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Our boy Trump has spent a lot of time and money in and out of court. The following very long and ongoing list of court cases won and lost, is compliments of Wikipedia:Trump and his businesses have been involved in 3,500 legal cases in U.S. federal courts and state court, an unprecedented number for a U.S. presidential candidate.[1]Of the 3,500 suits, Trump or one of his companies were plaintiffs in 1,900; defendants in 1,450; and bankruptcy, third party, or other in 150.[1]Trump was named in at least 169 suits in federal court.[2]Over 150 other cases were in the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida (covering Broward County, Florida) since 1983.[3]In about 500 cases, judges dismissed plaintiffs' claims against Trump. In hundreds more, cases ended with the available public record unclear about the resolution.[1]Where there was a clear resolution, Trump won 451 times, and lost 38.[4]The topics of the legal cases include contract disputes, defamation claims, and allegations of sexual harassment. Trump's companies have been involved in more than 100 tax disputes, and on "at least three dozen" occasions the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance has obtained tax liens against Trump properties for nonpayment of taxes.[1]On a number of occasions, Trump has threatened legal action but did not ultimately follow through.[5]Of Trump's involvement in the lawsuits, his lawyer Alan Garten said in 2015 that this was "a natural part of doing business in [the United States]",[5][6]and in the real estate industry, litigation to enforce contracts and resolve business disputes is indeed common.[5]Trump has, however, been involved in far more litigation than fellow real-estate magnates; the USA Today analysis in 2016 found that Trump had been involved in legal disputes more than Edward J. DeBartolo Jr., Donald Bren, Stephen M. Ross, Sam Zell, and Larry Silverstein combined.[1]The Trump lawsuits[5][6]have attracted criticism from Trump's opponents, who say that this is not a trait that conservatives should support.[5]James Copland, director of legal policy at the conservative-leaning Manhattan Institute, states that "Trump clearly has an affinity for filing lawsuits, partly because he owns a lot of businesses" and has sometimes used litigation as a "bullying tactic".[5]Although Trump has said that he "never" settles legal claims, Trump and his businesses have settled with plaintiffs in at least 100 cases (mostly involving personal injury claims arising from injuries at Trump properties), with settlements ranging as high as hundreds of thousands of U.S. dollars[1]and recently as high as tens of millions of dollars.[7]Among the most well-known Trump legal cases was the Trump University litigation. Three legal actions were brought alleging fraud, one by the New York State Attorney General and the others by class action plaintiffs.[8]In November 2016, Trump agreed to pay $25 million to settle the litigation.[7]In 1985, New York City brought a lawsuit against Trump for allegedly using tactics to force out tenants of 100 Central Park South,[17]which he intended to demolish together with the building next door. After ten years in court, the two sides negotiated a deal allowing the building to stand as condominiums.[18]In 1988, the Justice Department sued Trump for violating procedures related to public notifications when buying voting stock in a company related to his attempted takeovers of Holiday Corporation and Bally Manufacturing Corporation in 1986. On April 5, 1988, Trump agreed to pay $750,000 to settle the civil penalties of the antitrust lawsuit.[19]In late 1990, Trump was sued for $2 million by a business analyst for defamation, and Trump settled out of court.[20]Briefly before Trump's Taj Mahal opened in April 1990, the analyst had said that the project would fail by the end of that year. Trump threatened to sue the analyst's firm unless the analyst recanted or was fired. The analyst refused to retract the statements, and his firm fired him for ostensibly unrelated reasons.[21]Trump Taj Mahal declared bankruptcy in November 1990, the first of several such bankruptcies.[22]After, the NYSE ordered the firm to compensate the analyst $750,000; the analyst did not release the details of his settlement with Trump.[23]In 1991, Trump sued the manufacturers of a helicopter that crashed in 1989, killing three executives of his New Jersey hotel casino business.[24]The helicopter fell 2,800 feet after the main four-blade rotor and tail rotor broke off the craft, killing Jonathan Benanav, an executive of Trump Plaza, and two others: Mark Grossinger Etess, president of Trump Taj Mahal, and Stephen F. Hyde, chief executive of the Atlantic City casinos.[25][26][27]One of the defendants was owned by the Italian government, providing a basis for removing it to federal court, where the case was dismissed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld the dismissal in 1992, and the Supreme Court denied Trump's petition to hear the case in the same year.[28]In 1991, Trump Plaza was fined $200,000 by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission for moving African American and female employees from craps tables in order to accommodate high roller Robert LiButti, a mob figure and alleged John Gotti associate, who was said to fly into fits of racist rage when he was on losing streaks.[29]There is no indication that Trump was ever questioned in that investigation, he was not held personally liable, and Trump denies even knowing what LiButti looked like.[29]In 1991, one of Trump's casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, was found guilty of circumventing state regulations about casino financing when Donald Trump's father bought $3.5 million in chips that he had no plans to gamble. Trump Castle was forced to pay a $30,000 fine under the settlement, according to New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement Director Jack Sweeney. Trump was not disciplined for the illegal advance on his inheritance, which was not confiscated.[30]In 1993, Donald Trump sued Jay Pritzker, a Chicago financier and Trump's business partner since 1979 on the Grand Hyatt hotel. Trump alleged that Pritzker overstated earnings in order to collect excessive management fees.[31]In 1994, Pritzker sued Trump for violating their agreement by, among other ways, failing to remain solvent.[32]The two parties ended the feud in 1995 in a sealed settlement, in which Trump retained some control of the hotel and Pritzker would receive reduced management fees and pay Trump's legal expenses.[33]In 1993, Vera Coking sued Trump and his demolition contractor for damage to her home during construction of the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino.[34]In 1997, she dropped the suit against Trump and settled with his contractor for $90,000.[35]Coking had refused to sell her home to Trump and ultimately won a 1998 Supreme Court decision that prevented Atlantic City from using eminent domain to condemn her property.[36][37]In 1996, Trump was sued by more than 20 African-American residents of Indiana who charged that Trump reneged on promises to hire 70% of his work force from the minority community for his riverboat casino on Lake Michigan. The suit also charged that he hadn't honored his commitments to steer sufficient contracts to minority-owned businesses in Gary, Indiana. The suit was eventually dismissed due to procedural and jurisdiction issues.[38][39]In the late 1990s, Donald Trump and rival Atlantic City casino owner Stephen Wynn engaged in an extended legal conflict during the planning phase of new casinos Wynn had proposed to build. Both owners filed lawsuits against one another and other parties, including the State of New Jersey, beginning with Wynn's antitrust accusation against Trump.[40][41]After two years in court, Wynn's Mirage casino sued Trump in 1999 alleging that his company had engaged in a conspiracy to harm Mirage and steal proprietary information, primarily lists of wealthy Korean gamblers. In response, Trump's attorneys claimed that Trump's private investigator dishonored his contract by working as a "double agent" for the Mirage casino by secretly taping conversations with Trump. All the cases were settled at the same time on the planned day of an evidentiary hearing in court in February 2000, which was never held.[42]Personal and sexualIn 1992, Trump sued ex-wife Ivana Trump for not honoring a gag clause in their divorce agreement by disclosing facts about him in her best-selling book. Trump won the gag order.[43][44][45]The divorce was granted on grounds that Ivana claimed Donald Trump's treatment of her was "cruel and inhuman treatment".[46][47]Years later, Ivana said that she and Donald "are the best of friends".[48]A sexual assault claim from 1994 for child rape was filed against Trump on October 14, 2016,[49]a case that was dropped and refiled, remaining in suspension as of November 4, 2016.[50]In April 1997, Jill Harth Houraney filed a $125,000,000 lawsuit against Trump for sexual harassment in 1993, claiming he "'groped' her under her dress and told her he wanted to make her his 'sex slave'". Harth voluntarily withdrew the suit when her husband settled a parallel case. Trump has called the allegations "meritless".[51][52]Lawsuits 2000–2009[edit]In 2000, Donald Trump paid $250,000 to settle fines related to charges brought by New York State Lobbying Commission director David Grandeau. Trump was charged with circumventing state law to spend $150,000 lobbying against government approval of plans to construct an Indian-run casino in the Catskills, which would have diminished casino traffic to Trump's casinos in Atlantic City.[53][54]From 2000 on, Trump tried to partner with a German venture in building a "Trump Tower Europe" in Germany. The company founded for this, "TD Trump Deutschland AG" was dissolved in 2003, several lawsuits following in the years thereafter.[55]In 2001, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission brought a financial-reporting case against Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts Inc., alleging that the company had committed several "misleading statements in the company's third-quarter 1999 earnings release". Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts Inc. consented to the Commission's cease-and-desist order, said the culprit had been dismissed, and that Trump had personally been unaware of the matter.[56][57][58]Trump sued Leona Helmsley,[59]and Helmsley counter-sued Trump[60]due to contentions regarding ownership and operation of the Empire State Building. In 2002, Trump announced that he and his Japanese business partners, were selling the Empire State Building to partners of his rival Leona Helmsley.[61][62]In 2003, the city of Stuttgart denied TD Trump Deutschland AG, a Trump Organization subsidiary, the permission to build a planned tower due to questions over its financing. Trump Deutschland sued the city of Stuttgart, and lost. In 2004 Trump's German corporate partner brought suit against the Trump Organization for failure to pay back a EUR 200 million pre-payment as promised. In 2005, the German state attorney prosecuted Trump Deutschland and its partners for accounting fraud.[63][64][65]In 2004, Donald Trump sued Richard T. Fields in Broward County Circuit Court (in Florida); Fields was once Trump's business partner in the casino business, but had recently become a successful casino developer in Florida apart from Trump. Fields counter-sued Trump in Florida court. Trump alleged that Fields misled other parties into believing he still consulted for Trump, and Fields alleged improprieties in Trump's business.[66]The two businessmen agreed in 2008 to drop the lawsuits when Fields agreed to buy Trump Marina in Atlantic City, New Jersey, for $316 million,[67]but the deal was unsettled again in 2009 because Trump resigned his leadership of Trump Entertainment after Fields lowered his bid.[68]Fields never bought the company, which went into bankruptcy about the same time and was sold for $38 million.[69][70]Trump's lawsuit was dismissed after a hearing in 2010.[71]In 2004, the Trump Organization partnered with Bayrock Group on a $200 million hotel and condo project in Fort Lauderdale Beach, to be called Trump International Hotel & Tower. After proceeding for five years, real estate market devaluation stymied the project in 2009 and Trump dissolved his licensing deal, demanding that his name be removed from the building. Soon after this, the project defaulted on a $139 million loan in 2010.[72]Investors later sued the developers for fraud. Trump petitioned to have his name removed from the suit, saying he had only lent his name to the project. However his request was refused since he had participated in advertising for it.[73]The insolvent building project spawned over 10 lawsuits, some of which were still not settled in early 2016.[74]In 2006, the Town of Palm Beach began fining Trump $250 per day for ordinance violations related to his erection of an 80-foot-tall (24 m) flagpole flying a 15 by 25 feet (4.6 by 7.6 m) American flag on his property. Trump sued the town for $25 million, saying that they abridged his free speech, also disputing an ordinance that local businesses be "town-serving". The two parties settled as part of a court-ordered mediation, in which Trump was required to donate $100,000 to veterans' charities. At the same time, the town ordinance was modified allowing Trump to enroll out-of-town members in his Mar-a-Lago social club.[75]Trump International Hotel and Tower in ChicagoAfter the 2008 housing-market collapse, Deutsche Bank attempted to collect $40 million that Donald Trump personally guaranteed against their $640 million loan for Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. Rather than paying the debt, Trump sued Deutsche Bank for $3 billion for undermining the project and damage to his reputation.[76]Deutsche Bank then filed suit to obtain the $40 million. The two parties settled in 2010 with Deutsche Bank extending the loan term by five years.[77]In 2008, Trump filed a $100 million lawsuit for alleged fraud and civil rights violations[78]against the California city of Rancho Palos Verdes, over thwarted luxury home development and expansion plans upon part of a landslide-prone golf course in the area, which was purchased by Trump in 2002 for $27 million.[78]Trump had previously sued a local school district over land leased from them in the re-branded Trump National Golf Club, and had further angered some local residents by renaming a thoroughfare after himself.[78]The $100 million suit was ultimately withdrawn in 2012 with Trump and the city agreeing to modified geological surveys and permit extensions for some 20 proposed luxury homes (in addition to 36 homes previously approved).[79][80]Trump ultimately opted for a permanent conservation easement instead of expanded housing development on the course's driving range.[81]In 2009, Donald Trump sued a law firm he had used, Morrison Cohen, for $5 million for mentioning his name and providing links to related news articles on its website. This lawsuit followed a lawsuit by Trump alleging overcharging by the law firm, and a countersuit by Morrison Cohen seeking unpaid legal fees.[82]The suit was dismissed in a 15-page ruling by Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Eileen Bransten, who ruled that the links to news articles concerned "matters of public interest."[83]In 2009, Trump was sued by investors who had made deposits for condos in the canceled Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico.[84]The investors said that Trump misrepresented his role in the project, stating after its failure that he had been little more than a spokesperson for the entire venture, disavowing any financial responsibility for the debacle.[85]Investors were informed that their investments would not be returned due to the cancellation of construction.[84]In 2013, Trump settled the lawsuit with more than one hundred prospective condo owners for an undisclosed amount.[86]Lawsuits 2010–presentConstruction and property law matters[edit]In 2011, Donald Trump sued Scotland, alleging that it built the Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm after assuring him it would not be built. He had recently built a golf course there and planned to build an adjacent hotel. Trump lost his suit, with the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom unanimously ruling in favor of the Scottish government in 2015.[87][88]In 2013, 87-year-old Jacqueline Goldberg alleged that Trump cheated her in a condominium sale by bait-and-switch when she was purchasing properties at the Trump International Hotel and Tower.[89]In 2015, Trump initiated a $100 million lawsuit against Palm Beach County claiming that officials, in a "deliberate and malicious" act, pressured the FAA to direct air traffic to the Palm Beach International Airport over his Mar-a-Lago estate, because he said the airplanes damaged the building and disrupted its ambiance.[90]Trump had previously sued the county twice over airport noise; the first lawsuit, in 1995, ended with an agreement between Trump and the county; Trump's second lawsuit, in 2010, was dismissed.[90]Trump is suing the town of Ossining, New York, over the property tax valuation on his 147-acre (59 ha) Trump National Golf Club Westchester, located in Briarcliff Manor's portion of the town, which Trump purchased for around $8 million at a foreclosure sale in the 1990s and to which he claimed, at the club's opening, to have added $45 million in facility improvements.[91]Although Trump stated in his 2015 FEC filing that the property was worth at least $50 million, his lawsuit seeks a $1.4 million valuation on the property, which includes a 75,000-square-foot clubhouse, five overnight suites, and permission to build 71 condominium units,[91]in an effort to shave $424,176 from his annual local property tax obligations.(91A) Trump had to pay nearly $300,000 in attorney’s fees in Doral painter’s lawsuit related to unpaid bills brought by a local paint store against the Trump National Doral Miami golf resort, ordered the billionaire politician’s company to pay the Doral-based mom-and-pop shop nearly $300,000 in attorney’s fees. All because, according to the lawsuit, Trump allegedly tried to stiff The Paint Spot on its last payment of $34,863 on a $200,000 contract for paint used in the renovation of the home of golf’s famed Blue Monster two years prior.[92]Trump filed the action after separately being sued by Briarcliff Manor for "intentional and illegal modifications" to a drainage system that caused more than $238,000 in damage to the village's library, public pool, and park facilities during a 2011 storm.[92]In October 2016, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that Trump, together with two principals of a connected developer, could be sued for various claims, including oppression, collusion and breach of fiduciary duties, in relation to his role in the marketing of units in the Trump International Hotel and Tower in Toronto, Canada.[93]A subsequent application for leave to appeal was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada in March 2017.[94]Also in October 2016, JCF Capital ULC (a private firm that had bought the construction loan on the building) announced that it was seeking court approval under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act to have the building sold in order to recoup its debt, which then totaled $301 million.[95]The court allowed for its auction[96]which took place in March 2017, but no bidders, apart from one stalking horse offer, took part.[97]Defamation mattersAlso in 2011, an appellate court upheld a New Jersey Superior Court judge's decision dismissing Trump's $5 billion defamation lawsuit against author Timothy L. O'Brien, who had reported in his book, TrumpNation: The Art of Being the Donald (2005), that Trump's true net worth was really between $150 and $250 million. Trump had reportedly told O'Brien he was worth billions and, in 2005, had publicly stated such.[98]Trump said that the author's alleged underestimation of his net worth was motivated by malice and had cost him business deals and damage to his reputation.[99]The appellate court, however, ruled against Trump, citing the consistency of O'Brien's three confidential sources.[100]In 2014, the former Miss Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin ultimately settled a $5 million arbitration judgment against her, having been sued by Trump after alleging that the Miss USA 2012 pageant results were rigged. Monnin wrote on her Facebook page that another contestant told her during a rehearsal that she had seen a list of the top five finalists, and when those names were called in their precise order, Monnin realized the pageant election process was suspect, compelling Monnin to resign her Miss Pennsylvania title. The Trump Organization's lawyer said that Monnin's allegations had cost the pageant a lucrative British Petroleum sponsorship deal and threatened to discourage women from entering Miss USA contests in the future.[101]According to Monnin, testimony from the Miss Universe Organization and Ernst & Young revealed that the top 15 finalists were selected by pageant directors regardless of preliminary judges' scores.[102]As part of the settlement, Monnin was not required to retract her original statements.[101]On January 17, 2017, Summer Zervos, represented by attorney Gloria Allred, filed a defamation suit against President-Elect Donald Trump for claiming that she had lied in her public sexual assault allegations against him.[103]Financial mattersIn July 2011, New York firm ALM Unlimited filed a lawsuit against Trump, who ended payments to the company in 2008 after nearly three years. ALM was hired in 2003 to seek offers from clothing companies for a Trump fashion line, and had arranged a meeting between Trump and PVH, which licensed the Trump name for dress shirts and neckwear. ALM, which had received over $300,000, alleged in the lawsuit that Trump's discontinuation of payments was against their initial agreement. In pre-trial depositions, Trump and two of his business officials – attorney George H. Ross and executive vice president of global licensing Cathy Glosser – gave contradictory statements regarding whether ALM was entitled to payments. Trump, who felt that ALM had only a limited role in the deal between him and PVH, said "I have thousands of checks that I sign a week, and I don't look at very many of the checks; and eventually I did look, and when I saw them (ALM) I stopped paying them because I knew it was a mistake or somebody made a mistake."[104]In January 2013, a judge ordered that the case go to trial, after Trump and ALM failed to settle the lawsuit.[105]During the trial in April 2013, Trump said that ALM's role in the PVH agreement was insubstantial, stating that Regis Philbin was the one who recommended PVH to him. Trump's attorney, Alan Garten, said ALM was not legally entitled to any money.[105][106][107]The judge ruled in favor of Trump later that month because a valid contract between him and ALM was never created.[107]Trump University litigationMain article: Trump University § Allegations of impropriety and lawsuitsIn 2013, in a lawsuit filed by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, Trump was accused of defrauding more than 5,000 people of $40 million for the opportunity to learn Trump's real estate investment techniques in a for-profit training program, Trump University, which operated from 2005 to 2011.[108][109][110]Trump ultimately stopped using the term "University" following a 2010 order from New York regulators, who called Trump's use of the word "misleading and even illegal"; the state had previously warned Trump in 2005 to drop the term or not offer seminars in New York.[111][112][113]Although Trump has claimed a 98% approval rating on course evaluations, former students recounted high-pressure tactics from instructors seeking the highest possible ratings, including threats of withholding graduation certificates,[114]and more than 2,000 students had sought and received course refunds before the end of their paid seminars.[114]In a separate class action civil suit against Trump University in mid-February 2014, a San Diego federal judge allowed claimants in California, Florida, and New York to proceed;[115]a Trump counterclaim, alleging that the state Attorney General's investigation was accompanied by a campaign donation shakedown, was investigated by a New York ethics board and dismissed in August 2015.[116]Trump filed a $1 million defamation suit against former Trump University student Tarla Makaeff, who had spent about $37,000 on seminars, after she joined the class action lawsuit and publicized her classroom experiences on social media.[85]Trump University was later ordered by a U.S. District Judge in April 2015 to pay Makaeff and her lawyers $798,774.24 in legal fees and costs.[85][117]Breach of contract matters2013]In 2013 Trump sued comedian Bill Maher for $5 million for breach of contract.[118]Maher had appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and had offered to pay $5 million to a charity if Trump produced his birth certificate to prove that Trump's mother had not mated with an orangutan. This was said by Maher in response to Trump having previously challenged Obama to produce his birth certificate, and offering $5 million payable to a charity of Obama's choice, if Obama produced his college applications, transcripts, and passport records.[119][120]Trump produced his birth certificate and filed a lawsuit after Maher was not forthcoming, claiming that Maher's $5 million offer was legally binding. "I don't think he was joking," Trump said. "He said it with venom."[119]Trump withdrew his lawsuit against the comedian after eight weeks.[121]2014[edit]In 2014, model Alexia Palmer filed a civil suit against Trump Model Management for promising a $75,000 annual salary but paying only $3,380.75 for three years' work. Palmer, who came to the US at age 17 from Jamaica under the H-1B visa program in 2011,[122]claimed to be owed more than $200,000. Palmer contended that Trump Model Management charged, in addition to a management fee, "obscure expenses" from postage to limousine rides that consumed the remainder of her compensation. Palmer alleged that Trump Model Management promised to withhold only 20% of her net pay as agency expenses, but after charging her for those "obscure expenses", ended up taking 80%.[123]Trump attorney Alan Garten claimed the lawsuit is "bogus and completely frivolous".[124][125]Palmer filed a class-action lawsuit against the modeling agency with similar allegations.[126]The case was dismissed from U.S. federal court in March 2016, in part because Palmer's immigration status, via H1-B visa sponsored by Trump, required labor complaints to be filed through a separate process.[123][127]2015[edit]In 2015, Trump sued Univision, demanding $500 million for breach of contract and defamation when they dropped their planned broadcast of the Miss USA pageant. The network said that the decision was made because of Trump's "insulting remarks about Mexican immigrants".[128]Trump settled the lawsuit with Univision CEO Randy Falco out of court.[129]In July 2015, Trump filed a $10 million lawsuit in D.C. Superior Court for breach of contract against Spanish celebrity chef José Andrés, claiming that he backed out of a deal to open the flagship restaurant at Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C.[130][131]Andrés replied that Trump's lawsuit was "both unsurprising and without merit"[132]and filed an $8 million counterclaim against a Trump Organization subsidiary.[131][133]Also in July 2015, Chef Geoffrey Zakarian also withdrew from the Washington, D.C., project with Andrés in the wake of Trump's comments on Mexican illegal immigrants, and is expected to lose his own $500,000 restaurant lease deposit as a result.[132]Trump denounced and then sued Zakarian in August 2015 for a sum "in excess of $10 million" for lost rent and other damages.[134]Trump's lawsuit called Zakarian's offense at his remarks "curious in light of the fact that Mr. Trump's publicly shared views on immigration have remained consistent for many years, and Mr. Trump's willingness to frankly share his opinions is widely known".[134][135]Disputes with both chefs were eventually settled in April 2017.[136]In 2015, restaurant workers at Trump SoHo filed a lawsuit that from 2009 to at least the time of the filing, gratuities added to customers' checks were illegally withheld from employees. The Trump Organization has responded that the dispute is between the employees and their employer, a third-party contractor. Donald Trump has been scheduled to testify in court on September 1, 2016.[137][138]2018[edit]In 2018, Noel Cintron, the personal driver for Donald Trump before he became the President of the United States, filed a lawsuit Cintron v Trump Organization LLC with the Supreme Court of the State of New York (Manhattan). The lawsuit claims that during his 25-year employment by Trump, he was not compensated for overtime and the second time his salary was raised he was induced to surrender his health insurance, an action which saved Trump approximately $17,866 per year.[139]The lawsuit seeks $178,200 of overtime back pay, plus $5,000 in penalties that are seen under the New York State Labor Law.[140]Assault claims[edit]In September 2015, five men who had demonstrated outside of a Trump presidential campaign event at Trump Tower in New York City sued Donald Trump, alleging that Trump's security staff punched one of them. They also allege that Trump's security guards had been advised by city police that they were permitted to protest there. Several people videotaped the incident.[141][142]In June 2015, the Culinary Workers Union filed charges with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), alleging that the owners of Trump Hotel Las Vegas "violated the federally protected rights of workers to participate in union activities" and engaged in "incidents of alleged physical assault, verbal abuse, intimidation, and threats by management".[143]In October 2015, the Trump Ruffin Commercial and Trump Ruffin Tower I, the owners of Trump Hotel Las Vegas, sued the Culinary Workers Union and another union, alleging that they had knowingly distributed flyers that falsely stated that Donald Trump had stayed at a rival unionized hotel, rather than his own non-unionized hotel, during a trip to Las Vegas.[5][143]Poll watching controversy[edit]On October 31, 2016, a New Jersey federal judge, John Michael Vazquez, ordered the Republican National Committee (RNC) to hand over all communications with the Trump campaign related to poll watching and voter fraud. He asked for testimony and documents relating to Kellyanne Conway, RNC officials Ronna Romney McDaniel of Michigan, and Rob Gleason from Pennsylvania.[144]It is claimed Gleason, McDaniel, and Roger Stone recruited poll watchers to check for voter fraud. The state Democratic parties of Nevada, Pennsylvania, Arizona, and Ohio filed lawsuits against Trump for encouraging illegal voter intimidation. The states' Democratic parties are also suing their respective Republican party counterparts, along with Roger Stone, who is allegedly recruiting poll watchers and organizing ballot security efforts in a number of states. Stone runs the group "Stop the Steal." It claims Trump supporters yelled at voters outside Las Vegas area polling places when they said they weren't voting for the Republican nominee, and that Stone is asking supporters to conduct an illegitimate "exit polling" initiative aimed at intimidating voters of color.Pat McDonald, the director of Cuyahoga County Board of Elections in Ohio, reported that "Trump supporters have already visited the county elections board identifying themselves as poll observers, even though they did not appear to be credentialed as poll observers as required under Ohio law." Election officials have expressed concern about "instability on Election Day," one lawsuit claims, and discussed the possibility of bringing police to polling sites to address conflicts. In Clark County of Nevada, a lawsuit claims: "A Trump supporter harassed and intimidated multiple voters outside of the Albertson's supermarket early voting location on Lake Mead Boulevard, repeatedly asking voters for whom they were voting, and then yelling at them belligerently and attempting to keep them from entering the voting location when they stated they were not voting for Donald Trump." When poll staffers told the Trump supporters to stop harassing voters, "the Trump supporter told poll workers that he had 'a right to say anything he wanted to the voters.'" Poll staffers called police, and the Trump supporter left. The lawsuit also claims similar incidents took place in neighboring Nye County as well. In Pennsylvania, Murrysville City Councilman Josh Lorenz supposedly posted instructions for the way Clinton supporters could vote online, even though there is no online voting in Pennsylvania. Eight registered electors, mostly from the Philadelphia area, challenged the portion of the state Election Code that prevents poll watchers from observing elections outside of the counties where they live.[145][146][147]In Pompano Beach, Florida, police asked two poll watchers to leave a polling site. Two precinct clerks were also fired for not adhering to policy and training. No arrests were made. No other incidents were reported in South Florida.[148][149]Nevada early voting Latino turnout controversy[edit]On November 8, 2016, Trump filed a lawsuit claiming early voting polling places in Clark County, Nevada, were kept open too late. These precincts had high turnout of Latino voters. Nevada state law explicitly states that polls are to stay open to accommodate eligible voters in line at closing time. Hillary Clinton campaign advisor Neera Tanden says the Trump campaign is trying to suppress Latino voter turnout. A political analyst from Nevada, Jon Ralston tweeted that the Trump lawsuit is "insane" in a state that clearly allows the polls to remains open until everyone in line has voted. Former Nevada Secretary of State Ross Miller, posted the statute that states "voting must continue until those voters have voted". Miller said: "If there are people in line waiting to vote at 7 pm, voting must continue until everyone votes.... We still live in America, right?"[150]A Nevada judge denied Trump's request to separate early voting ballots. Judge Gloria Sturman, of the District Court for Clark County Nevada, ruled that County Registrar of Voters Joe P. Gloria was already obligated by state law to maintain the records that the Trump campaign is seeking. Sturman said: "That is offensive to me because it seems to go against the very principle that a vote is secret."[151][152]Diana Orrock, the Republican National Committeewoman for Nevada and a vocal Trump ally, said she was unaware of the lawsuit before Politico contacted her. "I know that the [Clark County] registrar was on TV this morning saying that anybody who's in line was allowed to participate in the voting process until all of them came through," she said. "If that's what they did, I don't have a problem with that ... I don't know that filing a suit's going to accomplish anything." Orrock doubts the lawsuit will have any impact.[153]Lawsuit for inciting violence at March 2016 campaign rally[edit]During a campaign rally on March 1, 2016 in Louisville, Kentucky, Trump repeatedly said "get 'em out of here" while pointing at anti-Trump protesters as they were forcibly escorted out by his supporters. Three protesters say they were repeatedly shoved and punched while Trump pointed at them from the podium, citing widely shared video evidence of the events. They also cited previous statements by Trump about paying the legal bills of supporters who got violent, or suggesting a demonstrator deserved to be "roughed up."[154][155][156][157]The lawsuit accuses Donald Trump of inciting violence against protesters in Louisville, Kentucky. The plaintiffs are Kashiya Nwanguma (21), Molly Shah (36) and Henry Brousseau (17). The suit is against Trump, his campaign, and three Trump supporters (Matthew Heimbach, Alvin Bamberger and an unnamed defendant). One defendant, Bamburger, who was wearing a Veteran's uniform in the video, apologized to the Korean War Veterans Association immediately after the event, writing that he "physically pushed a young woman down the aisle toward the exit" after "Trump kept saying 'get them out, get them out."[154]Trump's attorneys requested to get the case dismissed, arguing he was protected by free speech laws, and wasn't trying to get his supporters to resort to violence.[156][158]They also stated that Trump had no duty to the protesters, and they had assumed the personal risk of injury by deciding to protest at the rally.[154]On Friday, April 1, 2017, Judge David J. Hale in Louisville ruled against the dismissal of a lawsuit, stating there was ample evidence to support that the injuries of the protesters were a "direct and proximate result" of Trump's words and actions. Hale wrote, "It is plausible that Trump's direction to 'get 'em out of here' advocated the use of force," and, "It was an order, an instruction, a command." Hale wrote that the Supreme Court has ruled out some protections for free speech when used to incite violence.[159]Defendant Heimbach requested to dismiss the discussion in the lawsuit about his association with a white nationalist group, and also requested to dismiss discussion of statements he made about how a President Trump would advance the interests of the group. The request was declined, with the judge saying the information could be important for determining punitive damages because they add context.[154]Hale also declined to remove the allegation that Plaintiff Nwanguma, who is African-American, was victim to ethnic, racial and sexist slurs at the rally from the crowd. The judge stated that this context may support claims by the plaintiffs' of incitement and negligence by Trump and the Trump campaign. The judge wrote, "While the words themselves are repulsive, they are relevant to show the atmosphere in which the alleged events occurred."[154]The judge stated that all people have a duty to use care to prevent foreseeable injury. "In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that their harm was foreseeable and that the Trump Defendants had a duty to prevent it." The case was referred a federal magistrate, Judge H. Brent Brennenstuhl, who will handle preliminary litigation, discovery and settlement efforts.[160]Heimbach filed a separate counterclaim in April 2017, arguing that Trump was "responsible for any injuries" he [Heimbach] "might have inflicted because Mr. Trump directed him and others to take action". Heimbach, "a self-employed landscaper", and a member of the Traditionalist Youth Network, "which advocates separate American 'ethno states', "spends much of his time" online writing "against Jews, gays and immigrants and urging whites to stand up for their race." He wrote his own lawsuit which requested that Trump pay Heimbach's "legal fees, citing a promise Mr. Trump made at an earlier rally to pay legal costs of anyone who removed protesters."[161]Heimbach's "counterclaim" against Trump has "probed the limits of free speech and public protest while confronting the courts with a unique legal argument".[161]On May 5, Trump's lawyers submitted legal filings that argue that Heimbach's "indemnity claim should be dismissed on the same grounds". According to a University of Virginia law professor, Leslie Kendrick, this indemnity or "impleader" case is "highly unusual."[161]New York University's Samuel Issacharoff, a professor of constitutional law, argued that care must be taken to not allow speech, in the "context of a political rally" to be "turned into something that is legally sanctionable."[161]Payments related to alleged affairs[edit]See also: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal and Karen McDougal § Alleged affair with Donald TrumpAdult film actress Stormy Daniels has alleged that she and Trump had an extramarital affair in 2006, months after the birth of his youngest child.[162]Just before the 2016 presidential election Daniels, whose real name is Stephanie Clifford, was paid $130,000 by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen as part of a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), through an LLC set up by Cohen; he says he used his own money for the payment.[163]In February 2018, Daniels filed suit against the LLC asking to be released from the agreement so that she can tell her story. Cohen filed a private arbitration proceeding and obtained a restraining order to keep her from discussing the case.[164]According to White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Trump has denied the allegations.[165]On March 6, 2018, Daniels sued Trump in California Superior Court, claiming among other things that the NDA never came into effect because Trump did not sign it personally.[166]On March 16 Cohen, with Trump's approval, asked for Daniels' suit to be moved from state to federal court, based on the criteria that the parties live in different places and the amount at stake is more than $75,000; Cohen asserted that Daniels could owe $20 million in liquidated damages for breaching the agreement.[167]The filing marked the first time that Trump himself, through his personal attorney, had taken part in the Daniels litigation.[168]In early April 2018, Trump said that he did not know about Cohen paying Daniels, why Cohen had made the payment or where Cohen got the money from.[169]On April 30, Daniels further sued Trump for defamation.[170]In May 2018, Trump's annual financial disclosure revealed that he reimbursed Cohen in 2017 for expenditures related to the Daniels case.[171]In August 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to breaking campaign finance laws, admitting paying hush money of $130,000 and $150,000 "at the direction of a candidate for federal office", to two women who alleged affairs with that candidate, "with the purpose of influencing the election". The figures match sums of payments made to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal.[172][173]American Media, Inc. had reportedly in 2016 bought for $150,000 the rights to a story by McDougal alleging an affair with a married Trump from 2006 which lasted between nine months to a year.[174][175][176]David Pecker (AMI CEO/Chairman and friend of Trump), Dylan Howard (AMI chief content officer) and Allen Weisselberg (chief financial officer of The Trump Organization) were reportedly granted witness immunity in exchange for their testimony regarding the illegal payments.[177][178]In response, Trump said that he only knew about the payments "later on"; Trump also said regarding the payments: "They didn't come out of the campaign, they came from me."[179]The Wall Street Journal reported on November 9, 2018 that federal prosecutors have evidence of Trump’s "central role" in payments to Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal that violated campaign-finance laws.[180][181]Special Counsel investigation[edit]Main article: Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)The Special Counsel investigation is a United States law enforcement investigation of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign and any Russian (or other foreign) interference in the election, including exploring any possible links or coordination between Trump's campaign and the Russian government, "and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation."[182]Since May 2017, the investigation has been led by a United States Special Counsel, Robert Mueller, a former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI). Mueller's investigation took over several FBI investigations including those involving former campaign chairman Paul Manafort and former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.It has been noted that Trump has experienced a high turnover with respect to the attorneys handling this matter, as well as a large number of prominent lawyers and law firms publicly declining offers to join Trump's legal team.[183][184]Attorneys known to have been approached include Robert S. Bennett of Hogan Lovells,[185]Paul Clement and Mark Filip, both with Kirkland & Ellis,[186][186]Robert Giuffra Jr. of Sullivan & Cromwell,[185]Theodore B. Olson of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher,[187]and Brendan V. Sullivan Jr. of Williams & Connolly.[186]Other firms with attorneys who have decided not to represent Trump include Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan,[188]Steptoe & Johnson,[188]and Winston & Strawn.[citation needed]Former U.S. Attorney Joseph diGenova and his wife Victoria Toensing were briefly slated to join Trump's legal team, but withdrew their services from Trump in March 2018, citing conflicts of interest.[189]In an article describing the "unique circumstance" of Rudy Giuliani's unpaid leave of absence from Greenberg Traurig while representing Trump, possibly because of "potential conflicts", Christine Simmons said some other law firms may have turned down representing Trump in the Russia case due to "public relations headaches or business and recruitment concerns".[190]Trump has called such views a "Fake News narrative".[191][192]In a National Law Journal article, Ryan Lovelace described how white-collar lawyers must weigh the "risks" and "stigma" of joining the Trump team. He quoted a prominent defense attorney's concerns about "the constant shuffle of attorneys in and out of the president's legal team", and the possibility that an attorney could invest resources and reputation in such representation "only to find yourself on the sidelines a short time later because the president saw someone he liked better on Fox News".[192]The quoted attorney also noted "a stigma to being linked to this president" that might impact business with other clients.[192]A list of other reasons for not wanting to represent Trump is provided by Jill Abramson for The Guardian:The problem for the white-collar defense bar's crème de la crème is that Donald Trump is so blatantly the client from hell. He won't listen. He won't obey instructions. He is headstrong. He is a bully. Sometimes, he doesn't pay his bills. Most of all, it's possible that he isn't capable of discerning fact from fiction. This last foible could get any lawyer who represents him into very deep legal hot water. No one wants to get disbarred for the fame and fortune of representing President Trump. Then there's the justifiable concern over all the unforced legal errors that the defense side, led by Trump himself, has already committed.[193]An Above the Law article states that some law firms have refused to represent the President of the United States because "Donald Trump has somehow turned POTUS into a dog of a client self-respecting lawyers do not want to touch", expressing concern that "[i]f all the good attorneys — the ones with reputations to preserve and ethics to uphold — refuse to represent the president, what's left are the 'bad' attorneys. The ones who don't have the slightest idea what a moral and ethical principle is".[194]Allegations of business links to organized crime[edit]Journalists David Cay Johnston and Wayne Barrett, the latter of whom wrote an unauthorized 1992 Trump biography, have claimed that Trump and his companies did business with New York and Philadelphia families linked to the Italian-American Mafia.[195][196]A reporter for The Washington Post writes, "he was never accused of illegality, and observers of the time say that working with the mob-related figures and politicos came with the territory."[197]Trump helped a financier for the Scarfo family get a casino license, and constructed a casino using firms controlled by Nicodemo Scarfo.[198]Trump also bought real estate from Philadelphia crime family member Salvatore Testa, and bought concrete from companies associated with the Genovese crime family and the Gambino crime family.[195][196][197]Trump Plaza paid a $450,000 fine leveled by the Casino Gaming Commission for giving $1.6 million in rare automobiles to Robert LiButti, the acquaintance of John Gotti already mentioned.[29]Starting in 2003, the Trump Organization worked with Felix Sater, who had a 1998 racketeering conviction for a $40 million Mafia-linked stock fraud scheme, and who had then become an informant against the mafia.[199]Trump's attorney has said that Sater worked with Trump scouting real estate opportunities, but was never formally employed.[200]Use of bankruptcy laws[edit]Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, but hotel and casino businesses of his have been declared bankrupt four times between 1991 and 2009 to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.[201][202]Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws – they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.[82][203]According to a report by Forbes in 2011, the four bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City: Trump's Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).[204][205]Trump said "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt.... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on The Apprentice. It's not personal. It's just business."[206]He indicated that many "great entrepreneurs" do the same.[204]1991[edit]In 1991, Trump Taj Mahal was unable to service its debt and filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[206]Forbes indicated that this first bankruptcy was the only one where Trump's personal financial resources were involved. Time, however, maintains that $72 million of his personal money was also involved in a later 2004 bankruptcy.[207]1992[edit]On November 2, 1992, the Trump Plaza Hotel filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and Trump lost his 49 percent stake in the luxury hotel to Citibank and five other lenders.[208]In return Trump received more favorable terms on the remaining $550+ million owed to the lenders, and retain his position as chief executive, though he would not be paid and would not have a role in day-to-day operations.[209]1994[edit]Trump Plaza Hotel and Casinoclosed in 2014By 1994, Trump had eliminated a large portion of his $900 million personal debt through sales of his Trump Taj Mahal and Trump Plazaassets,[210]and significantly reduced his nearly $3.5 billion in business debt. Although he lost the Trump Princess yacht and the Trump Shuttle (which he had bought in 1989), he did retain Trump Tower in New York City and control of three casinos in Atlantic City, including Trump's Castle. Trump sold his ownership of West Side Yards (now Riverside South, Manhattan) to Chinese developers including Hong Kong's New World Development, receiving a premium price in exchange for the use and display of the name "Trump" on the buildings.[211]2004[edit]Donald Trump's third corporate bankruptcy was on October 21, 2004, involving Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, the publicly-traded holding company for his three Atlantic City casinos and some others.[212]Trump lost over half of his 56% ownership and gave bondholders stock in exchange for surrendering part of the debt. No longer CEO, Trump retained a role as chairman of the board. In May 2005[213]the company emerged from bankruptcy as Trump Entertainment Resorts Holdings.[214]In his 2007 book, Think BIG and Kick Ass in Business and Life, Trump wrote: "I figured it was the bank's problem, not mine. What the hell did I care? I actually told one bank, 'I told you you shouldn't have loaned me that money. I told you the goddamn deal was no good.'"[215]2009[edit]Trump's fourth corporate bankruptcy occurred in 2009, when Trump and his daughter Ivanka resigned from the board of Trump Entertainment Resorts; four days later the company, which owed investors $1.74 billion against its $2.06 billion of assets, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. At that time, Trump Entertainment Resorts had three properties in Atlantic City: Trump Taj Mahal, Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (closed in 2014), and Trump Marina (formerly Trump's Castle, sold in 2011). Trump and some investors bought the company back that same year for $225 million. As part of the agreement, Trump withdrew a $100 million lawsuit he had filed against the casino's owners alleging damage to the Trump brand. Trump re-negotiated the debt, reducing by over $1 billion the repayments required to bondholders.[216][217]In 2014, Trump sued his former company to remove his name from the buildings since he no longer ran the company, having no more than a 10% stake; he lost the suit.[218]Trump Entertainment Resorts filed again for bankruptcy in 2014[219]and was purchased by billionaire philanthropist Carl Icahn in 2016, who acquired Trump Taj Mahal in the deal.[220]Campaign contributions[edit]According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s – although he did not break any laws – by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than giving primarily in his own name.[197][221]Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were not to curry favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.[197][222]Donald J. Trump Foundation[edit]During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, media began reporting in detail on how the Donald J. Trump Foundation was funded and how Donald Trump used its funds. The Washington Post in particular reported several cases of possible mis-use, self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[18] [19] [20]Regarding the various irregularities in the Trump Foundation, former head of the Internal Revenue Service's Office of Exempt Organizations Division Marc Owens told The Washington Post: "This is so bizarre, this laundry list of issues.... It's the first time I've ever seen this, and I've been doing this for 25 years in the IRS, and 40 years total.[21]When interviewed for the Post's article, Trump spokesperson Boris Epshtein said that Trump did not knowingly violate any tax laws.[18]The office of New York State Attorney General Eric Schneiderman investigated the foundation "to make sure it's complying with the laws governing charities in New York."[22]Controversy over tax returns[edit]In October 2016, The New York Times published some tax documents from 1995. These documents indicate that Trump might have evaded paying taxes on as much as 916 million dollars in income at one time. Trump likely gave some of his creditors shares of his failing businesses to avoid taxes on hundreds of millions of dollars he was given in debt relief, which is illegal. Legal scholar Edward Kleinbard of the University of Southern California believes Trump forged tax documents. Trump claimed on his tax returns that he lost money, but did not recognize it in the form of canceled debts. He likely avoided paying 425 million dollars in taxes, says Steven M. Rosenthal, an attorney at the Tax Policy Center. Rosenthal claims he "borrowed other people's money and spent it in spectacular fashion." Trump might have performed a stock-for-debt swap. This would have allowed Trump to avoid paying income taxes for at least 18 years. An audit of Trump's tax returns for 2002 through 2008 was "closed administratively by agreement with the I.R.S. without assessment or payment, on a net basis, of any deficiency." Tax attorneys believe the government may have reduced what Trump was able to claim as a loss without requiring him to pay any additional taxes.[223][224]It is unknown whether the I.R.S. challenged Trump's use of the swaps because he has not released his tax returns. Trump's lawyers advised against Trump using the equity for debt swap, as they believed it to be potentially illegal.[225]Marc Kasowitz, name partner of the Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman firm, wrote a letter threatening The New York Times over publication of the 1995 documents. Kasowitz's action drew attention to the fact that the biglaw firm had done extensive legal work for Donald Trump and his businesses since at least 2001 including also bankrupt casino restructuring.[226]In early 2017, firm member and former Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman introduced Pres.-elect Trump's nominee for Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos to the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pension committee.[227]Destruction of documents[edit]In June 2016, a USA Today article reported that Donald Trump and his companies have been deleting emails and other documents on a large scale,[228]including evidence in lawsuits, sometimes in defiance of court orders and under subpoena since as early as 1973.[229][230][231]In October 2016, Kurt Eichenwald published new research findings in Newsweek. The findings were first published by Paul Singer[232]on June 13, 2016[233]and gained larger attention[234][235]after a new report in Newsweek on October 31, 2016. According to Newsweek, Trump and his companies "hid or destroyed thousands of documents" involving several court cases from as early as 1973."Over the course of decades, Donald Trump's companies have systematically destroyed or hidden thousands of emails, digital records and paper documents demanded in official proceedings, often in defiance of court orders.... In each instance, Trump and entities he controlled also erected numerous hurdles that made lawsuits drag on for years, forcing courtroom opponents to spend huge sums of money in legal fees as they struggled—sometimes in vain—to obtain records."— Kurt Eichenwald, Donald Trump's Companies Destroyed Emails in Defiance of Court Orders Newsweek, October 31, 2016In 1973 Trump, his father and their company were in court for civil charges for refusing to rent apartments to African Americans. After their lawyers had delayed court requests for documents for several months, Trump, then being under subpoena, said his company had destroyed corporate records of the past six months "for saving space". In a court case beginning in 2005 against Power Plant Entertainment, LLC, an affiliate of real estate developer Cordish Cos., it was revealed that Trump's companies had deleted the data requested by court.[236]Cordish Cos. had built two American Indian[237]casinos in Florida under the Hard Rock brand and Donald Trump accused them of cheating him out of that deal. Nonetheless, Trump's lawyers had refused to instruct workers to keep all records related to the case during litigation.[229]Trump had established a procedure to delete all data from their employees' computers every year at least since 2003,[234]despite knowing at least since 2001 that he might want to file a lawsuit. Even after the lawsuit was filed, Trump Hotelsdisposed of a computer of a key witness without having made a backup of the data. A former general counsel of the Trump casino unit confirmed that all data were deleted from nearly all companies' computers annually. Trump and his lawyers claimed they were not keeping records and digital data although it was revealed that Trump had launched his own high-speed internet provider in 1998 and an IBM Domino server had been installed for emails and digital files in 1999.[229][235]

Some of the top Kerala brands popular nationwide.For fairness of the answer, I am not including many Malayalee/Kerala Brands that has been originated in other cities and later came to Kerala. For example Lulu (which was originated in Abu Dhabi) or Medimix (originated in Chennai) or Good Knight products (originated in Mumbai), despite of having Malayalee ownership. However brands originated in Kerala and then expanded into other territories or a later shift of HQ has been included in this answer.Kerala- God’s own countryThis brand is the only Superbrand from Indian tourism sector and the first to achieve so. The brand is iconic and recognized world-wide. This brand is owned by Department of Tourism- Government of Kerala.GoldKerala is extremely famous for its gold retailers and some of India’s best known gold brands are from Kerala. These 4 brands are extremely successful and very popular in many parts of India and in GCC countries.ElectronicsOne of India’s largest electronics brand, V Guard is famous for its electric stabilizers, switchboards, UPS, Generators etc. Its one of the iconic brands from Kerala and still remains as the top 5 electronic brands of India.BPL was once the king of electronics industry in India, a pioneer in its own right. It was founded by a Malayalee in Palakkad in Kerala and BPL became popular across India by introducing India’s first cellular mobile service- BPL Mobile (which now became Vodafone India). BPL in its peak used to have many electronics products. Now its focused mostly to B2B Market, particularly into medical equipment, Automation, telecom equipment etc. Its HQ has been moved to Bangalore, but key units still remain in Kerala.Keltron- India’s first electronics company and the only electronics company fully under a state government. It was once popular across India for its transistors and Radios made in 1980s. However, currently Keltron is fully focused in strategic sectors, particular Aerospace defence equipments, Missile electronic components (Keltron is a partner in Brahmos Missile Project), Space electronics components (it is the biggest partner of ISRO), Microprocessors etc. Keltron also handles entire production of Intelligent traffic management systems, signals and surveillance equipment for Kerala Govt. Recently Keltron partnered with UST Global and Intel for production of Kerala’s indigenous made Laptops- Coconics.FinanceKerala has many celebrated Brands from both Banking sector and Non Banking sector are. Some of them areOne among top 10 Private banks of India, Federal Bank is extremely popular across India and the biggest bank in KeralaOne of Kerala’s oldest bank with widespread branches across Kerala and many other southern Indian states. Its one of the best example of successful transition from old banking to modern new gen banking technologies.’CSB Bank, one of Kerala’s most successful modern banking brand with a huge tradition and legacyMuthoot Group- India’s biggest NBFC and the one of the largest Gold Loans company in the world.Manappuram Finance- one of the biggest NBFC of the country and a gold loan financing/refinancing major.AyurvedaKerala is often called as home of Ayurveda and many world class brands exist in this sector. However, Kerala generally classifies Ayurveda more as Medicine, not as cosmetics, so most of the Ayurvedic products are heavily into medicines category (OTC or Prescribed medicines). But the brands are indeed popularSome of the popular and most successful Ayurvedic medicine brandsWhen comes to cosmetics, some of these brands itself has become iconicIndulekha Hair Oil, one of the biggest successful brands from Kerala. Started in Kerala by a local company, it became so popular that HUL brought it after long acquisition process and today this brand alone is a 2000 crore success story for HUL at national level.Another successful brand from Kerala, Chandrika is one of Kochi’s oldest soap brands that became so popular in South India, that Wipro made the acquisition, often then hailed as the biggest valued acquisition from Kerala.Bipha Ayurveda is one of the most successful Boutique Ayurveda brands from Kerala that now has a Pan India presence. It focus primarily on Luxury Ayurvedic cosmetics products and niche Ayurvedic lifestyle products.FMCG sectorThere are few FMCG brands associated with Kerala.Jyothi Labs- one of the biggest FMCG brand of India is owned by a Malayalee family. Originally started in Guruvayur in Thrissur, their flagship product- Ujala was first made and sold in Thrissur which was a failure then and the family moved to Pune later and sold the same Ujala which became a raging success. Today Jyothi Labs has a wide range of products and heavily successful across INDIA. But not specific Kerala manufactured as its base is currently MumbaiSumeru is one of India’s biggest frozen food brand (one among top 5) and its fully based in Alleppey. Its part of much bigger Innovative Foods Limited. Infact Sumeru was the first frozen brand in South India and second in India to popularize the concept of frozen food. They were originally exporters of value added fish products to US/Europe/Japan etc, which soon ventured into Domestic brands. Today they do have nearly 25 plus product ranges in frozen food. They were also the first to introduce Michelin starred chef cooked restaurant styled ready-to-eat Frozen foods in India.Most of Indians have seen or used this product- Keyas Spices and Condiments, which is India’s biggest gourmet Condiments brand. Little people know, this is one of Kerala’s oldest spice company- VKL established in Alleppey and the biggest supplier of various spices to many International brands including KFC, McD, Dominos and many premium restaurants and hotels across the world. VKL ventured into domestic market in new brand name- Keya with most of the spices being procured and manufactured in Kerala.Eastern Food Products, another most popular Masala brand in South with widespread presence across India. This is one of the iconic masala brand from Kerala. It is one of the largest food and condiment brand in India with nearly 120 product ranges from Masalas, mixes, spices, ready to eat, ready to cook, pickles, pastes, sauces, coffee, tea, rice products, snacks etc.Nirapara food products is another popular successful brand from Kerala, famous for its rice products and pickles.Another popular rice-spices-snacks brand from Kerala.Milma- the official Milk of the state, is often rated as 2nd most popular brand in Kerala by many rating agencies.Jive Juices- one of Kerala’s first generation Juice company to be formed as a cooperative society to promote fresh juicesRaw Squeezed- one of South India’s famous cold pressed juice which is getting popular in many cities, is a Kerala brand. They are aggressively into fresh juices, pre-packed salads, ready to drink soups etc.Indian Coffee House, India’s first generation cafe popular across India was started in Kerala with branches across India. It was a worker’s cooperative movement.Dress and fashionKitex is one of Kerala’s most successful brand. Its part of another big conglomerate- Anna Group which is extremely successful with diversified interests into Aluminium cookwares production, Kitchenware, Food products and social activities. Kitex is their flagship brand in area of garments. Traditionally they were exporters and purely into B2B. Many international brands like Mothercare, Jockey, JC Penney, Walmart, Sarah Lee uses Kitex materials for their branded product. In addition, Kitex is the official supplier for Israeli Defence forces. The brand is active in domestic sector too traditionally with Lungi and Mundus, but now diversified into Linen shirts, lingerie, school bags, Suitings etc.Kasavukada, is one of the top 5 Handloom designer brands in South India and extremely famous for branding the traditional Ethnic Kasavu wear of Kerala into a proper brand, sold thro’ their flagship storesKaralkada is contemporary of Kasavukada, both into field of ethnic handlooms and promotion of ethnic wear. Both of them are extremely successful brands in Kerala. In a way, both are somewhat similar to what FABIndia is for India.Seematti is one of the biggest designer brands from Kerala, who revolutionized traditional Kanchipuram sarees into various elite and exclusive botique as well as mass wear. Its owner- Beena Kannan is often referred as Czarina of Fashion Design due to her extremely innovative designer patterns using traditional Kanchipuram and Banaras collections.Tech BrandsFootwearKerala dominates in field of branded footwear with top 4 Indian brands from the State and together handles 35% of Indian branded footwear market.UmbrellaKerala is one of the few states that has effectively made a commodity like Umbrella into a brand. The two brands from Kerala, rules much of India’s branded umbrella marketPopy and John’s, both from a same family has successfully revolutionized Umbrella market with wide range of collections, features, value additions and designs.Infrastructure brandsCochin International Airport- India’s first PPP airport and the only airport under JV model. This is one of the best examples of successful Govt-Public participation models and even became a case study in Havard University.Kochi Metro is another famous brand from Kerala as due to many reasons. Its the first Metro company in India that focused on the concept of integrated Transport network for an Urban area rather limiting to just a metro train operatorIT Parks Kerala, particularly Technopark and Infopark are indeed the most successful IT Development brands from Kerala. Technopark is India’s biggest IT Park and one among top 10 IT parks in Asia. So as Startup Mission has established India’s largest Startup Zone- the TIZ Kochi.KITCO Consultancy, is India’s only state consultancy group in field of technical and project management as being fully funded by the Govt of Kerala. However despite of being a State organization, KITCO is well reputed to be one of the best performing engineering consultancies in the country and their services are widely sought for many projects both in India and outside. They being hired by many major organizations like HP, Air India, HAL, Bharat Electronics, Bangalore Airport (BIAL), CIAL, KIAL (Kannur airport), Chennai Port, Kochi Port, Qatar Engineering Corp, Saudi Airports (King Aziz International), Oman New Muscat Airport etc.MediaIndia’s largest read regional Vernacular language newspaper group and one of the biggest publication houses as well as Media giant. It also famously own- MRF, India’s second largest tyre manufacturing company.Arch-rival of Manorama, Mathrubhumi is the second largest media group with newspapers, radio, television channels, publications. Its sister concerns includes KTC- one of South India’s largest freight transporters, PVS group etc.DC Books- Kerala’s largest publication house with numerous reputed magazines, books, literature works etc under its control. They also have its own business and media schools apart from a radio station.RetailKerala has a very strong retail industry and mostly local retail brands rules the roost hereBismi- Kerala’s largest chain of Hypermarket and Electronics stores with more than 17 stores across Kerala. It is also India’s first true Big Box retail format store as most of the hypermarkets operate within a mall or a shopping complex, not independent warehouse modeled large stores.Nandilath G Mart is the biggest Whites Good/Electronics store brand in Kerala with more than 23 stores spread across. Its equivalent to Crome or Reliance Digital etc in other cities. This brand popularized the concept of large store electronics good shopping even in smaller towns and outgrown villages etc providing almost all latest white goods brands under one roofCosmos Sports is Kerala’s own Sports store retail brand, selling national and international sports brands, equipments etc. It was first of its kind in KeralaMyG is Kerala’s biggest Mobile phones/Laptops/Cameras superstore which has nearly 19 stores across the state.Hotel BrandsKerala is no short of hotels and resorts. A few Kerala based Hotel groups that has much repute across the country areCGH Earth is one of the biggest and most iconic hotel brands from Kerala. Formerly known as Casino Hotel, this was rebranded as CGH earth with its new philosophy of adoring to nature and earth to the core. They are mostly in 5 star resorts, hotels etc focused on experiential tourism. They also into Flight kitchen- CAFS which is a major Inflight catering player, Fast Food courts business branded as Food Stop Diner etcAbad Hotels and resorts is part of much larger Abad group with has diversified interests into seafood industry, real estate and FMCG etc. Abad Hotels were first generation hotel group who uses their own brand identity instead of adopting international franchises.Raviz is one of Kerala’s most premium resort group, part of much larger Ravi Pillai group. The hotel group has iconic ultra luxurious resort complexes which includes the celebrated Haylcon Castle and Kovalam resort, one of the finest heritage resorts in the country.There are many more hotels group, but I am just listing few celebrated ones

Sparse Kosutnjak park trees in Belgrade tranquil a bullet that young Gavrilo Princip used to aim at, taking gunfire exercise. Through a legend, he was not a reliable shooter and could only hit a few spots. Kosutnjak is not that far from Dedinje Royal crown palace. And that local Belgrade police were also conscious that someone is shooting in the woods for days.Original “Browning” gun serial number was as following; 19.074, 19.075, 19.120 and 19.126, with weapon number 19.075 . Its weight was 0.59 kg, length 153 mm, tube length 88 mm, firing rate 20 rounds per minute, and grain velocity 510 m / s.The original gun stands as an exhibit artifact in one of Vienna’s war museums.The origin of the gun was first pointed out by Dragisa Stojadinovic, a well-known lawyer, politician, and committee, when he found out that Vojislav Tankosic had received 9 mm "Browning" M1910 pistols as a gift from Charles Duse, a Belgrade representative of Fabrik Nacional. The same findings came from Ana von Hohenburg, the heir to Arsteten Castle, where Franc Ferdinand and Sophia Hotek were buried, but in 1980, when it was accidentally discovered by a handwritten note that browning guns were procured by the Duse shop in Belgrade.Owner Charles Duse was born in 1865 in the Belgian town of Averne l 'Boduen. He worked in Constantinople for some time as a fencing teacher. In 1891, Duse moved to Serbia, where he began working as a combat teacher at the Military Academy. He also met Dragutin Dimitrijevic Apis and Vojislav Tankosic, a native of the 26th and 32nd classes of the Military Academy. As Kondina Street No. 7 opened a factory of "Fabrik Nasionalal" under the name "Belgian Industrial Agency", in which he sold weapons, Tankosic took the weapon from Duse, not from Dragomir Zdravkovic, who, according to Apis, purchased weapons.Together with the pistols, Tankosic purchased poison and few hand grenades that were smuggled weeks before Sarajevo shootings. Additional firing training took also outside of Belgrade, near the city of Vranje.What one more feature makes the story about preparing a bit unusual, by fact that one of the conspirators forget a gun in the stove, near the physical border - at the banks of river Drina. Altogether, many details went wrong before Gavrilo, by a simple twist of fate, steered a gun furthermore triggering the episodes that will follow. Gavrilo was not an initial shooter in the Sarajevo and a fact that poison used, on two persons was not effective.Zlatna Moruna tavern or Golden Beluga (Serbian: tavern "Златна моруна") is an old city tavern in Belgrade* the capital of Serbia. Today considered a "historical site", it was a gathering place and an unofficial base of the members of Young Bosnia revolutionary movement, prior to 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. It is a place where the draft plan was made for the assassin of Duke Franc Ferdinand, in June 1914. The tavern still exists to this day.Sava ship battle monitor, the ship that fired the first shell fired in WW1 - During 1914 and 1915, ship name was Bodrog participated in the bombing and, in support of the attacks on Belgrade, represented a worldwide rarity, as the only remaining battleship from the group of river monitors from which the first artillery strike in the First World War was carried out. A ship is refurbished into the memorial site.Brace Krsmanovic street, place of first shelling in ww1 took place.the first bullets in this conflict were actually fired in Belgrade on the night of July 28-29, 1914. This is where the impact of the enemy was received by troops consisting of gendarmes, customs officers, ordinary Belgraders and even children. One of them was Dusan I. Djonovic - the first Serb casualty in World War I.Djonovic was a sixteen-year-old sophomore of the Royal Academy of Commerce, who joined the Chetniks of Duke Jovan Babunski with a rifle in his hand.The Sava and Danube were the state border in 1914, and the Serbian capital was the guard. And so the first bullets in the Great War were fired right here, in Savamala, in the Krsmanovic brothers' street today. *And the first blood in the biggest conflict Europe has seen to date has sprung from Belgrade streets.As rare for Belgrade, this street today keeps a pretty similar look.The first grenade fell on the Greek Queen's Tavern at the end of Knez Mihailova Street, but fortunately, there were no casualties. This tavern site still exists.and one photo from 1918. the moment of Serbian troops recapturing back Belgrade as German and Austro-Hungarian troops run to the north.“Pobednik” monument or Victor/Winner.The most prominent of Belgrade’s World War I monuments is Pobednik (‘victor’ or ‘winner’). The statue of the ‘victor’ holds a sword and a bird in his hands and stands atop a 14-meter column in the Belgrade Fortress in Kalemegdan Park. It was designed by Ivan Mestrovic to commemorate the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913.It is interesting how the monument, during reparation in 2019 still keeps more bullet and shell traces.Archibald Reiss grave and monumentDoctor Archibald Reiss (1876-1929) was a famous Swiss criminologist, publicist, and professor of the University of Lausanne. The Serbian government invited him to conduct an investigation into atrocities committed by Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian forces during World War I at the very start of the war. He became so close to the Serbian people that he decided to stay in Belgrade.His grave is in Topcider graveyard, which is not far from Kosutnjak. A monument to him lies in Topcider park, which in turn is not so far from the graveyard. At his request, his heart was buried on Kajmakcalan – a mountain on the Greek-Macedonian border where a fierce battle took place in 1916Work of Archibald Reiss helped to document atrocities committed by AustroHungarian troops, and also with Bulgarian mass crimes trough war years from 1914–1918, mainly on a civilian population in Serbia. The number of mass crimes committed all around Serbia would likely remain undocumented without the systematic writings and research that Reiss and that European public would never find out the scale of these crimes.The Third Callers Monument dedicated to third-caller soldiers killed in World War I is located in Karadjordje Park. 3rd callers were drafted in to fight as there were no other resources left - these were the sometimes simple old man, up to 65 years old.Next to this monument, another reminder of Belgrade harsh times;a stone memorial dedicated to the victims killed in an underground shelter during the German bombing of Belgrade on April 6, 1941. Built hastily before the war began, it suffered a direct hit by a bomb and collapsed, killing 192 Belgraders.Serbian Military commanders WW1 Belgrade New Cemetary gravesitesThe grave of famous Serbian World War I generals – Zivojin Misic and Pavle Sturm Jurisic – and a chapel for Field Marshal Radomir Putnik can also be found in the New Cemetery. There are quite a few public figures from this period alone that keep the resting place together.Milunka Savić street name in suburbs of Belgrade, commemorating a brave woman that fought as equal among man Serbian soldiers in the fightings. She and many other women carried out the fight for freedom with equal spirit.Belgrade military war museum. A good starting point to research and feel the remanence of war years, with both indoor and outdoor exhibit areas of cannons, flags, weapons, and original war documents, items, etc.Dimitrije Tucović last resting placeAt the beginning of 1914, a Marxist Dimitrije Tucović lost his life in Kolubara's frontline fight. At a time, a turmoil of social ideas and struggle brought new divisions and ideas to the Balkans.He was a Serbian theorist of the socialist movement, a prominent leader and a publisher - many new social ideas were born in this turbulent times. His resting place and remains were moved in the next 100 years for several times. This brings up the spirit of time after the great war and consequences that enveloped.Old Railroad Bridge (Стари железнички мост, Stari železnički most) is a bridge over the Sava river in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It was the first railway bridge in Belgrade and today is one of two across the Sava, and three in general.the bridge was destroyed 3 times in ww1 and stands and it is still standing today, as old Rail station is closed years ago.The railway bridge linking Belgrade and Zemun was destroyed by Austro-Hungarian cannon shells on the night of July 28-29, 1914. As this attack was expected, the Supreme Command made a decision a few days earlier to mine the bridge to prevent the enemy from entering the city. Committees of Vojislav Tankosic, few soldiers of the 18th Regiment, gendarmes, and members of the Gymnastic Society "Dusan Silni" responded to the invitation for the defense of Belgrade. Armed in the line of defense along the Sava coast, from Ada Ciganlija to the estuary, they were waiting for the attack that night. On the other hand, the command ship "Alkotmanj", under the command of Captain Karl Eberling, was tasked with transporting four Austro-Hungarian soldiers from the Earth's shore and disembarking them near the Railway Bridge, and a railway line full of enemy soldiers was dispatched. The moment the train with the Austro-Hungarian soldiers entered the bridge, the explosive was activated and a terrible explosion was heard in Belgrade. At that moment, there was a stranded Alkotmanj under the bridge, to which the bridge collapsed and flooded it. On the Serbian side, the Austro-Hungarians were greeted by Tankosic's committees, under the command of Duke Jovan Stojkovic Babunski. Serb forces fired on the bridge and steamboat, and those Austro-Hungarian soldiers who survived the explosion and sinking of the ship ended their lives by drowning in the Sava. On the side of defense attorneys, this conflict also killed the first victim, a student of the Trade Academy Dusan I. Djonovic, who died valiantly defending the capital. Somewhat hesitant, the Austro-Hungarians retreated toward Zemun, but the bombing continued with unabated fierceness, sometimes up to three times a day.It is not operational since the summer of 2018.Defending Belgrade until the dying breathOne more interesting site to look at - stands across the Great War Island, were river Danube and the Sava meet together. All the way, this was the 1st line of defense and many defenders kept the resistance to the bitter end.and a Sabaton artistic projection from inspired by this event.Serbian WW1 warriors monumental mausoleum, The memorial ossuary is located in the Belgrade New Cemetary, and it was built in 1931. by the project of the Russian architect Roman Verhovskoy. In the Memorial ossuary, there are the remains of several thousand defenders of Belgrade from 1915.The Serbian ossuary contains the remains of 3,529 identified and 1,074 unidentified soldiers who were killed during the Balkan Wars (1912-13) and World War IThe King throne room in the Royal Palace in Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia, 1915Devastation over Belgrade was nothing new to the city turbulent history. Among buildings standing today, there are few that survived the carnage in the XX century and before. Walking today one can only thing that visible remains are usually just a smaller part that survived.Part of this building still stands, and the larger part is destroyed in April 1941. bombing by the Germans.Kalemegdan city defenders Tomb - The ossuary of defenders of Belgrade It is located on the wall below Jaksic's tower. It was built in 1937 after the reconstruction of the tower space and during the construction of the Church of St. Petka. The ossuary contains the bones of Serbian defenders who died in Belgrade's defense of 1914-1915. years.Church Ruzica shell chandelierNext to the tomb, marble of the fortress stands - it is a 15th-century medieval church of Ruzica. Inside the church, there is an unusual and enthralling piece of history. "Polijelej" or church chandelier made out from bullets, shell cartridges including sabers.What is also interesting that this was the place where soldiers held a short prayer, as this church stood next to the defender front line.A monument to the Unknown Hero, mountain AvalaIn May 1917, Austrian and German officers, accompanied by a field marshal, found a skeleton of a fallen defender of Belgrade in an extinct overcoat with the remains of a rifle in a forest in Avala. He was buried, with a soldier's greeting, at the place where they found him and on the cross was written "Ein unbekannter serbischer Soldat", "Unknown Serbian soldier". this story later served to commemorate the site with something more significant.Initial monument erected at a height of about 511m in gratitude for all the fighters who laid down their lives defending Belgrade and their homeland, who could not be identified. There have been many such heroes in past wars. In 1932, the famous sculptor Ivan Mestrovic laid out the idea for King Alexander I Karadjordjevic to build a monument to the Unknown Hero. Two years later, in 1934, with the help of General Petar Zivkovic's army, construction began. The entire building was made by the famous Jablanica stone, which was brought by rail to the station in Ripanj, and from there by a village ox cart to the clearing (today's large parking lot), from where the soldiers took it. In small wagons, the rails were pushed to the 511 level, specially erected for this purpose, where the masters of Ivan Mestrovic carved, sanded and worked on the project for installation in the monument. In the meantime, King Alexander was killed in Marseille, but Ivan Mestrovic continued his work. The works lasted four years (1934-1938).it is interesting that existing pine trees that still grow are cultivated on the mountain as a personal gift from Adolf Hitler, just years before WW2 will start.Monument of Gratitude to France, Kalemegdan fortressIt is also interesting how feelings toward French people, 100 years later went completely another way. During the bombing of Serbia by NATO, and among the French aviation used, this monument importance was often a subject of debate or doubt. Never the less, monument was restored this year for a 100 years war end anniversary.- - - -Observation posts from Kajmakchalanin 1922. King Alexander I decided to start reconstruction work inside damaged Royal house in the city center - together with the park that still exists to this day.10 years after the end of WW1, stones were brought from Kajmakcalan to this place to reconstruct the “observation post” that was serving as a headquarter spot for the Serbian army.Monument to the Vojvoda Vuk (Duke of Vuk), Toplica rebel Serbian volunteers, whose park used to be the cemetery of Austro-Hungarian soldiers killed in street fighting in 1915. It used to be a memorial of the occupation authorities and today a monument to Vojvoda Vuk, commander of Yugoslav volunteers from all over the world who died in the most severe fighting in Kajmakchalan.German-Serbian Military tomb monument - KosutnjakGeneral August Mackensen who was a German field marshal, commanded allied forces of Germany, Austria, and Bulgaria in their invasion of Serbia. After the conquest of Belgrade, General Mackensen who was impressed with the courage of the Serbian army in defending their capital city against three enemy armies ordered that all Serbian soldiers must be buried. On the place of their burial, he erected a monument in their honor, followed with the words of his chivalrous gesture:“We fought against such an army, that we thought only exists in the fairy tales”On the monument, it is written in Serbian and German language “Serbian heroes rest here”. That is a rare example not only in Germany but the whole military history, of one army building a monument for their enemies.Today, German cemetery and the whole of Košutnjak are formally protected by the state as an object of cultural-historical significance, but practically no longer exists as a whole.The gravesite tombs are lost and in scattered decay during the time. Only the central monument remains intact.Gardos Tower ZemunFeldmarchal August Makenzen was captured by the Serbian army at the end of 1918. He was then brought to Belgrade and moved by train to Thessaloniki. Moving through the ruined city, he recalled; From that tower (Gardos), I personally observed the development of the attack on Belgrade - he explained - Good to see him (Belgrade), ”he continued. - I had a hard time winning it, I have never encountered such a defense with so few people ... He died in agony looking into German total collapse in 1945. Tower Gardos survived but heavily damaged.Dorcol underpass, Belgrade defenders mass gravesiteThe place is just up to the river Danube, were a small platoon took a heroic last stand to defend Belgrade from attacking forces.Thousands of Belgrade people pass by this day, and few know the secret behind this underpass. Even today, the remains of Belgrade defenders who, under the command of Major Gavrilovic, heroically embarked on the Austro-Hungarians, are here.Remainings of these warriors are still discovered to this day.French Military veterans CemeteryEnglish Military veterans CemeteryRussian Military and civilian CemeteryThe first initial volunteer expedition numbered up to 1500 soldiers from Russia who took an active role in the first year of the war in Serbia.“a month after the war started, the first mine-torpedo detachment arrives in Serbia from Russia, followed by batteries of cannons that heroically fought from Sabac to Kladovo. Defending Belgrade and in 1915, Russian sailors, artillerymen, and engineers laid down their lives heroically.”Among the allies from the start of WW1, Russian volunteers stormed towards Serbia to aid her against her enemies. Each person holds a story to tell, as after the Great War, and after the Civil war and revolution in Tsar Russia, more than 50,000 civilians and soldiers from Russia army (remains of White Army) fleed to Serbia (at a time already Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes - future Kingdom of Yugoslavia). This place is very much related to the WW1 indeed. Among these refugees from Russia, there were many, many doctors, intellectuals, generals, and prominent figures that shaped and influenced Belgrade during the great rebuild after the war.Small piece of Russian land in the center of Belgradeas mentioned, Serbia received many Russian speaking people as refugees, reshaping the diverse ethnic and cultural pictures that exist in modern times.“In the Russian Church, the priests also guard the scarf of Tsar Alexei Romanov. This scarf was worn by his sisters before he was born, and Alexei, during the 13 years of his short life, almost never separated from him.”One of the most prominent figures from the Russian Eastern front, Pyotr Nikolayevich (von) Wrangel resting place is inside this church.It was in Belgrade were 1st Buddhist temple in Europe was built, and as directly related to the ww1 end.Nikolai II Romanov, Russian tzar monumentAs a small nation can remember and gratitude, Tzar Romanov Nikolai was a protective figure to the Serbs in WW1. Then due to the very complex past and orbit of Serbian state trough the XX century, an interesting monument to the Russian Tzar evoked, as a symbol of gratitude by the Serbian people.Once Tzar was asked about his feelings toward Serbia;"At first, I am Russian and then a Serb"Serbia lost in the First World War, according to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, which made soldiers as citizens, 1,247,435 persons, or 28 percent of the total population it had according to the 1914 census. Here are some sites that keep memory on events that unfolded a century ago and some of them are still here. The city of Belgrade, a Serbian capital stood against a ball of fire that would reshape its soul and modern look. Some of these places still exist and here are the most interesting ones from my knowledge. People and buildings together.take a look at interesting map of interactive overview on battlefields over WW1https://a3.geosrbija.rs/veliki_rat