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Crossword puzzles were used by the Allies in World War 2 to defeat the Axis powers! Can you believe it! The following is an extract from:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11151478/Could-you-have-been-a-codebreaker-at-Bletchley-Park.htmlCould you have been a codebreaker at Bletchley Park?What people who don’t do them don’t realise about cryptic crosswords is that they’re a battle. They are mental combat between the setter and the solver: there are strict rules of warfare, but within those rules the setter will do anything to mislead and confuse the solver. That’s why a crossword is superior to a sudoku: a computer can set a sudoku, and a computer can solve it, but a crossword is human ingenuity versus human ingenuity, wit versus wit.That could be why, in the Second World War, so many of British military intelligence’s heroes, the men and women of Bletchley Park who broke the apparently unbreakable Enigma machine code, were crossword fanatics. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that crosswords – and, specifically, The Daily Telegraph crossword – helped win the war. So it is ironic that Keira Knightley, one of the stars of a new film about Bletchley, The Imitation Game, admitted that the cast failed to solve a quick crossword in five days.In January 1942, a series of letters to The Daily Telegraph had claimed that the paper’s crossword wasn’t hard enough. It could be solved in a matter of minutes, they said; so a man called WAJ Gavin, the chairman of the Eccentric Club, suggested this be put to the test. He put up a £100 prize, to be donated to charity in the event that anyone could do it, and Arthur Watson, the paper’s then editor, arranged a competition in the newsroom on Fleet Street.Five people beat the 12-minute deadline, although one, the fastest, had misspelled a word and was disqualified. The puzzle was printed in the next day’s edition, January 13 1942, so that everyone could try their hand (see the puzzle further down this article). And there the matter might have rested – but, unknown to the Telegraph and the contestants, the War Office was watching. Stanley Sedgewick, one of those who took part, said: “Several weeks later, I received a letter marked 'Confidential’ inviting me, as a consequence of taking part in 'The Daily Telegraph Crossword Time Test’, to make an appointment to see Col Nichols of the General Staff, who 'would very much like to see you on a matter of national importance’.” Mr Sedgewick, and several others who took part that day, ended up working at Bletchley Park, breaking German military codes.“Whether it’s a simple cipher, or something as complex as the codes of the Enigma machine which the Bletchley codebreakers were working on, the trick is making links between letters and words,” says Michael Smith, the author of Station X: The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park (and who interviewed Mr Sedgewick for the Telegraph in 1998). “Crosswords are the same sort of lateral-thinking exercise.”Just as with crosswords, where working out 15 Down gives you a few letters in the Across clues, you can use the information from cracking part of a code to crack the rest of it; it is, says Smith, a very similar logical procedure.But more importantly, crosswords are about getting inside the mind of your opponent, and in the same way, codebreaking was about getting inside the mind of your enemy. The codebreakers came to know the people encoding the messages individually, by their styles, as crossword-solvers come to know setters. One, Mavis Batey, worked out that two of the Enigma machine operators had girlfriends called Rosa: “She worked it out, trying different options, like in a crossword. Once it worked once, it was an obvious option elsewhere,” says Smith.Cracked it: code-breaking personnel at Bletchley Park in 1943Not all of the Bletchley codebreakers were crossword fans, says Smith, but a large number were. James Grime, a mathematician and an expert on Alan Turing, agrees: “It was problem solvers they needed; unconventional thinkers to solve the problem.” Crossword-solving, like mathematics and code-breaking itself, involves creative, lateral thinking, “not being a robot and following a procedure”.To modern crossword fans, the Telegraph puzzles of the Forties look strange. Cryptic crosswords today almost all follow rigid rules, known as “Ximenean”, after the great Observer crossword setter Ximenes. Those rules were summed up as saying that a good clue should contain: “1. A precise definition; 2. A fair subsidiary indication; 3. Nothing else.” So a clue from yesterday’s Telegraph reads: “Obstacle about first piece of equipment that’s technologically advanced (2-4).” The answer is “hi-tech”; the definition is “technologically advanced”, and the indication is “hitch” (obstacle), arranged about “e” (the first “piece”, or letter, of the word “equipment”).The answers to this crossword are available at the bottom of this page - scroll down if you need some helpBut Ximenes’s rules were not yet in place in the war years; so clues could be general knowledge questions, or simple anagrams, or riddles. One clue from August 1942 read “This is weighty without its head (6)”: the answer is “eighty”. The clue lacks a definition at all. But while the specific rules were different, the general themes, of lateral thinking and problem-solving, were the same; hence their value to Bletchley.The Telegraph crossword had another role in the Second World War, and a far less happy one. In the same August 1942 puzzle, one clue read “French port (6)”. The answer was “Dieppe”: and the next day, the Allied forces raided that same French port, with disastrous results and the loss of nearly 4,000 British and Canadian lives. Canadian and British military intelligence looked into it, but decided that it was a fluke.Two years later, though, something similar happened. Between May 2 and June 1 1944, the words Utah, Omaha, Overlord, Mulberry and Neptune all appeared as answers in our crossword – and all of them were codewords for aspects of the D-Day landings, which took place on June 6. The crossword setter, a teacher called Leonard Dawe, was questioned – “they turned me inside out”, he said. It turned out that he’d been getting the words he used from the children he taught – and one of them had been taking notes from listening to American servicemen billeted near his house.Luckily, no one in Germany seems to have made the connection, and the D-Day landings went ahead as planned – and Bletchley Park’s codebreakers played their part in the misdirection that led the Germans to discount Normandy as a possible landing zone. So the Telegraph crossword’s impact on the Allied war effort was, it appears, solely positive.Bletchley’s code-crackers won the battle of minds with their German counterparts, their minds apparently sharpened by Leonard Dawe and his fellow crossword-setters. And in one sense, says Smith, it’s hardly surprising that there’s a mental overlap: after all, the word “enigma” is Greek for “puzzle”.Telegraph Crossword Answers Across: 1 Troupe, 4 Short cut, 9 Privet, 10 Aromatic, 12 Trend, 13 Great deal, 15 Owe, 16 Feign, 17 Newark, 22 Impale, 24 Guise, 27 Ash, 28 Centre bit, 31 Token, 32 Lame dogs, 33 Racing, 34 Silencer, 35 Alight. Down: 1 Tipstaff, 2 Olive oil, 3 Pseudonym, 5 Horde, 6 Remit, 7 Cutter, 8 Tackle, 11 Agenda, 14 Ada, 18 Wreath, 19 Right nail, 20 Tinkling, 21 Sennight, 23 Pie, 25 Scales, 26 Enamel, 29 Rodin, 30 Bogie.

In looking over the op-ed.Romney puts a pin in the departure of General Mattis as a low point in the Trump presidency.He emphasizes ‘character’ as Trump’s central flaw.He places that flaw as central to the falling place of America in the view of the rest of the world.He points out the unstable governments in many world nationsHe emphasizes institutions“a free press, the rule of law, strong churches, and responsible corporations and unions. “He puts a pin in fiscal responsibilityHe puts another pin in working with other nationsHe reiterates limits and emphasizes institutions.“I will speak out against significant statements or actions that are divisive, racist, sexist, anti-immigrant, dishonest or destructive to democratic institutions.”Romney has two things that constrain other senators. He has ‘fuck you money’ and he has ‘fuck you votes’. If necessary, he could spend his own fortune to defend his Senate seat in Utah, but he doesn't have to because he will always be elected to that seat as long as he is alive.What I think you’re seeing is Mitt Romney stating his limits and what he’s prepared to do. He doesn't have to appeal to the money-men in Republican politics.Romney standing up will give cover to other Republicans who feel compelled (by morality, religious beliefs or self interest). Romney has limited ‘hooks’ for Senator John Cornyn to pressure him on.But, like all politics, the proof will be seen in the pudding. If Romney can quickly grasp the intricacies of parliamentary procedure in the Senate, he can be very, very powerful. This was the root of LBJ’s influence. If Romney just spouts pretty words, he’ll look like Jeff Flake.Ultimately, I think Romney penned the op-ed because 1) he can do it without consequence and 2) Trump is weak.

Why is everyone dissing Elizabeth Warren for proving that she had a native American ancestor?The people doing so are generally advancing a political agenda. In other words, they don’t like Warren’s politics, so they attack her for having a DNA test; or they resort to outright ridicule. Both attacks and ridicule apply inaccurate information to fuel their attacks.The average right wing troll “knows” a lot about Elizabeth Warren that is factually untrue. The DNA test, for instance, does not prove Warren has fewer Native American markers than the average American:This basic error in understanding the test results was compounded by the RNC’s reference to the 2014 New York Times article, which was about a genetic profile of the United States, based on a study of 160,000 peopledrawn from the customer base of 23andMe, a consumer personal genetics company. With reporters believing that Warren’s genome was only as little as 0.01 percent Native American*, the article’s line that “European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American” made it appear as if Warren’s sample was even smaller than that of the average American. (*Note: an earlier version of this article mistakenly referred to the high end of range, 1.56 percent.)Not so. Remember we said that the Bustamante study said she had 10 times more than the individuals from Utah? That’s the relevant statistic, indicating that her claim to some Native American heritage is much stronger than most European Americans.[1][1][1][1]The right wing has pulled out all the stops in going after Warren. There is an ironic disconnect between their arguments, most of which claim Warren’s DNA results are not enough to merit a claim to Native American ancestry. Since many Native American tribes eschew DNA evidence and other indications of blood quantum as a basis for tribal identity, one can see just how disingenuous the right wing outrage is. Warren could have no genetic markers but still have a claim to tribal identity through conventional genealogy.Some Native Americans, particularly within the Cherokee Nation, have criticized Warren. Their view is Warren’s DNA test was a backhanded attempt to assert a tribal identity. Warren has clarified she is not attempting to establish a tribal identity. The other two Cherokee tribes in the US have been more measured in their responses to Warren’s DNA test.Footnotes[1] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/18/just-about-everything-youve-read-warren-dna-test-is-wrong/?utm_term=.b8225f93b7c8[1] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/18/just-about-everything-youve-read-warren-dna-test-is-wrong/?utm_term=.b8225f93b7c8[1] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/18/just-about-everything-youve-read-warren-dna-test-is-wrong/?utm_term=.b8225f93b7c8[1] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/18/just-about-everything-youve-read-warren-dna-test-is-wrong/?utm_term=.b8225f93b7c8