coverage prior to traveling outside of the USA.Citizens and legal residents of Mexico have several choices for their health care needs. There are many pharmacies in this city that offer a consultation with a licensed doctor for as little as $30.00 pesos or $1.62usd. Once an ailment has been diagnosed, the patient is given a prescription that can be filled at that pharmacy.Guadalajara offers two inexpensive hospitals for those who have no health insurance and are short of cash. Reasonable fees are charged for consultations with specialists, lab work, X rays etc. For example, the following prices are for a few of the services offered by these Jalisco state run Civil Hospitals:Consultation with a specialist: $80 pesos or $4.32usd.Cost per night in a shared room: $600 pesos or $32.43usd.Lab tests: $100 to $1,500 pesos or $5.41 to $81.08usd.X rays and magnetic resonance: $300 to $5,000 pesos or $16.22 to $270,27usd.The Cruz Verde is unique to the State of Jalisco offering inexpensive 911 emergency response medical services. This organization has their own outpatient ward and charges modest fees for their services. The ambulance is free.Since the Vicente Fox administration, any citizen or resident throughout the country can be accepted into the Seguro Popular that is essentially a free health care system. An 80 plus year old lady friend of mine who had registered for this program recently underwent major surgery and chemotherapy at no cost to her.Across the street from the McDonalds that my friends and I frequent, there is a Dairy Queen, Jeffrey’s Pasteleria, a North American owned cake, pie and cookie store, Pizza Hut, a Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet, and a laboratory named Salud Digna. Prescription eye glasses start at $180 pesos or $10usd. A second pair can be purchased at a 50% discount. An electrocardiogram costs $100 peso or $5usd; X rays go for $140 pesos or $8usd each; Blood tests range from $130 to $360 pesos or $7 to $19usd.The I.M.S.S. (Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social) that has many hospitals and clinics nationwide, is the working man’s health care and pension program. However, those individuals who work independently can be covered by the same health care program by paying a yearly fee. My brother in law who is 72 years old, recently paid $7,600.00 pesos or $411usd, for one year’s coverage. He is coverage for any contingency with the exception of a precondition. This will be covered when he has been affiliated with this institution for a minimum of two years.The Instituto del Seguro Social para los Trabajadores del Estado, I.S.S.T.E. is primarily for those employees who work for the state government.As my wife, brother in law and a few of my friends who are now older than 65 years of age, have cancelled their private health care insurance policies because of the expensive premiums that are substantially increased every year. A few of them have recently enrolled into the IMSS and a few of them have decided to use the Seguro Popular or the Civil Hospital health care systems.A close friend of mine who is also 72 years old, recently dropped his private health insurance and will opt for the same IMSS coverage as my brother in law by paying a yearly premium of $7,600 pesos. As he has decided that it is very unlikely that he will ever return to the United States, he is in the process of canceling his Medicare part B coverage for $113usd per month as it cannot be used in Mexico. Once cancelled, a portion of this additional income will be used to pay for the $411usd IMSS coverage. In the meantime, he has signed up with the Seguro Popular.To lessen the financial burden upon my demise, every year I renew my funeral expense policy that will cover all costs related to this event except for a burial plot. I recently renewed this policy that cost me, a 71-year-old man, $1,350 pesos or $72.97usd.------A recent hospital experience.A few weeks ago, a close friend who had been suffering from chronic back pain, acute anemia, type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer, was unable to answer his telephone or to open his front door. Fortunately, he had disclosed the hiding place of a spare key to a mutual friend who was accompanying me that day. Upon entering the house, we found him sprawled on the floor where he had fallen several hours earlier. As he was too weak to stand he was unable to access his phone to call one of us or 911. He knew that both of us were coming over for coffee that morning so he impatiently waited for our arrival.We called an ambulance and 45 minutes later he was in the emergency room at the nearby Arboledas Hospital. The ambulance service charged $1,100 pesos or $59usd. As he had no health insurance nor a credit card, a $15,000-peso or $811usd cash deposit was required for his admission to a private room.An endoscopy procedure for $9,500 pesos or $514usd and $1,000 pesos or $54usd for the anesthetic resulted in a stomach ulcer discovery. A back-X ray that cost $590 pesos or $32usd, detected a vertebral hernia. He also had two blood transfusions for $5000 pesos each or $270usd. The overnight charge for a private room was for $1,650 pesos or $89usd.His blood sugar levels were far from normal when he arrived but after a two-night stay for $44,135 pesos or $2,386usd, his blood sugar count was back to normal, the stomach ulcer was healing and the pain killers for his back kept him comfortable while he regained enough strength to be discharged.His internist prescribed the following medicines that were purchased at a nearby branch of Farmacias Guadalajara. The doctor’s consultation fee at the hospital totaled $4,000 pesos or $216usd during my friend’s recovery period of approximately 45 hours. Future consultation fees at the doctor’s office would be for $700 pesos or $38usd each.1. Glucerna SR powder400gr $335.98 or $18usd.2. Ulsen PCS 40mg 14 capsules $275.10 or $15usd.3. Paracetamol 500mg 20 tablets $12.50 or $0.68usd.4. Tradol 50mg 10 capsules $270.75 or $15usd.5. Metformina 850mg 30 tablets $13.49 or $0.73usd.6. Galvus Met 50mg/850mg compressed 30 tablets $397.67 or $22usd7. Two liquid Enemas of Fosfato Fosfanema (Phosphate) 133ml each having a of cost $76.08 or $4usd. These 8 items totaled $1,382 pesos or $75.41usd.------Last week, my friend had a relapse.Since his release from the hospital, we noticed that his strength was slowly diminishing. When we were informed that he had fallen two times the night before, we returned him to the same hospital where he spent 3 nights. The cost for this visit that included three blood transfusions was slightly above $32,000 pesos or $1,730usd.On the day of his discharge, he was able to walk confidently with the aid of a walker. The following day, we took him to a urologist who charged $700 pesos or $38usd for the consultation. He prescribed the following three medicines for the prostate treatment:1. Zoladex 10.8mg, one every 3 months. $10,940 pesos or $592usd.2. Calutol 50mg tablets, one/day. $1,653 pesos or $89usd.3. Zometa 4mg solution, one/month. $6,717 pesos or $363usd.These three items totaled $19,310 pesos or $1,044usd.Assisted living.Although he was improving at a noticeable pace, his three children flew in from Toronto and Utah after they had been notified of his condition. They insisted that he spend at least one month in an assisted living facility until he regained his strength. He is now staying at the Casa Eugenia, [email protected], another property of theArboledas Hospital owners that is located one block away.A private room at this facility cost $1,000 pesos/night or $54usd for short stays, $16,000 pesos/month or $865usd for a semi private room, $21,000 pesos/month or $1,135usd for a private room and $23,000 pesos/month or $1,243usd for a slightly larger private room.Dentistry.Yesterday at our Saturday morning coffee/breakfast gathering, I saw something that I had never seen or heard of before. A bite guard. The granddaughter of one of our group had just recently been fitted for this thin transparent bite guard. I asked the young child’s grandmother what it was for. She told me that it was for giving support for a loose tooth.This device was exactly what I needed as I also had the same problem. She told me that it cost $500 pesos or $27usd.On the way home, I stopped at Especialidades Odontológicas, that can be contacted at http://especialidades-drrex.com. While there, I asked the receptionist for prices. My bite guard was going to cost $800 pesos or $43usd. Fillings cost $600 pesos or $32usd and a root canal for $3,500 pesos or $189usd. An X ray cost $200 pesos or $11usd and a bridge for one front tooth is going to cost $2,500 pesos or $135usd.------What it costs to live in Guadalajara.A few years before I received my first benefit check from the Veterans Administration in June of 2007, my wife received an inheritance that was used to purchase our home. Our combined monthly income from Uncle Sam and the Mexican Social Security pension program is more than enough to cover our needs. We each receive a monthly deposit of $2,721 pesos or $147usd from the Mexican government. I receive a monthly income of 1,061usd or $19,629 pesos that is deposited to a Texas bank. From this amount, I give my wife $4,767 pesos or $258usd that gives her a combined monthly income of $7,488 pesos or $405usd.With a declared total monthly income of $25,071 pesos or $1,355usd, less my wife’s monthly income, a balance of $17,583 pesos or $950usd remains for our fixed and miscellaneous expenses.When there are no major household or auto repairs, occasionally I have been able to save up to $2,500 pesos or $135usd in one month. There are some months when I have increased my Mexican peso savings by taking advantage of a strong dollar and weak peso rate of exchange.These savings pay for restaurant outings or for short inexpensive trips to Puerto Vallarta, Cuyutlan, or Barra de Navidad, all located on the beautiful Pacific coast only a few hours away by car or by bus.The Mrs. saves most of her monthly income for car upgrades that takes place every few years.Based on the above numbers, the combined fixed and miscellaneous expenses average $27.17/day totaling $815usd/month.Monthly expenses:Telephone and Internet:$389 pesos or $21.03usd.Cellular phone:$60 pesos or $3.24usd.Gated community maintenance fee:$580 pesos or $31.35usd.Electricity: $157 pesos or $8.49usd.In our residential area, the government owned electric company CFE, Comision Federal de Electricidad, subsidizes 85% of the cost.Natural Gas: $183 pesos or $9.89usd at $7.07pesos/liter. This expense will increase by approximately 14% when the tank is refilled this year as the price is now $8.08 pesos/liter or $0.44usd.Four days per month maid service:$1,125 pesos or $60.81usd.Basic cable service for two TVs:$245 pesos or $13.24usd.My wife’s income:$7,488 pesos or $405usd.Yearly expenses:Water: $750 pesos or $41usd ($62.50 pesos/month).Property tax on our one million pesos or $54,054usd house: $486pesos or $26usd ($40.50 pesos/month).We carry no household insurance.Auto collision and liability insurance: $5,666 or $$306usd ($472.17 pesos/month).Tune up with emissions verification: $1,500 or $81usd ($125 pesos/month).Auto registration: $450 or $24usd ($37.50 pesos/month).Gross monthly income = $25,071 pesos or $1,355usd.Less the Mrs.’ income = $7,488 pesos or $405usdNet monthly income = $17,583 pesos or $950usd.Total monthly expenses = $10,965 pesos or $593usd.Miscellaneous expenses = $4,110 pesos $222usd.Average monthly surplus = $2,500 pesos or $135usd.Staying safe in Guadalajara.In my personal situation, my wife and I have resided in a gated community for the past 4 years. We have 24/7 security guards that work closely with the local police. Our home security consists of two chihuahuas who bark at any noise.For those of you who are concerned about the violence in Mexico, you are not alone. As much of it appears to be drug related, simply avoid those areas where that kind of trouble occurs. When we do find ourselves at the wrong place at the wrong time, it is just part of living that can happen in any city, state or country that we choose to visit or to live in!When driving, it is advisable to keep the car doors locked and the windows rolled up. When walking, stay on the main streets. An evening strolls depends on the security of the area. I find it best to avoid this nocturnal activity. The rule of thumb of course, is to always use your street smarts.------Depending on the emergency within the Guadalajara Metropolitan area, calling 911 will send the police, firemen or an ambulance.The American Consulate can be contacted at 326-821-00 for advice on handling other problems.------Emigrating to Mexico.I am by no means an expert in Mexican immigration law. Therefore, it would be advisable, and in some instances necessary, to first contact a Mexican Consulate and/or an immigration attorney for a consultation concerning your specific needs and who can also offer assistance in obtaining resident, working or citizenship papers.According to “Mexico On My Mind”, at https://www.mexicoonmymind.com , to become a temporary resident in Mexico one needs to present proof of income for approximately $2,000usd for an individual, $3,000usd for a married couple and an additional 25% for each family dependent.I have heard that these amounts can vary when an applicant is married to a Mexican National, owns a home, or choses to reside in a small or medium size town.For approximately $22usd, a 180-day tourist visa can be obtained upon entering Mexico. I have been told that this amount is included in the airline fare or is paid separately when crossing the border by car or by bus.Prior to making any decision about permanently moving to Mexico, I strongly suggest using the full six months of a tourist visa. Since 1970 I have known several expatriates who have gotten frustrated with the different aspects of the Mexican culture after having gone through the immigration process. I have always suggested that any major decision such as buying a home or marrying a Mexican national should not be made until a minimum of 6 to 18 months have been spent getting familiar with the ways of the people and getting to know what the country has to offer. Mexico is not for everyone!Since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement I have been told that it has become much easier to acquire papers to work in this country. However, there are still several hoops that need to be jumped through.An immigration lawyer will prove to be invaluable for obtaining legal status in Mexico. If the plan is to start a business, a good accountant will also be needed!Language.Do not be too concerned if you do not speak Spanish. Most residents of Guadalajara have a fair knowledge of English. Spanish courses are readily available throughout the city for a reasonable per hour price.In Conclusion.Both of my parents were born in the State of New York. My father taught high school biology and every summer he would take my mother and myself on a two-month cross country drive to California.My grandfather was of Spanish- Mexican decent and graduated from the Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City when it was a military academy. He graduated in the late 1800’s or in early 1900’s and then deserted.For graduation, his parents bought him a round trip steamer ticket to New York City. Instead returning to fulfill his 8-year military obligation that he owed Mexico for his schooling, he cashed in the return ticket and taught Spanish and fencing in NYC.He married a woman who had recently arrived from Spain by the name of Martha Fox and then moved to Buffalo, NY. – I have always wondered if his wife’s family was related to Vicente Fox, a fairly recent president of Mexico.As this story goes, I was told that my grandfather asked my parents to visit Mexico to look up his relatives and let them know that he was alright. He had not communicated with them since his desertion for fear of being tracked down by the Mexican authorities. If found, he could have been forced back to Mexico, stood trial for desertion and would have probably served a long prison sentence.I was probably 8 years old when my parents first visited Mexico in 1953. Our first stop was Guanajuato where my grandfather used to live. I mention this only to point out that the family of the former president Vicente Fox was also from Guanajuato.After locating his relatives in Mexico City, we traveled throughout Mexico and discovered Guadalajara. Until their passing some decades ago, every summer vacation was spent in this city. We lived here for two years from 1956 through 1958 when my father took a two-year leave of absence from his high school teaching position. While I was completing my four-year enlistment in the US Coast Guard, my father retired in the summer of 1969, sold our home and brought my mother to live permanently in Guadalajara.My father passed on during the following month of October. I was given a four month early honorable discharge and returned to Guadalajara to be with my mother. I have been here ever since.Guadalajara has been my home for approximately 50 years and I have never regretted leaving the USA nor for having made the decision to live here permanently. When I initially moved here, there were a few things that I missed from the USA. These can now be found in Guadalajara. What I do not miss is the cold, rain, sleet, snow and constant overcast that prevailed in my hometown of Endicott, New York!The author can be contacted at: [email protected]

Phew.. this is the longest answer I have written..Constitution of IndiaThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (July 2018)This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2018)Constitution of IndiaConstitution of India.jpgOriginal text of the preambleOriginal title भारतीय संविधान (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna)[a]Jurisdiction IndiaRatified 26 November 1949; 69 years agoDate effective 26 January 1950; 69 years agoSystem Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republicBranches Three (executive, legislature and judiciary)Chambers Two (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha)Executive Prime minister-led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliamentJudiciary Supreme court, high courts and district courtsFederalism Unitary (Quasi-federal)Electoral college Yes, for presidential and vice-presidential electionsEntrenchments 2Amendments 103Last amended 12 January 2019 (103rd)Location Parliament House, New Delhi, IndiaAuthor(s) B. R. Ambedkar and the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of IndiaSignatories 284 members of the Constituent AssemblySupersedes Government of India Act 1935Indian Independence Act 1947Part of a series onConstitution of IndiaEmblem of India.svgPreambleParts[show]Schedules[show]Appendices[show]Amendments[show]Related topics[show]vteThe Constitution of India (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of India.[1][2] The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth.[b][3][4][5] B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.[6]It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble.[7][full citation needed] Parliament cannot override the constitution.B. R. Ambedkar and Constitution of India on a 2015 postage stamp of IndiaIt was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950.[8] The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395.[9] India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[10]The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[11] democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.[12] The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. The words "secular" and "socialist" were added to the preamble in 1976 during the emergency.[13]Contents1 Background1.1 Previous legislation2 Constituent Assembly2.1 Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India2.2 Membership2.3 Drafting3 Influence of other constitutions4 Structure4.1 Parts4.2 Schedules4.3 Appendices5 Constitution and government6 Constitution and legislature6.1 Amendments6.2 Limitations7 Constitution and judiciary7.1 Judicial review8 Flexibility9 See also10 Notes10.1 Notes on Article 2111 References12 Bibliography13 External linksBackgroundA smiling Babasaheb Ambedkar and Rajendra PrasadBabasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, the same legislation continued to be implemented as India was a dominion of Britain for these three years, as each princely state was convinced by Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon to sign the articles of integration with India, and the British government continued to be responsible for the external security of the country.[14] Thus, the constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950.[15]Previous legislationThe constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.[16]Constituent AssemblyMany men in a room1950 Constituent Assembly meetingMain article: Constituent Assembly of IndiaThe constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[17] The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.[3][16]B. R. Ambedkar was a wise constitutional expert, he had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries. Ambedkar is recognised as the "Father of the Constitution of India".[18][19] In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, T. T. Krishnamachari said:"Mr. President, Sir, I am one of those in the House who have listened to Dr. Ambedkar very carefully. I am aware of the amount of work and enthusiasm that he has brought to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At the same time, I do realise that that amount of attention that was necessary for the purpose of drafting a constitution so important to us at this moment has not been given to it by the Drafting Committee. The House is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and was not replaced. One was away in America and his place was not filled up and another person was engaged in State affairs, and there was a void to that extent. One or two people were far away from Delhi and perhaps reasons of health did not permit them to attend. So it happened ultimately that the burden of drafting this constitution fell on Dr. Ambedkar and I have no doubt that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task in a manner which is undoubtedly commendable."[20][21]Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India6 December 1946: Formation of the Constitution Assembly (in accordance with French practice).9 December 1946: The first meeting was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). The 1st person to address was J. B. Kripalani, Sachchidananda Sinha became temporary president. (Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting.)11 December 1946: The Assembly appointed Rajendra Prasad as its president, H. C. Mukherjee as its vice-chairman and B. N. Rau as constitutional legal adviser. (There were initially 389 members in total, which declined to 299 after partition. Out of the 389 members, 292 were from government provinces, 4 from chief commissioner provinces and 93 from princely states.)13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. This later became the Preamble of the Constitution.22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.22 July 1947: National flag adopted.15 August 1947: Achieved independence. India split into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as its Chairman. The other 6 members of committee were Munshi, Muhammed Sadulla, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Khaitan and Mitter.16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.26 November 1949: The Constitution of India was passed and adopted by the assembly.24 January 1950: Last meeting of Constituent Assembly. The Constitution was signed and accepted. (with 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, 22 Parts)26 January 1950: The Constitution came into force. (The process took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days - at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million to finish.)G. V. Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) after India turned into a republic.MembershipB. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly,[3][16] which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,[3] and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi.[3] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.[3] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.[3] Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly.[3] Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.[3]The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president.[16][17] It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[3][17][13]DraftingBenegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946.[22] Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[22][23][24]At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.[17] Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair.[3][13] A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947.[13]While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.[16][25] Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days.[3][16] On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution,[3][16][13][24][26] which was signed by 284 members.[3][16][13][24][26] The day is celebrated as National Law Day,[3][27] or Constitution Day.[3][28] The day was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar.[29]A bespectacled Jawaharlal Nehru bending over a large bookJawaharlal Nehru signing the constitutionThe assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English.[3][16][24] The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose.[13][24] Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada.[13] The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India.[13][30] The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 crore (₹63 million).[16] The constitution has had more than 100 amendments since it was enacted.[31]Influence of other constitutionsUnited KingdomParliamentary government[3]Concept of single citizenship[3]Rule of lawThe legislative speaker and their roleLegislative procedureUnited States[32]Bill of Rights[3][13]Federal structure of government[3]Electoral CollegeIndependent judiciary and separation of powersJudicial reviewPresident as commander-in-chief of the armed forcesEqual protection under lawIrelandDirective principles of state policy[13]AustraliaFreedom of trade between states[16]National legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdictionConcurrent List[33]Preamble terminologyFranceIdeals of liberté, égalité, fraternité[3][13]CanadaQuasi-federal government — a federal system with a strong central government[16]Distribution of powers between the central and state governments[3][16]Residual powers, retained by the central government[citation needed]Soviet UnionFundamental Duties under article 51-A[3]Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development[3]Other constitutionsThe emergency provision under article 356 (from the Weimar Constitution)[13]Amending the constitution (from South Africa)Due process (from Japan)StructureThe Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation.[b][3][4][5] At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.[16] At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.[34]The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles,[c][13] which are grouped into 25 parts.[d][13] With 12 schedules[e][13] and five appendices,[13][35] it has been amended 103 times; the latest amendment became effective on 14 January 2019.[36]PartsThe constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts:Preamble,[37] with the words "socialist", "secular" and 'integrity' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment[38][39]Part I[40] – States and union territoriesPart II[41] – CitizenshipPart III – Fundamental RightsPart IV[42] – Directive Principles of State PolicyPart IVA – Fundamental DutiesPart V[43] – The unionPart VI[44] – The statesPart VII[45] – States in the B part of the first schedule (repealed)Part VIII[46] – Union territoriesPart IX[47] – PanchayatsPart IXA[48] – MunicipalitiesPart IXB – Co-operative societies[49]Part X – Scheduled and tribal areasPart XI – Relations between the union and the statesPart XII – Finance, property, contracts and suitsPart XIII – Trade and commerce within IndiaPart XIV – Services under the union and statesPart XIVA – TribunalsPart XV – ElectionsPart XVI – Special provisions relating to certain classesPart XVII – LanguagesPart XVIII – Emergency provisionsPart XIX – MiscellaneousPart XX – Amending the constitutionPart XXI – Temporary, transitional and special provisionsPart XXII – Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repealsSchedulesSchedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy.First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – Lists India's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change.Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) – Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the Comptroller and Auditor General.Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges.Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory.Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[f] and Scheduled Tribes[g] (areas and tribes requiring special protection).Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilitiesEighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351) – Official languagesNinth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain acts and regulations[h]Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) – Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures.Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government)Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government)AppendicesAppendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954Appendix II – Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and KashmirAppendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003Constitution and governmentThe executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.[50] With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75(3).The constitution is considered federal in nature, and unitary in spirit. It has features of a federation (a codified, supreme constitution, a three-tier governmental structure [central, state and local], division of powers, bicameralism and an independent judiciary) and unitary features such as a single constitution, single citizenship, an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong central government, appointment of state governors by the central government, All India Services (the IAS, IFS and IPS) and emergency provisions. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[51]Each state and union territory has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a governor or (in union territories) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister. Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as president's rule, was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India decision,[52][53] such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review.[54]The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas.[13] Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.Constitution and legislatureMain article: Amendment of the Constitution of IndiaSee also: List of amendments of the Constitution of IndiaAmendmentsAmendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.[55] The procedure is detailed in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 (except for money bills), there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123, Chapter III. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368(1) in the Twenty-fourth Amendment.[55]By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament; of these, 103 became Amendment Acts.[56] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.[57] The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.In 2000, the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update. The government of India establishes term-based law commissions to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law.LimitationsMain article: Basic structure doctrineIn Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined,[50] and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts.[58]The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:[59]Supremacy of the constitutionRepublican, democratic form of governmentIts secular natureSeparation of powersIts federal character[59]This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a judicial review. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power.In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[60] The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights.[61] The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[61]Constitution and judiciaryThe judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution.[62] Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.[63] The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states).The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution,[64][65] which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive.[66]Judicial reviewJudicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[67] In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in Article 13. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13,All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).[68]Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void ab initio.In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review.[69]Due to the adoption of the Thirty-eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).[70] The Forty-second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.[71]FlexibilityAccording to Granville Austin, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[i][72] The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.[73] John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."[74] A document "intended to endure for ages to come",[75] it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.The "right to life" guaranteed under Article 21[A] has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,;[3][76] the right to water;[3][77] the right to earn a livelihood,[3] the right to health,[3] and the right to education.[78]At the conclusion of his book, Making of India's Constitution, retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote:If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[79]— Khanna, Hans Raj (2008). Making of India's constitution (2nd ed.). Lucknow: Eastern Book Co (published 1 January 2008). ISBN 978-81-7012-108-4. OCLC 294942170.See alsoflagIndia portal iconPolitics portalConstitution Day (India)Constitutional economicsConstitutionalismHistory of democracyList of national constitutionsMagna CartaRule according to higher lawUniform civil codeNotesThe Constitution of India was originally written in Hindi and English, so, both Hindi and English are its 'original' languages.The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 until it split up in 1990.Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395, the total number in March 2013 was 465. New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution. To not disturb the original numbering, new articles are inserted alphanumerically; Article 21A, pertaining to the right to education, was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act.The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII & IX (older) was repealed in 1956, whereas newly added Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times (lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment).By 73rd & 74th Amendment, the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993.Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe.Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people, identified in the Constitution, who are struggling socioeconomicallyOriginally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights. but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution {(ambiguous)} – I.R. Coelho (dead) by http://L.Rs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and others(2007) 2 S.C.C. 1These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50, have been authoritatively quoted many timesNotes on Article 21Art. 21 – "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law"ReferencesOriginal edition with original artwork - The Constitution of India. New Delhi: Government of India. 26 November 1949. Retrieved 22 March 2019."Preface, The constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015.Krithika, R. (21 January 2016). "Celebrate the supreme law". The Hindu. N. Ram. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. 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