State Of Hawaii G 17 2005: Fill & Download for Free

Original Question:Where is redistricting covered in The Constitution and what was the original intent of allowing redistricting?I understand SCOTUS is going to take up a case about “gerrymandering” and I admit I'm very weak on where redistricting is allowed in The Constitution and why the FF’’s determined it should be a practice.The Constitution vaguely mentions redistricting in Article 1 Section 2 [1]:The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.Article 1 Section 2’s intent was to require that states redo their political maps ever 10 years to reflect changes in the population. Why? Because each state is granted seats for the House of Representatives roughly based on population [2]:By federal law, redistricting must occur following a census for two reasons. First, new districts must be drawn when a state gains or loses congressional districts as a result of the apportionment of congressional districts to the states.Second, even if the number of districts does not change, governments must redraw districts so that the districts have equal populations. These are the reasons why redistricting must occur. Some governments may choose to conduct redistricting for political reasons. The most infamous case in recent times was the 2003 re-redistricting in Texas, where Democratic state legislators fled the state to prevent a mid-decade congressional redistricting.The Constitution also mentions redistricting in Article 1 Section 4 [3]:The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Place of Chusing Senators.This Section of Article 1 was written to determine the authority in charge of redistricting. This authority was given in part to state legislators but gives ultimate authority to Congress. However, Congress has never mandated a redistricting procedure and ultimately lets the states do as they wish.Because there are no real explicit guidelines, it remains relatively unclear how voting power will be apportioned and specifically how representatives will be elected.James Madison did write about single-member districts in the Federalist Paper [4]:"…divide the largest state into ten or twelve districts and it will be found that there will be no peculiar interests...which will not be within the knowledge of the Representative of the district."Single-member districts, explained [5]:The single member plurality election is the most common and best-known electoral system currently in use in America. It is used to elect the U.S. House Representatives, as well as many state and local legislatures. Under single member plurality systems, an area is divided into a number of geographically defined voting districts, each represented by a single elected official. Voters can only vote for their district’s representative, with the highest vote-getter winning election, even if he or she has received less than half of the vote.In addition to the problems endemic to all winner-take-all systems, single member plurality results create some specific difficulties of their own:Where the boundaries of districts are drawn can have a huge effect on who is likely to win election.As a result, gerrymandering to protect incumbents or weaken political enemies is common under single member plurality systems.Single member plurality elections are prone to the spoiler dynamic.Where more than two viable candidates run and split the vote within a district, the “winner” of an election can often be the candidate whom the majority of voters liked least.Generally, parties will limit the number of candidates running to avoid this scenario, leaving voters with minimal choice.These dynamics essentially mean that in the vast majority of single member plurality elections, voters have no effective choice, but to ratify the candidate of the majority party in their district.Single member majority systems are identical to single-member plurality systems, except that they use two round runoffs or instant runoff voting to ensure that the winner of an election has the support of the majority of voters. While this eliminates the spoiler problem, it does nothing to stop the negative effects of gerrymandering or the limitations inherent in making geography the primary districting criteria. In some cases these systems can also make it harder for communities of color to win election.As you can see, Madison’s brief mention of a single-member district offers no real clarifications, and because the Constitution offers no real clarification either, things become complicated in regards to gerrymandering.A small clarification came in 1842, called the apportionment act [6]:…House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected agreeably to a ratio of one Representative for every seventy thousand six hundred and eighty persons in each State, and of one additional representative for each State having a fraction greater than one moiety of the said ratio, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Constitution of the United States; that is to say:Within the State of Maine, Number of sevenWithin the State of New Hampshire, fourWithin the State of Representatives Massachusetts, tenWithin the State of Rhode Island, twoWithin the State of Connecticut, fourWithin the State of Vermont, fourWithin the State of New York, thirty-fourWithin the State of New Jersey, fiveWithin the State of Pennsylvania, twenty-fourWithin the State of Delaware, oneWithin the State of Maryland, sixWithin the State of Virginia, fifteenWithin the State of North Carolina, nineWithin the State of South Carolina, sevenWithin the State of Georgia, eightWithin the State of Alabama, sevenWithin the State of Louisiana, fourWithin the State of Mississippi, fourWithin the State of Tennessee, elevenWithin the State of Kentucky, tenWithin the State of Ohio, twenty-oneWithin the State of Indiana, tenWithin the State of Illinois, sevenWithin the State of Missouri, fiveWithin the State of Arkansas, oneWithin the State of Michigan, threeSEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That in every case where a State is entitled to more than one Representative, the number to which each is entitled under this apportionment shall be elected by districts composed of contiguous territory equal in number to the number the election to of Representatives to which said State may be entitled, no one district be by districts, electing more than one Representative.This Act set the House membership at a total of 223.Regardless, many states didn’t follow the rules of the 1842 Act once it was established [7]:In the first election after the passage of the 1842 act four states -- Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, and New Hampshire -- continued to elect representatives at-large rather than by districts.While there was considerable debate as to the legality of their election, these states' representatives were seated in the House. It was later determined in an 1844 report from the Committee on Elections that these four states' members had been duly elected. This report, too, questioned the constitutionality of Congress' authority to dictate changes in pre-existing state election laws.After the 1842 Act, Apportionment Acts were written after every census [7]:These acts increased the number of representatives as the population of the country increased and more states were added to the Union. However, the districting provisions of the 1842 act were modified inconsistently, resulting in several important changes in congressional districting policy.An apportionment act passed in 1850 (9 Stat. 433) increased the size of the House to 233 but dropped provisions requiring elections by districts. However, an act in 1862 (12 Stat. 572) restored the provisions of the act of 1842 requiring districts composed of contiguous territory.An apportionment act in 1872 (17 Stat. 28) again reiterated the requirement of districts composed of contiguous territory and added that they should contain "as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants." The apportionment act of 1882 (22 Stat. 5) and an act in 1891 repeated the provisions of contiguous territory and equal population of the 1872 act. An apportionment act in 1901 (31 Stat. 733) added that districts should not only be of equal population and contiguous but also be of "compact territory." These provisions were also included in 1911's apportionment act (37 Stat. 13).SCOTUS ruled on further requirements regarding population change in a 1932 ruling [5]:In 1929 Congress passed a combined census-reapportionment bill which established a permanent method for apportioning House seats according to each census. This bill neither repealed nor restated the requirements of the previous apportionment acts -- that districts be contiguous, compact, and equally populated.It was not clear if these requirements were still in effect until the Supreme Court ruled in 1932 in Wood v. Broom that the provisions of each apportionment act affected only the apportionment for which they were written. Thus the size and population requirements, last stated in the act of 1911, expired immediately with the enactment of the subsequent apportionment act.Thus, the permanent act of 1929 gave little direction concerning congressional districting. It merely established a system in which House seats would be reallocated to states which have shifts in population.The lack of recommendations concerning districts had several significant effects:It allowed states to draw districts of varying size and shape.It allowed states to abandon districts altogether and elect at least some representatives at large, which several states chose to do, including New York, Illinois, Washington, Hawaii and New Mexico. In the 88th Congress (in the early 1960s), for example, 22 of the 435 representatives were elected at-large.The Supreme Court rulings for Wesberry v. Sanders & Reynolds v. Sims were based on population and redistricting. Both took place in 1964 [8]:The ruling for Wesberry v. Sanders:…requires each state to draw its U.S. Congressional districts so that they are approximately equal in population.The ruling for Reynolds v. Sims [9]:…in the election of any chamber of a state legislature the electoral districts must be roughly equal in population. The case was brought on behalf of voters in Alabama by M.O. Sims, a taxpayer in Birmingham, Alabama, but affected both northern and southern states that had similarly failed to reapportion their legislatures in keeping with changes in state population after its application in five companion cases in Colorado, New York, Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware.These cases were brought to the SCOTUS because [10]:Some states had failed to draw new districts for as many as sixty years, which had provided slow growing rural areas with more representation than fast growing urban areas. At the time of the so-called reapportionment revolution, balancing district populations was predicted to shift government policies towards those favored by urban interests and even to limit gerrymandering.These rulings and many others effectively nullified state practices of apportioning their state legislative seats among their counties or towns; for example, providing every county one seat and apportioning the remainder among the larger population counties (ironically, a process similar to the apportionment of congressional seats to the states). Many states amended their constitutions to revise their redistricting processes, so that the federal courts would not nullify this section of their state constitution.In 1967, the federal government passed a law that required Congressional districts to be single member:2 U.S. Code § 2c - Number of Congressional Districts; number of Representatives from each District [11] :In each State entitled in the Ninety-first Congress or in any subsequent Congress thereafter to more than one Representative under an apportionment made pursuant to the provisions of section 2a(a) of this title, there shall be established by law a number of districts equal to the number of Representatives to which such State is so entitled, and Representatives shall be elected only from districts so established, no district to elect more than one Representative (except that a State which is entitled to more than one Representative and which has in all previous elections elected its Representatives at Large may elect its Representatives at Large to the Ninety-first Congress).The League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry is a SCOTUS case from 2006 regarding gerrymandering in Texas.Here is some quick background [12]:After the 2000 United States Census Democrats and Republicans in the Texas Legislature could not reach an agreement on redistricting and a new plan had to be drawn by a federal three-judge court made up of U.S. Circuit Judge Patrick Higginbotham, and U.S. District Judges John H. Hannah, Jr. and T. John Ward.When Tom DeLay and his Texans for a Republican Majority helped Republicans win total control of the state in the 2002 election, however, they sought to replace the court’s redistricting plan.Democratic lawmakers known as the Killer Ds and the Texas Eleven fled the state to deny the legislature of a quorum, but the clerk of the Texas House of Representatives issued arrest warrants for the legislators and Delay had federal agencies track their movements.Governor Rick Perry called three special sessions and ultimately passed the new plan. Career staff at the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division advised the plan failed pre-clearance under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 but were overruled by acting Assistant Attorney General Bradley Schlozman.At the November 2004 election, Republican seats increased from fifteen to twenty-one, with even Martin Frost, the third-ranking Democrat in the House, losing his seat.Private plaintiffs sued, alleging:Any mid-decade redistricting was illegalThe plan was an unconstitutional partisan gerrymanderIt was in violation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act.On January 6, 2004, a three-judge district court now made up of Circuit Judge Higgenbotham, and District Judges Ward and Lee H. Rosenthal rejected all the plaintiffs’ claims, with Judge Ward concurring in part and dissenting in part.On October 18, 2004, however, the Supreme Court vacated and remanded the case after its new plurality decision in Vieth v. Jubelirer readdressed the political question doctrine. On June 9, 2005, the three-judge court rejected all the plaintiffs’ claims again, with Judge Ward writing a special concurrence.Plaintiffs appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court, where two hours of argument were heard on March 1, 2006, with Paul M. Smith appearing for the statewide plaintiffs, Nina Perales of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund appearing for the District 23 plaintiffs, Texas Solicitor General Ted Cruz appearing for the state, and then-Deputy U.S. Solicitor General Gregory G. Garre appearing as a friend of Texas.On June 28, 2006, the second to last day of the term, a highly fractured Court rejected all of the plaintiffs’ claims except for the vote dilution claim in Texas's 23rd congressional district, producing six different opinions spanning 121 pages of the United States Reports.The ruling:The Court ruled that only District 23 of the 2003 Texas redistricting violated the Voting Rights Act. The Court refused to throw out the entire plan, ruling that the plaintiffs failed to state a sufficient claim of partisan gerrymandering.The opinion requires lawmakers to adjust Congressional district boundaries in comport with the Court's ruling, though the ruling does not threaten Republican gains as a result of the redistricting in Texas.The Court also declined to resolve a dispute over whether partisan gerrymandering claims present non-justiciable political questions.Basically, the ruling allowed states to redistrict before each election if they wanted to, which further complicates everything.Single-member districts made sense 150 years ago, but they no longer do [5]:The single-member district has become the tradition in American representative government. This method of electing representatives was a practical system when it was first instituted over 150 years ago. In addition to ensuring more partisan fairness among the two major parties, districts seemed to encourage representatives' accountability by being connected geographically and ideologically to their constituents. This system also provided a more efficient means of contact with constituents at a time when modes of transportation and communication were relatively slow.The formation of equitable single-member districts has become increasingly tedious, however, and increasingly open to partisan manipulation given advances in computer technology and measures of voter behavior. It also raises important concerns about electoral fairness. The obvious example is the controversy over districts drawn to provide electoral opportunities for racial and ethnic minorities who have faced a history of discrimination.Such districts can allow minority voters an opportunity to elect candidates of choice, yet become more problematic as our population becomes increasingly mobile and racial and ethnic minorities outside of urban areas are less concentrated in one geographic locale. In order to create some minority majority districts, districts must be carved out which are misshapen and incongruous, defeating the earlier notions that they be compact and contiguous. Similar districts of course are often drawn to protect incumbents or provide partisan advantage.Although instituted to better represent groups in the minority, single-member districts still can consistently under-represent those in the minority, or even leave them unrepresented. Whether consciously drawn with such an intent or not, districts can consistently deny the desired representation of a permanent minority.Single-member districts have undergone an equivocal and unsettled history in order for them to have become established as the norm for our national elections. Now, their effectiveness and practicality in an increasingly diverse and mobile population may well face more challenges.On the other hand, multi-member elections for Congress are a forgotten and overlooked part of our country's electoral history. Until thirty years ago, a majority of state legislative seats were elected from multi-member districts, while a majority of local officials still are elected from such districts.When combined with proportional representation (such as cumulative voting or preference voting), multi-member districts would provide states with a viable method to reduce problems inherent in single-member districts. Provision for simply giving states the option to have multi-member districts requires only repeal of the single-member district requirement passed by Congress in 1967.I think I should also clarify on the difference between redistricting and gerrymandering: redistricting isn’t necessarily bad (and it has to happen), gerrymandering, however, is bad.Redistricting [13]:to divide anew into districts, as for administrative or electoral purposes.Gerrymandering [14]:the dividing of a state, county, etc., into election districts so as to give one political party a majority in many districts while concentrating the voting strength of the other party into as few districts as possible.Many believe that as long as legislators are allowed to draw the political map, they will choose their voters instead of allowing their voters to choose them. Because of this, some have suggested creating computer algorithms that draw districts instead.The Washington Post explores what that would be like [15]:Olson's algorithm creates "optimally compact" equal-population congressional districts in each state, based on 2010 census data. It draws districts that respect the boundaries of census blocks, which are the smallest geographic units used by the Census Bureau. This ensures that the district boundaries reflect actual neighborhoods and don't, say, cut an arbitrary line through somebody's house.Rather than a confusing snarl of interlocked districts, you have neat, trim boundaries that make intuitive sense.Here are some pictures of this algorithm at work:Here is an up close view of North Carolina:Pennsylvania:Algorithms like this one prioritize compactness -- that is, ensuring that voters are geographically close together. One of the telltale signs of gerrymandering is dramatically non-compact districts that squiggle and squirm out in all different directions -- evidence of lawmakers trying to bring far-flung voters into a single district in order to achieve the partisan mix that best favors their party.However, compactness isn’t always the issue, so there may be strengths in certain areas with algorithms, but in other areas, this wouldn’t be the best solution.Recently, SCOTUS ruled in May of this year (2017) that districts drawn by Republicans in North Carolina violated the Constitution [16]:In recent cases concerning legislative maps in Alabama and Virginia, as well, the Supreme Court has insisted that packing black voters into a few districts — which dilutes their voting power — violates the Constitution.Republicans in the North Carolina legislature denied that race was the predominant factor in redrawing the boundaries of the two districts under review. In one of them, though, they said, they had made some use of race.The lawmakers said they had tried to comply with the Voting Rights Act, which in some settings requires that black voters be concentrated in numbers sufficient to provide them with an opportunity to elect their preferred candidates. But critics of the voting map said the legislature was actually trying to diminish the number of districts in the state that could be won by Democrats.SCOTUS has agreed to hear a case regarding Republican redistricting in Wisconsin; this has the potential to give much needed clarifications on what is/isn’t allowed in redistricting. [17]…justices have never found a plan unconstitutional because of partisan gerrymandering — when a majority party draws the state’s electoral districts to give such an advantage to its candidates that it dilutes the votes of those supporting the other party.A divided panel of three judges in Wisconsin, though, decided just that in November. It became the first federal court in three decades to find that a redistricting plan violated the Constitution’s First Amendment and equal rights protections because of partisan gerrymandering.The Supreme Court could announce as soon as next Monday that it is either affirming or reversing the lower court’s decision, or, more likely, accepting the case for full briefing and arguments in the term that begins in the fall.The case comes at a time when the dusty subject of reapportionment has taken on new significance, with many blaming the drawing of safely partisan seats for a polarized and gridlocked Congress…The Supreme Court has been reluctant to tackle partisan gerrymandering and sort through arguments about whether an electoral system is rigged or, instead, a party’s political advantage is due to changing attitudes and demographics….The Wisconsin court was not so definitive. It acknowledged the efficiency gap, but only as one of several theories the court said corroborated its findings that the Republican leadership had a discriminatory intent, that its plan had a discriminatory effect and that the state had no legitimate reason for drawing the districts in the way it did.For a better explanation of Gerrymandering, and why there is trouble in determining what does/doesn’t cross a line, I’d suggest watching John Oliver’s explanation below:Footnotes[1] U.S. Constitution - Article 1 Section 2 - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net[2] What is Redistricting? - Public Mapping Project[3] U.S. Constitution - Article 1 Section 4 - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net[4] History of Single Member Districts for Congress[5] FairVote - Single-Member District Systems[6] https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1840_Apportionment.pdf[7] History of Single Member Districts for Congress[8] Wesberry v. Sanders - Wikipedia[9] Reynolds v. Sims - Wikipedia[10] What is Redistricting? - Public Mapping Project[11] 2 U.S. Code § 2c - Number of Congressional Districts; number of Representatives from each District[12] League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry - Wikipedia[13] the definition of redistricting[14] the definition of gerrymander[15] This is actually what America would look like without gerrymandering[16] Justices Reject 2 Gerrymandered North Carolina Districts, Citing Racial Bias[17] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-could-tackle-partisan-gerrymandering-in-watershed-case/2017/06/11/e166e3aa-4c5d-11e7-bc1b-fddbd8359dee_story.html?utm_term=.73507675548a

Has evolution been experimentally observed? If not, (how) could it be experimentally verified?Thanks for the A2A, I hope my answer helps. Feel free to click on any or all of the links below.Below, please find all of the evidence for creationism and (a small amount of) the evidence for evolution. From here, you can decide for yourself which is more compelling, is better proven and makes more sense to you…First here is all of the evidence that can be found for Creationism:A small amount of the evidence available for the Science of Evolution:Mount, D.M. (2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY. ISBN 978-0-87969-608-5.Penny, David; Foulds, L. R.; Hendy, M. D. (1982). "Testing the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic trees constructed from five different protein sequences". Nature. 297 (5863): 197–200. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..197P. doi:10.1038/297197a0. PMID 7078635."Eukaryotes". 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There was an inordinate number of non-combat related crashes during WWII. Here are some of the non-combat crashes with a couple of combat crashes. There were manufacturing defects as well. See November 22, 1944 crash. One built for Churchill was lost March 27, 19452 June 1941“The first British Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL503, on its acceptance flight for delivery from the cat company Consolidated Aircraft Company plant at San Diego, California, crashed into San Defiogo Bay when the flight controls froze. All five of the civilian crew were killed. The flight engineer, Army Reserve 2nd Lt. Bruce Kilpatrick Craig, was posthumously commissioned into the Army Air Corps, and on 25 August 1941 the airfield in his hometown was renamed Craig Field, later Craig Air Force Base.”“Investigation into the cause of the accident resulted in a two-month delay in deliveries, so the Royal Air Force (RAF) did not begin receiving Liberator IIs until August 1941.”22 April 1942B-24D-CO, 41-1133,“The aircraft had been returning to Kirtland Field, Albuquerque. All nine people on board were killed. Joe Baugher cites crash date as 22 May 1942.“4 June 1942“Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL601, was destroyed, resulting in the deaths of 14 army flyers when the aircraft struck a hilltop as it circled for an emergency landing. Shortly after takeoff, the plane developed an unspecified mechanical issue, which the pilot reported to nearby Hamilton field, asking the tower to clear a runway. As the plane approached the field, it suddenly lost altitude and crashed into a hillside on the Herzog ranch, 3 miles (4.8 km) NW of Hamilton field.“7 June 1942“Maj. Gen. Clarence Tinker became the first U.S. general to die during World War II when his plane crashed during the Battle of Midway. His Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL589, of the 31st Bombardment Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, 7th Air Force, was seen going down, taking him and eight other crew to their deaths. Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was named in his honor on 14 October 1942.”1 July 1942“Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL527, of the 38th Bomb Squadron, 30th Bomb Group, flown by 1st Lt. Robert K. Murphy departed March Field, California, and struck the top of a low knoll two miles (3.2 km) west of the field. It was destroyed in two explosions that initial reports described as bombs going off, though no bombs were loaded for the training flight. Nine crew died.“11 October 1942“B-24D-1-CO , 41-23647, c/n 442, the eighth block 1 airframe, of the 469th Bomb Squadron, 333d Bomb Group, based at Topeka Army Airfield, Kansas, piloted by Ralph M. Dienst, suffered engine failure and crashed into a hillside three miles (4.8 km) west of the base.”“Eight people were killed and one critically injured. Army officers stated that the plane was on a routine flight.“6 January 1943“At 1735 Central War Time three miles (4.8 km) west of White City, Kansas, a B-24D-13-CO, 41-23961, c/n 756, of the 469th Bomb Squadron, 333d Bomb Group, out of Topeka Army Air Base, piloted by Robert Clyne, suffered a catastrophic structural failure due to ice. All were killed instantly except for Lt Maleckas, who escaped by parachute.”6 January 1943“B-24D-20-CO, 41-24202, c/n 997, of the 504th Bomb Squadron, 346th Bomb Group, out of Salina Army Airfield, Kansas, suffered a fire in flight and crashed 15 miles (24 km) SW of Madill, Oklahoma. The aircraft, piloted by R. G. Bishop, was destroyed by fire.12 February 1943“B-24D-35-CO, 42-40144, c/n 1221, of the 528th Bomb Squadron, 380th Bomb Group, Biggs Field, Texas, piloted by Charles C. Wylie, suffered engine failure, resulting in a stall-spin. The aircraft came down 8 miles (13 km) NW of Roswell, New Mexico, according to a crash report, and 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Roswell according to the Associated Press.““Eight crew members were killed aboard; one crewman parachuted to safety.17 February 1943B-24D-53-CO, 42-40355, c/n 1432, crashed at Tucson Municipal Airport No. 2, Tucson, Arizona.“Of the 34 on board, 6 Consolidated Aircraft employees riding as passengers were killed and several others were injured. The damaged airframe was subsequently modified into the first C-87 Liberator Express.”3 May 1943“B-24D-1-CO, 41-23728, "Hot Stuff", of the 330th Bomb Squadron, 93d Bomb Group, 8th Air Force, out of RAF Bovingdon, England, crashed on Mt. Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes peninsula after an aborted attempt to land at RAF Kaldadarnes, Iceland. Thirteen were killed in the crash including Lt. Gen. Frank Andrews and six of his staff; only tail gunner SSgt George A. Eisel survived. Andrews was the highest-ranking Allied officer to die in the line of duty at that point in the war, and was on an inspection tour as Commander of US Forces, European Theatre of Operations. Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base) was named for him on 7 February 1945.““It appears that "Hot Stuff" was the first heavy bomber to successfully complete 25 missions when it bombed Naples on 7 February 1943, despite the publicity given the "Memphis Belle" and "Hell's Angels" of the 303d Bomb Group. The bomber had been on the first leg of a trip to the United States for a war bond tour when it was lost.“20 May 1943“B-24E-5-FO, 42-7053, c/n 77, of the 1014th Pilot Transition Training Squadron, Tarrant Army Airfield, Texas, departed the field at 0650 CWT, piloted by David S. Alter.““At approximately 1145, the aircraft struck the side of a 20-million-cubic-foot (570,000 m) gas storage tank of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company at 3625 73rd Street and Central Park Avenue, approximately two miles (3.2 km) SE of Municipal Airport, Chicago, Illinois. All 12 crew were killed. (Joe Baugher cites the date as 5 May 1943, but this is incorrect.) Approaching the airport from the southwest in light rain, light fog and light smoke, with a 500-foot ceiling and .75 miles visibility, the bomber circled the field to the north and east, and was on a southern heading when it struck the approximately 500-foot-tall (150 m) tank at the 125-foot level, initially with the left wingtip. Much of the forward fuselage fell inside the tank structure which exploded, throwing steel plate over 300 feet (91 m) with heat felt over a mile away. Nine employees were on the grounds but none were injured. Four United Airlines flights had rejected landings at the airport between 0957 and 1027 due to conditions, and continued to Milwaukee.““The storage tank had been largest of its type in the world, erected in 1928 at a cost of $2 million, according to a Chicago Daily Tribune account; it was not rebuilt.”4 July 1943“RAF Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL523, crashed on takeoff from RAF North Front, Gibraltar, killing the exiled Polish Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski, together with his daughter, his Chief of Staff Tadeusz Klimecki, and seven others. Only pilot Eduard Prchal (1911–1984) survived. The flight departed at 2307 hrs. and crashed into the sea after only 16 seconds of flight. Sikorski had tirelessly worked to promote the Polish cause and there were rumours that his death was not accidental. He had broken off relations with the Soviet Union on 26 April due to the Katyn massacre and his death was convenient for Stalin and the western Allies who were trying to preserve good relations with Russia.“8 August 1943“Consolidated RB-24E Liberator, 42-7159, c/n 183, built as a B-24E-15-FO and redesignated in the Restricted category, of the 605th Bomb Squadron, 399th Bomb Group, Wendover Field, piloted by Herbert Williams, Jr., experienced engine failure and crashed on U.S. 40-50 several miles east of Wendover, Utah. The aircraft slid across the highway and hit railroad tracks, coming to rest 100 feet (30 m) on the opposite side. 10 to 15 minutes later, a westbound freight train encountered the scattered wreckage and a spread rail. Three freight cars derailed with twenty-six more piling together.”“Two hundred feet (60 m) of the railroad was torn up, and a rail official estimated damage to train and freight at $200,000.““The trainmen helped the injured fliers escape from the wreckage.““Ten were injured, some critically, and co-pilot 2nd Lt. Richard L. Blue died at Wendover Field's hospital.““The bomber did not burn.”“The locomotives powering the freight were an EMD FTA-FTB semi-permanently coupled pair2 September 1943“Consolidated B-24E-25-FO Liberator, 42-7237, c/n 261, of the 703d Bomb Squadron, 445th Bomb Group, crashed on a routine training flight, killing all 10 crew members. The crash occurred 5 miles (8 km) from Sioux City air base according to the Associated Press, and 1 mile east of the base according to the crash report.”4 September 1943“B-24E-25-CF, 41-29071,of the 701st Bomb Squadron, 445th Bomb Group, Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, crashed in a corn field 4 miles (6.4 km) SW of Moville, Iowa. All eight crew members were killed.“20 October 1943“A Consolidated Liberator III from No. 10 Squadron RCAF, on a routine flight from Gander, Newfoundland, to Mont-Joli, Québec, flew into a mountain near Saint-Donat, Lanaudière, Quebec, due to inclement weather and a mapping error. Everyone aboard was killed and the wreckage was not located for more than two years.“25 October 1943“Two Consolidated B-24H Liberators of the 724th Bomb Squadron (Heavy), 451st Bomb Group (Heavy), from Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska, collided while flying in a formation of four B-24Hs during a training flight at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) The bombers crashed in agricultural fields, one 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Milligan, Nebraska, and the other 3.6 miles (5.8 km) NE of Milligan. All eight crew died aboard B-24H-1-FO, 42-7657, while the sole survivor of ten crew on B-24H-1-FO, 42-7673, was copilot 2nd Lt. Melvin Klein, who was thrown free of the wreckage and deployed his parachute.”“A Nebraska historical marker was erected in 2010 near Milligan.”8 January 1944“B-24J-40-CO, 42-73365, (the first block 40-CO airframe) of the 776th Bomb Squadron, 464th Bomb Group, Pocatello Army Air Field, Idaho, crashed 40 miles (64 km) NW of the air base during a night training mission.““The crash occurred on the grounds of the Idaho National Laboratory.”“Five crew members were found killed at the crash site and the bodies of the remaining two crew were located and identified by 11 January.”12 January 1944“B-24D-165-CO, 42-72887, c/n 2447, of Biggs Field, Texas, made a crash landing 30 miles (48 km) north of Biggs following mechanical failure.”“(An Associated Presswire report gave the location as "about 35 miles north of El Paso.") Seven crew were killed and one critically injured.”22 January 1944“Two RB-24Es of B-24 replacement training units 355th Bomb Squadron, 302d Bomb Group, Langley Field, Virginia, collided on a local flight. B-24E-25-CF (as built), 41-29075, c/n 67, flown by Howard R. Cosgrove, crashed and burned, killing all seven on board. B-24E-25-FO (as built), 42-7420, c/n 444, piloted by Carlos N. Clayton, crash landed in a swamp; despite the aircraft being virtually demolished, none of its eight crew members suffered serious injury.”25 January 1944“B-24E-25-DT, 41-28544, of the 34th Combat Crew Training Squadron, Blythe Army Airfield, California, piloted by Donald J. Harris, crashed 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Quartzsite, Arizona, killing all seven aboard.“9 April 1944“B-24D-135-CO, 42-41128, c/n 2203, of the 420th AAF Base Unit, March Field, California, crashed in a weather-related accident 3 miles (4.8 km) SW of Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station Mojave, California, while on a routine training flight to simulate a long-range bombing mission. All ten crew members were killed.”“The crash site was rediscovered in 2005.11 April 1944“B-24H-25-FO,'' 42-95064, crashed while flying from Waller Field, Trinidad, to Belem, Brazil. Its last reported contact was at 0905 hrs., when a ground station in Brazil relayed a requested weather report to the aircraft.”“Decades later, the crash site was discovered in dense jungle 50 miles (80 km) NE of Macapa and 250 miles (400 km) NW of Belem. A three-week recovery effort by Army Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii (CILHI), with assistance from a FAB (Brazilian Air Force) team, found two sets of dog tags and numerous bone fragments. The remains of the crew were interred under a group headstone at Arlington National Cemetery on 20 February 1988.“25 April 1944“A Royal Air Force Liberator B Mark VI EW-148 en route to Britain via Gander, Newfoundland, crashed into the Griffintownneighborhood in downtown Montreal, Quebec, minutes after taking off from Dorval Airport. The five-member RAF Ferry Command crew and ten civilians on the ground were killed, and a large fire destroyed at least 10 homes. Witnesses described seeing part of the tail detached at low altitude as the aircraft apparently tried to reach the river. The crew included three members of the Polish Air Force.”29 April 1944“Consolidated RB-24E Liberator, 41-28413, They were flying back to their base at Kirtland Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico after a brief stop-over at Glenview Air Field, Chicago, Illinois and while overflying Nebraska, and due to bad weather the aircraft went out of control and crashed in a canyon located some 15 miles southwest of Merna. All 10 occupants were killed.““Capt. Virgil D Anderson - Capt. Stanley M Foster - 2nd Lt. Frank L Brown - 2nd Lt. Warren C Karas - 2nd Lt. Charles F Piel - Flt. Off. Rollin E Ryburn - S/Sgt. Eugene D Rydstedt - Flt. Eng. Cpl. Adam Joseph Kochan - Pvt. Edward J Jacobs - Pvt. Bruno C Oskar.“5 May 1944“B-24J Liberator, SN: 44-40332, crashed early in the morning after departing from Hickam Field on a replacement mission en-route to the 5th AF. Shortly after take off, they failed to make a turn and crashed into Pu'u Uau Ridge in the Ko'olau mountains on Oahu, Hawaii. Some of the wreckage is still visible along the Aiea Loop Trail within the Keaiwa Heiau State Recreation Area. All ten aviators perished serving their country. Their names were 2 Lt W R Kimble, 2 Lt C E Mueller, S Sgt J J Dowd, 2 Lt W E Somsel Jr, Sgt J H Means, Cpl G L Weiss, Cpl M F Campos, 2 Lt M Righthand, S Sgt M F Norman, Cpl J J Carlucci“.8 June 1944“C-87-CF Liberator Express, 41-24006, c/n 801, crashed during attempted belly-landing at Station 4, Jorhat, India. The pilot was Lawrence C. Ackerson.”15 June 1944“B-24J, 44-40564, crashed while attempting night landing at Abadan, Iran. Pilot Dealma Lurry.”15 July 1944“B-24J-5-FO Liberator, 42-50871, of the 272d Base Unit, Topeka AAF, Kansas, crashed one mile NW of Ashville, New York, killing all five crew.““The Aviation Archaeological Investigation and Research website indicates that the bomber was involved in a mid-air collision, but provides no further details, and no other aircraft appear in accident report listings at this location and date.“23 August 1944“A United States Army Air Forces (AAF) B-24H-20-CF, 42-50291, "Classy Chassis II", crashed into a school at Freckleton, Lancashire, England, at 1047 hrs. after aborting a landing at Warton Aerodrome. 20 adults, 38 children and the 3-man crew were killed. In addition to a memorial in the village churchyard, a marker was placed at the site of the accident in 2007.”15 September 1944“A U.S. AAF TB-24J Liberator, 42-50890(built as a B-24J-5-FO and converted), of the 3007th AAF Base Unit, Kirtland Field, crashed, killing all eight crew members. The aircraft was en route from Bakersfield, California, to Kirtland Field, New Mexico, when it flew off-course and crashed into a boulder field near the top of Humphreys Peak, 10 miles (16 km) north of Flagstaff, Arizona, at about 0330 hrs. The location is nearly inaccessible and has been left undisturbed.“18 October 1944“A U.S. AAF B-24H-20-CF, 42-50347, broke-up in mid-air over the town of Birkenhead, England. The aircraft was on a flight from New York to Liverpool and the accident killed all 24 airmen on board.“22 November 1944“PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo 59544, on a pre-delivery test flight by company crew out of Lindbergh Field, San Diego, California, lost its port outer wing on climb-out and crashed in a ravine less than two miles (3.2 km) from point of lift-off. All crew were killed. The wing panel came down on a home at 3121 Kingsley Street in Loma Portal.““The cause was found to be 98 missing bolts, with only 4 spar bolts holding the wing. Four employees were fired and Consolidated Vultee was found guilty of gross negligence.”24 October 1944“U.S. Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo 59394, of VPB-106, out of NAAS Camp Kearney, California, became lost in bad weather on a long-range training mission, ran out of fuel and ditched in the Gulf of California. Eleven crew, two female Marines, and the squadron canine mascot all evacuated the bomber as it rapidly sank.““The party made their way to a deserted island near the eastern coast of Baja California, subsisting on raw fish and clams until they were rescued by Mexican fishermen four days later”.30 November 1944Two B-24J-35-CO Liberators, 42-73344and 42-73357, of the 233d Combat Crew Training Squadron, flying out of Davis–Monthan Army Air Base, collided on a training mission NE of Tucson, Arizona. All eighteen airmen died. The crash occurred in the desert over a major natural drainage canal known as the Pantano Wash, at a point half-way between present day East Broadway and East Speedway.“15 December 1944“a Liberator flying out of Truax Field near Madison, Wisconsin crashed into Lake Pepinon the Minnesota/Wisconsin border. Al three aboard were killed. The aircraft was recovered in April, 1945.”30 January 1945“B-24L-1-FO, 44-49180, crashed west of Helendale, California. Three crew died in the crash while three others successfully bailed out.““The wreckage was recovered to Victorville Army Airfield, California.”26 February 1945“C-87A-CO Liberator Express, 41-24174, was lost between Kwajalein and Johnston Island while en route to Hawaii. Brigadier General James Andersenwas aboard, and Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, was subsequently named in his honor.“27 March 1945“RAF Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL504, the first Mk II accepted by the British, converted to a very long-range VIP transport for the prime minister and named "Commando", was lost over the Atlantic Ocean. It was travelling between the Azoresand Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The prime minister was not on board.““Lost with the crew was Air Marshal Sir Peter Roy Maxwell Drummond, the RAF's Air Member for Training.“5 April 1945“A B-24H-15-DT, 41-28779 of the 564th Bomb Squadron, 389th Bomb Group (Heavy), was captured by the Luftwaffe on 20 June 1944 (MACR 6533),and operated as KO+XA by KG 200. It departed Wackersleben, Germany, to avoid the Soviet advance with twenty-nine KG 200 personnel aboard for a flight to Bavaria via Braunschweig. About 25 minutes into the flight, a German flak battery fired on KO+XA, damaging the fuselage, wings, right outer engine and rudder cables, and injuring two passengers (one of whom died). Pilot Oberfeldwebel Rauchfuss landed in a meadow near Quedlinburg, but a power line forced him to apply power to clear it and the bomber broke its nose wheel strut when it overran into a freshly ploughed field. Damaged components were sent for repair and an attempt was made to take off on 13 April, but the clearing proved too short, the aircraft bogged down in the sodden soil, and the nose strut broke again. The crew then destroyed the airframe by burning it.“21 April 1945“B-24J-1-FO, 42-95592, "Black Cat", of the 784th Bomb Squadron, 466th Bomb Group, based at RAF Attlebridge (USAAF Station 120), was shot down during military operations over Germany. It had aborted a mission to bomb a rail bridge at Salzburg, Austria, due to bad weather, and was returning to base when it received a flakburst in the port wing near Regensburg. It was the last heavy bomber of the 8th Air Force lost over Germany during World War II, and the only loss of this mission. Only the bombardier and the tail gunner escaped from the aircraft to become prisoners of war, the other ten crew being killed. (MACR 14182)”30 April 1945“The first production PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo 59359, was destroyed by fire on the ramp at Lindbergh Field, San Diego, California. It was being prepared for a flight to NAS Twin Cities, Minnesota. A mechanic attempted to remove the port battery solenoid, located 14 inches below the cockpit floor, but did so without disconnecting the battery. A hydraulic line three inches above the battery was accidentally punctured with a wrench and the fluid ignited, setting the entire aircraft alight. The mechanic suffered severe burns and only the starboard outer engine of the aircraft was deemed salvageable. The cause was ruled to be an unqualified mechanic attempting a task that only a qualified electrician should undertake.“10 May 1945“Two PB4Y-2 Privateers, BuNo 59437 and 59721, both of VB-4, collided in mid-air while in training over Munson, Florida. As a F6F Hellcat fighter dove at the formation of two patrol bombers, the bombers maneuvered into a turn and the trailing bomber collided with the leader, disabling one of the leader's engines. The lead bomber went into an immediate spin and crashed. The second PB4Y flew straight and level for a short time before it also spun and crashed. The wreckage came down about eight miles (13 km) north of Munson. Twenty-eight crew were killed, including one found in an unopened parachute.“14 May 1945“Consolidated B-24M-15-CO "Brief", 44-42058, of the 494th Bombardment Groupfrom Angaur, was shot down by anti-aircraft fire while taking part in a bombing raid over Koror, Korea. The bomber's left wing was struck by flak fire, destroying it and causing it to swing into the fuselage. Nine crew died in the crash, with the sole survivor captured and later executed by Japanese forces.“13 June 1945“A USAAF B-24H-25-FO, 42-95095, of the 66th Bomb Squadron, 44th Bomb Group, returning to the U.S. from Prestwick Airfield, crashed at Shieldaig in the remote Fairy Lochs in Wester Ross, Scotland. The crew of nine were killed along with six crewmen from Air Transport Command.““A memorial has been erected at the site.“13 July 1945“B-24H-20-FO, 42-94956, c/n 1721, of the 2135th Base Unit, Tyndall Field, Florida, crashed due to bad weather 12 miles (19 km) NW of Southport, Florida. All the crew were killed.“3 November 1945“Consolidated LB-30/C-87 Liberator Express, AL-640, assigned to the 1504th AAF Base Unit, Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Base, crashed into the Pacific Ocean and sank. The aircraft was four hours out of Hawaii en route to Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Base, California, when it ran out of fuel and ditched at 0740 hrs., 500 miles (800 km) NE of Honolulu at approximately 149-50W/25-25N.”“Eighteen were killed and eight survived on life rafts to be rescued by surface vessels. Seven ships, including aircraft carriers, were involved in the search.““One of the survivors, John R. Patrick, was convicted at a court martial of involuntary manslaughter for failing to "determine positively" whether the plane had been refueled before takeoff.“Accidents and incidents involving the Consolidated B-24 Liberator - Wikipedia