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“Since the Republicans took over Congress in 1995, no other lawmaker – not Tom DeLay, not Nancy Pelosi – has passed more roll-call amendments (amendments that actually went to a vote on the floor) than Bernie Sanders. He accomplishes this on the one hand by being relentlessly active, and on the other by using his status as an Independent to form left-right coalitions.”Authorize grants or contracts to operate population-based, statewide cancer registries in order to collect certain data for each form of in-situ and invasive cancer except basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Authorizes grants for planning the registries. Mandates a study on factors contributing to elevated rates of breast cancer mortality in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and the District of Columbia. Authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services, directly or through grants and contracts, or both, to provide technical assistance to the States in the establishment and operation of statewide registries. H.R.4206 (Cancer Registries Amendment Act) enacted as S. 3312 (Cancer Registries Amendment Act).104th Congress — 1995-1996Require offenders who are convicted of fraud and other white collar crime to give appropriate notice to victims and other persons in cases where there are multiple victims eligible to receive restitution. H.Amdt. 98 to H.R. 665 (Victims of Justice Act of 1995)The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs should emphasize minimizing the burden on small businesses with 50 or fewer employees. H.Amdt. 210 to H.R. 830 (Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995)Increase funding for the Court of Veterans Appeals by $1.4 million and reduce funding for Housing and Urban Development salaries and expenses by $1.4 million. H.Amdt. 1203 to H.R. 3666 Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1997Congress consents to the Vermont-New Hampshire Interstate Public Water Supply Compact to erect and maintain joint public water supply facilities. H.J.Res.129 enacted as S.J.Res.38 (A joint resolution granting the consent of Congress to the Vermont-New Hampshire Interstate Public Water Supply Compact)105th Congress — 1997-1998Congress declares that Ngawang Choephel and other prisoners of conscience in Tibet, as well as in China, should be released immediately, and that the U.S. government should seek access for internationally recognized human rights groups to monitor human rights in Tibet.H.Amdt.174 to H.R.1757 (Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998)Increase funding for the Meals on Wheels program by $5 million and reduce funding for the Food and Drug Administration by $5.5 million. H.Amdt.267 to H.R.2160 (Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998)Amendment increases funding for the National Guard Starbase program by $2 million. Funding for the increase would be offset by reducing funds comensurately from the NATO Joint Stars program. H.Amdt.289 to H.R.2266 (Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1998)Prohibit funds for the U.S. Customs Office from being used to allow the importation into the U.S. any material mined, produced, or manufactured by forced or indentured child labor.H.Amdt.368 to H.R.2378 (Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 1998)Increase funding for the office of the U.S. Trade Representative by $1 million and reduce funding for general administrative expenses within the Department of Commerce commensurately. H.Amdt.388 to H.R.2267 (Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998)Encourage lower higher education costs by giving the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education — which administers a competitive grant program for higher education institutions — a broader mission and allow it to make competitive grants available to institutions that cooperate and reduce costs through the joint purchase of goods and services.H.Amdt.569 to H.R.6 (Higher Education Amendments of 1998)Reduce the intelligence budget for fiscal year 1999 by 5% with an exemption for the CIA Retirement and Disability Fund. H.Amdt.614 to H.R.3694 (Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999)Require the Comptroller General to report to Congress regarding the efficacy and benefits of uniformly limiting any commissions, fees, markups, or other costs incurred by customers in the acquisition of financial products. H.Amdt.626 to H.R.10 (Financial Services Act of 1998)Increase funding for nutrition programs for senior citizens by $10 million. H.Amdt.706 toH.R.4101 (Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999)Prohibit funding to be used to enter into or renew a contract with any company owned, or partially owned, by the People’s Republic of China or the People’s Liberation Army of the People’s Republic of China. H.Amdt.708 to H.R.4103 (Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1999)$2 million appropriated to the National Archives and Records Administration for the National Personnel Records Center for modernization of its records management system. H.Amdt.724to H.R.4104 (Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 1999) enacted as H.R. 2490 (Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2000)106th Congress — 1999-2000Reduce the appropriation for the Agricultural Research Service by $13 million and to increase the appropriation for the commodity assistance program by $10 million. H.Amdt.127 toH.R.1906 (Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000)Provide $1 million for a national pilot program to promote agritourism. H.Amdt.136 to H.R.1906 (Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000)Increase Payment In Lieu of Taxes (PILT) funding by $20 million; provides $30 million for deficit reduction; and reduces fossil energy research and development funding by $50 million.H.Amdt.258 to H.R.2466 (Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000) enacted as H.R.3194 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000)Increase funding for the Weatherization Assistance Program by $13 million and reduces Strategic Petroleum Reserve funding accordingly. H.Amdt.270 to H.R.2466 (Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000) enacted as H.R.3194 ( Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000)At the end of the bill (before the short title), insert the following new section: \ RURAL VETERANS HEALTH CARE SERVICES \ SEC. . The house supports efforts to implement improvements in health care services for veterans in rural areas. H.Amdt.442 to H.R.2684 (Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000)Prohibit the use of National Institutes of Health funding to grant an exclusive or partially exclusive license pursuant to chapter 18 of title 35, USC, except in accordance with section 209 of such title (relating to the availability to the public of an invention and its benefits on reasonable terms). H.Amdt.791 to H.R.4577 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001)Increase funding for weatherization assistance and energy conservation programs by $45 million and reduce fossil fuel energy research and development programs accordingly.H.Amdt.818 to H.R.4578 (Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001)107th Congress — 2001-2002Prohibit the importation of goods on which the United States Customs Service has issued a detention order on the basis that such goods were made by forced or indentured child labor.H.Amdt.238 to H.R.2590 (Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2002)Prohibit use of funds in the bill giving an exclusive or partially exclusive licenses to pharmaceutical companies pursuant to chapter 18, U.S.C., relating to the availability to the public of an invention and its benefits on reasonable terms. H.Amdt.376 to H.R.3061 (Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002)Provide $100 million for federally qualified community health centers. H.Amdt.404 to H.R.3338 (Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002)108th Congress — 2003-2004Increase funding for weatherization assistance grants by $15 million with offsets from other energy conservation activities. H.Amdt.255 to H.R.2691 (Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004)Prohibit the use of funds in the bill to implement any policy prohibiting the Directors of the Veterans Integrated Service Networks from conducting outreach or marketing to enroll new veterans within their respective networks. H.Amdt.336 to H.R.2861 (Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004) enacted as H.R.2673 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004)109th Congress — 2005-2006None.110th Congress — 2007-2008Provide $242 million for the weatherization assistance program. S.Amdt.737 to H.R.1591 (U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007)Establish an energy efficiency and renewable energy worker training program. S.Amdt.1515 toH.R.6 (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)Require that not less than 30% of the hot water demand for certain new or substantially modified Federal buildings be met through the installation and use of solar hot water heaters.S.Amdt.1525 to H.R.6 (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)Increase specially adapted housing benefits for disabled veterans. S.Amdt.4384 to H.R.3221 (Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008)111th Congress — 2009-2010Require the Comptroller General of the United States to report to Congress on financial assistance for child care available to deployed members of the reserve components of the Armed Forces. S.Amdt.1658 to S.1390 (National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010)Increase funds for the school community garden pilot program by $2.5 million, with an offset.S.Amdt.2271 to H.R.2997 (Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010)Make available $20 million for veteran outreach and reintegration services under the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program from the from Overseas Contingency Operations budget.S.Amdt.2601 to H.R.3326 (Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010)Require the non-partisan Government Accountability Office to conduct an independent audit of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System that does not interfere with monetary policy, to let the American people know the names of the recipients of over $2 trillion in taxpayer assistance from the Federal Reserve System, and for other purposes. S.Amdt.3738to S.3217 (Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2010)Require recipients of TARP funding to meet strict H-1B worker hiring standard to ensure non-displacement of U.S. workers. S.Amdt.306 to H.R.1 (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009)Require the Comptroller General of the United States to report to Congress on financial assistance for child care available to deployed members of the reserve components of the Armed Forces. S.Amdt.1658 to S.1390 (National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010)Require the Administrator of the General Services to make publicly available the contractor integrity performance database established under the Clean Contracting Act of 2008.S.Amdt.4280 to H.R.4899 (Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2010)112th Congress — 2011-2012None.113th Congress — 2013-2014VA reform bill expands health care facilities, allows veterans to go outside the VA system to private health care providers when wait times are too long or if a veteran lives more than 40 miles away from a VA facility, and makes it easier to fire VA officials. S.2450 (Veterans’ Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014) enacted as H.R.3230(Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014)Directs the Secretary of the VA to increase, as of December 1, 2013, the rates of veterans’ disability compensation, additional compensation for dependents, the clothing allowance for certain disabled veterans, and dependency and indemnity compensation for surviving spouses and children. Requires each such increase to be the same percentage as the increase in benefits provided under title II (Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance) of the Social Security Act, on the same effective date. S.893 (Veterans’ Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 2013)Modify the authority of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs or Secretary of the Army over interring the remains and honoring the memory of a person in a national cemetery.S.Amdt.2146 to S.1471 (Alicia Dawn Koehl Respect for National Cemeteries Act)

1. Harvard UniversityFounded in1636,Harvard is the oldest higher education institution in the United States and it is widely regarded in terms of its influence, reputation, and academic pedigree as a leading university in not just the US but also the world. Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, three miles north-west of Boston, Harvard’s 209-acre campus houses 10 degree-granting schools in addition to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, two theaters, and five museums. It is also home to the largest academic library system in the world, with 18 million volumes, 180,000 serial titles, an estimated 400 million manuscript items and 10 million photographs. Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Total enrollment: 20,595 International students: 5,353 Harvard University inCambridge, Massachusetts, earned the top spot on U.S. News’ ranking of global universities.2. Stanford UniversityStanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford,California. Located 35 miles south of San Francisco and 20 miles north of San Jose, Stanford University is in the heart of Northern California’s dynamic Silicon Valley, home to Yahoo, Google, Hewlett-Packard, and many other cutting-edge tech companies that were founded by and continue to be led by Stanford alumni and faculty. Covering8,180 acres, Stanford has one of the largest university campuses in the US, with 18 interdisciplinary research institutes and seven schools: the Graduate School of Business; School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences; Graduate School of Education; School of Engineering; School of Humanities and Sciences; Law School; and School of Medicine.Stanford is known for its academic achievements, wealth, close proximity to Silicon Valley, and selectivity; it ranks as one of the world's top universities. Location: Stanford, California, U.S. Total enrollment: 15,878 . International students: 3,608.3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)(MIT)is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science, engineering, mathematics, and technology, and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength, making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world.Today, MIT has evolved into an educational behemoth, with some 1,000 faculty members and more than 11,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The Institute is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant university, with an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River. The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as theMIT LincolnLaboratory, the Bates Center, and theHaystack Observatory,as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes.Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Total enrollment: 11,231 . International students: 3,8484. University of CambridgeFounded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's fourth-oldest surviving university.Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include31 semi-autonomousconstituent Colleges and over100 academic departmentsorganised into six schools. Six schools are spread across the university’s colleges, housing roughly 150 faculties and other institutions. Thesix schoolsare: Arts and Humanities, Biological Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Humanities and Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Technology.The campus is located in the centre of the city of Cambridge, with its numerous listed buildings and many of the older colleges situated on or near the river Cam.Cambridge serves more than 18,000 students from all cultures and corners of the world. Nearly 4,000 of its students are international and hail from over 120 different countries. In addition, the university’s International Summer Schools offer 150 courses to students from more than 50 countries.In total,92 affiliates of the universityhave been awarded Nobel Prizes, covering every category.Location: Cambridge, England, U.K. Total enrollment: 9,000 . International students: 3,0005. University of OxfordThe University Of Oxford, established in 1096 and situated in Oxford,Englandis the oldest university in the English speaking world and the world'ssecond-oldest universityin continuous operation. Oxford is situated about 60 miles north-west of London and today there are around 240 buildings across 13 sites in and around Oxford.The university is made up of 39 constituent colleges, and a range of academic departments, which are organised into four divisions. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures, seminars, and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments; some postgraduate teaching includes tutorials organised by faculties and departments.Oxford currently has a total enrollment of nearly 24,000 students including 11,747 undergraduate and 11,687 postgraduate students. Majority of undergraduate students studying in Oxford come from state schools and the university also offers 350 different graduate degree programs. A world-class, modern and research-driven university, Oxford is also ranked in the top six globally in engineering, life sciences, social sciences and the arts and humanities. Oxford has an alumni network of over 2.50 Lakh individuals, including more than 120 Olympic medalists, 26 Nobel Prize winners, seven poets laureate, and over 30 modern world leaders (includingBill Clinton, Aung San Suu Kyi,Indira Gandhiand 26 UK Prime Ministers).6. University of CaliforniaThe University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also includes the California State University system and the California Community Colleges System.The University of California was founded on March 23, 1868, and operated in Oakland before moving to its campus inBerkeleyin 1873.The University of California has 10 campuses, a combined student body of 280,380 students, 21,200 faculty members, 144,000 staff members and over 1.86 million living alumni, as governed by a semi-autonomous Board of Regents.Nine campusesenroll both undergraduate and graduate students; one campus, UC San Francisco, enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences. In addition, the UC Hastings College of Law, located in San Francisco, is legally affiliated with UC, but other than sharing its name is entirelyautonomousfrom the rest of the system.7. Princeton UniversityPrinceton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton,New Jersey. Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution inUnited States.It was founded in 1746 and moved to its current site in New Jersey in 1896. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering.It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University. Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States.The Ivy League institution guarantees accommodation to all of its undergraduate students across the four years of their degree and is committed to building a diverse campus community. Residential colleges offer a variety of academic, social, cultural and recreational programs, and opportunities abound for students to engage in interests beyond their academic study, whether that be writing for a literary publication, learning the science of beekeeping, or singing with an a capella group.The university is within easy reach of both New York City and Philadelphia, with the “Dinky” shuttle train providing a regular one-hour service to both cities.Studying at Princeton surrounded by natural beauty and architectural gems brings the best out in students. Several alumni and faculty members have been awarded Nobel prizes, and the university is consistently ranked in the top ten worldwide. Admissions are need-blind and, through a combination of grants and college jobs, few students graduate in debt – even though 60 percent of incoming students receive financial aid.8. Columbia UniversityEstablished in 1754,Columbia University is a private IvyLeague research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain and renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolutionary War.The university is organized into 20 schools, including undergraduate schools such as Columbia College, the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies, as well as graduate schools such as Columbia Law School, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Journalism School and Columbia Business School. It also had global research outposts across the world. Its total student body numbers around 28,000 and is comprised mainly of postgraduates, with roughly 8,500 undergraduate students.9. California Institute Of TechnologyThe California Institute of Technology (Caltech), is a world-renowned science and engineering research and education institution, located inPasadena, California, around 11 miles northeast of downtown Los Angeles. Caltech is often ranked as one of the world's top-ten universities. Caltech's campus has five institutes namely Beckman Institute, Kavli Nanoscience Institute, Rosen Bioengineering Center, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience and the Resnick Sustainability Institute. The Millikan Library is the highest building on the university campus. Apart from Pasadena, the institute also has its campuses in Louisiana, Hawaii, Switzerland, and Washington. Spread over 124 acres of land, Caltech has seven buildings that make for student and family residences in the campus. The university also maintains several athletic teams in basketball, volleyball, soccer, tennis, swimming, and fencing, for both men and women.Caltech offers graduate, undergraduate and doctoral degree programs in mathematics, chemistry, biology, computer science, physics, and earth sciences. The academic structure of the university comprises six divisions namely Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Humanities and Social Sciences, Biology and Biological Engineering, Geological and Planetary Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Science. Currently, there are more than 1,285 graduate students in Caltech and about 948 students enrolled in undergraduate programs. There are around 3,900 employees at Caltech including alumni and non-alumni academic faculties. The university staff includes professors who are highly learned and expert in science and applied sciences.Caltech maintains a notable list ofalumniwho have gained a good reputation in their respective fields. The university has about 22,930 alumni including 73 noble laureates. Harrison Hagan Jack Schmitt, a noted geologist, and NASA astronaut graduated from Caltech in 1957. Famous bio-chemist and author Linus Carl Pauling also graduated from this university.10. University Of ChichagoThe University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Based in the urban center of Chicago, the third most populous city in the United States. The University of Chicago holds top positions in various national and international rankings. Today, the University of Chicago has approximately 16,000 students enrolled, with a male to female ratio of 56:44. A quarter of all students hail from overseas, a nod to the institution’s progressive credentials.The university is composed of the undergraduate college as well as various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions. Beyond the arts and sciences, Chicago is also well known for its professional schools, which include the Pritzker School of Medicine, the Booth School of Business, the Law School, the School of Social Service Administration, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, the Divinity School and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies, as well as the recently launched Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering. The university has additional campuses and centers in London, Paris, Beijing, Delhi, and Hong Kong, as well as in downtown Chicago.Source: www.Codingpedia.xyz : Top 10 University In World

From left, Gov. Gavin Newsom of California, the gymnast Katelyn Ohashi and Zion Williamson, now with the New Orleans Pelicans.Credit...Illustration by Nicholas Konrad; Photographs by Jim Wilson/The New York Times, Sean Rayford/Associated Press, Katharine Lotze/Getty ImagesThis article is part of the Debatable newsletter. You can sign up here to receive it Tuesdays and Thursdays.What just happened: Gov. Gavin Newsom of California signed a lawMonday allowing college athletes to strike endorsement deals, a move that could upend the business model of college sports that denies student athletes the ability to trade on their talent. “Colleges reap billions from student athletes but block them from earning a single dollar,” Newsom tweeted. “That’s a bankrupt model.” The professional basketball stars LeBron James and Draymond Greenhave also thrown their support behind the law as a matter of economic justice for their amateur counterparts.The debate: Should college athletes be allowed to profit from their sport?ADVERTISEMENTWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWThe National Collegiate Athletic Association, the nonprofit organization that administers student athletics, made over $1 billion in revenue in 2017. Much of that money is returned to member schools, which use it to fund their sports programs, coaches and administrators, as well as scholarships and supplementary academic assistance for student athletes. The athletes themselves are compensated only in financial aid and are forbidden to be paid in exchange for the use of their name, image or likeness.California’s law breaks this prohibition, allowing students to book sponsorships, even with the help of agents. But it would also challenge the system of amateurism that has governed college sports for decades, risking N.C.A.A. fines “potentially in the tens of millions of dollars” for California schools whose athletes decide to monetize their renown, according to an analysis by the California State Assembly’s staff, and even risking their teams’ eligibility to compete.ADVERTISEMENTWHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYINGAthletes have been cheatedCollege athletics is less a nonprofit enterprise than an industry exploiting its workers, writes Brian Rosenberg, the president of Macalester College, in The New York Times. He points out that universities with top teams can rake in nearly $20 million a year from Nike or Adidas sponsorships, while the athletes themselves, whose talent is what attracts such sponsorships in the first place, walk away with nothing. He writes:College basketball players are worth a lot of money, but they aren’t legally allowed to make it. So the schools, coaches, agents and shoe companies make the money instead — all in the name of “amateurism.”Katelyn Ohashi, a former University of California, Los Angeles, gymnast, has criticized the unfairness of N.C.A.A. rules that prevented her from making any money from a video of a perfect floor routine that went viral earlier this year. She told Mr. Newsom:Here’s the fame, but then there’s no compensation, and it’s so crazy. People are like, “Oh, you must be so rich.” And I’m like, “You must not know the N.C.A.A.” … When my routine went viral, [N.C.A.A. President] Mark Emmert called me to congratulate me, and I’m like, “You should be thanking me.”In fact, according to an analysis cited in The Economist, if players were paid in proportion to the amount of revenue they generated for their colleges, “the top 10 percent of football and 16 percent of basketball players would be paid around $400,000 and $250,000 a year respectively.” While the N.C.A.A.’s desire to keep so-called professionalism out of college sports may have made sense before they became such a big business, the author writes, it’s clearly an illusion that no longer holds:The two most lucrative college sports, American football and basketball, are highly competitive. Many universities are willing to bend over backward to enroll talented players. And the argument that university athletics remains amateur would hardly earn passing marks in even an introductory college course.Allowing athletes to court sponsors would corrupt college sportsRemoving the N.C.A.A. restrictions on endorsements would create a winner-take-all dynamic within and among universities, writes Cody J. McDavis, a former Division I basketball player. The best players at the best schools would reap all the benefits, Mr. McDavis says, while less popular sports and athletes would suffer. He writes:Major brands like Nike would pay top football and basketball talent at the biggest schools, while student-athletes in other sports or at smaller programs would be ignored. Currently, corporate funds go to athletic departments and are generally distributed among all sports; with third-party payments, those funds could instead mostly go directly to a few student-athletes, starving the rest.The N.C.A.A., for its part, has said the California law “would erase the critical distinction between college and professional athletes.” Even The Los Angeles Times editorial board, which came out in favor of the law, acknowledges that some change to the spirit of college athletics would be inevitable. They write:The measure would inevitably eat away at the distinction between professional and college sports. Celebrated collegians could make money not only by endorsing sneakers and sports drinks, but also by autographing jerseys, pitching workout videos and putting their name on baseball bats and hockey sticks. In short, they could profit from the fame that their work as an athlete brings.Sports need to be scaled backAs those on opposing sides of California’s law debate how the fruits of the college sports economy ought to be distributed, others assert that the solution is simply to decommercialize the activity altogether.Jonathan R. Cole, a professor at Columbia and author of “Toward a More Perfect University,” suggests in The Atlantic that the emphasis placed on campus athletics is “totally out of control.” In 41 states, he writes, the highest-paid public employee is not a professor or neurosurgeon, but rather a college football or basketball coach. For students, meanwhile, the difficulty of keeping up with both coursework and demanding athletic schedules has created an incentive for academic fraud. Taken together, a picture emerges of college sports as a pseudoprofessional industry that encroaches upon the mission of higher education. He writes:For the highly selective colleges and universities, the leaders ought to roll back the percentage of recruited athletes. … The highly selective colleges ought to withdraw from the N.C.A.A. and form their own league since they are not trying to build national championship programs. … Finally, university leaders should consider forming special institutions located in different geographic areas that are devoted almost entirely to athletics and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.One school that has provided something of a model on this front is Spelman, a historically black college for women. In 2011, Spelman learned that its N.C.A.A. division was losing three members. Rather than find another conference in which to compete at great expense, the school decided to withdraw from the N.C.A.A. and eliminate its athletics department in favor of a fitness program for all students. Beverly Daniel Tatum, then Spelman’s president, wrote in The Times in 2013:Whether it’s diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease, black women are more likely to suffer from these ailments — and die from them — at young ages. All are linked to obesity and lack of physical activity. … We decided that it was more important to support our entire campus with a wellness initiative than 80 student athletes with N.C.A.A. funding.WHAT’S NEXTCalifornia’s changes aren’t scheduled to take effect until 2023, leaving the N.C.A.A. ample time to mount court challenges to the law, which the organization has suggested violates the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution. If the law is upheld, the N.C.A.A. will have to decide whether to penalize the schools with fines, which may or may not be legally enforceable, or even expel them.ADVERTISEMENTFor now, California is betting that the outsize importance of its universities within the world of college sports will make those threats impossible to carry out. “I don’t necessarily take it to heart,” Newsom said.It’s the one-month birthday of this newsletter! Do you have a topic you’d like us to cover? Is there anything you want to see more or less of? Email us at [email protected] to tell us what you think so we can make it even better for you.MORE PERSPECTIVESJemele Hill makes the case for black athletes to leave white colleges for historically black ones. [The Atlantic]ADVERTISEMENTReaders discuss Mr. McDavis’s Op-Ed arguing that paying student athletes would ruin college sports. [The New York Times]Saahil Desai argues that college sports amount to affirmative action for white people. [The Atlantic]WHAT YOU’RE SAYINGHere’s what readers had to say about the last debate: Do we need a wealth tax?Nadine, a political science student from Egypt, wrote in: “In Islam, the main instrument for income redistribution is called the ‘Zakat,’ which is quite similar to the wealth tax. Unlike income taxes, Zakat is applied on a person’s accumulated wealth. The philosophy behind this is that money is made to be spent in various activities, contributing to the economy, and not hoarded in banks. Therefore, as long as you’re using your income in different endeavors, it will not be taxed under the Zakat. Zakat is 2.5 percent of the sum of money that you kept aside and didn’t use for one year.”And John Marshall from New York suggested raising the capital gains tax rate, now 20 percent: “As Bill Gates pointed out in response to AOC’s 70 percent tax (and something I’ve been evangelizing my entire career as a tax attorney), wealthy people don’t pay ordinary income taxes, they pay capital gains.”