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An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international law. Its owners or shareholders are generally national governments, although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders. The most prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations, although some bilateral financial institutions (created by two countries) exist and are technically IFIs. The best known IFIs were established after World War II to assist in the reconstruction of Europe and provide mechanisms for international cooperation in managing the global financial system.Today, the world's largest IFI is the European Investment Bank,[1]with a balance sheet size of €573 billion in 2016.[2]This compares to the two components of the World Bank, the IBRD (assets of $358 billion in 2014)[3]and the IDA (assets of $183 billion in 2014).[3]For comparison, the largest commercial banks each have assets of c.$2,000-3,000 billion.Contents[hide]1Types1.1Multilateral development banks1.2Bretton Woods institutions1.3Regional development banks1.4Bilateral development banks and agencies1.5Other regional financial institutions2See also3References4External linksTypes[edit]Multilateral development banks[edit]This article duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style.(June 2013)A multilateral development bank (MDB) is an institution, created by a group of countries, that provides financing and professional advising for the purpose of development. MDBs have large memberships including both developed donor countries and developing borrower countries. MDBs finance projects in the form of long-term loans at market rates, very-long-term loans (also known as credits) below market rates, and through grants.The following are usually classified as the main MDBs:World BankInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)European Investment Bank (EIB)Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)Asian Development Bank (ADB)European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)CAF - Development Bank of Latin America (CAF)Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDB, IADB)African Development Bank (AfDB)Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)There are also several "sub-regional" multilateral development banks. Their membership typically includes only borrowing nations. The banks lend to their members, borrowing from the international capital markets. Because there is effectively shared responsibility for repayment, the banks can often borrow more cheaply than could any one member nation. These banks include:Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI)East African Development Bank (EADB)West African Development Bank (BOAD)Black Sea Trade and Development Bank (BSTDB)Economic Cooperation Organization Trade and Development Bank (ETDB)Eurasian Development Bank (EDB)New Development Bank (NDB) (formerly BRICS Development Bank)There are also several multilateral financial institutions (MFIs). MFIs are similar to MDBs but they are sometimes separated since they have more limited memberships and often focus on financing certain types of projects.European Commission (EC)International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm)International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID)Nederlandse Financieringsmaatschappij voor Ontwikkelingslanden NV (FMO)International Investment Bank (IIB)Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA)Bretton Woods institutions[edit]Main article: Bretton Woods systemThe best-known IFIs were established after World War II to assist in the reconstruction of Europe and provide mechanisms for international cooperation in managing the global financial system . They include the World Bank, the IMF, and the International Finance Corporation. Today the largest IFI in the world is the European Investment Bank which lent 61 billion euros to global projects in 2011.FoundedNamewww AddressNotesHQ1944IMF International Monetary Fundhttp://www.imf.orgSpecialised agency of the UNWashington, DC1944IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmenthttp://www.worldbank.orgWorld Bank Group, Specialised agency of the UNWashington, DC1956IFC International Finance Corporationhttp://www.ifc.orgWorld Bank GroupWashington, DC1960IDA International Development Associationhttp://www.worldbank.org/idaWorld Bank GroupWashington, DC1966ICSID, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputeshttp://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/Index.jspWorld Bank GroupWashington, DC1988MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agencyhttp://www.miga.orgWorld Bank GroupWashington, DC30/10/47GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, basis for the creation of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/06-gatt_e.htm http://wto.orgThe GATT is not an organisation. The WTO is not a United Nations agencyGeneva for the WTORegional development banks[edit]The regional development banks consist of several regional institutions that have functions similar to the World Bank group's activities, but with particular focus on a specific region. Shareholders usually consist of the regional countries plus the major donor countries. The best-known of these regional banks cover regions that roughly correspond to United Nations regional groupings, including the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank; the African Development Bank; the Central American Bank for Economic Integration; and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Islamic Development Bank is among the leading multilateral development banks. IsDB is the only multilateral development bank after the World Bank that is global in terms of its membership. 56 member countries of IsDB are spread over Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America.FoundedNamewww AddressNotesHQ1959IDB Interamerican Development Bankhttp://www.IADB.orgWorks in the Americas, but primarily for development in Latin America and the CaribbeanWashington1960CABEI Central American Bank for Economic Integrationhttp://www.cabei.orgCentral AmericaTegucigalpa1964AFDB African Development Bankhttp://www.afdb.orgAfricaAbidjan1973IsDB Islamic Development Bank Grouphttp://www.isdb.org56 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin AmericaJeddah1966ADB Asian Development Bankhttp://www.adb.orgAsiaManila1970CAF Development Bank of Latin Americahttp://www.caf.comLatin AmericaCaracas29/5/91EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Developmenthttp://www.ebrd.comLondon16/4/56CEB Council of Europe Development Bankhttp://www.coebank.orgCoordinated organisationParis14/11/73BOAD Banque ouest-africaine de développement West African Development Bankhttp://www.boad.orgUnion économique et monétaire ouest-africaine, Cf.BCEAOBanque centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'OuestLomé1975BDEAC Banque de developpement des États de l'Afrique centrale, Development Bank of Central African Stateshttp://www.bdeac.orgCommunauté économique et monétaire de l'Afrique centrale (CEMAC). Not to be confused with BEAC Banque des États de l’Afrique centraleBrazzaville, CongoBilateral development banks and agencies[edit]A bilateral development bank is a financial institution set up by one individual country to finance development projects in a developing country and its emerging market, hence the term bilateral, as opposed to multilateral. Examples include:the Netherlands Development Finance Company FMO,[4] headquarters in The Hague; one of the largest bilateral development banks worldwide.the DEG German Investment Corporation or Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft,[5] headquartered in Köln, Germany.the French Development Agency,[6] and Caisse des dépôts, founded 1816, both headquartered in Paris, France.the CDC Group,[7] is a development finance institution owned by the UK Government headquartered in London.Other regional financial institutions[edit]Financial institutions of neighboring countries established themselves internationally to pursue and finance activities in areas of mutual interest; most of them are central banks, followed by development and investment banks. The table below lists some of them in chronological order of when they were founded or listed as functioning as a legal entity. Some institutions were conceived and started working informally 2 decades before their legal inception (e.g. the South East Asian Central Banks Centre)FoundedNamewww AddressNotesHQ17/5/1930BIS Bank of International Settlementshttp://www.bis.orgThe bank of all central banks, 60 membersBasle, Basel, Bâle1958EIB European Investment Bankhttp://www.eib.orgCreated by European Union member states to provide long-term finance, mainly in the EULuxembourg2/15/1965AACB African Association of Central Banks, ABCA Association des Banques Centrales Africaineshttp://www.aacb.org/Consists of 40 African central banksDakar, Senegal.10/7/1970IIB International Investment Bankhttp://www.iib.intConsists of 9 member countries from 3 continentsMoscow, Russia8/1976NIB Nordic Investment Bank[8]http://www.nib.intLending operations in its 8 member countries and emerging markets on all continents.[9]Helsinki, Finland3/2/1982SEACEN South East Asian Central Banks Centrehttp://www.seacen.org19 Asian central banksKuala Lumpur, Malaysia24/1/1997BSTDB Black Sea Trade and Development Bankhttp://www.bstdb.org11 member countries,corresponding to the Organization of the Black Sea Economic CooperationThessaloniki, Greece1998ECB European Central Bankhttp://www.ecb.intCentral bank of 18 EU countries that have adopted the euroFrankfurt am MainSee also[edit]Sustainable development portalNational development bankClimate Investment FundsDevelopment finance institutionFinancial Stability BoardGlobal financial systemReferences[edit]Jump up^ Maartje van Putten (2008-11-20). Policing the Banks: Accountability Mechanisms for the Financial Sector. Google Books. p. 146. Retrieved 2016-08-01.Jump up^ EIB annual report, 2016^ Jump up to:a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2015-02-28.Jump up^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-06-04.Jump up^ "Homepage". http://Deginvest.de. Retrieved 2017-04-24.Jump up^ "Home". Afd.fr. Retrieved 2016-08-01.Jump up^ "Home". http://www.cdcgroup.com/. Retrieved 2017-09-11. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Nordic Investment Bank". http://Nib.int. Retrieved 2016-08-01.Jump up^ "Nordic Investment Bank - About NIB". http://Nib.int. Retrieved 2016-08-01.External links[edit]Bank Information CenterWorld Bank page describing MDBsEconomy portalCategories:International economic organizationsInternational finance institutionsSupranational banksInternational developmentBanksMultilateral development banksNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesالعربيةБеларускаяБългарскиDeutschEspañolFrançaisBahasa Indonesia日本語РусскийEdit linksThis page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 22:19.

From Wikipedia :PentaneFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchPentaneNamesPreferred IUPAC namePentaneOther namesQuintane[1]IdentifiersCAS Number109-66-03D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference969132ChEBICHEBI:37830ChEMBLChEMBL16102ChemSpider7712DrugBankDB03119ECHA InfoCard100.003.358EC Number203-692-4Gmelin Reference1766MeSHpentanePubChemCID8003RTECS numberRZ9450000UNII4FEX897A91UN number1265InChI[show]SMILES[show]Properties[3]Chemical formulaC5H12Molar mass72.15 g·mol−1AppearanceColourless liquidOdorGasoline-like[2]Density0.626 g mL−1; 0.6262 g mL−1(at 20 °C)Melting point−130.5 to −129.1 °C; −202.8 to −200.3 °F; 142.7 to 144.1 KBoiling point35.9 to 36.3 °C; 96.5 to 97.3 °F; 309.0 to 309.4 KSolubility in water40 mg L−1(at 20 °C)log P3.255Vapor pressure57.90 kPa (at 20.0 °C)Henry's law constant (kH)7.8 nmol Pa−1kg−1Acidity (pKa)~45Basicity (pKb)~59UV-vis (λmax)200 nmMagnetic susceptibility (χ)-63.05·10−6cm3/molRefractive index (nD)1.358Viscosity0.240 mPa·s (at 20 °C)ThermochemistrySpecific heat capacity (C)167.19 J K−1mol−1Std molar entropy (So298)263.47 J K−1mol−1Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfHo298)−174.1–−172.9 kJ mol−1Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcHo298)−3.5095–−3.5085 MJ mol−1HazardsSafety data sheetSee: data pageGHS pictogramsGHS signal wordDANGERGHS hazard statementsH225,H304,H336,H411GHS precautionary statementsP210,P261,P273,P301+310,P331NFPA 704410Flash point−49.0 °C (−56.2 °F; 224.2 K)Autoignition temperature260.0 °C (500.0 °F; 533.1 K)Explosive limits1.5–7.8%[2]Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):LD50(median dose)3 g kg−1 (dermal, rabbit)5 g kg−1 (oral, mouse)LC50(median concentration)130,000 mg/m3(mouse, 30 min)128,200 ppm (mouse, 37 min)325,000 mg/m3(mouse, 2 hr)[4]US health exposure limits (NIOSH):PEL (Permissible)TWA 1000 ppm (2950 mg/m3)[2]REL (Recommended)TWA 120 ppm (350 mg/m3) C 610 ppm (1800 mg/m3) [15-minute][2]IDLH (Immediate danger)1500 ppm[2]Related compoundsRelated alkanesButaneButyl iodideHexaneSupplementary data pageStructure and propertiesRefractive index (n),Dielectric constant (εr), etc.ThermodynamicdataPhase behavioursolid–liquid–gasSpectral dataUV, IR, NMR, MSExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).verify (what is?)Infobox referencesPentane is an organic compound with the formula C5H12—that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the n-pentane isomer; the other two are called isopentane (methylbutane) and neopentane (dimethylpropane). Cyclopentane is not an isomer of pentane because it has only 10 hydrogen atoms where pentane has 12.Pentanes are components of some fuels and are employed as specialty solvents in the laboratory. Their properties are very similar to those of butanes and hexanes.Contents[hide]1 Industrial uses2 Laboratory use3 Physical properties4 Reactions5 References6 External linksIndustrial uses[edit]Pentanes are some of the primary blowing agents used in the production of polystyrene foam and other foams. Usually, a mixture of n-, i-, and increasingly cyclopentane is used for this purpose.Because of its low boiling point, low cost, and relative safety, pentanes are used as a working medium in geothermal power stations in some blended refrigerants.Pentanes are also an active ingredient in some pesticides.[5]Laboratory use[edit]Pentanes are relatively inexpensive and are the most volatile liquid alkanes at room temperature, so they are often used in the laboratory as solvents that can be conveniently and rapidly evaporated. However, because of their nonpolarity and lack of functionality, they dissolve only non-polar and alkyl-rich compounds. Pentanes are miscible with most common nonpolar solvents such as chlorocarbons, aromatics, and ethers.They are often used in liquid chromatography.Physical properties[edit]The boiling points of the pentane isomers range from about 9 to 36 °C. As is the case for other alkanes, the more thickly branched isomers tend to have lower boiling points.The same tends to be true for the melting points of alkane isomers, and that of isopentane is 30 °C lower than that of n-pentane. However, the melting point of neopentane, the most heavily branched of the three, is 100 °C higher than that of isopentane. The anomalously high melting point of neopentane has been attributed to the tetrahedral molecules packing more closely in solid form. But this explanation is contradicted by the fact that neopentane has a lower density than the other two isomers.[6]The branched isomers are more stable (have lower heat of formation and heat of combustion) than n-pentane. The difference is 1.8 kcal/mol for isopentane, and 5 kcal/mol for neopentane.[7]Rotation about two central single C-C bonds of n-pentane produces four different conformations.[8]Reactions[edit]Like other alkanes, pentanes are largely unreactive at standard room temperature and conditions - however, with sufficient activation energy (i.e. an open flame), they readily oxidize to form carbon dioxide and water:C5H12+ 8 O2→ 5 CO2+ 6 H2O + heat/energyLike other alkanes, pentanes undergo free radical chlorination:C5H12+ Cl2→ C5H11Cl + HClSuch reactions are unselective; with n-pentane, the result is a mixture of the 1-, 2-, and 3-chloropentanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives. Other radical halogenations can also occur.References[edit]Jump up ^ http://rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/15/54.full.pdf+html^ Jump up to: a b c d e "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0486". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).Jump up ^ Record of n-Pentane in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 19 April 2011Jump up ^ "n-Pentane". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).Jump up ^ Milne, ed., G.W.A. (2005). Gardner's Commercially Important Chemicals: Synonyms, Trade Names, and Properties. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-471-73518-2.Jump up ^ James Wei (1999), Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., volume 38 issue 12, pp. 5019–5027 doi:10.1021/ie990588mJump up ^ From the values listed at Standard enthalpy change of formation (data table).Jump up ^ Roman M. Balabin (2009). "Enthalpy Difference between Conformations of Normal Alkanes: Raman Spectroscopy Study of n-Pentane and n-Butane". J. Phys. Chem. A. 113 (6): 1012–9. doi:10.1021/jp809639s. PMID 19152252.External links[edit]International Chemical Safety Card 0534 at International Labour OrganizationNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards at CDC Works 24/7Phytochemical data for pentane at http://Ars-grin.gov[show]vteAlkanes[show]vteBinary compounds of hydrogenCategories:AlkanesHydrocarbon solventsNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsLanguagesDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어हिन्दीItalianoРусскийTiếng Việt中文Edit linksThis page was last edited on 12 January 2018, at 18:55.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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