Canadian Professional Sales Association Application For Long Term: Fill & Download for Free

The recruiters on these answers have given some great advice in terms of what they want to see at first glance.But something is missing.What is just as important is what they interpret at first glance as well.For example, your name should be nice and bold to be seen at “first glance”. That’s the easy part.But what if I told you that if you had an Asian name in Canada, Asian-named applicants have a 32.6% lower rate of selection for an interview compared to Anglo-named applicants, even when both groups had equivalent all-Canadian qualifications.Shocking statistic isn’t it?So let’s dig through those “first glance” parts of a résumé and look into not only what recruiters see, but what they think.Your NameWhile nearly all résumés I have seen had the name clear as day on the top (no problems there), little is said about whether your name itself works against you.Until our friends at Ryerson University and University of Toronto conducted a study that revealed some shocking statistics in Canada.Ethnic names can hurt your candidacy by up to 60%!Ouch!An acquaintance of mine looking for his first job in Canada in the alcohol industry - which he had extensive experience in back in his home country - could not get a single call for an interview.He suspected it could be his muslim name.So he tried an experiment.He changed it to Andrew Smith and applied to the same job with the same résumé he had submitted a couple of days ago.And he got a freaking call for the interview.Of course, he did not get the job because he eventually had to reveal his real name, and they dismissed him on grounds of dishonesty.But his experiment worked.So are Canadian hiring executives racists?At this point, many job seekers pull out the racist card.But it’s unconscious bias that’s at play here.I’m guilty of this too. When I was recruiting for call centre staff, I would note the university to pass judgment on the candidate’s communication skills (shame on me!)So what can you do about it? Change your freaking name?!?!Not easy for many people to do, although it’s common to find Chinese folks anglicizing their names.It’s really up to you. If you value you identity and would not sacrifice it for a job, I respect that.But if a hiring executive sees Vikramasuriya Srinivasaraghavan on the top of a résumé, you might be better off with Vik Srini in a résumé, and “explain” yourself after you have landed the job offer.Folks who hail from Africa may have opted to culturally keep their tribe’s name as their first name. If you have an Anglicized middle name, perhaps you would consider using that as a business name instead.Remember, recruiters are conscious of how they address you by name over the phone. The easier you make it for them, the higher the chances you receive that call.And when they are ready to hire you, they won’t care what your legal name is to give you the job.Your Contact DetailsRight under your name comes your telephone number.A lot of job seekers to Canada (for example) apply to jobs from abroad. And what do you think their contact number is?Yup, it starts with +91 or +63 or +234Reject!Hiring executives do not want to hire people from abroad, and your contact details are an immediate turn off!However, if you are inbound to your new country, you can consider getting a virtual number and stick it on your résumé.Email AddressHotmail? AOL?“Jeez how old are you?”Who would’ve thought that one could be dating themselves with their email address?Once again, our friend unconscious bias creeps in, and judgement is passed on your age based with an older domain name.If you have one of these domain names in your email address, consider getting a live, gmail or yahoo account, keeping it professional of course.Home AddressThis is a tricky one.What if you live abroad? You can get virtual number, but not a virtual address.This is where your cover letter comes in.On your résumé put in your city of choice, and on the cover letter, state that you are applying from abroad and you will be arriving on so-and-so date.Honesty - check!You might be thinking “this is deceptive, that I'm stating an address that I don’t currently live in.”That’s why you explain yourself in the telephone conversation. As long as you have a solid landing date at that destination that is in the very near future, they should consider your application.After all, it’s better to receive a call than to not receive it all.Most recruiters don’t read cover letters (I'm coming to that later) and if they think you were being deceptive, you can mention “I stated on my cover letter that I currently did not reside in Canada.”Then it’s shame on them for not reading.FormattingSo now that we got the top information out of the way, let’s consider the overall “look” of the résumé.At-a-glance, the document needs to look clean.Remember, there is a very good chance that your résumé is going to be first (and only) viewed on-screen, be it a computer monitor or a mobile device.And there is a big difference between viewing written text on screen versus paper.On screen, you need to see a lot of white space so that it’s easy on the eyes.Everything “on top of the fold” or on the first half of the first page is extremely important.Keep it clutter free so that the reader can easily absorb the amazing information about yourself in that area.Below is a picture of a résumé from one of my favourite books called The Motivated Résumé and LinkedIn Profiles by Brian E. Howard.This book is about résumé and LinkedIn advice from certified, award wining résumé writers.Notice how the top half “feels” open and easy to read.ExperienceThe most important section that makes or breaks the shortlist.In North America, experience trumps education for most coperate jobs, such as HR, IT, Sales and Marketing, Finance, Customer Service etc.There will exceptions based on your industry.This is why it’s critical that your experience must be on the first page.Once again, “at-a-glance” means it’s all about that first freakin’ page!There are 3 components to the experience section so let’s break it down.Gaps - Common knowledge states that gaps over 3 months starts to raise some red flags with recruiters.If you’ve been struggling with your job search for over three months, start to consider filling those gaps with volunteer experience - highly regarded in North American culture.The best place to volunteer is within your industry, specifically associations that you should be a member of.Google “Marketing Associations in Toronto” if you are looking for marketing roles in Toronto for example, and connect with the people from this association.You will easily find their names online.Let them know that you are interested in assisting with any upcoming work.Membership is not free, but this is how real networking is done.“20## - To Present” - once again, unconscious bias favours those who already have a job.Not much you can do about this if you are unemployed, but I just wanted to point it out.After all, it’s about “first glance.”It’s something to consider if you’re planning on leaving your current job before finding a new one.The companies you work(ed) for - Working for high profile companies certainly has it’s appeal.There is nothing you can do to change the past, but it’s certainly something to consider for the companies you are targeting for your future.If you have experience working for Microsoft, Oracle and HP, then you stand a good chance being placed with opportunities with SAP.Likewise if you worked for smaller organizations, it’s a good bet you have a better chance if you target start ups.EducationI know I said that education isn’t as important as experience. But it’s still important when you’re talking about “at-a-glance”.When a position is opened up, the hiring manager and recruiter sit down to create the wish list you know as the job description.The important stuff comes out first of course, in terms of skills and responsibilities and years of experience.Finally, the recruiter will ask “What about education level?”Manager: “Oh yea, I guess we need that. Ummmm, let’s say bachelors degree”.Didn’t sound very important did it?Nonetheless, it’s still a check box in the recruiter’s mind when they glance through your résumé.“The manager asked for a bachelor’s degree, so that’s what I’m going to look for.”Once again, the importance of education depends on the industry and maybe even the organization (I have read that Google highly values education)It also depends on the culture. In many parts of Asia (for example India), education is highly valued, which is why it’s common to find résumés from Indian candidates state their education right at the top.In North America, keep the education on the second page, and extremely brief - just the level of the degree, the major, and the university.Some résumés I have seen go into great detail elaborating on the education - it’s just a waste of space which could be better used for focusing on experience.Overall ContentThree important factors to consider for content:Keywords - There’s that stupid word again.You hear it time and time again, and you’re wondering if you’re nailing the right keywords in your résumé.Unfortunately, it’s here to stay, but you don’t have to break your head over it.Here are three tricks to capturing those keywords and help your recruiter see them at a glance.#1 Technology to the rescue - enter JobScan.Use it to weed out the keywords from your job description to make sure your tagging a good chunk of them. It offers 5 free scans a month.#2 Another option that is free, but less recommended is to use a free word cloud tool such as WordItOut or Wordle.Not as great as JobScan as it wasn’t design to look for job description keywords - that was JobScan was built for - but it is a free alternative that’s better than nothing.#3 Finally, a little trick that works well to help recruiters spot those keyword at a glance is to bold them in your résumé.A recruiter once told me that he appreciated that I did that.A skills or competence section is a great place to capture keywords in a bullet point format.Remember, the recruiter has those keywords resonating in his/her mind as s/he glances through your résumé. Make them easy to spot!Proof - The recruiter may not be a subject matter expert in your field, but they know enough to understand what will impress a hiring manager.And a résumé which just has a task list in the experience section will go into the reject pile.I use a personal formula for my clients that I’m happy to share with you.For each responsibility, I ask three questions:1 - How do you do this today?2 - How do you do it differently?3 - How can you prove it?Below is a screenshot of how this would look like for a IT Business Analyst Role. I copy pasted the top row labelled “Responsibility1” from a job description for an IT Business Analyst I found on Indeed.caWhat goes in the résumé is in the last row.Notice how the keywords are bolded that makes it easy for the recruiter to catch at first glance.Notice how the same language used by the recruiter in their job description is mirrored back to them in your résumé.Certainly helps with appealing to an unconscious “match” inside their heads at first glance.Also notice how the soft skills such as “Attention to detail” and “Organizational Skills” are embedded into the responsibility, providing context to your skills rather than just bullet pointing them.Grammar and Spelling - I’m not going to spend too much time on the importance of this because any job seeker knows it’s important.What I will share though is a nifty tool that can help anyone ensure their résumé is polished.It’s called Grammarly, and I used it everywhere.It does a super job of not only correcting spelling, but even suggesting alternate words to boost your writing skills.Job TitlesThe easiest transition to make is a parallel one.If you’re applying for a business analyst role, recruiters will scope your job title to see if you are/were a business analyst in your last role.Also, they will skim your job titles across your career progression, just to make sure that you have remained true to your cause and brand.If you’ve been hopping from one industry to another, that could cause a problem at first glance.Enter your cover letter - where you can explain your reason behind your moves.If you are, however, applying for a more junior role for whatever reason, you might be considered overqualified.That’s something you have to watch out for.Major Turn offs at first glanceRésumés longer than 2 page - The purpose of a résumé is to short list you for an interview - nothing more. For most corporate jobs, you don’t need more than 2 pages of clear, cleanly formatted information for a recruiter to make that call.A long résumé shows that you’re not focused on what’s being asked for in the job description, and your relying on the recruiter’s withering attention to find all the juicy details buried somewhere in your résumé.No good. So keep it short and to the point.Personal Details - While common practice in some parts of Asia, photographs, passport details, marital status, lengthy addresses, parent’s names (yes, I’ve actually seen this!), makes recruiters go “Ugh!”Word Clutter - White space is important, as mentioned before. Look at Christopher Jones’ résumé above - so easy on the tired eyes of a recruiter.Fancy Formatting - While it will greatly impress your friends and family (and maybe even the hiring manager), your primary résumé is that same old traditional boring document recruiters have come to know and love.Fancy résumés may appeal to the creative industry.But traditionalist industries like finance, IT, HR, engineering, law may still prefer the boring old text format.Not to mention, ATS technology so far does not parse graphical résumés.Objective Statement - The first piece of content the recruiter sees at the top of your résumé, and you’re stating what you want rather than what you can do for the position.Get rid of the objective statement right now - please!Replace it with a professional summary that highlights who you are and your biggest accomplishments and skills relevant to the job descriptionHow about a demo?Following the advice above will get you past the first 10 seconds under the recruiter’s scrutinizing eyes.*Phew*, that’s a lot of content for just 10 seconds.Now comes the real fun part - impressing them well beyond the first glance and dazzling them with the rest of your credentials.After all, your goal is to get called for the interview, not just have someone glance over your résumé.Make sure the rest of the experience of your résumé consistently provides proof and context to your soft skills as we have covered.If you’d like to download a template of a resumé with a how-to video, you can click the link below.Click here to download your resumé template

Note: If are looking for the even better way to make money online from where i am earning minimum 532$ per week and even in less time email me on yamankoirala01@gmail .com there i will provide you a detailed information and free training. Feel free to send email i will answer within a minute.The 10 best applications to earn money1. Applications to fill out surveysThanks to the Internet, you have possibilities that allow you to generate income by performing simple tasks such as completing surveys .On different websites they explain that you can receive payments in convertible dollars in your own Paypal account, or you can even obtain purchase vouchers on Amazon through the completion of surveys.These companies are willing to pay you to give them your opinion on a wide variety of topics that interest the most recognized brands around the world, as well as large international groups.Let's say that these surveys serve as small market investigations that are extremely valuable to brands before marketing their new products and that represent income for you.To start making money through surveys, we offer you very profitable options for you according to your geographical location.To learn how to earn money online by filling out surveys, enter here .EARN MONEY FILLING OUT SURVEYS2. AirbnbIf you are part of today's society, it is very likely that at some point you have heard of Airbnb.If not, and you need to know, Airbnb is an online marketplace that allows people to "list" their home or similar spaces for short-term rentals.Airbnb, after all, is short for Air Bed and Breakfast, which refers to the initial idea that its founders had to charge their guests who initially used air mattresses to help them pay your rent in San Francisco.Today, Airbnb hosts lists of guesthouses, apartments, and individual rooms.But we've also found that you can list just about anything through the platform, including tents, hammocks, couches, boats, and even… bubbles.If you are looking to earn extra money, you can list your space through Airbnb .Before starting the process, we recommend that you read this beginner's guide which includes the most basic and important information you need to know before listing your space.Airbnb Hosting Guide: How to List Your SpaceThe best way to start is to enter your information into the Airbnb calculator to receive an estimate of the income you could earn based on where you live.How much could you earnTo do this, simply enter this link your city, type of space you can offer (full place, private room or shared room) and the number of guests you can accommodate in your space.Create your adThe next step will be to sign up for Airbnb. In this step, you will enter data such as the number of rooms you have available, the number of people you can accommodate per night and the general and security conditions that your space can offer.Once you sign up to be an Airbnb host, you'll need to take photos of the place, describe the space, and add basic information, like how many bedrooms and bathrooms are available.Listing your space on Airbnb is totally free and to do so, you can enter here .To do this, go to the Airbnb host login page.Next step, enter the information for your space by answering each of the questions on the form.To do so, follow this Airbnb host sign-up process checklist:It starts with the basics: the listing type (house, hotel, or something else) and the property type (eg apartment).You should also answer if it is a dedicated space for guests, that is, if it is configured for guests or if you keep your personal belongings here.Continue answering questions about the amenities you offer your patrons, the bathroom situation, your address (only shared with guests after they've been confirmed), additional amenities (think Wi-Fi, shampoo, TV , fireplace ...) and the spaces to which guests will have access. (parking, pool, laundry).You are getting closer and closerNow comes a very important moment, which is when you will add photos.Photos are a vital part of listing your space. Airbnb offers tips on how to take and post the best photos to make your photos attractive to potential guests.Once you upload your photos to the platform, provide a brief summary of what you offer in your space. "Your summary description is meant to be a short description of your venue that guests read before going into details," says Airbnb.You have 500 characters, so make them count .If you are having difficulties, this is a good time to see what other listed spaces in your city have written in their summaries as an example.Next, give your listed space a name. Try to use flashy names so your potential guests can be interested.The last step is to review the Airbnb guest requirements. Here, you can establish the house rules (policies for the use of spaces, children, pets, among others). You can also choose to review each request so that you can select your guests one by one.In this step, Airbnb will let you know that you are covered with a host guarantee of US $ 1,000,000 not bad, right?Last stepsYou're almost done! Set up your calendar. Let Airbnb users know how often you want to entertain (part-time, or as often as possible?). You will also select how long guests can stay: a minimum or maximum number of nights.Airbnb reminds hosts that short trips can mean more reservations, but you may also need to clean and reset your space more often. Based on your responses, Airbnb suggests the availability of your calendar, although you can customize it.Finally, set your price. You can ask Airbnb to adjust your price based on demand in your city. If a big music festival is coming up, for example, and demand increases, Airbnb will raise the price to reflect that.If you opt for the "Smart prices" feature, you will set a minimum and maximum price, as well as the "best price", which is your default value. If you're having trouble figuring out how much to charge, look for reference how much other spaces in your city charge.ALL READY! You have finished. Once you hit submit, it can take up to six hours for your space to show up in Airbnb's search results, so be patient.Receiving your first guestTime to wait now. If your potential guests don't seem interested, you may need to tweak your ad a bit . Airbnb also recommends giving a discount (charging a little less than you normally would) to your first guests.This will help you accumulate some positive feedback (hopefully), which will encourage other guests to book in the future and will make your space appear at the top of search results in your city.Once your space is reserved for the first time, Airbnb will guide you through each of the steps to take into account.It is worth noting that if as a host, you need to cancel a reservation, you can do so, but this can lead to sanctions on the platform, unless it is an urgent circumstance.Airbnb's host cancellation policy states that the company has the right to deduct cancellation fees from your payment.Please note that if you cancel more than three reservations in a year, Airbnb has the right to deactivate your listing.When do I receive my payments?Typically, within 24 hours of your guest's scheduled check-in time , you will receive payment. If the guest stays more than 28 days, you will be paid once their stay has ended.To receive your payments you have multiple options, you can choose between direct deposit to your bank account, international transfer, PayPal, among other options.Once your first guests finish their stay in your space, it is time to reestablish your space to receive new guests and continue to do so regularly in order to develop an alternative source of income, taking advantage of the spaces that you do not use in your home. or address.You already know, you can list your space and earn extra money from home with Airbnb by entering here .How to generate extra money through applications?As you read it, at the end of this article, you will know exactly what are those apps that will help you generate hundreds or thousands of dollars a month, after completing certain jobs.All you have to do is take a look at the options that we will share in this note, so that you can determine which ones best suit your monetary needs.3. SurveyeahThis company operates in a similar way to ClixSense, as Surveyeah allows you to generate income by performing simple tasks such as completing surveys.On their official page they explain that you can receive payments in convertible euros in your own Paypal account, or you can even get purchase vouchers on Amazon.This company is willing to pay you to give them your opinion on a wide variety of topics that interest the most recognized brands in Spain, as well as large international groups.Let's say that these surveys serve as small market research that is extremely valuable to brands before marketing their new products.It should be noted that Surveyeah already operates in France, Italy, Mexico and 50 other countries, without any problem.Steps to earn money with SurveyeahComplete them.Reach the minimum payment quota (20 euros), and then receive your money directly in your Paypal account, or get your reward in the form of gift vouchers.To learn more about this application click here .4. UberThis is another of the most famous and demanded money making applications in the world, due to the fact that more and more passengers are waiting to be transported from one place to another.Through its application, you can get people interested in taking them on a trip, and best of all, you don't need to have your own car to complete this task.As such, Uber allows you to become a partner-driver without having your own vehicle, since it offers you discounts and loans to get one and thus start working.Steps to make money with UberEnter their official page according to your country of origin and register.2. Make sure you meet the requirements of this transport company to become one of their associates. The most common are:Be of the minimum age allowed to drive.Have a valid driving license from your country.Not having a criminal record or having committed traffic offenses.Have a mobile with Internet access.3. Complete your account as a driver partner: enter your personal data and your vehicle information (if you have one).4. Send the required documentation: photographs, criminal records, etc.5. Wait a couple of minutes while the company verifies the information provided.6. Go to a local office to authenticate or verify your car; From that moment on you will be ready to be an Uber driver-partner.7. Download the Uber mobile application, open it, press “Go” to review the available offers, and finally swipe to accept the transfer requests of your potential passengers.Real incomeUber has one of the most practical and useful applications to earn money on the market, since the idea is that you can use them without problems to generate good income.Related: Discover How Your Home Can Make You MoneyNow, at this point we will tell you how much profit you can generate per month working as a partner-driver, in some countries such as the United States, Mexico and Colombia.Mexico: between 1,000 and 1,200 USD per month.Colombia: In Bogotá, Uber driver-partners can earn about 1,200 USD on average per month.United States: drivers here tend to generate higher earnings by working 40 hours a week (in short, we are talking about $ 3,400 per month)However, it is important to note that these average earnings do not include the following discounts:Tax deductions.Gas expenses.Expenses for maintenance or repairs of the car.Not much less the 25% commission that Uber makes to drivers for being part of the company.Learn more about this application by clicking here .5. RappiApplications to earn moneyRappi is an e-commerce company born in Colombia a couple of years ago.However, it has experienced accelerated growth and today operates in several Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay.Basically its workers, better known as "rappitenderos", make home deliveries, or delivery, to those customers who order purchases from the supermarket, or from their favorite stores, through their mobile application.Yes, once again it is necessary to tell you that Rappi is one of the most effective applications to earn money at the moment, and that you can take advantage of it whenever you want.Steps to earn money with RappiDownload your application for Android or iPhone, one of the best applications to earn money during this 2020.Register and abide by the requirements of the company to become a rappitendero.Deliver the orders at home as quickly as possible and get your money right away (the customer can make the payment in cash, or with their credit cards).Download Rappi for Android by entering here .Download Rappi for iPhone by entering here .Real incomeIt is estimated that in Colombia a rappitendero can generate biweekly income of 900 thousand pesos, which is equivalent to approximately 300 USD.But the good news is that this rate does not tend to include tips, which are fully owned by the delivery person, as are your delivery payments.So, tips can add a few pesos that do not fall badly, and ultimately a rappitendero can receive more than 300 USD fortnightly, especially if he moves by motorcycle and manages to make several deliveries.To learn more about this application click here .6. Uber EatsThis is just another of the applications to earn money from the Uber company, but unlike the latter, you do not need to transport passengers, but food.As such, Uber Eats allows you to work as a driver of cars, motorcycles and bicycles delivering food at home, so the opportunities to benefit from this application are quite varied.Like Uber, it also discounts between 20% and 25% in commissions to its drivers.Another point in common that these applications to earn money is that the rates are calculated based on the kilometers and minutes of travel.Steps to make money with Uber EatsEnter its official page and complete the registration.Create your account as a partner: the procedure is practically the same as you must follow to become an Uber partner-driver.Download its mobile application on your smartphone,Find out which deliveries are waiting, pick up the food at the restaurant and proceed to dispatch it in less than 35 minutes so that you have the option of receiving a good tip.Real incomeOn average, a driver can generate between 4 and 8 dollars for the minimum and maximum distances traveled respectively.Related: How To Make Money Online : 4 Methods To Get Started Right AwayBut to better illustrate this point, we will share with you the average monthly earnings that can be received in some Latin American countries:Colombia: between 10 and 20 USD per hour.Mexico: between 20 and 26 USD per hour.Spain: about 2 euros per delivery.Canada: about 20 Canadian dollars per hour.To learn more about this application click here .7. CabifyCabify is a transport company based in Spain, and today it has one of the most productive money-making applications on the market.Through its official website you can become a professional driver and start earning money under the highest quality standards.Through its application, it allows private users, as well as companies, to connect with drivers to make trips perfectly adjusted to their requirements.At present, Cabify operates in Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Portugal, Peru, Chile and other Latin American countries.So you just have to know how it works so that you can earn significant or profitable monthly income.Steps to earn money with CabifyEnter your page.Register (fill in your personal information and provide all the supports that the company requires to become a professional driver)Download its application on your smartphone (remember that yours is one of the best applications to earn money during this 2020).Connect with private or business users and take trips to your place of residence.Receive your payment; In Cabify they offer you regular payments, but you can also increase your income by receiving better rates during peak hours, or through the company's benefits club.To learn more about this application, click here .8. Google Opinion RewardsApplications to earn moneyThis is another of the most popular money making applications of the moment. It is available on Google Play and was designed by the Google Surveys team.Through it you can get credits on Google Play for completing short and simple surveys, or in simpler words: you receive a reward for giving your opinion.In addition, this application has a differentiating element: you do not receive the money in any Paypal account, but it is credited to you so that you can use it in the official Android store as best suits you (to buy music, games, movies, etc.) .Steps to earn money with this applicationEnter Google Play from your Android device.Download the app.Answer a few personal questions.Receive your surveys (they usually send them at least once a week).Complete the surveys received.Get your credits for the tasks performed.This is one of the most serious and reliable money making apps, especially since the surveys are conducted solely by market researchers.9. ShopifyIf you have an online store or some other E-Commerce, it is very likely that you know Shopify.But if you have not had the opportunity to use it, or you do not know very well what it is, then do not worry because in this segment we will tell you all these details.Well, Shopify is one of the largest platforms to create online stores without the need to have formal knowledge in programming, or in graphic or web development.This is because it offers you useful and functional tools so that you can develop and manage your virtual business easily and without any worries.Steps to make money with ShopifyAccess your page and register.Get started creating your online store through Shopify's own e-commerce platform.You will have access to your own domain, as well as default templates that will help you give your store a great appearance.You can add sales channels, manage a large number of products or inventory, fill your orders and even track your sales; All in the same place.Download its mobile application and manage your store from the palm of your hand.Start generating sales and earn lucrative and profitable income by being your own boss and working at your own convenience.Shopify has one of the most modern, friendly and functional applications to earn money on the market, so do not hesitate to take advantage of it as soon as possible.Related: Telecommuting: Discover 4 options to work from homeIn addition, through its affiliate program you can increase your income significantly (up to 20% of each invoice).10. CashPirateThis is another of the applications to earn money with which you can benefit the most during this year.It is available in both operating systems, but it should be noted that, if you want to use it on iOS, you must work with its associated app called GiftPanda.You just have to accumulate coins or rewards and then exchange them for money in your Paypal account, or for gift cards in iTunes, Amazon, Starbucks and many more stores.Steps to earn money with CashPirateDownload its application on your mobile and complete a simple registration.Collect Pirate Coins (coins) by performing the following tasks:Download free apps.Fill out or complete surveys.Watch videos and more.3. Exchange your coins for money through Paypal, or for gift cards in large stores.4. As an additional measure, you can refer your friends and increase your income (this application handles 2 levels of referrals: with the first level you get 10% of the earnings and with the second level 5%).To learn more about this application, click here .Get ready to earn money through appsNow that you know which are the 10 best applications to earn money during this 2020, we are sure that you are fully prepared to take advantage of them.

Honestly, as a Caucasian woman raised going to the Reservations in native country in New Mexico, I am sick and tired of white people answering this question. How bout we let a real First Nations person talk? Black Elk - WikiquoteGuess what folks - we stole their land, slaughtered their people and their buffalo, gave them diseases they had never even known about, destroyed them with alcohol when we weren’t outright killing them with firearms they had no initial access to, herded their children to schools far away from their families where the children had their language ripped out of them and were often raped and tortured. How would you deal with this if it happened to your people? The Canadian Government Systematically Tortured And Abused Aboriginal Children For 100 YearsBecause white people write the history books, we refuse to acknowledge that Hitler was studying how well we genocidally massacred entire populations and rewrote them out of history, and he used much of our horrific success as a model for how to get rid of the Jews, gypsies, and other outcast populations when he was writing Mein Kampf. Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?Thanks for yet again perpetuating the white colonizer superiority myth that we whose ancestors were part of the original Holocaust have participated in since the “Founding” (Read Occupation) of this country. I’d love to hear from any First Nations folks out there who can speak to the incomprehensible assault on their land, their peoples, their language, their traditions, their animals, and their spirituality by ruthless, master race colonizers.Read up on this before you rattle on about it white folk!Yes, Native Americans Were the Victims of GenocideHistorians/History Native Americans, genocide by Roxanne Dunbar-OrtizRoxanne Dunbar-Ortiz grew up in rural Oklahoma, the daughter of a tenant farmer and part-Indian mother. She has been active in the international Indigenous movement for more than four decades and is known for her lifelong commitment to national and international social justice issues. After receiving her PhD in history at the University of California at Los Angeles, she taught in the newly established Native American Studies Program at California State University, Hayward, and helped found the Departments of Ethnic Studies and Women’s Studies. Her latest book is An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States.Mass Grave at Wounded KneeThis paper, written under the title, “U.S. Settler-Colonialism and Genocide Policies,” was delivered at the Organization of American Historians 2015 Annual Meeting in St. Louis, MO on April 18, 2015.US policies and actions related to Indigenous peoples, though often termed “racist” or “discriminatory,” are rarely depicted as what they are: classic cases of imperialism and a particular form of colonialism—settler colonialism. As anthropologist Patrick Wolfe writes, “The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life.”i The history of the United States is a history of settler colonialism.The extension of the United States from sea to shining sea was the intention and design of the country’s founders. “Free” land was the magnet that attracted European settlers. After the war for independence but preceding the writing of the US Constitution, the Continental Congress produced the Northwest Ordinance. This was the first law of the incipient republic, revealing the motive for those desiring independence. It was the blueprint for gobbling up the British-protected Indian Territory (“Ohio Country”) on the other side of the Appalachians and Alleghenies. Britain had made settlement there illegal with the Proclamation of 1763.In 1801, President Jefferson aptly described the new settler state’s intentions for horizontal and vertical continental expansion, stating: “However our present interests may restrain us within our own limits, it is impossible not to look forward to distant times, when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits and cover the whole northern, if not the southern continent, with a people speaking the same language, governed in similar form by similar laws.” This vision of manifest destiny found form a few years later in the Monroe Doctrine, signaling the intention of annexing or dominating former Spanish colonial territories in the Americas and the Pacific, which would be put into practice during the rest of the century.The form of colonialism that the Indigenous peoples of North America have experienced was modern from the beginning: the expansion of European corporations, backed by government armies, into foreign areas, with subsequent expropriation of lands and resources. Settler colonialism requires a genocidal policy. Native nations and communities, while struggling to maintain fundamental values and collectivity, have from the beginning resisted modern colonialism using both defensive and offensive techniques, including the modern forms of armed resistance of national liberation movements and what now is called terrorism. In every instance they have fought and continue to fight for survival as peoples. The objective of US authorities was to terminate their existence as peoples—not as random individuals. This is the very definition of modern genocide.The objective of US colonialist authorities was to terminate their existence as peoples—not as random individuals. This is the very definition of modern genocide as contrasted with premodern instances of extreme violence that did not have the goal of extinction. The United States as a socioeconomic and political entity is a result of this centuries-long and ongoing colonial process. Modern Indigenous nations and communities are societies formed by their resistance to colonialism, through which they have carried their practices and histories. It is breathtaking, but no miracle, that they have survived as peoples.Settler-colonialism requires violence or the threat of violence to attain its goals, which then forms the foundation of the United States’ system. People do not hand over their land, resources, children, and futures without a fight, and that fight is met with violence. In employing the force necessary to accomplish its expansionist goals, a colonizing regime institutionalizes violence. The notion that settler-indigenous conflict is an inevitable product of cultural differences and misunderstandings, or that violence was committed equally by the colonized and the colonizer, blurs the nature of the historical processes. Euro-American colonialism, an aspect of the capitalist economic globalization, had from its beginnings a genocidal tendency.So, what constitutes genocide? My colleague on the panel, Gary Clayton Anderson, in his recent book, “Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian,” argues: “Genocide will never become a widely accepted characterization for what happened in North America, because large numbers of Indians survived and because policies of mass murder on a scale similar to events in central Europe, Cambodia, or Rwanda were never implemented.”ii There are fatal errors in this assessment.The term “genocide” was coined following the Shoah, or Holocaust, and its prohibition was enshrined in the United Nations convention presented in 1948 and adopted in 1951: the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The convention is not retroactive but is applicable to US-Indigenous relations since 1988, when the US Senate ratified it. The genocide convention is an essential tool for historical analysis of the effects of colonialism in any era, and particularly in US history.In the convention, any one of five acts is considered genocide if “committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group”:(a) killing members of the group;(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;(e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.iiiThe followings acts are punishable:(a) Genocide;(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;(d) Attempt to commit genocide;(e) Complicity in genocide.The term “genocide” is often incorrectly used, such as in Dr. Anderson’s assessment, to describe extreme examples of mass murder, the death of vast numbers of people, as, for instance in Cambodia. What took place in Cambodia was horrific, but it does not fall under the terms of the Genocide Convention, as the Convention specifically refers to a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, with individuals within that group targeted by a government or its agents because they are members of the group or by attacking the underpinnings of the group’s existence as a group being met with the intent to destroy that group in whole or in part. The Cambodian government committed crimes against humanity, but not genocide. Genocide is not an act simply worse than anything else, rather a specific kind of act. The term, “ethnic cleansing,” is a descriptive term created by humanitarian interventionists to describe what was said to be happening in the 1990s wars among the republics of Yugoslavia. It is a descriptive term, not a term of international humanitarian law.Although clearly the Holocaust was the most extreme of all genocides, the bar set by the Nazis is not the bar required to be considered genocide. The title of the Genocide convention is the “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,” so the law is about preventing genocide by identifying the elements of government policy, rather than only punishment after the fact. Most importantly, genocide does not have to be complete to be considered genocide.US history, as well as inherited Indigenous trauma, cannot be understood without dealing with the genocide that the United States committed against Indigenous peoples. From the colonial period through the founding of the United States and continuing in the twentieth century, this has entailed torture, terror, sexual abuse, massacres, systematic military occupations, removals of Indigenous peoples from their ancestral territories, forced removal of Native American children to military-like boarding schools, allotment, and a policy of termination.Within the logic of settler-colonialism, genocide was the inherent overall policy of the United States from its founding, but there are also specific documented policies of genocide on the part of US administrations that can be identified in at least four distinct periods: the Jacksonian era of forced removal; the California gold rush in Northern California; during the Civil War and in the post Civil War era of the so-called Indian Wars in the Southwest and the Great Plains; and the 1950s termination period; additionally, there is the overlapping period of compulsory boarding schools, 1870s to 1960s. The Carlisle boarding school, founded by US Army officer Richard Henry Pratt in 1879, became a model for others established by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Pratt said in a speech in 1892, "A great general has said that the only good Indian is a dead one. In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him and save the man."Cases of genocide carried out as policy may be found in historical documents as well as in the oral histories of Indigenous communities. An example from 1873 is typical, with General William T. Sherman writing, “We must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women and children . . . during an assault, the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age.”ivThe so-called “Indian Wars” technically ended around 1880, although the Wounded Knee massacre occurred a decade later. Clearly an act with genocidal intent, it is still officially considered a “battle” in the annals of US military genealogy. Congressional Medals of Honor were bestowed on twenty of the soldiers involved. A monument was built at Fort Riley, Kansas, to honor the soldiers killed by friendly fire. A battle streamer was created to honor the event and added to other streamers that are displayed at the Pentagon, West Point, and army bases throughout the world. L. Frank Baum, a Dakota Territory settler later famous for writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, edited the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer at the time.Five days after the sickening event at Wounded Knee, on January 3, 1891, he wrote, “The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one or more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.”Whether 1880 or 1890, most of the collective land base that Native Nations secured through hard fought for treaties made with the United States was lost after that date.After the end of the Indian Wars, came allotment, another policy of genocide of Native nations as nations, as peoples, the dissolution of the group. Taking the Sioux Nation as an example, even before the Dawes Allotment Act of 1884 was implemented, and with the Black Hills already illegally confiscated by the federal government, a government commission arrived in Sioux territory from Washington, DC, in 1888 with a proposal to reduce the Sioux Nation to six small reservations, a scheme that would leave nine million acres open for Euro-American settlement. The commission found it impossible to obtain signatures of the required three-fourths of the nation as required under the 1868 treaty, and so returned to Washington with a recommendation that the government ignore the treaty and take the land without Sioux consent. The only means to accomplish that goal was legislation, Congress having relieved the government of the obligation to negotiate a treaty. Congress commissioned General George Crook to head a delegation to try again, this time with an offer of $1.50 per acre. In a series of manipulations and dealings with leaders whose people were now starving, the commission garnered the needed signatures. The great Sioux Nation was broken into small islands soon surrounded on all sides by European immigrants, with much of the reservation land a checkerboard with settlers on allotments or leased land.vCreating these isolated reservations broke the historical relationships between clans and communities of the Sioux Nation and opened areas where Europeans settled. It also allowed the Bureau of Indian Affairs to exercise tighter control, buttressed by the bureau’s boarding school system. The Sun Dance, the annual ceremony that had brought Sioux together and reinforced national unity, was outlawed, along with other religious ceremonies. Despite the Sioux people’s weak position under late-nineteenth-century colonial domination, they managed to begin building a modest cattle-ranching business to replace their former bison-hunting economy. In 1903, the US Supreme Court ruled, in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, that a March 3, 1871, appropriations rider was constitutional and that Congress had “plenary” power to manage Indian property. The Office of Indian Affairs could thus dispose of Indian lands and resources regardless of the terms of previous treaty provisions. Legislation followed that opened the reservations to settlement through leasing and even sale of allotments taken out of trust. Nearly all prime grazing lands came to be occupied by non-Indian ranchers by the 1920s.By the time of the New Deal–Collier era and nullification of Indian land allotment under the Indian Reorganization Act, non-Indians outnumbered Indians on the Sioux reservations three to one. However, “tribal governments” imposed in the wake of the Indian Reorganization Act proved particularly harmful and divisive for the Sioux.”vi Concerning this measure, the late Mathew King, elder traditional historian of the Oglala Sioux (Pine Ridge), observed: “The Bureau of Indian Affairs drew up the constitution and by-laws of this organization with the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. This was the introduction of home rule. . . . The traditional people still hang on to their Treaty, for we are a sovereign nation. We have our own government.”vii “Home rule,” or neocolonialism, proved a short-lived policy, however, for in the early 1950s the United States developed its termination policy, with legislation ordering gradual eradication of every reservation and even the tribal governments.viii At the time of termination and relocation, per capita annual income on the Sioux reservations stood at $355, while that in nearby South Dakota towns was $2,500. Despite these circumstances, in pursuing its termination policy, the Bureau of Indian Affairs advocated the reduction of services and introduced its program to relocate Indians to urban industrial centers, with a high percentage of Sioux moving to San Francisco and Denver in search of jobs.ixThe situations of other Indigenous Nations were similar.Pawnee Attorney Walter R. Echo-Hawk writes:In 1881, Indian landholdings in the United States had plummeted to 156 million acres. By 1934, only about 50 million acres remained (an area the size of Idaho and Washington) as a result of the General Allotment Act of 1887. During World War II, the government took 500,000 more acres for military use. Over one hundred tribes, bands, and Rancherias relinquished their lands under various acts of Congress during the termination era of the 1950s. By 1955, the indigenous land base had shrunk to just 2.3 percent of its [size at the end of the Indian wars].xAccording to the current consensus among historians, the wholesale transfer of land from Indigenous to Euro-American hands that occurred in the Americas after 1492 is due less to British and US American invasion, warfare, refugee conditions, and genocidal policies in North America than to the bacteria that the invaders unwittingly brought with them. Historian Colin Calloway is among the proponents of this theory writing, “Epidemic diseases would have caused massive depopulation in the Americas whether brought by European invaders or brought home by Native American traders.”xiSuch an absolutist assertion renders any other fate for the Indigenous peoples improbable. This is what anthropologist Michael Wilcox has dubbed “the terminal narrative.” Professor Calloway is a careful and widely respected historian of Indigenous North America, but his conclusion articulates a default assumption. The thinking behind the assumption is both ahistorical and illogical in that Europe itself lost a third to one-half of its population to infectious disease during medieval pandemics. The principle reason the consensus view is wrong and ahistorical is that it erases the effects of settler colonialism with its antecedents in the Spanish “Reconquest” and the English conquest of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. By the time Spain, Portugal, and Britain arrived to colonize the Americas, their methods of eradicating peoples or forcing them into dependency and servitude were ingrained, streamlined, and effective.Whatever disagreement may exist about the size of precolonial Indigenous populations, no one doubts that a rapid demographic decline occurred in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, its timing from region to region depending on when conquest and colonization began. Nearly all the population areas of the Americas were reduced by 90 percent following the onset of colonizing projects, decreasing the targeted Indigenous populations of the Americas from a one hundred million to ten million. Commonly referred to as the most extreme demographic disaster—framed as natural—in human history, it was rarely called genocide until the rise of Indigenous movements in the mid-twentieth century forged new questions.US scholar Benjamin Keen acknowledges that historians “accept uncritically a fatalistic ‘epidemic plus lack of acquired immunity’ explanation for the shrinkage of Indian populations, without sufficient attention to the socioeconomic factors . . . which predisposed the natives to succumb to even slight infections.”xiiOther scholars agree. Geographer William M. Denevan, while not ignoring the existence of widespread epidemic diseases, has emphasized the role of warfare, which reinforced the lethal impact of disease. There were military engagements directly between European and Indigenous nations, but many more saw European powers pitting one Indigenous nation against another or factions within nations, with European allies aiding one or both sides, as was the case in the colonization of the peoples of Ireland, Africa and Asia, and was also a factor in the Holocaust. Other killers cited by Denevan are overwork in mines, frequent outright butchery, malnutrition and starvation resulting from the breakdown of Indigenous trade networks, subsistence food production and loss of land, loss of will to live or reproduce (and thus suicide, abortion, and infanticide), and deportation and enslavement.xiii Anthropologist Henry Dobyns has pointed to the interruption of Indigenous peoples’ trade networks. When colonizing powers seized Indigenous trade routes, the ensuing acute shortages, including food products, weakened populations and forced them into dependency on the colonizers, with European manufactured goods replacing Indigenous ones. Dobyns has estimated that all Indigenous groups suffered serious food shortages one year in four. In these circumstances, the introduction and promotion of alcohol proved addictive and deadly, adding to the breakdown of social order and responsibility.xiv These realities render the myth of “lack of immunity,” including to alcohol, pernicious.Historian Woodrow Wilson Borah focused on the broader arena of European colonization, which also brought severely reduced populations in the Pacific Islands, Australia, Western Central America, and West Africa.xv Sherburne Cook—associated with Borah in the revisionist Berkeley School, as it was called—studied the attempted destruction of the California Indians. Cook estimated 2,245 deaths among peoples in Northern California—the Wintu, Maidu, Miwak, Omo, Wappo, and Yokuts nations—in late eighteenth-century armed conflicts with the Spanish while some 5,000 died from disease and another 4,000 were relocated to missions. Among the same people in the second half of the nineteenth century, US armed forces killed 4,000, and disease killed another 6,000. Between 1852 and 1867, US citizens kidnapped 4,000 Indian children from these groups in California. Disruption of Indigenous social structures under these conditions and dire economic necessity forced many of the women into prostitution in goldfield camps, further wrecking what vestiges of family life remained in these matriarchal societies.Historians and others who deny genocide emphasize population attrition by disease, weakening Indigenous peoples ability to resist. In doing so they refuse to accept that the colonization of America was genocidal by plan, not simply the tragic fate of populations lacking immunity to disease. If disease could have done the job, it is not clear why the United States found it necessary to carry out unrelenting wars against Indigenous communities in order to gain every inch of land they took from them—along with the prior period of British colonization, nearly three hundred years of eliminationist warfare.In the case of the Jewish Holocaust, no one denies that more Jews died of starvation, overwork, and disease under Nazi incarceration than died in gas ovens or murdered by other means, yet the acts of creating and maintaining the conditions that led to those deaths clearly constitute genocide. And no one recites the terminal narrative associated with Native Americans, or Armenians, or Bosnian.Not all of the acts iterated in the genocide convention are required to exist to constitute genocide; any one of them suffices. In cases of United States genocidal policies and actions, each of the five requirements can be seen.First, Killing members of the group: The genocide convention does not specify that large numbers of people must be killed in order to constitute genocide, rather that members of the group are killed because they are members of the group. Assessing a situation in terms of preventing genocide, this kind of killing is a marker for intervention.Second, Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group: such as starvation, the control of food supply and withholding food as punishment or as reward for compliance, for instance, in signing confiscatory treaties. As military historian John Grenier points out in his First Way of War:For the first 200 years of our military heritage, then, Americans depended on arts of war that contemporary professional soldiers supposedly abhorred: razing and destroying enemy villages and fields; killing enemy women and children; raiding settlements for captives; intimidating and brutalizing enemy noncombatants; and assassinating enemy leaders. . . . In the frontier wars between 1607 and 1814, Americans forged two elements—unlimited war and irregular war—into their first way of war.xviiGrenier argues that not only did this way of war continue throughout the 19th century in wars against the Indigenous nations, but continued in the 20th century and currently in counterinsurgent wars against peoples in Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, Southeast Asia, Middle and Western Asia and Africa.Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part: Forced removal of all the Indigenous nations east of the Mississippi to Indian Territory during the Jackson administration was a calculated policy intent on destroying those peoples ties to their original lands, as well as declaring Native people who did not remove to no longer be Muskogee, Sauk, Kickapoo, Choctaw, destroying the existence of up to half of each nation removed. Mandatory boarding schools, Allotment and Termination—all official government policies--also fall under this category of the crime of genocide. The forced removal and four year incarceration of the Navajo people resulted in the death of half their population.Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group: Famously, during the Termination Era, the US government administrated Indian Health Service made the top medical priority the sterilization of Indigenous women. In 1974, an independent study by one the few Native American physicians, Dr. Connie Pinkerton-Uri, Choctaw/Cherokee, found that one in four Native women had been sterilized without her consent. Pnkerton-Uri’s research indicated that the Indian Health Service had “singled out full-blooded Indian women for sterilization procedures.” At first denied by the Indian Health Service, two years later, a study by the U.S. General Accounting Office found that 4 of the 12 Indian Health Service regions sterilized 3,406 Native women without their permission between 1973 and 1976. The GAO found that 36 women under age 21 had been forcibly sterilized during this period despite a court-ordered moratorium on sterilizations of women younger than 21.Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group: Various governmental entities, mostly municipalities, counties, and states, routinely removed Native children from their families and put them up for adoption. In the Native resistance movements of the 1960s and 1970s, the demand to put a stop to the practice was codified in the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. However, the burden of enforcing the legislation lay with Tribal Government, but the legislation provided no financial resources for Native governments to establish infrastructure to retrieve children from the adoption industry, in which Indian babies were high in demand. Despite these barriers to enforcement, the worst abuses had been curbed over the following three decades. But, on June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 5-4 ruling drafted by Justice Samuel Alito, used provisions of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) to say that a child, widely known as Baby Veronica, did not have to live with her biological Cherokee father. The high court’s decision paved the way for Matt and Melanie Capobianco, the adoptive parents, to ask the South Carolina Courts to have the child returned to them. The court gutted the purpose and intent of the Indian Child Welfare Act, missing the concept behind the ICWA, the protection of cultural resource and treasure that are Native children; it’s not about protecting so-called traditional or nuclear families. It’s about recognizing the prevalence of extended families and culture.xviiiSo, why does the Genocide Convention matter? Native nations are still here and still vulnerable to genocidal policy. This isn’t just history that predates the 1948 Genocide Convention. But, the history is important and needs to be widely aired, included in public school texts and public service announcements. The Doctrine of Discovery is still law of the land. From the mid-fifteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, most of the non-European world was colonized under the Doctrine of Discovery, one of the first principles of international law Christian European monarchies promulgated to legitimize investigating, mapping, and claiming lands belonging to peoples outside Europe. It originated in a papal bull issued in 1455 that permitted the Portuguese monarchy to seize West Africa. Following Columbus’s infamous exploratory voyage in 1492, sponsored by the king and queen of the infant Spanish state, another papal bull extended similar permission to Spain. Disputes between the Portuguese and Spanish monarchies led to the papal-initiated Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), which, besides dividing the globe equally between the two Iberian empires, clarified that only non-Christian lands fell under the discovery doctrine.xixThis doctrine on which all European states relied thus originated with the arbitrary and unilateral establishment of the Iberian monarchies’ exclusive rights under Christian canon law to colonize foreign peoples, and this right was later seized by other European monarchical colonizing projects. The French Republic used this legalistic instrument for its nineteenth- and twentieth-century settler colonialist projects, as did the newly independent United States when it continued the colonization of North America begun by the British.In 1792, not long after the US founding, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson claimed that the Doctrine of Discovery developed by European states was international law applicable to the new US government as well. In 1823 the US Supreme Court issued its decision inJohnson v. McIntosh. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Marshall held that the Doctrine of Discovery had been an established principle of European law and of English law in effect in Britain’s North American colonies and was also the law of the United States. The Court defined the exclusive property rights that a European country acquired by dint of discovery: “Discovery gave title to the government, by whose subjects, or by whose authority, it was made, against all other European governments, which title might be consummated by possession.” Therefore, European and Euro-American “discoverers” had gained real-property rights in the lands of Indigenous peoples by merely planting a flag. Indigenous rights were, in the Court’s words, “in no instance, entirely disregarded; but were necessarily, to a considerable extent, impaired.” The court further held that Indigenous “rights to complete sovereignty, as independent nations, were necessarily diminished.” Indigenous people could continue to live on the land, but title resided with the discovering power, the United States. The decision concluded that Native nations were “domestic, dependent nations.”The Doctrine of Discovery is so taken for granted that it is rarely mentioned in historical or legal texts published in the Americas. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Peoples, which meets annually for two weeks, devoted its entire 2012 session to the doctrine.xx But few US citizens are aware of the precarity of the situation of Indigenous Peoples in the United States._______________i Patrick Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research 8, vol. 4 (December 2006), 387.ii Gary Clayton Anderson, Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime that Should Haunt America. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.), 4.iii “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Paris, 9 December 1948,” Audiovisual Library of International Law, http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/cppcg/cppcg.html (accessed December 6, 2012). See also Josef L. Kunz, “The United Nations Convention on Genocide,” American Journal of International Law 43, no. 4 (October 1949) 738–46.iv April 17, 1873, quoted in John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order(New York: Free Press, 1992), 379.v See Testimony of Pat McLaughlin, Chairman of the Standing Rock Sioux government, Fort Yates, North Dakota (May 8, 1976), at hearings of the American Indian Policy Review Commission, established by Congress in the Act of January 3, 1975.vi See: Kenneth R. Philp, John Collier’s Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920-1954.vii King quoted in Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, The Great Sioux Nation: Sitting in Judgment on America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013), 156.viii For a lucid discussion of neocolonialism in relation to American Indians and the reservation system, see Joseph Jorgensen, The Sun Dance Religion: Power for the Powerless (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 89–146.ix There is continuous migration from reservations to cities and border towns and back to the reservations, so that half the Indian population at any time is away from the reservation. Generally, however, relocation is not permanent and resembles migratory labor more than permanent relocation. This conclusion is based on my personal observations and on unpublished studies of the Indigenous populations in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles.x Walter R. Echo-Hawk, In the Courts of the Conqueror (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2010), 77–78.xi Colin G. Calloway, review of Julian Granberry, The Americas That Might Have Been: Native American Social Systems through Time (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005), Ethnohistory 54, no. 1 (Winter 2007), 196.xii Benjamin Keen, “The White Legend Revisited,” Hispanic American Historical Review 51 (1971): 353.xiii Denevan, “The Pristine Myth,” 4–5.xiv Henry F. Dobyns, Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press in cooperation with the Newberry Library, 1983), 2. See also Dobyns, Native American Historical Demography, and Dobyns, “Estimating Aboriginal American Population: An Appraisal of Techniques with a New Hemispheric Estimate,” Current Anthropology 7 (1966), 295–416, and “Reply,” 440–44.xv Woodrow Wilson Borah, “America as Model: The Demographic Impact of European Expansion upon the Non-European World,” in Actas y Morías XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, México 1962,3 vols. (Mexico City: Editorial Libros de México, 1964), 381.xvii John Grenier, The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 5, 10.xviii http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/25/supreme-court-thwarts-icwa-intent-baby-veronica-case-150103xix Robert J. Miller, “The International Law of Colonialism: A Comparative Analysis,” in “Symposium of International Law in Indigenous Affairs: The Doctrine of Discovery, the United Nations, and the Organization of Americans States,” special issue, Lewis and Clark Law Review 15, no. 4 (Winter 2011), 847–922. See also Vine Deloria Jr., Of Utmost Good Faith (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1971), 6–39; Steven T. Newcomb, Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2008).xx Eleventh Session, United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, http://social.un.org/index/IndigenousPeoples/UNPFIISessions/Eleventh.aspx (accessed October 3, 2013).