Navy Saar 2008: Fill & Download for Free

In 2008 in the Battle off the coast of Abkhazia at least one Georgian patrol boat was sunken. But as it seems this was very uneven fight as Georgian patrol boats could not in any way match Russian navy forces which included two corvettes (which were guarding two landing ships)In similar way 1988 Johnson South Reef Skirmish was even more unequal as Chinese frigates had huge advantage over obsolete landing ship and armed transports of Vietnam Navy (which were sunken)The real naval battles between comparable (while relatively small) groups of warships I know about were fought in the course of Yom Kippur War on 7 October 1973 and night between 8 and 9 October 1973 when Israeli Navy launched attack on Syrian and Egyptian forces in order to secure shipping in the Mediterranean Sea.In Battle of Latakia 5 Israeli missile boats (1 of “Saar-1” Class, 1 - “Saar-2” class, 2 - “Saar-3” class and 1 - “Saar-4” class) attacked and sunk one Syrian missile boat of “Osa” class, two missile boats of “Komar” class and also torpedo boat and minesweeper. It should be said that Syrian ships succeeded to launch their anti-ship missiles but due to electronic deception and maneuver all of them missed, while Israeli missiles hit targets.Next night in Battle of Baltim - Damietta 6 Israeli missile boat (1 of “Saar-1” Class, 1 - “Saar-2” class, 2 - “Saar-3” class and 2 - “Saar-4” class) fought 4 “Osa” class missile boats of Egyptian Navy. 3 of them were sunken, Israeli Navy suffered no casualtiesUpdate:Operation Morvarid - 1980 Iran-Iraq war naval battle when 2 corvettes and several small ships of Iran Navy supported by aviation fought Iraqi missile boats and torpedo boats. The battle was Iranian victory - they lost one corvette but destroyed 5 missile boats and several torpedo boats.Update 2:Second Battle of Yeonpyeong - 2002 battle between North Korean and South Korean Navies patrol boats (South Korean corvettes arrived after the fight started and outnumbered North Koreans retreated): one damaged South Korean patrol boat sunk while towed to the base.

Republic DayRepublic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.History of Republic DayIndia achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947.The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later which was on 26 January 1950, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.On that day began Dr. Rajendra Prasad's first term of office as President of the Indian Union. The Constituent Assembly became the Parliament of India under the transitional provisions of the new Constitution.This date is celebrated in India as the Republic Day.President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950.The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi organised by the Ministry of Defence. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.Surya Kiran Aerobatics Teamdisplaying tricolor.Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.Thank you….

TurmoilThe years 1919–24 were marked by turmoil as Europe struggled to recover from the devastation of the WWI and the destabilising effects of the loss of four large historic empires: the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. There were numerous new nations in Eastern Europe, most of them small in size. The United States gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other Allies, the Americans came up with the Dawes Plan and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known, especially in Germany, as the "Golden Twenties”.DiplomacyAmerican involvement in European finances and disarmament projects; the expectations and failures of the LON; the relationships of the new countries to the old; the distrustful relations of USSR to the capitalist world; peace and disarmament efforts; responses to the GD starting in 1929; the collapse of world trade; The collapse of democratic regimes one by one; the growth of economic independence; Japanese aggressiveness toward China; Fascist diplomacy, including the aggressive moves by Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany; the Spanish Civil War; the POA of Germany's expansionist moves toward the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the second world war increasingly loomed.Great DepressionThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic recession that took place during the 1930s. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.The depression originated in the United States, after a slow decline in lofty stock prices and became worldwide news with the Wall Street Crash of Oct 29 1929 or Black Tuesday. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009.Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of WWII.The Great Depression had devastating effects in rich & poor countries. Personal Income, Taxes, Profits and Prices plunged, while international trade dived by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.Every city was hit hard, especially those dependent on Heavy Industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary industries such as mining and logging suffered the most.The WR in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the 1923 German Hyperinflation and the failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression, resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to China.Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. The GD that began in 1929 led to the collapse of democracy in most of Europe and the rise of expansionary dictatorships in Russia, Italy, Japan and Germany, as well as local dictatorships in Poland, Spain and elsewhere.BritainThe changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy.Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride its finance and its trade-oriented economy.India strongly supported the Empire in the WWI. It expected a reward, but failed to get home rule as the Raj kept control in British hands and feared another rebellion like that of 1857. The Gov’t of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Mounting tension, particularly in the Punjab region, culminated in the Amritsar Massacre in 1919. Nationalism surged, and centered in the Congress Party led by Gandhi. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion.Egypt had been under de facto British control since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the Ottoman Empire. In 1922 it was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a client state following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt's King Faud and his son King Farouk, and their conservative allies, stayed in power with lavish life styles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism.Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained official independence in 1932 when King Faisal agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil.In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering Jewish Insurgency.The Dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland) were self governing and gained semi-independence in the World War. Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Ireland effectively broke all ties with London in 1937.FranceFrench census statistics from 1931 show an imperial population, outside of France itself, of 64.3 million people living on 11.9 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 39.1 million lived in Africa and 24.5 million lived in Asia; 700,000 lived in the Caribbean or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were Indochina with 21.5 million (in five separate colonies), Algeria with 6.6 million, Morocco with 5.4 million, and West Africa with 14.6 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.A hallmark of the French colonial project from the late 19th century to the post-World War Two era was mission civilisatrice. The principle was that it was France's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples. As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably in French West Africa & Madagascar.During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane and Réunion as well as to the residents of the "4 Communes" in Senegal. Typically the elected deputies were white Frenchmen, although there were some blacks, such as the Senegalese Blaise Diagne, who was elected in 1914.Elsewhere, in the largest and most populous colonies, a strict separation between sujets français and citoyens français with different rights and duties was maintained until 1946. French colonial law held that the granting of French citizenship to natives was a privilege and not a right. Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). For the 116 years from 1830 to 1946, only between 3,000 and 6,000 native Algerians were granted French citizenship. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 citoyens indigènes out of a total population of 15 million.French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. After WWII, the segregationist approach modeled in Morocco had been discredited by its connections to Vichyism, and assimilationism enjoyed a brief renaissance.Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the LON and the ILO to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives.GermanyWeimarThe humiliating peace terms in the TOV provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. That Treaty stripped Germany of all of its overseas colonies, of Alsace and Lorraine, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in Germany's West, who was not allowed to have a real Army, Navy or Air Force, stationed troops in the Rhineland. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments.When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district. The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing hyperinflation, which also damaged the French economy. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic Nazis, nationalists and Commies battled each other in the streets.Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new USSR. Under the TOR, Germany accorded the Soviet Union de jure recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the TOL was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the LON in 1926.Nazi era, 1933–39Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Commies and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, along with the Jews.Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the LON, rejected the TOV and began to re-arm, won back the Saar, remilitarized the Rhineland, Allied with Mussolini's Italy, sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War, seized Austria, conquered Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938, formed a peace pact with Stalin’s Soviet Union in August 1939, and finally invaded Poland in September 1939.After establishing the "Rome-Berlin axis" with Mussolini, and signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered Vienna, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the Anschluss of their country Austria to the Reich. After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million-strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czech. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Moravia and Bohemia. In the same month, he secured the return of Memel from Lithuania to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his POA towards Hitler had failed.