Delinquency: Fill & Download for Free

There is a good body of research on the impact of means restriction on suicide prevention. From a blog post I wrote on the same subject,Anestis & Anestis (2015) examined the impact of four firearm-related laws: waiting periods to receive one, universal background checks, gun locks, and open carrying regulations on their impact of the suicide rate. Their research found that firearm suicides were reduced when each was implemented and background checks, gun locks and open carrying regulations also reduced the overall suicide rate.This pattern, stricter firearm laws leading to lower suicide rates was observed in both England (Gunnell, Middleton, & Frankel, 2000) and Austria. (Kapusta, Etzersdorfer, Krall, & Sonneck, 2007)Additionally, Wintemute et. al. (1999) found that the rate of suicide among handgun owners is 57x higher than the general population in the first week of ownership (because of people who buy a gun for the specific purpose of suiciding) and 7x higher at the end of the first year. It is likely that a person’s risk of dying by suicide remains elevated as long as someone owns a firearm.Note that the lethality rate of firearms is 85–98% (Elnour & Harrison, 2008) while for overdose it’s only 2%. (Vyrostek, Annest & Ryan, 2004) If all firearm suicides became overdose suicide attempts, we’d see a sharp reduction in suicides.Approximately 60% of US suicides end in death (Bostwick, et. al., 2016), because of the high number (over 50%) that use firearm in the US. We know that when people’s main method of suicide is removed the majority do not find a different method, contrary to pro-2A statements. It sounds like common sense but the research does not bear that out.This was demonstrated by Clarke (1989) discussing the lack of displacement on coal gas suicide, as well as Law, Sveticic, & DeLeo (2016) who found that a bridge barrier reduced suicides over 50% - no corresponding increase in suicide at a nearby bridge that had no barrier.We know that of people who attempt suicide and live, 70% never make a second attempt because they get the help they need. (Owens, 2002)Therefore, there is a significant amount of evidence that a reduction in accessibility of firearms decreases the suicide rate.Edit: I forgot to address the element of gender. Many more men choose firearm as a suicide method. This is partially why the suicide death rate among men is so high compared to women, who actually attempt suicide more often. This is why firearm programs are particularly effective in reducing male suicide deaths.Citations:Anestis, M.D., Anestis, J.C. (2015) Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Access and Exposure to Handguns. American Journal of Public Health. 105(10):2049-58. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302753Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R., & McKean, A. J. (2016). Suicide attempt as a risk factor for completed suicide: Even more lethal than we knew. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1094–1100.Clarke, R.V. (1989) Crime as Opportunity: A Note on Domestic Gas Suicide in Britain and the Netherlands. British Journal of Criminology, Delinquency and Deviant Social Behaviour, 29:1. 35Elnour, A.A. & Harrison, J. (2008) Lethality of suicide methods. Journal of Injury Prevention. 14(1). 39-45. doi: 10.1136/ip.2007.016246.Gunnell, D., Middleton, N. & Frankel, S. (2000) Method availability and the prevention of suicide—A re-analysis of secular trends in England and Wales 1950–1975. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 35:437–443Kapusta, N.D., Etzersdorfer, E., Krall, C. & Sonneck, G. (2007) Firearm legislation reform in the European Union: Impact on firearm availability, firearm suicide and homicide rates in Austria. British Journal of Psychiatry. 191:253–257Law, C.K., Sveticic, J., DeLeo, D. (2014) Restricting access to a suicide hotspot does not shift the problem to another location. An experiment of two river bridges in Brisbane, Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 38(2):134-8. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12157Owens D, Horrocks J, and House A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;181:193-199.Vyrostek, S.B., Annest, J.L & Ryan, G.W. (2004) Surveillance for fatal and nonfatal injuries–United States, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 53(SS07);1-57. Accessed electronically from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5307a1.htm on Jan 23 2016.Wintemute, G.J., Parham, C.A., Beaumont, J.J., Wright, M., & Drake, C. (1999) Mortality among recent purchasers of handguns. New England Journal of Medicine. 341(21):1583-9

Well there are mainly 5 that everyone should know:1.Richard ‘Dick’ GraysonDick was the son of John and Mary Grayson, and performed with them as the Flying Graysons in the circus. He became the first Robin when his parents were fatally shot during a trapeze trick while Bruce Wayne sat in the crowd, on a proposed rest of duties from Alfred Pennyworth. Although Bruce tried to save his parents, Dick was left orphaned. Bruce, seeing the same sort of determination in Dick that he had when his own parents were killed, decided to take him in as his ward, and was ultimately granted the right to be Dick’s guardian. Dick is now the first person Bruce has ever told of his Batman operations (except Alfred, he was part of the creation of the Batman after all). Dick was eager to fight for justice in the same way that Bruce did, and was recruited into becoming the first Robin.He sported the well known colours of a Robin, and the sheer absence of protection for his legs (amended with Tim Drake). His career also led him to join the Titans , and his fights became more open than just taking place in Gotham. Dick trusts Batman a lot, which can be seen in-between all the different Robins, and Dick will always be the first one of help the Dark Knight when he needs it, holding some level of persuasion that is higher than the other Robins, making a close ally. As he reached 18, Dick felt he had outgrown the role of a Robin, and decided to try something new, wearing a black and blue costume with gold trimming to the Titans meeting, and this suit eventually evolved into the Nightwing suit that we are familiar with, changing his fighting style to using Escrima sticks and more heavily using acrobatics.2.Jason ToddJason Todd burst onto the scene in Batman’s life when Batman caught the young delinquent removing the wheels of his Batmobile. Jason comes from a rather violent family, which in turn made him the sort of street thug that Batman fights oh so often. Batman would eventually take him under his wing as the second Robin, after Dick had left. Instead of being filled with a certain moral constraint when it came to fighting crime, Jason had a darker outlook. Brimming with rage against the underworld that took his father (a Penguin henchman), it would sometimes be hard to get a hold of him and avoid serious injuries when they were not needed. This also led him to be very reckless and impulsive, often disobeying Batman and putting lives in danger. Jason Todd was famously involved in the story line ‘Death in the Family’ (not to be confused with ‘Death of a Family’ that’s New 52) where he was kidnapped by the Joker, contained in Arkham Asylum and beaten and tortured to death.And with that the story of Jason Todd is over. That is until Superboy Prime punched the walls of reality so hard, that these resounding waves brought Jason back from the dead, and he embroiled with Batman in a fight during the ‘Hush’ storyline and was finally reintroduced in ‘Batman: Under the Red Hood’This cemented his new role as an anti-hero, working in the path of Batman in terms of taking down villains, but also essentially killing those who should be killed.3.Tim DrakeTim Drake wasn’t found by Batman like the previous two. Tim Drake was an amateur detective who decided to try and figure out the identity of the Batman. Unlike the many villains who have tried (and failed), Tim Drake guessed that the Batman was Bruce Wayne and approached him on the matter. This was shortly after Jason was killed. Tim Drake held to Bruce that he needed a Batman, someone to be there for him, a partner, and he argued that he had the proof to prove that Batman needed a Robin. And so the third Robin was taken under the Dark Knight’s wing. Up to now the Robins where thus described by the Batman:Dick: Like the Batman himself, waging war on crime and being determined help the world. Basically Batman ver. 2.0Jason: The Robin who joined for fun. Yet dangerously reckless and treating it like a game, instead of being serious.Tim: Trying to be the World’s Next Greatest DetectiveAnd as I mentioned earlier, Tim Drake got protection for those legs.Safe to say it was probably more protected. At some point he had to hang up his cape and cowl because his parents found out about his mysterious outings, and that pretty much broke it up for a while, even his relationship with Stephanie Brown (get to that later). Well he eventually came back and the Robin was back in business. Tim eventually also evolved from his role as Robin into Red Robin. That name is real classic Tim.You either saw this New 52 version or you might have seen the cowl version, of which I am more accustomed to.His weapon of choice was a boa staff, which (in some arcs) also acted as a bullet shield. Making the weapons list like so for the previous Robins:Dick: Escrima SticksJason: Altered Guns (can fire bullets, mines, and grappling functions)Tim: Boa Staff (with bullet shield)And that is pretty much Tim Drake.4.Stephanie BrownOkay I know most people say that the 4 Robins that pretty ever existed are Dick, Jason, Tim and Damian, but Stephanie played the brief role and was also accepted by Batman.Stephanie Brown is the daughter of the Cluemaster, a villain of the Bat that leaves clues at the scene of crime, quite similar to the Riddler except no riddles prior, but it follows that same compulsive path of leaving a hint for our Caped Crusader. Originally wanting to spoil her father’s plans, Stephanie became the Spoiler to leave clues for the police to track her father down. This put her in contact with Tim Drake, and this eventually bloomed into a relationship. Feel free to search up their wonderful relationship and the specifics that I won’t bother writing here because we are talking about Robins.After being Spoiler for some time, she eventually became a regular patroller of Gotham. When she believe that Tim was unfaithful, she created a Robin costume and demanded that Batman train her. Bruce trained her reluctantly, making her the 4th Robin. Not long into her time as a Robin, Bruce told her to hang up her cape because he thought she was unworthy to be a Robin. She then used the same alias of Spoiler to secretly patrol Gotham.She even became Batgirl at one point:5.Damian WayneThe illegitimate son of the Batman and Talia al Ghul became a dangerous weapon, trained by the League of Assassins. First introduced in ‘Batman and Son’, Damian Wayne became a key part of the Batman franchise. Damian is also the current holder of the mantle of Robin.Trained in fighting by the League of Assassins and possessing intellect that could rival his own father, Damian Wayne was more powerful than the other Robins to start off with, heavily injuring Tim the first time they met, eager to hog the title of Robin all to himself.No he did not do anything to Alfred.Damian started off rather violent, similar to Jason before him, but it was because of his training as an assassin that made him injure opponents with his sword and beheading some of them if it was needed. Eventually he turned to the passive side that the Dark Knight followed and deals out non-lethal damage and occasionally using his sword, which is his weapon of choice. As the grandchild of Ra’s al Ghul, Damian also has access to the Lazarus Pits, which was used when he was killed later on (sorry I don’t know the arc).And there you have the main Robins we known in continuity. Sure there are a few more in the general universe that I can mentioned to:6.We Are RobinThis group of citizens donned the Robin costume to fight crime, waging war on crime as an army of Robins. Later on the movement was put under fire and eventually the Robin Laws were implemented (‘no one is to wear and Robin related paraphernalia) and the movement was disbanded.7.Duke ThomasArising from the movement, Duke was taken under the wing of the Dark Knight and became a vigilante called the Signal. Using a linked weapon with sharp edges attached to the end. He is now an official member of the Bat family. Not sure if this counts as a Robin, because Duke was sort of a Robin. And like the rest of the Robins, Duke as evolved into a new identity of his own.If there are holes in their backstory, I was not trying to write it all down. I was outlining their traits and also what sets them apart from the others. If there are problems with the actual explanations themselves, please comment your problems.