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MENU41 Facts About the 41 Kings and Queens Since 1066BY PAUL ANTHONY JONESAPRIL 14, 2017GETTY IMAGESQueen Elizabeth II is the great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-granddaughter of William the Conqueror, and she has been related in one way or another to every other king or queen of England (and later of Great Britain, and later still the United Kingdom) since. Ahead of her birthdays (yes, she has two), here is one fact each about all 41 of Britain’s kings and queens since 1066.1. WILLIAM IA heckler interrupted the funeral of William I in 1087, shouting from the back of the church that it had been built on his father’s land without his family being compensated. Just when his royal send off couldn’t get any worse, William’s sarcophagus was found to have been built too small to accommodate his body and after an attempt was made to squeeze the body into it—in the words of the English chronicler Orderic Vitalis—“the swollen bowels burst, and an intolerable stench assailed the nostrils of the by-standers and the whole crowd.”2. WILLIAM IIWilliam II died under questionable circumstanceswhile out hunting in the New Forest in 1100; some have claimed that he was assassinated to secure his younger brother Henry’s claim to the throne. Oddly, he wasn’t the only member of the family to succumb to that fate: William’s elder brother, Richard, also died in a hunting accident in the New Forest around the 1070s, while his nephew, another Richard, died in a hunting accident in the New Forest in 1099.3. HENRY IWhen Henry I died in 1135, his entrails were removed and buried in Rouen in northwest France. The rest of his body was buried in England.4. STEPHENStephen, son of one of William the Conqueror’s daughters, could credit a bout of diarrhea with saving his life. On November 25, 1120, a vessel called the White Ship was chartered to carry the present king Henry I and much of his family and court (Stephen among them) across the English Channel from France to England. Henry, however, had made other arrangements for himself, leaving the rest of his court to travel on the White Ship as planned. Off the coast of Normandy, the overcrowded ship sank. Of the 300 or so people on board, only one or two survived; among those who died was the king’s only surviving legitimate son, William. Henry I decided to name his daughter Matilda as the successor, but when Henry died she was an unpopular choice, allowing Stephen to claim the throne in a period of civil crisis known as The Anarchy. He had reportedly left the White Shipbefore it departed due to a sudden bout of diarrhea.5. HENRY IIHenry II rode his horse so frequently that he was bow-legged.6. RICHARD IRichard I was shot through the shoulder with a crossbow outside of Chalus Castle in France in March 1199. The injury was serious, but survivable—but the infection that followed it was not, and he died two weeks later on April 6. As for the shot that brought down the king? It was a lucky shot over the side of the castle from a young boy. It became immortalized as “the lion by the ant was slain.”7. KING JOHNKing John was reportedly the first British monarch—and perhaps even the first medieval king in Europe—to own what Latin wardrobe records refer to as a “supertunicam domini Regis ad surgendum de nocte,” or a “king’s over-shirt for rising in the night.” In other words, John owned a dressing gown.8. HENRY IIIHenry III was given a polar bear by King Haakon IV of Norway in 1252. He kept it in the Tower of London, and had it taken down to the River Thames each morning to swim and catch fish.9. EDWARD IIn his campaign against Scotland, Edward I more than earned his nickname “The Hammer of the Scots.” During the Siege of Stirling Castle in 1304, Edward commissioned the construction of a gigantic trebuchet (perhaps the largest in history) that became known as the Warwolf. The sight of the enormous catapult being constructed outside the castle walls was enough to compel those inside to offer an unconditional surrender—but Edward had none of it, and did not accept the surrender until after he had tried the Warwolf out.10. EDWARD IIIn 1313, Edward II enacted a statuteforbidding the wearing of armor in Parliament. It remains in force to this day.11. EDWARD IIIEdward III once attended a Christmas fancy dress banquet dressed as a pheasant.12. RICHARD IITo celebrate the coronation of king Richard II on July 16, 1377, fountains of wine were opened across London.13. HENRY IVThe first king of the House of Lancaster, Henry IV was the first king since the Norman Conquestto be a native English speaker.14. HENRY VHenry V is the shortest-reigning of all eight of England’s King Henrys. He ruled for 9.5 years from March 20, 1413 until his sudden death in France at age 36 on August 31, 1422.15. HENRY VIHenry VI was the only child of Henry V, and his father’s unexpected death meant that he became king when he was just 9 months old. He reigned almost 40 years over a 50-year timespan (he was deposed for almost a decade by Edward IV) and supposedly died from “pure melancholy and displeasure” on hearing of the death of his son in 1471 (although many historians suspect he was murdered on Edward IV’s orders). Shortly after, a movement emerged to have Henry canonized as a saint. The many miracles “Saint Henry” are supposed to have been responsible for include saving a drowned boy, curing a man of scrofula, and resurrecting a young girl named Alice Newnettwho had died of the plague.16. EDWARD IVEdward IV and his House of York took the throne from the opposing House of Lancaster in March 1461, following his victory at the extraordinarily violent Battle of Towton. Fought during a blinding snowstorm on Palm Sunday, Towton is believed to be the biggest and bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil: Somewhere between 50,000 and 60,000 troops were involved, of whom a contemporary account estimated 28,000 were killed. Put another way, the Battle of Towton wiped out 1 percent of the entire population of England at the time. Given such a bloody start to his reign, Edward IV has been credited as being, perhaps unsurprisingly, the first king in English history to appoint a bodyguard.17. EDWARD VEdward V is both shortest-lived English monarch post-conquest and the shortest-reigning English king (albeit uncrowned). Although his fate as one of the ill-fated Princes in the Tower is unclear, it has long been (controversially) assumed that he was murdered after just 78 days on throne on the orders of his successor, Richard III. He was just 12 years old at the time.18. RICHARD IIIWhen the skeleton of Richard III was unearthed in a car park in Leicester in 2012, analysis of his skull showed that he suffered from tooth decay (a result of the king’s rich diet—he drank a bottle of wine every day) and bruxism, better known as teeth grinding.19. HENRY VIIHenry VII was the first English monarch to have a fully realized portrait stamped onto his coins. Before then, royal monetary portraiture was largely stylized and comprised little more than a crowned head, but a groat (equal to four pence) minted in London sometime around 1507 was embossed with a surprisingly realistic profile portrait of the king.20. HENRY VIIIIn 1520, Henry VIII challenged the king of France, Francis I, to a wrestling match. Henry lost [PDF].21. EDWARD VIDespite his youth (he was 9 when he as crowned and 15 when he died), Edward VI is credited with being the first English monarch to charter an exploration of the Arctic. The king was a keen geographer and had learned to read a compass from the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot. In 1553, Cabot championed an expedition, led by Sir Hugh Willoughby, to reach China via the Arctic Sea; Willoughby took with him letters signed by Edward VI and addressed to “the Kings, Princes, and other Potentates inhabiting the Northeast partes of the worlde.” Unfortunately, after a harsh storm Willoughby’s ships became encased in ice east of Murmansk and the entire crew perished. But one of the other captains, Richard Chancellor, found himself in Russia, where the letter was delivered to Ivan the Terrible and opened trade between England and Russia.22. MARY IAfter Edward's death in 1553, 16-year-old Lady Jane Grey—the great-granddaughter of Henry VII—ascended the throne. She had been named Edward's successor in a bid to keep Protestant control of England. Despite her youth, she was exceptionally well read and spoke Latin, Hebrew, and Italian. Her "reign" (which historians still debate) lasted just nine days; she was deposed by Mary I—a.k.a. Bloody Mary—on July 19, 1553, and was eventually executed in February 1554. Mary had two female court jesters, one of whom was named Lucretia the Tumbler.23. ELIZABETH IElizabeth I had effigies of foreign dignitaries and other guests to her court made out of gingerbread.24. JAMES IJames I kept an elephant in St. James’s Park. It was given a gallon of wine to drink every morning during the winter.25. CHARLES ICharles I remains the only English monarch ever to be executed. After he was beheaded on January 30, 1649, his head was sewn back onto his bodybefore he was buried.26. CHARLES IICharles II wore an enormous pair of high-heeled shoes to his coronation. They can be seen in his official coronation portrait.27. JAMES IIAfter the English took over the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1664, they promptly renamed it New York in honor of James, Duke of York—later king James II.28. WILLIAM III AND MARY IIThese two are the only official joint monarchs to have ruled Britain (although some consider Mary I and Phillip II to have also been joint monarchs). William outlived Mary by eight years: she died of smallpox in 1694, while he died of an infection after breaking his collarbone falling from his horse in 1702. Popular legend claims William’s horse had tripped on a molehill.29. QUEEN ANNEThis monarch's body was so swollen when she died she had to be buried in a square coffin.30. GEORGE IBecause they contain saltpeter (potassium nitrate) which can be used to make gunpowder, George I allegedly declared all pigeon droppings to be the property of the crown.31. GEORGE IIThe last British monarch to lead his own troops into battle was George II at the battle of Dettingen in 1743.32. GEORGE IIIThere’s a myth that on July 4, 1776, George III wrote in his diary, “Nothing of importance happened today.” In fact, he didn’t even keep a diary. He did, however, have blue urine—which has been ascribed to either porphyria or, more recently, to the medication his doctors were giving him.33. GEORGE IVIn preparation for a meeting the Foreign Secretary, George IV took 100 drops of laudanum.34. WILLIAM IVWikimedia CommonsIn his youth, the future King William IV served in the Royal Navy and was posted to New York during the American War of Independence. While he was there, George Washington plotted to have him kidnapped. Washington wrote to Colonel Matthias Ogden in March 1782, “The spirit of enterprise so conspicuous in your plan for surprising in their quarters and bringing off the Prince William Henry … merits applause; and you have my authority to make the attempt in any manner, and at such a time, as your judgment may direct.” Needless to say, the plot was never enacted.35. QUEEN VICTORIAQueen Victoria was given a musical bustle that played the national anthem whenever she sat down.36. EDWARD VIIWikimedia CommonsEdward VII had a leather chair fitted with a set of scalesto weigh his weekend guests at Sandringham House. He weighed them once when they arrived, and once when they left to ensure that they had eaten well during their stay.37. GEORGE VLord Dawson, royal physician of George V, gave the king a deliberately lethal dose of morphine and cocaine as he lay on his deathbed so that he would die in time to make the following morning’s headlines. Dawson even called his wife in London to tell her to let the editor of The Times know to hold back publication. In his notes, Dawson pointed out “the importance of the death receiving its first announcement in the morning papers, rather than the less appropriate field of the evening journals.”38. EDWARD VIIIWikimedia CommonsIn 2010, a letter written by a stewardnamed Jim Richardson from on board the Nahlin, the steam yacht chartered by Edward VIII, was put up for auction. Writing to his mother during a Mediterranean cruise Edward and Wallis Simpson were taking, Richardson wrote that the king had been “drinking heavily,” and, following an argument with Mrs. Simpson, had spent much of his time doing jigsaws. “When he was quiet,” he wrote, “he [the king] was usually fitting together those picture puzzles they have for children. I don’t know if he ever completed one, I don't think he could stay that long at it.” Mrs. Simpson meanwhile was described as “not good looking,” with “a very big mouth” and “a very high pitched metallic American voice.”40. GEORGE VIIn 1926, the future king George VI competed in the men’s doubles tournamentat Wimbledon.41. ELIZABETH IIElizabeth II is the first British monarch to have a televised coronation and a televised Christmas address. She sent her first email from an army base in 1976, and sent the first royal tweet in 2014.

The OED lists “swap” together with “swop”:But the dictionary recommends “swap:swap | swop, n.Pronunciation: Brit. /swɒp/, U.S. /swɑp/Forms: Also ME–16 swappe, ME swape, ( sqwappe, squappe), 17 south-western dialect zwap, zwop, 18 swapp.Etymology: < swap v. The spelling swap for both is recommended.M-W Collegiate under “swop”?chiefly British spelling of swap Collegiate?AHD? The American Heritage Dictionary entry: swopswop (swŏp)v. & n.Chiefly British Variant of swap.OK, here’s Garner:“swap (= to exchange) is the standard spelling in AmE and BrE alike. ✳Swop is a chiefly BrE variant.Current ratio (swapping vs. ✳swopping): 122:1”Excerpt From: Bryan Garner. “Garner's Modern English Usage.” iBooks. ‎Garner's Modern English UsageAddendum:My link to the verb form of swap/swop in the OED finally came up, and there’s no warning against using “swop” here.swap | swop, v.Pronunciation: Brit. /swɒp/, U.S. /swɑp/Forms: α. ME– swap, ME–16 swappe, (ME squappe, swape), 15–16 swapp; past tenseME–15 swapte, ME swappede, (ME sqwapputte); past tense and participleME– swapped, swapt; Scottish and northernME swappyt, ME–15 swappit, 15 swapit, ( suapit). β. ME–15 swope, 16– swop; past tense and participle16– swopped, swopt.Etymology: probably of echoic origin, signifying a smart resounding blow (compare swap adv.). So German dialect schwappe resounding box on the ear, schwappen to make a clapping or splashing noise, to strike with a resounding blow.The development of the sense of concluding a bargain from that of striking is paralleled in various uses of strike; compare also Latin foedus ferire.See, for example, “swop” among the following uses:4. a. intransitive. To move with haste or violence, esp. so as to strike or impinge upon something; to fall down suddenly or with a ‘flop’; to sink into a swoon; to come hastily or forcibly, fling oneself into a place, etc. Now rare or Obsolete.The instance of swapte in the later text of Layamon 26775 (Beofs to him swapte [earlier text him biarnde] and mid harmes hine biclupte) is probably an error for swipte (see swip v.), a frequent form in Layamon.c1386 G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale 1099 Al sodeynly she swapte [v.r. swapped] adoun to grounde.a1400 Minor Poems Vernon MS. (1901) 621 Heo swapte on swownyng.1487 (▸a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 683 The stane smertly swappit [1489 Adv. swappyt] out.1488 (▸c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 349 As bestly folk [thai] tuk off thaim selff no keip..Throuch full gluttre in swarff swappyt lik swyn.1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 184 in Wks. (1931) I Scho..flatlyngis fell, and swappit in to swoun.1592 W. Wyrley Capitall de Buz in True Vse Armorie 113 With chilling fear, the Ladies swapped downe, In deadly sownd.1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique i. xv. 93 The kite,..which sometimes will not let to swap into the very broodehouse to..carrie away the chickens.c1700 W. Kennett MS Lansdowne 1033 To swapp or swoop at, catch hastily as a kite is said to swapp at chickens.1729 C. Cibber Vanbrugh's Provok'd Husband (new ed.) v. iii. 89 So in swops me, with my Hoop stuff'd up to my Forehead!1770 S. Foote Lame Lover ii. 48 There he swops with both his knees on the ground.b. To flap or beat up and down: also with it.a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Cii Thy slyppers they swap it, yet yu fotys it lyke a swanne.1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 561 Vpoun ane suey ay swappand vp and doun.1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn viii. 61 There was freckled places on the ground where the light sifted down through the leaves, and the freckled places swapped about a little, showing there was a little breeze up there.c. transitive. To pounce upon, seize.a1712 W. King Eagle & Robin 137 They'll swop our chicken from the door.1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 18 Chick, and duck, and gosling gone astray; All falling prizes to the swopping kite. 7.a. To give or dispose of in exchange for something else; to exchange (a thing) with another person. Also, to give (something) to (a person) by way of exchange; to swap horses in midstream: see to swap horses in midstream at horse n. 18. Chiefly, now only, slang or colloquial.Probably originally a horsedealer's term: cf. 1592 at sense 6b.α.1594 J. Lyly Mother Bombie v. iii. sig. I2 Soft, Ile not swap my father for all this.1600 J. Lyly Loves Metamorphosis i. ii Inconstancie is a vice, which I will not swap for all the vertues.1647 J. Pawson On Detractors in J. Hall Poems sig. A8 Thy works purchase thee more Then they can swappe there Heritages for.1679 London Gaz. No. 1423/4 He swapt a sorrel Stonehorse near Ripon about 14 or 15 hands high.1708 N. Blundell Diary (1895) 61 He was about swaping his Running Hors with my Lord Mountg[arret].1798 J. Root Rep. Superior Court & Supreme Court of Errors 1 66 One Rose and Charles Knot..proposed to swap shoe buckles.1823 T. Moore Mem. (1853) IV. 149 Find that the man with whom I wished to swap ponies requires five pounds with mine.1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 154 He will ‘swap’ anything with you.1843 W. Carleton Traits & Stories Irish Peasantry (new ed.) I. 263 I offer up a pater and ave for you, and you again for me. It is called swapping or exchanging prayers.1861 W. M. Thackeray Four Georges i. 10 [He] swapped a battalion against a dancing-girl's diamond necklace.1864 A. Lincoln in E. R. Jones Lincoln, etc. (1876) 59 I am reminded..of a story of an old Dutch farmer, who remarked..‘that it was not best to swap horses when crossing a stream.’1888 E. Eggleston Graysons x. 109 Farmers frequented the town, to meet old friends and get the better of them in swapping horses.1891 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 12 Sept. 5/1 As they sat in the tavern, swapping stories.1934 D. Hammett Thin Man iii. 14 Right now I'd swap you all the interviews with Mayor-elect O'Brien ever printed..for a slug of whis——.1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet i. ii. 38 The team Stamper had swapped him stopped now with their heads down.1948 W. Faulkner Intruder in Dust (1949) ix. 192 I swapped Crawford Gowrie a German pistol.β.1624 F. Quarles Iob Militant i There dwelt a man brought from his linniage That for his belly swopt his heritage.a1658 J. Cleveland To T. C. in Poems 45 For to make Mummie of her Grease, Or swop her to the Paper Mill.1660 Col. J. Okie's Lament. (single sheet) My Horses swopt for light Nags.1764 H. Walpole Let. to H. Mann 27 July I believe my Lady Temple would..be heartily glad to swop situations with you.1800 M. Edgeworth Castle Rackrent Gloss. p. xxxviii He makes me an offer to swop his mare that he couldn't sell at the fair of Gurtishannon.1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well II. v. 116 The new-fashioned finery which she swopt her character for.1861 O. W. Holmes Elsie Venner vii. 74 I wish our little man and him would swop pulpits.1882 M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal II. iv. 66 He bought and sold and swopped horses.1890 G. J. Younghusband Polo in India iii. 42 Jones's Rs. 500 pony had been swopped for a worthless mare.