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Only outliers, or a tiny minority or legitimate Cherokee families were missed. Estimates are that less than 1% of the tribal population was missed - or, something like 300+ or so.The majority were indeed enumerated on Dawes. And they’d also be found on earlier rolls as well.The bulk of legit Cherokees that were not enumerated on Dawes were from the Mt. Tabor, or Texas Cherokee, community. They only numbered a few hundred people in the early 1900s. Although, some moved back to Indian Territory/Cherokee nation to gain enrollment, and some even got enumerated as Choctaw or Chickasaw (as their was intermarriage with these tribes as well). The few holdouts that remained in Texas, didn’t get enrolled, however. Today, there are only about 450+ Texas Cherokee tribal members (yes, they maintain their own membership rolls). So, you can see, we are talking about a very small and distinct population.The other handful of families or individuals that didn't get enrolled were those that might be living in other states at that time, in particular a smattering of folks living just across the border into Arkansas. And they chose not to return to get enumerated. This was pretty rare, however. Also a very small handful of students away at boarding schools were also missed due to clerical oversight. However, in 1914, the rolls were re-opened to include some of these that were missed.However, this reality is not well known because of the prevalence of bogus Cherokee blood lore. And many Americans with this erroneous myth of Cherokee blood will fabricated alternative reality claims. So, that’s when you hear the various narratives of “many hid out” or “refused to be enrolled” or were otherwise missed. This is all a rationalization to explain why supposed Cherokee ancestors were not showing up in the records as Cherokee.It’s certain subset of American Whites (and some Blacks) that come up with their own mythology to explain their particular “Cherokee blood” lore stories.You'll notice another answer here by Jim Porter that is also speaking to one important aspect of this phenomenon: many poor Whites in Oklahoma or surrounding states would put in bogus applications during the Dawes enumeration, in a fraudulent attempt to gain lands. There was no legal ramifications for doing this, so they didn’t have anything to lose in the attempt. A lot of poor White families that descend from these fraudulent applicants will nowadays see their ancestors attempt to be enumerated as being “proof” of Cherokee ancestry. And further, they’ll see the rejection of the application as somehow being arbitrary or bureaucratic dispossession of their “heritage.” In other words, they’ll assume that the fact that their ancestors made the claim of “Cherokee blood” that they were being honest in their belief of such heritage. And it was just a matter of not being able to “prove it” that they were rejected, or disenfranchised. The reality, however, it that the majority weren’t Cherokee or Native at all, and they were attempted a scam. They just happend to be rejected by the commission, which was set up to vett the enumeration of legitimate tribal citizens.To put this into perspective, the Dawes Commission received over 300,000 applications for enrollment. Only about 100,000 applications were approved. The fraudulent applications, put in by mostly poor Whites with no tribal ancestry or affiliation, outnumbered actual Indians by 3:1! Think about all the descendants alive today that come from these Dawes applicants. The majority now think they are “part-Cherokee” (or, whatever tribe their ancestors fraudulently applied to in the early 1900s).Even today, there are more Americans that falsely claim “Cherokee” on the federal census than their are Cherokee tribal members, of all three bands. They are outnumbered by a factor of nearly 2:1. And that was just based on the 2010 Census, where this entry had to be hand-written. This wouldn’t include the millions of Americans that would otherwise claim such ancestry, in other scenarios or social settings.To be very blunt, if you assembled all the claims of families that supposed ‘hid’ or ‘refused to sign the roll’ and did the Who Do You Think You Are? or Finding Your Roots style genealogical research on them…the vast majority will show standard non-Cherokee roots. These ancestors don’t show up on the rolls because they weren’t Cherokee, and they have lineages that can be show to be be standard American (White or Black).

First I would like to congratulate you that at 22 years of age you are thinking of investing your money. Kudos to that.My opinion might not blend in with everybody, but I encourage you to read thoroughly. I would try to answer all questions in detail.OK let's begin with wise words I learned a while back.Investing is a plan, not a product.Let's say you plan to invest in real estate. When you finalize on one piece of property, you also finalize factors likeHow much are you willing to pay?Would you buy the property right now?What is the exit strategy (holding long term or sell in 6 months?)Does the investment fit in with your overall plan/goal?Get it now? You plan the investment.It took me a while to get this, but it is really empowering to understand this principle. It is wise to divide investing in 3 plans.Plan to be securePlan to be comfortablePlan to be richLet's take each of these in detail.Plan to be secureHere I would agree with Harsha Hulageri; buy a big term insurance policy and don't look at market linked insurance plans (ULIPs). Set aside some money and trust that your financial planner will do a good job with it. Also, set aside some money (~3 month's salary) as an emergency fund. Once you set this up, this should be an automatic plan that doesn't require your time or effort.Everyone should have a plan to be secure.Now, before going to the second or third plans, ask yourself this question.."Do I want to be comfortable or do I want to be rich??"This is a very important question as it will probably determine what you do while following your plan. It's similar to setting up your goal before buying a gym membership. You may choose to have a light jog on the treadmill, or work out heavily with weights. You choose what you do.Now read on, I hope after reading you will make a more informed decision about which plan is right for you.Plan to be comfortableThe plan to be comfortable should be pretty straightforward for everyone. If you are a salaried personnel, then you save a portion of your income. You use 80cc to minimize your taxes, invest in diversified mutual funds, SIPs, or recently infrastructure bonds, or specific stocks if you have a good education.You also have a financial planner who can give you advice for specific funds, or who can tell you to rupee cost average your investment. You also make some money of "hot tips".If you follow this plan, you should live and retire comfortably.There is nothing bad/wrong about choosing this plan, just as there is nothing wrong with going to the gym for a mild jog. It's an individual choice.Most individuals would find themselves in the comfortable zone. I encourage all of those people to read further as well.Plan to be richExtracted from a book:Q: "What's your advice for the average investor??"A: "Don't be average"Why? Because the average investor is a slave to the market.Average investors make money when the market goes up and lose it when the market goes down.Average stock traders don't make money. (They don't lose, but don't make it either)When the market crashes, the average investor loses the maximum.So let me tell you a secret about investing.Successful investing is not about the investment, it's about the investor.This is perhaps the least understood concept of investing. This is the reason why people ask questions like "Where should I invest my money?" and the most accurate answer to the question is the question.."I don't know, are you a good investor?"Let me give you an example.What happened during 2008-2010 in stocks worldwide? Everyone knows they crashed right? Everyone who was invested in stocks lost money right??WRONG!John Paulson, a hedge fund manager, made more than 15 Billion $ for his company in 2007. (That's a billion with a B). That money is almost equal to 80,000 crores.Hedge-Fund Manager John Paulson's Greatest Trade EverMany claim that he made around 4-5 Billion Dollars of personal money during (2007-2010). That's more than 20,000 crore rupees.While this was claimed the greatest trade ever, the point I am making is that it is entirely possible to make money when the market is going up and down.So what are the differences between average and rich (above average) investors?Simply stating, successful investors have 3 E's that average investors don't have.EducationExperienceExcessive CashEducationA successful education starts with a good mindset. A successful investor has much more education than the average investor.A successful investor is committed to getting better and better with their education.How do you define commitment?Do you know that friend of yours who plays the guitar? Do you know who else plays the guitar?Joe Satriani (Joe Satriani)One of the differences between them is their commitment to playing.So how is the mindset of a successful investor different from an average investor? Let me draw a diagram to better explain.In the world of business, there are 4 kinds of peopleEmployeesSelf EmployedBusiness OwnersInvestorsSimply put, average investors think from the left side on the diagram and rich investors think from the right side of the diagram.Does that make a lot of difference, you may ask?The answer is yes.Let me put forward a few myth busters to put it in perspective.(Avg Investor): My house is my biggest investment.(Rich Investor): A house is a liability(Avg Investor): Diversification reduces risk(Rich Investor): Diversification is de-worsify-cation (Warren Buffett quotes)(Avg Investor): Stock market is risky(Rich Investor): Risk comes from not knowing what you are doing(Avg Investor): Avoid risk(Rich Investor): Take more control and manage risk(Avg Investor): Mutual funds are good investments(Rich Investor): Mutual funds are good investments when you sell them (That is why big companies sell mutual funds)PS: If you think mutual funds are not risky, try going to a bank and ask for a loan to buy mutual funds, you'll be laughed out.(Avg Investor): Real estate never comes down (extremely popular in India)(Rich Investor): All markets go up and down(Avg Investor): Saving money is good(Rich Investor): Saving money pays maximum ~8% before tax, inflation is ~10%, so saving money is a guaranteed loss. (Inflation India 2012)I could go on, but hopefully you get the point.I am not saying what the average investor is saying above is bad advice, but it is average advice. As I mentioned, average investors make money when the market goes up and lose it when the market goes down. And if you have been reading till here, then you might be interested in making money whether the market goes up, down or sideways.Also, if you find yourself arguing against the Rich Investor statements, that means you too are thinking from the left side of the quadrant.So, how do I educate myself for being a rich investor?BooksTapesWorkshopsMentorsRemember, successful people have coaches, amateurs don't. Sachin Tendulkar may be the best batsman in the world, but he still has a coach.In case you are wondering, then investing is a subject that you may never be perfect in. Just like there is no perfect batsmen in cricket (everybody gets out), there is no perfect investor. But the more education you have, the better your chances are.ExperienceThis should be a no-brainer. How do you get experience? By applying what you learn. Start small as mistakes will happen. If you stay on track it will become easier and easier. It might feel like trying to eat with your opposite hand. In the beginning, you will spill your food, you will be frustrated and probably won't be satisfied, but in time you will learn it eventually.Excessive CashThis is the tricky part, but if you have educated yourself well, and have gained good experience, then excessive cash (or some cash) should already be rolling.A note on the ultra richThe rich investors invest in assets (stocks, bonds), but what do the ultra rich invest in?The ultra rich don't buy assets, they create assets.This is the secret how the richest people in the world created their wealth. They created an asset which millions and millions of people want to buy. Bill Gates created Microsoft, Larry Ellison created Oracle, Warren Buffet created Berkshire Hathaway.Final WordsQ: "How should a 22 year old Indian graduate invest money?"A: "I don't know, are you a good investor?"All right, you have my attention, now how do I get started?Cool, this is what I would recommend.Knowledge begins with words.What does that mean? Let's take an example.Many times when you travel, you meet people or are around strangers and you hear them talk. Most of the time you can guess their professions. Have you wondered how?It's by the words they choose and say.I evaluated the students and the grades are good.(Teacher)My boss is not a good person.(employee)I shorted that stock as the P/E ratio was high.(stock market trader)That patient had to be given a muscle relaxant.(Doctor or medical professional)So the lesson here is that if you want to excel in any field, you must learn (hopefully master) their words.And you know what, words are free! (yeeiiiii)So tell me if you understand any of these words.P/E ratioVolatilityBull MarketBear MarketCAGRY-o-Y growthIf not, then this is your first step, to learn and understand these words.How?Read your business newspaper.Listen to the market news.Use google.Psssttt!! Let me tell you a secret. Most of these complex sounding words are actually simple concepts.Really???Let me tell you the job I had previously.I was Production support analyst for a retail POS application for a telecommunication company which sold products in multiple verticals.Only the job title is complex.So why do all these finance companies and news channels use these fancy titles and words?Cause they want to sound smart, and want to sell you stuff.Do you know that most mutual funds don't outperform the market over the long term. (What that means that 6 year old niece can invest in the market and perform better that most mutual funds)Do you know that mutual funds are one of the riskiest investments you can make. (You put up all the money, take all the risk and don't get 100% of returns)Diversifying mutual funds is like taking multiple brands of multi vitamins. (No good end result)So when you start learning words, you'll understand the bullshit most TV channels and financial advisers preach as "investment advice" is really sugarcoated salesmanship.So when the next time you read an investment advice column and say, "That's nonsense", Congratulations, you are making progress.Don't get me wrong, mutual funds aren't bad. They are average investments for average investors. And as we know, average investors make money when the market goes up and lose money when the market goes down.But if you are reading this, that means you don't want to be average.So I encourage you to take the next step in your education and start learning words. I'll try to help as much as I can.Comments and questions are welcome.

We’re going to examine homicide statistics in the United States from 2010 to 2014. It’s a recent five year span which should be proportionately representative of the present and the period doesn’t contain any particularly large statistical anomalies. In this context, it’s important to note that murder is specifically defined as the willful, unlawful killing of another person. Murder is distinct from justifiable homicide which involves the willful, lawful killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer or private citizen.[1]Seen below is a table showing the number of murders in the United States categorized by weapon:Image by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Expanded Homicide Data Table 8)One of the striking things about those statistics is the disproportionately large number of murders committed using handguns. That number is consistently more than twice that of every other single category of weapon and every other category of firearm combined (even assuming the category “Firearms, type not stated” excluded all handguns, which it most certainly does not).The disproportionate use of handguns in murders isn’t unique to the United States either. In most nations where handguns are in widespread circulation, they are the weapon of choice in murders. In most nations where handguns are not in widespread circulation, knives are the weapon of choice in murders. The prevalence of both handguns and knives as murder weapons can be reasonably assumed to be the result of both weapon types being convenient and easily accessible during an argument or concealable enough to allow a murderer to get fairly close to a victim. This assumption is reasonably well supported by the available data outlining the circumstances of murders.[2] However, an important difference between knives and handguns is that knife attacks are substantially less likely to result in a fatality than attacks using handguns. It’s also much easier to block or run away from a knife than a handgun.Things get even more interesting though when we look at justifiable homicide data.Image by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Expanded Homicide Data Table 14)Image by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Expanded Homicide Data Table 15)The numbers for law enforcement aren’t especially surprising because virtually every officer in the United States carries a handgun on a daily basis. It makes perfect sense that the bulk of justifiable homicides by law enforcement officers are performed using handguns. Likewise, it’s not surprising that the bulk of justifiable homicides by private citizens are performed using handguns given the prevalence and convenience of handguns. What is surprising is just how few justifiable homicides happen in comparison to murders. It would seem the common narrative that good guys with guns frequently kill bad guys with guns is grossly overamplified by proponents for gun ownership.However, it can be said with accuracy that many self defense cases involving guns do not end in a justifiable homicide. Unfortunately, there is no solid statistical data on just how many people defend themselves with guns every year. Research conducted by organizations biased towards gun ownership consistently use statistically unsound methods which result in estimates of multiple millions of defensive gun uses each year. Research conducted by organizations which use statistically sound methods results in yearly estimates in the 60,000–80,000 range, but the scope of the research may be too narrow and therefore omit a statistically significant number of defensive gun incidents.What good statistical data is available for is the number of robberies and aggravated assaults involving firearms. There are consistently around 120,000 robberies involving firearms every year and usually over 140,000 aggravated assaults involving firearms every year. Although the firearms used in these robberies and aggravated assaults are not broken down by type, there’s no reason to believe that the distribution would appear significantly different than that seen in homicide. In other words, it seems most likely that the type of firearm most commonly seen in these non-fatal violent crimes is a handgun.Image by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Table 15)Image by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Table 15)Regardless of the statistical frequency of non-lethal defensive gun use, it is readily apparent to me that the illegal use of handguns is a significant problem in the United States.Furthermore, it’s my experience that handguns are categorically the worst defensive firearms available. The problem isn’t that they can’t make holes that incapacitate people, they’re all clearly quite capable of that. The problem is that handguns are extraordinarily difficult for most people to shoot accurately in any conditions which remotely resemble a lethal confrontation because handguns can only be aimed using a single point of contact, the grip. It requires an asinine level of training to become competent in shooting a pistol under stress.By contrast, long guns, rifles and shotguns, can be shot much more accurately because the user can hold on to the grip with their firing hand, plant the buttstock against their firing shoulder, and stabilize the long gun with their non-firing hand by holding on to the forend. Those three points of contact make it quite possible for relatively new users to accurately shoot long guns with relatively little training and press long guns into defensively usage easily.So when people advocate for handguns as defensive weapons, I become highly skeptical about the credibility of those claims. The only things handguns are good at are being compact and convenient. Long guns are superior in every other way. In military combat where handguns and long guns are both convenient and available, you will always find that long guns are the cause of nearly all non-explosive related casualties and handguns cause so few casualties that they’re almost not statistically significant. Handgun accuracy among law enforcement officers, people ostensibly trained and competent in the use of handguns, is statistically abysmal. Essentially what I’m saying is that the reverence for handguns in the United States is severely misplaced and not grounded in reality.So what should be done about handguns in the United States?If you look at the weapons regulated by the National Firearms Act of 1934, the list is perplexing without historical context. Placing controls on machine guns makes sense from a public safety standpoint because machine guns fire immense volumes of bullets in a short period of time. Regulating silencers seems like an obvious attempt to prevent gunshots from going unnoticed when guns are fired illegally. Meanwhile, somewhat concealable firearms like short barreled rifles and shotguns have regulations placed on them while even more concealable handguns are unregulated.If you read through the 1934 congressional hearings on the National Firearms Act (NFA),[3] you’ll find that handguns were very much intended to be regulated in a similar manner to short barreled shotguns in the original legislation. Interestingly, when asked about dropping pistols from the NFA in favor of increased regulations on machine guns or sawed-off shotguns, the Attorney General of the United States in his testimony explicitly warned “I think it would be a terrible mistake to adopt any half-way measures about this. I think the sooner we get to the point where we are prepared to recognize the fact that the possession of deadly weapons must be regulated and checked, the better off we are going to be as a people.” In the end though, handguns weren’t regulated by the NFA. I happen to think that statistics have proven the Attorney General correct some 84 years later.At this point, I very much believe that handguns can and should be regulated like short barreled shotguns under the NFA. I believe that one of the major problems with various incarnations of the “Assault Weapons Ban” is that said laws are inherently not retroactive and do nothing about existing weapons. This is not the case in regards to guns regulated by the NFA; all firearms described by the NFA, with the exception of antiques, must be registered with the federal government.In order to come into possession of an NFA firearm, normally an individualmust obtain approval from the ATF, pass an extensive background check to include submitting a photograph and fingerprints, fully register the firearm, receive ATF written permission before moving the firearm across state lines, and pay a tax.[4]Although legislating that existing handgun owners must register their handguns under the NFA sounds complex, it really isn’t and our existing legal code is already set up for adding new classes of firearms to the National Firearms Act with nothing more than simple legislation. The following provisions are buried within the Internal Revenue Code:[5]Section 207 of Pub. L. 90–618, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:“(a) Section 201 of this title [enacting this chapter] shall take effect on the first day of the first month following the month in which it is enacted [October 1968].“(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) or any other provision of law, any person possessing a firearm as defined in section 5845(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as amended by this title) which is not registered to him in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record shall register each firearm so possessed with the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate in such form and manner as the Secretary or his delegate may require within the thirty days immediately following the effective date of section 201 of this Act [see subsec. (a) of this section]. Such registrations shall become a part of the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record required to be maintained by section 5841 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended by this title). No information or evidence required to be submitted or retained by a natural person to register a firearm under this section shall be used, directly or indirectly, as evidence against such person in any criminal proceeding with respect to a prior or concurrent violation of law.“(c) The amendments made by sections 202 through 206 of this title [amending sections 6806 and 7273 of this title, repealing sections 5692 and 6107 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment [Oct. 22, 1968].“(d) The Secretary of the Treasury, after publication in the Federal Register of his intention to do so, is authorized to establish such period of amnesty, not to exceed ninety days in the case of any single period, and immunity from liability during any such period, as the Secretary determines will contribute to the purposes of this title [adding this chapter, and sections 6806 and 7273 of this title, repealing sections 5692 and 6107 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section].”This means that the Secretary of the Treasury can at any time authorize an amnesty period in which owners of unregistered (read as illegally possessed) NFA firearms can register those firearms and never be prosecuted for anything related to those firearms. Additionally, while normal NFA registrations require a $200 tax, there is no requirement for a tax to be imposed on amnesty registrations, so there is no legally mandated financial disincentive. Although there hasn’t been an amnesty since 1968, the last one was implemented for the purposes of getting war trophy machine guns registered and was wildly successful. Everybody who registered their previously illegal (and in some cases outright stolen) machine gun got to keep their registered gun and the government got to know where more machine guns were to help with record keeping.There are several effects that regulating handguns under the NFA would have:Everybody who isn’t irrationally paranoid about the federal government confiscating guns would register during the amnesty period and be fine.People who are irrationally paranoid about the federal government confiscating guns and refuse to register could be prosecuted for NFA violations piecemeal as they became noticed.Straw purchases for new handguns would virtually disappear because NFA requirements are significantly more stringent than normal and link specific people to specific guns. Straw purchases are cases in which people buy guns for other people who can’t pass a background check.The black market for handguns will shrink and prices for black market handguns will rise as handguns are inevitably removed from circulation and fewer handguns flow into the black market as replacements due to a severe reduction in straw purchases.If future executives and lawmakers actually wanted to keep handgun buying constituents happy, those executives and lawmakers would have to properly and adequately fund the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives if they wanted the NFA approval process to work in a timely manner. This would have the additional positive side effect of allowing the BATFE to better enforce all laws instead of being hamstrung by wholly inadequate funding. Finally, since NFA regulation has historically proven to decrease the frequency in which regulated firearms are used in crime, it is reasonable to assume that the frequency of handgun usage in criminal activity would decrease over time.Although I don’t think regulating handguns in this manner would see popular support, there are several regulations which I do think would see popular support.The Gun Control Act of 1968 mandated that manufacturers and commercial sellers of firearms had to obtain a Federal Firearms License (FFL). This was done under the guise of regulating interstate commerce, trade which crosses state lines. The federal government is generally not allowed to regulate intrastate commerce, trade which remains entirely within a state. In 1994, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act mandated that FFL holders had to perform a background check on any firearm transferred through the FFL to a individual who does not hold an FFL. In 1998, this process was streamlined into the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS).With that in mind, we’re going to look at how firearms are legally purchased currently so we can have a perspective on potential improvements to the process.When buying a gun through an FFL, buyers must fill out BAFTE form 4473. I strongly recommend readers view the form. Buyers must submit valid photo identification (usually a driver’s license) to the FFL holder to verify their identity and some of the information on their form 4473. There are three categories of firearm which can be bought through a standard FFL dealer: handguns, long guns (rifles and shotguns), and “other firearms”. Buyers must be 18 years of age to buy long guns and 21 years of age to buy handguns from an FFL. “Other firearms” are a weird category which includes receivers for firearms (which is generally the serialized portion of a firearm) or firearms which do not fit the legal definition of a handgun or long gun but are also not regulated by the National Firearms Act. If the “other firearm” can be made into a pistol, the buyer must be 21 years of age. After a buyer has completed their form 4473, the FFL holder calls NICS and relays the completed information to the FBI.Source: (NICS Process in Motion for the Gun Buyer Video Transcript)The FBI runs the information through the NICS database. If the buyer’s provided information has matches within the NICS database, this will generate a “hit”. At the moment, hits include indictments and convictions for felonies, indictments and convictions for domestic violence, indictments and convictions for other crimes which are punishable by one or more years of imprisonment, known fugitives, dishonorable discharges, adjudications which determined an individual to be mentally defective, restraining orders for children or intimate partners, renouncements of citizenship, unlawful users of controlled substances, illegal aliens, and resident aliens who do not meet very specific criteria.If no hits in the NICS database are generated, the FFL is told to “proceed” and the FFL may complete transferring the firearm at the business’s discretion. If the buyer’s provided information generates a hit, the call will be transferred to an FBI employee who will review the information and determine whether the hit matches the rest of the buyer’s provided information. If the hit is valid and the buyer is a prohibited purchaser, the FFL will be told to “deny” the transfer. If the FBI employee determines the hit is invalid, the FFL will be told to “proceed”. If the FBI employee can not immediately determine the validity of a hit, the FFL will be told to “delay” the transfer and the FBI will do more research to determine the validity of a hit. At this point, the FBI is allotted three business days to tell the FFL to “proceed” or “deny”. If those three business days pass without a final judgement, the FFL may proceed with the transfer at their discretion. The system is set up this way so the FBI can not delay a buyer they can not prove is a prohibited possessor of firearms indefinitely, essentially amounting to a denial without due process of law. Nevertheless, some FFL holders maintain a policy of not proceeding with transfers which have do not receive a definite “proceed”; that is the business’s prerogative.If at any point in this process the FFL holder or its employees believes a buyer is purchasing a firearm on behalf of another person, then the FFL will deny the transfer independent of any judgement made by the FBI. Purchasing a firearm on behalf of another person is illegal.Now what about “internet gun sales”?Websites in the business of selling firearms are legally required to acquire an FFL. Since the website which holds an FFL can not visually verify a buyer’s identity, this means the firearms they sell are legally required to be transferred to an FFL near the buyer. At the FFL which facilitates the transfer, the buyer will be required to complete a form 4473 and go through a background check as described above.On auction sites which deal with firearms, buyers and sellers who do not hold FFLs will submit the information of an FFL near each party and arrange for the firearm to be transferred. The seller’s FFL will ship the firearm to the buyer’s FFL and once again the buyer will complete a form 4473 and go through a background check.The final category would be classified websites which allow firearms to be posted for sale. These are essentially the 21st century equivalent of posting a classified advertisement in a newspaper. In these cases, a buyer contacts the seller who posted the advertisement and the two parties enter negotiations. If the buyer and seller legally reside within the same state and are able to meet face to face to conduct a transfer, the firearm in question may be legally bought under federal law without a background check being conducted provided the seller does not have reason to believe the buyer is a prohibited possessor. If any of those conditions are not met, or if state law prohibits intrastate commerce in this fashion, then FFL holders must once again be involved. These conditions apply to all private person to person sales. One noteworthy quirk, under federal law, persons between the ages of 18 and 21 are not prohibited from purchasing a handgun through a private sale. This is in fact one of the very few ways citizens in this age group can exercise their constitutional right to possess handguns.What about gun shows?If a person buys a firearm from an FFL participating in a gun show (this constitutes the majority of firearm sales at gun shows) then a 4473 is filled out as normal. If a person is buying a firearm from a private party, laws regarding private sales apply. Think of gun shows simply as a way for people who might be interested in buying or selling firearms to all be in the same place at the same time. There’s nothing sneaky or tricky about them, they literally happen in convention centers and on fairgrounds. Local police and BATFE agents are always present at gun shows.Now that we have all that basic information out of the way, we can talk about actual changes to federal law.First let’s take a look at prohibiting suspected terrorists from purchasing firearms. We can all agree we hate terrorists, but they still have due process rights. Fortunately, the FBI is in charge of both the Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB) and the NICS database. Prospective gun buyers with records that produce a match in the TSDB could generate a hit in the NICS database. The FBI could then investigate the hit and, assuming the hit actually matched the buyer in question, determine whether or not to tell the FFL to delay the transfer. Within the current three day delay window, the FBI could bring the case before a judge. Should the judge find probable cause, the transfer could be legally halted. At this point the buyer should be notified and be interviewed as part of the investigation. If charges are appropriate, the FBI can file charges in a timely manner. Otherwise, the suspect should be allowed to go about their business without further interference. That puts a lot of burden on the FBI, but it isn’t supposed to be easy to legally strip citizens’ rights in the United States. Remember, the burden of proof always lies upon the accuser, not the defendant.One rather common gun control proposal in the United States is that of universal background checks on all firearm sales, including private intrastate sales. On a practical level, compliance and enforcement of a universal background check would be very difficult without some kind of national firearm registry linking specific firearms to their owners. No national firearm registry exists for regular rifles, shotguns, or pistols at the moment and it’s actually illegal to create one because of the Firearm Owners Protection Act passed in 1986. There remains a visceral fear of a firearms registry among many conservatives; the concerned parties believe that all firearm registries are nothing more than a precursor to the total confiscation of all firearms. This belief is objectively refuted because numerous firearm registries in multiple US states and democratic countries as well as a national registry on firearms regulated by the National Firearms Act exist and have not been precursors to a total confiscation of all firearms. However, many conservatives latch onto the words of a select handful of extremist politicians who espouse a desire for confiscation as proof that confiscation is the inevitable result of all registries.With all that being said, what might be feasible as an alternative to a universal background check is creating an online version of form 4473 so the public could voluntarily conduct background checks without going to an FFL. This is actually something most gun owners want because, at the moment, there’s no way of conducting a background check for a private intrastate sale in most states without involving an FFL. Involving an FFL introduces a financial disincentive because FFLs are businesses and usually charge for their services. I’ll propose the best system I’ve thought of so far which allows for minimal fraud and abuse.First, create a secure electronic variant of the 4473. It should include the buyer and seller information along with contact information for both parties. Once the form is completed, a unique confirmation number is sent out to both parties using the provided contact information. Both parties enter their confirmation numbers, then the form is submitted to the FBI and run through the NICS database. A single transaction number is generated for the NICS check and provided to the buyer and seller. The parties then call a phone number for a NICS automated line and enter the transaction number along with their unique confirmation numbers. This transfers the call to a live operator who examines the results of the NICS check performed for the transaction. The operator then tells the seller to “proceed”, “delay”, or “deny” just as they would with an FFL.The idea behind the whole system is that it allows for an effective background check to be done while offering a reasonable measure of privacy for the buyer. Sure, somebody could abuse the system if they wanted to put in enough effort, but they wouldn’t get very much information. It also removes a financial disincentive; it only costs individuals time to do a check like this and the check and be performed virtually anywhere, not just at FFL locations.Now, let’s discuss assault weapons and magazines which hold more than ten rounds. The problem with the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 was that it didn’t do anything except drive up prices on the magazines and weapons described by the ban. There was no measurable impact on crime during the ten years the Assault Weapons Ban was in effect.Here is how assault weapons were defined in 1994:Semi-automatic rifles able to accept detachable magazines and two or more of the following:Folding or telescoping stockPistol gripBayonet mountFlash suppressor, or threaded barrel designed to accommodate oneGrenade launcher mountSemi-automatic pistols with detachable magazines and two or more of the following:Magazine that attaches outside the pistol gripThreaded barrel to attach barrel extender, flash suppressor, handgrip, or suppressorBarrel shroud safety feature that prevents burns to the operatorUnloaded weight of 50 oz (1.4 kg) or moreA semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm.Semi-automatic shotguns with two or more of the following:Folding or telescoping stockPistol gripDetachable magazine.All of those things are cosmetic features that can be designed around. In fact, they frequently were and are designed around. Even today in states with more stringent feature based assault weapon bans, like California, there exist so called “featureless” firearms which are perfectly legal and not objectively worse for killing people than assault weapons. Now we could try an assault weapon ban again and again have no impact on crime… or we could recognize that semiautomatic centerfire weapons are undeniably the arms of choice in a militia. Police and military forces all over the world use semiautomatic (or fully automatic) centerfire weapons almost exclusively. As such, it makes more sense to more stringently regulate all semiautomatic centerfire weapons, not just a certain subset with specific cosmetic features. At the same time, we can breathe new life into the militia concept described by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, even make the militia well regulated.In the United States, we currently have an organization called the Civilian Marksmanship Program, a federally chartered corporation whose purpose is:To instruct citizens of the United States in marksmanship;To promote practice and safety in the use of firearms;To conduct competitions in the use of firearms and to award trophies, prizes, badges, and other insignia to competitors.Among numerous other things, the CMP sells M1 Garand rifles. The Garand is a .30–06 semiautomatic battle rifle roughly twice as powerful as common AR-15 or Kalashnikov rifles. The Garand was the primary infantry rifle of the US military during the Second World War and the Korean War. The CMP literally sells them so people can practice target shooting with a weapon of war.Image by Curiosandrelics - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, File:M1-Garand-Rifle.jpg - Wikimedia CommonsLet’s take a look at eligibility requirements for the CMP:REQUIREMENTS FOR PURCHASEBy law, the CMP can sell surplus military firearms, ammunition, parts and other items only to members of CMP affiliated clubs who are also U.S. citizens, over 18 years of age and who are legally eligible to purchase a firearm.PROOF OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP:You must provide a copy of a U.S. birth certificate, passport, proof of naturalization, or any official government document (When using a military ID to prove citizenship, must be an E5 or above) that shows birth in the U.S. or states citizenship as U.S.PROOF OF AGE:You must provide proof of age. Usually proof of citizenship also provides proof of age. In those cases where it may not, a driver’s license is sufficient.MEMBERSHIP IN CMP AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION:You must provide a copy of your current membership card or other proof of membership. This requirement cannot be waived. The CMP currently has over 2,000 affiliated organizations located in many parts of the country. CMP Club Member Certification Form- If your CMP affiliated club does not issue individual membership cards, please have the club fill out the CMP Club Member Certification Form and return it with your order.Membership in many of these organizations costs $25.00 or less and can be accomplished online. A listing of affiliated organizations can be found by clicking on our Club Search web page at http://ct.thecmp.org/app/v1/index.php?do=clubSearch. If you have any difficulty in locating a club, please contact the CMP at 256-835-8455 or by emailing CMP Customer Service. We will find one for you. In addition to shooting clubs, the CMP also has several special affiliates. Membership in these organizations satisfies our requirement for purchase. These special affiliates include: Congressionally chartered veterans' organizations such as the VFW, AL, DAV, MCL, etc. U.S. Military services (active or reserves), National Guard, to include retirees. Professional 501(c)3 law enforcement organizations and associations such as the FOP, NAPO, NSA, etc. The Garand Collector's Association is a CMP Affiliated Club. You can download a Garand Collector's Association Application Form.Note: Club membership IS required for purchase of rifles, parts, and ammunition.Club membership is NOT required for instructional publications or videos or CMP memorabilia.MARKSMANSHIP OR OTHER FIREARMS RELATED ACTIVITY:You must provide proof of participation in a marksmanship related activity or otherwise show familiarity with the safe handling of firearms and range procedures. Your marksmanship related activity does not have to be with highpower rifles; it can be with smallbore rifles, pistols, air guns or shotguns. Proof of marksmanship participation can be provided by documenting any of the following:Current or past military service.Current or past law enforcement serviceParticipation in a rifle, pistol, air gun or shotgun competition (provide copy of results bulletin).Completion of a marksmanship clinic that included live fire training (provide a copy of the certificate of completion or a statement from the instructor).Distinguished, Instructor, or Coach status.Concealed Carry License.Firearms Owner Identification Cards that included live fire training. - FFL or C&R license.Completion of a Hunter Safety Course that included live fire training.Certification from range or club official or law enforcement officer witnessing shooting activity. Complete the CMP Marksmanship Form to certify your range firing and the required marksmanship related activity for an individual to purchase from the CMP.No proof of marksmanship required if over age 60. Proof of club membership and citizenship required for all ages. NOTE: Proof of marksmanship activity is not required for purchase of ammunition, parts, publications or memorabilia.BE LEGALLY ELIGIBLE TO PURCHASE A FIREARM:The information you supply on your application will be submitted by the CMP to the FBI National Instant Criminal Check System (NICS) to verify you are not prohibited by Federal, State or Local law from acquiring or possessing a rifle. Your signature on the Purchaser Certification portion of the purchase application authorizes the CMP to initiate the NICS check and authorizes the FBI to inform CMP of the result. IMPORTANT: If your State or locality requires you to first obtain a license, permit, or Firearms Owner ID card in order to possess or receive a rifle, you must enclose a photocopy of your license, permit, or card with the application for purchase.As you can see, the CMP eligibility process is quite a bit more involved than the background check system we have now. It seems to have worked for keeping the powerful semiautomatic Garand rifles out of the hands of mass murderers. The last mass shooting on US soil that I know of which involved an M1 Garand was the Kent State massacre and that involved the Ohio National Guard shooting anti-war protesters, not civilians who were sold rifles through the CMP. I haven’t been able to find any records of crimes committed with guns sold through the CMP. I’m sure it has happened at one point in time or another, but the occurrence is so rare that there hasn’t been any documentation. My point is that the CMP has a really great track record in the United States for making sure guns don’t go to bad guys.Since the Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 didn’t have any measurable impacts on crime and the CMP has great results, I propose we extend the CMP eligibility requirements to all semiautomatic centerfire firearms and centerfire magazines with more than ten rounds of capacity. This means only people who meet the listed criteria will be able to buy the types of weapons most useful in a militia which are also the weapons we primarily see used in mass shootings from an FFL. The proposal also effectively introduces a mandatory training and basic competency requirement before individuals can purchase semiautomatic centerfire weapons from a gun store. The inclusion of CMP eligibility for the purchase of centerfire magazine over ten rounds creates a strong incentive for existing gun owners and individuals who purchase firearms through private intrastate sales to get training and join the CMP if they want easy access to centerfire magazines over ten rounds.The word centerfire is really important because there is another class of firearms which use rimfire cartridges.A collection of rimfire and centerfire cartridges, left to right: .22lr (rimfire), .22WMR (rimfire), .357 magnum (centerfire), .30–06 Springfield (centerfire), 12 gauge shotshell (centerfire)Rimfire cartridges aren’t very powerful; they’re mostly used for small game hunting and target shooting. Most countries allow ownership of semiautomatic rimfire rifles with only basic licensing; countries like Canada and the UK don’t even have restrictions on magazine capacity for rimfire rifles. Could they be used by a mass shooter? Sure, anything could, but semiautomatic rimfire firearms just aren’t a threat compared to semiautomatic centerfire firearms or even non-semiautomatic centerfire firearms. Wounds caused by bullets fired from rimfire cartridges are almost always less severe than wounds caused by bullets fired from centerfire cartridges. Very precise shot placement is required for rimfire weapons to instantly kill a person and mass shooters are unlikely to take the time to precisely place their shots.Seen above are four rimfire rifles made by Marlin.Regulating firearms in this way allows new gun owners to hunt, shoot targets, and defend themselves using semiautomatic rimfire or manually operated firearms. If new gun owners want easy access to semiautomatic centerfire firearms which are useful in a militia context, they can join the CMP, effectively becoming a member of a well regulated militia, after demonstrating themselves to be competent and well trained.I have some final thoughts on the CMP related proposal before moving on to the next topic. CMP eligibility introduces additional layers of human interaction between people and semiautomatic centerfire weapons and centerfire magazines over ten rounds. Barring major advances in mental healthcare and adjudication in the United States, layers of human interaction are the best way for red flags to be raised about somebody who might want to kill large numbers of people with a firearm. Additional layers of human interaction also introduce a larger hurdle for straw purchasers, people who buy firearms for people who can’t pass background checks because they’re ineligible to own firearms. Additional layers of human interaction make law enforcement investigations slightly easier as well.At the moment, laws, standards, and permits for carrying concealed handguns vary wildly. Some states have no requirements while other states functionally don’t allow anybody except police officers to carry handguns in any way. While the percentage of the US population which actually carries handguns regularly, concealed or openly, is relatively small, those who do carry handguns regularly can often face great legal peril for no particularly good reason when crossing state lines. At the same time, it would be good for the public to know that people carrying concealed handguns are actually competent and not a hazard to the public. In essence, a balance would be preferable to the extremes which currently exist.I propose creating an national permit for carrying concealed handguns in any state. Police officers already enjoy something similar to this. The permitting process should include a standardized class which can be taught by police officers or other qualified instructors. Before attending the class, applicants should undergo a background check. Among other things, the class should cover the legal use of deadly force, safe firearms handling practices, and conflict deescalation practices. Then applicants should be given a written test on the subjects. If the applicants pass, they should then undergo a practical handgun handling and shooting competency test. If applicants are able to both handle handguns safely and shoot accurately, they will then be issued a carry permit which is valid for a certain number of years; three to five years seems reasonable. If applicants fail either test then they go home without a permit and can retake the whole class the next time it is offered if they still wish to carry a concealed handgun.It’s worth noting that if my suggestion to regulate handguns under the National Firearms Act were ever implemented, creating a national permit for carrying concealed handguns would practically become a necessity. At the moment, written approval from the BATFE is required before crossing state lines with an NFA firearm. That system would not be sustainable in terms of labor costs and paperwork if handguns suddenly came under the purview of the NFA.Footnotes[1] Murder[2] https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/expanded-homicide-data/expanded_homicide_data_table_11_murder_circumstances_by_weapon_2014.xls[3] National Firearms Act[4] National Firearms Act - Wikipedia[5] U.S.C. Title 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE