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The movie shows the story of Sarman played by HR, but along with main story there are things happening in the background which shows the cultural and historical narrative that the makers want to project though it is very subtle and hidden but it propagates their stand they take on Indian history regarding ISC - Indus Saraswati Civilization and the massage is very clear.The movies are made for the purpose of entertainment and making money and it has nothing to do with reality but when you pick subjects like history or showing periodic theme with real places you have to be factually correct, In order to maintain the entertainment value you can use your creativity in the story line, CGI and other aspects of movie making but you can not mess with historical facts or try to alter all together.The filmmakers have to understand this is not 20th century India when they feed their whatever ideological crap in the name of entertainment and people digest it. In today's India the young generation is well informed and their source of knowledge is beyond govt controlled text books thanks to the internet.Well I do not know the political or ideological inclination of the ashutosh gowarikar but one thing is clear he definitely want to propagate the imperialistic white supremacist, Western Hindu-phobic and communist idea of India and Indian history.The research done for making this movie is of certain kind, he showed Mohenjo daro as the biggest and oldest city of the Indus Saraswati Civilization (ISC) but in reality the biggest ISC city discovered up till now is Rakhigarhi in Haryana which is even bigger than Harrappa and Mohenjo daro combined and the oldest ISC city is Bhirrana again in Haryana even older than Mehrgarh, it has the reputation of being oldest city in the whole world it has four stages or layers as excavated first layer is Pre ISC, second layer is early ISC, third layer is middle ISC, fourth layer is later ISC.There are many points I want to make which will prove how ashutosh gowarikar is so biased against Indian history in his movie but that will become to long so I will mention few here :1. LanguageAs shown in the movie people speak all sorts of languages but they all are Semitic languages like speaking sumerian, bukharan, maccan, dilmun etc. except old ancient sindhi but no one speaks indo iranian languages, Let go Sanskrit no one even speaks Avesta, East Iranian, Ancient Persian .. it is hilarious to see how ancient old Sindhi came without Sanskrit, The absence of Sanskrit means the movie try to show Sanskrit speaking Aryans not yet settled here or in other words supporting Aryan invasion/migration theory as theorized by colonial Indologists.By showing Semitic language speaking people the movie propagates the pakistan version of origin of ISC indus saraswati civilization as written in very famous and awarded book in pakistan "5000 yeas of pakistan" in which they say that Indus Saraswati Civilization was established by Semitic language speaking people from arab and middle east and it is extension of their civilization and we are their original descendants and relate it to later islamic invasion from arab and middle east and has nothing to do with India, well till now there are no takers of this theory and book outside pakistan but ashutosh gowarikar definitely read this book and exactly depicted it in his film.2. Script and SealsThe movie takes a stand which a section of historians had taken in the past that ISC is not very advance civilization and they do not have any developed script and the seals and tablets that were found is not a script but a signs and symbols used for various purpose, on the other hand there are more than 400 characters found from over more than 7000 seals and tablets discovered so far, which has more characters than any language in the world whether it is English or any other language.3. AITAryan invasion theory well there are no more takers of this theory anymore in the world but ashutosh gowarikar still firmly believes in it all thanks to his history teacher Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, it is ironic he couldnt find a single expert on indus saraswati civilization in india. As shown in the movie like horses were shown as not native and brought in from some foreign countries an indication that owners of these horses were aryans and they were outsiders/ foreigners who will later invade the indus saraswati civilization riding on their horses and chariots. in the wake of 21st century independent research by various neutral indologists from all over the world in the field of linguistics, archaeology and in genetics the aryan invasion theory is already proved wrong and even abandoned by their so called creators and flag bearers, now a days the so called indologists like Jonathan mark, Shelldon pollock, Michael witzel and Wendy doniger and many more hinduphobic who were on rich missionary payrolls working under their imperialistic mindset of white supremacy and hold the chairs of Indian studies in universities all over the world funded by christian west now rename it as "The Aryan migration theory", The indian text books which still taught history (due to north south and caste controversy and political compulsion) written by nehru (discovery of india) and academic pimps like romila thapar, and romesh sharma who mislead the entire generations of our country, now aushotosh gowarikar join the ranks4. Well now we know how ganga got its nameThe mohenjo daro is one of the first cities discovered of ISC Indus Saraswati civilization but it does not mean it is the oldest city or the biggest city in area, scale or urban architecture no, there are cities which are much larger, much mighty in scale of urban infrastructure and much older found across north India and the excavation is still going on, In the movie it mentions places west and north of mohenjo daro as people coming from there and interacting with people of mohenjo daro doing trade business and other stuff, but no mention of east and south may be director forgot or its a deliberate attempt to legitimize the so called Colonial European Indologists theory about ISC.The Movie shows in the end that civilization move from west to east again propagating colonial indologist and communist version of Indian history and even pakistans version of history but what about ISC cities found east and south of mohenjodaro in UP HARYANA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN GUJARAT UTTARAKHAND HIMANCHAL-PRADESH which were much older and even bigger than mohenjo daro and harrappa.What about the discovery of cities like Rakhigarhi in Haryana which is even bigger than Harrappa and Mohenjo daro combined and the discovery oldest ISC city Bhirrana again in Haryana even older than Mehrgarh, it has the reputation of being oldest city in the whole world of, and the latest 10500 year old human settlement excavated in laddakh as announced by govt of India on 16 august 2016, What about dwarka submerged city found in gulf of khambat in Gujarat.5. Cremation not funeralAll ISC sites has cemetery i.e. they practice burial system a classic example of vedic culture as mentioned in early books of rigveda they were graves all over ISC sites from east to west the most prominent is Kalibangan, the cremation system is incorporated at very later stages of Vedic culture attributed to later development of agama philosophy.6. Temples and IdolsMovie shows temples and huge idols of female deity, In fact all the ISC sites have hundreds of fire altars but none have any structure that even resembles like temple and at none of ISC sites any deity idols had been discovered yes some human figurines and seals of male, female and animals were found and they maybe of deities but they were so small it cannot be used for purpose of worship it may be artistic impression of their creator to portray their deity or just an piece of art but it also does not imply that they worship formless god because Vedas clearly depicts the attributes of deities and its personification in human form, but Vedas also tells to Imagine and become one with GOD with your MIND BODY & soul i.e. ATMAN. The Vedas does not contain any information regarding temples and idol worship instead it briefly describes construction of fire altars and process of yajna, the Vedas do not sanction group or community worship, It does not believe in institutionalizing divine worshiping, the concept of divine according to the Vedas is intensely personal, Its more of SEEKING rather than FOLLOWING. The fire altars (agni) are for the purpose of yajna a method of invoking and praying god and purifying mind and soul, Another classic example of early Hinduism Vedic culture. In later stages the vedic people adopted the idol worship mainly influenced from later development of agama philosophy i.e. idols and temple rituals puja etc.7. HorsesFirst of all Just type in google “ Horses in Indus”Sir John Marshall, Director General of the Archaeological Survey when Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were being excavated, recorded the presence of what he called the 'Mohenjo-daro horse'. Giving salient measurements, comparing it to other known specimens, he wrote: "It will be seen that there is a considerable degree of similarity between these various examples, and it is probable the Anau horse, the Mohenjo-daro horse, and the example of Equus caballus of the Zoological Survey of India, are all of the type of the 'Indian country bred', a small breed of horse, the Anau horse being slightly smaller than the others." (Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, volume II, page 654.) It is important to recognize that this is much stronger evidence than mere artifacts, which are artists' reproductions and not anatomical specimens that can be subjected to scientific examination.Rigveda . In verse I.162.18, the Rigveda describes the horse as having 34 ribs (17 pairs),while the Central Asian horse has 18 pairs (36) of ribs. We find a similar description in theYajurveda also. This means that the horse described in the Vedas is the native Indian breed (with 34 ribs) and not the Central Asian variety. Fossil remains of Equus Sivalensis(the 'Siwalik horse') show that the 34-ribbed horse has been known in India going back to 2.6 MILLION y.o. (fossils from Peshawar Pakistan) to TENS OF THOUSAND y.o. fossils from various location in M.P. A.P. CHHATTISGARH and T.N. . This makes the whole argument based on "No horse at ISC" irrelevant. The Vedic horse is a native Indian breed and not the Central Asian horse. As a result, far from supporting any Aryan invasion, the horse evidence furnishes one of its strongest refutations.Albert Einstein once said: "A theory must not contradict empirical facts." He was speaking in the context of science, especially how historians of science often lacked proper understanding of the scientific process. As he saw it the problem was: "Nearly all historians of science are philologists [linguists] and do not comprehend what physicists were aiming at, how they thought and wrestled with these problems." When such is the situation in physics where problems are clear-cut, it is not surprising to see issues in a subject like history being much more contentious. This is particularly the case when trying to understand the records of people far removed from us in time like the creators of the Vedic and Indus Saraswati Civilization ISC. As a result of some recent historical developments like European colonization and Western interest in Sanskrit language and linguistics, several myths and conjectures, through the force of repetition, have come to acquire the status of historical facts. It is time to re-evaluate these in the light of new evidence and more scientific approaches.AIT hypothesis is already debunked in the mainstream academia except few people with certain agenda still propagating it and trying their hard to stay relevant, but when they realizes that they are loosing ground they twist it and come up with new term “Aryan Migration Theory” and their main argument in support of this theory is no horses in ISC but its just a matter of time and they will concede defeat.No horse at ISC." This has been supplemented by another claim that the spoke-wheel was unknown to the ISC. The point of these claims is that without the horse and the spoke-wheel the ISC was militarily vulnerable to the invading Aryan hordes who moved on speedy, horse-drawn chariots with spoke-wheels. This claim is not supported by facts: an examination of the evidence shows that both the spoke-wheel and the horse were widely used by the ISC. (The idea seems to be borrowed from the destruction of Native American civilizations by the Spanish and Portuguese 'Conquistadors'. The Conquistadors though never used chariots.)As far as the spoke-wheel is concerned, B.B. Lal, former Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India records finding terracotta wheels at various ISC sites. In his words: "The painted lines [spokes] converge at the central hub, and thus leave no doubt about their representing the spokes of the wheel. ...another example is reproduced from Kalibangan, a well-known ISC site in Rajasthan, in which too the painted lines converge at the hub. ...two examples from Banawali [another ISC site], in which the spokes are not painted but are shown in low relief." ( The Sarasvati Keeps Flowing, Aryan Books, Delhi, pages 72-3). It is also worth noting that the depiction of the spoke-wheel is quite common on ISC seals.To take an example, the bull is quite common on the seals, but the cow is never represented. We cannot from this conclude that the ISC raised bulls but were ignorant of the cow. In any event, depictions of the horse are known at ISC sites, More fundamentally, it is incorrect to say that horses were unknown to the ISC. The recently released encyclopedia The Dawn of Indian Civilization,Volume 1, Part 1 observes (pages 344 - 5): "... the horse was widely domesticated and used in India during the third millennium BCE over most of the area covered by the ISC. Archaeologically this is most significant since the evidence is widespread and not isolated."8. Apparels (I don’t find anything wrong with the clothing and ornaments used in the movie.)Settlements of the Indus Saraswati Civilization (ISC) spread over a vast area, centered on the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river systems of India and later created Pakistan. From the Himalaya and Hindu Kush to the coastal regions of Kutch and Gujarat, westward into Baluchistan and eastward into Northen Gangetic Plains of India, Sites identified with the Indus Civilization are distributed across an area larger than that of Mesopotamia or of Egypt.The earliest evidence of cotton and silk in the world found in the Indian Subcontinent and has been found at the sites of INDUS SARAWATI CIVILIZATION ISC especially from Mehrgarh, Harrappa, Mohenjo daro, Rakhigarhi, Dholvira, Lothal, Bhrirrana where Cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads, these finds have been dated back to 7500BC to 6000BCCOTTON :Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Pre Indus Saraswati Civilization, which covered area of modern ISC sites. The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India.Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.SILK :Above: Coiled copper-alloy wire necklace discovered at Harappa in 2000 with traces of silk fibers preserved on the insideNew findings suggest that silk making was not an exclusively Chinese technological innovation, but instead arose independently on the Indian subcontinent.Ornaments found from throughout the ISC sites, where the culture flourished more than 9000 years ago (7500BC), seem to contain silk spun by silk moths native to the region. What's more, the silk seems to have been processed in a way previously thought to have been a closely guarded secret within China.There is hard and fast evidence for silk production in China back to around 2570 BC; the newly discovered objects are believed to date from between 3500 BC and 2500 BC, making them similarly ancient. Before these discovery there have been no previous finds of manufactured silk at sites outside China before about 1500 BC."This is the first evidence for silk anywhere out of China at such an early date," says Irene Good of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, one of the authors of the study. "It was a complete surprise" used an electron microscope to look at the fine structure of silk strands found in necklaces and bangles. The precise shape of the individual silk threads — determined by the shape of the orifice through which they are extruded — is characteristic of the species of silk moth that produced the strands.The ISC silks seem to have been made by a process called reeling, in which the strands are collected on a bobbin rather than being twisted in short segments into a thread. The researchers say that reeling was thought to have been part of a silk technology known only to China until the early centuries AD. Now it seems that knowledge was not so exclusive.MIRROR :The ISC, use of large and hand held Bronze mirrors goes back to the time between 4000 BC and 2500 BC.Bronze mirror are usually circular.GLASS :The technology of glass making was possibly an accidental product during some type of metallurgical or similar operation.It seems that the ISC settlements preferred using faience, which was a type of proto-glass. The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Culture of the Ganga valley (c.1000 BC) did have elegant glass beads. There is some archaeological evidence in the form of glass beads found at Maski, a Chalcolithic site in the southern Deccan; it is older than the beginning of the first millennium BC. Kaca is a Sanskrit term used for glass by the Vedic text, Satapatha Brahmana. About 30 archaeological excavated sites in different regions of India have produced several glass objects in different colours such as green, blue, red, white, orange and some other shades. In certain places, a few tiles and fragmented parts of vessels also have been found.The data available about the technique of glass production in India is deficient in quantity. A circular oven of about 75 cm in diameter and 37 cm in depth, which has been found in ISC site in Nevasa is made of burnt clay and is an open-fired type of furnace.ISC glass-makers had well developed technological skills in the manufacture of beads, bangles and a few other articles. After observing the various objects excavated at different sites, it may be inferred that glass-makers employed methods such as moulding, folding, twisting and double-stripping. Perhaps, a method known as wire-winding method was also adopted for preparing beads of various types.Monochrome as well as polychrome bangles were produced with great care. Certain beautiful patterns were also applied on them through delicate expertise. Though jewellery glass technology was well developed in India, glass vessel making was not so popular. Flasks, bowls and even bottles which are found in some archaeological sites are very few in numbers.JEWELLERY :This collection of gold and agate ornaments includes objects found at ISC sites of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. At the top are fillets of hammered gold that would have been worn around the forehead.The other ornaments include bangles, chokers, long pendant necklaces, rings, earrings, conical hair ornaments, and broaches. Such ornaments were never buried with the dead, but were passed on from one generation to the next. These ornaments were hidden under the floors in the homes of wealthy merchants or goldsmiths.Another interesting piece consists of two square amulets embossed with the image of the SWASTIKA — "the earliest known representations of swastika in gold known to us,"A 5,000-year-old necklace on display at the National Museum represents not just the fine aesthetics of the ISC, but also a continuum of design from then till now. Some may dismiss jewellery as mere knick-knacks for women. But ornaments, like art, architecture, coins or pottery, are historical and cultural artefacts too, telling stories about a society and a civilisation, its moral codes, design ethic and even technological prowess.Going by the jewellery they made and wore, the ancient people of the ISC were an extremely sophisticated lot with a finely-developed aesthetic sense, backed by intricate engineering skills. Take for instance the necklace excavated from Mohenjo-daro now on display at the newly re-opened jewellery gallery of the National Museum in Delhi.The necklace, dating nearly 5,000 years ago, is lined with pendants of banded agate and jade beads suspended by a thick gold wire that passes through each bead. "These are very long beads, and when we examined them under the microscope, we found that they had been drilled perfectly to meet in the middle," says jewellery historian Usha Balakrishnan, who has curated the collection."India was the largest manufacturer and exporter of beads to the world at that time," she adds. The craftsmen of the Indus Valley used semi-precious material like carnelian, agate, turquoise, faience, steatite and feldspar, fashioning them into tubular or barrel shapes, decorating them with carvings, bands, dots and patterns, or setting them minutely with gold."They had the skill of tumbling beads, of cutting semi-precious hardstones, of shaping the beads. India was also home to the diamond and invented the diamond drill, which was then taught to the Romans," says Balakrishnan.A brooch from Harappa, Bracelet from Mohenjo-daro, Gold earrings from Taxila & Gold bracelet, SirkapBut it's not just technological prowess that one marvels at. What's also remarkable is the continuity of design. The sheet gold forehead ornament, for instance, is of a shape that you will find women still wearing in different parts of India. The Rajasthani borla is a close approximation, as is the ornament that Didarganj Yakshi, one of the finest examples of ancient Indian sculpture, wears prominently in the middle of her forehead.ISC ornaments are among the few specimens of jewellery that have survived in our times. Most others have either been recycled, melted for gold, or lost. This also explains the large gaps in the gallery collection.Large parts of the history of ancient India, especially the ISC, are shrouded in obscurity. The jewellery of the era, by giving a sense of how women of the era adorned themselves and how society at the time was geared towards providing them those adornments, helps to lift the darkness a little.DISCOVERY OF INDUS SARASWATI CIVILIZATIONThe discovery of the Indus Valley civilization was first recorded in the 1800's by the British. The first recorded note was by a British army deserter, James Lewis, who was posing as an American engineer in 1826. He noticed the presence of mounded ruins at a small town in Punjab called Harappa. Because Harappa was the first city found, sometimes any of the sites are called the Harappan civilization.Alexander Cunningham, who headed the Archaeological Survey of India, visited this site in 1853 and 1856 while looking for the cities that had been visited by Chinese pilgrims in the Buddhist period. The presence of an ancient city was confirmed in the following 50 years, but no one had any idea of its age or importance. By 1872 heavy brick robbing had virtually destroyed the upper layers of the site. The stolen bricks were used to build houses and particularly to build a railway bed that the British were constructing. Alexander Cunningham made a few small excavations at the site and reported some discoveries of ancient pottery, some stone tools, and a stone seal. Cunningham published his finds and it generated some increased interest by scholars.It wasn't till 1920 that excavations began in earnest at Harappa. John Marshall, then the director of the Archaeological Survey of India, started a new excavation at Harappa. Along with finds from another archaeologist, who was excavating at Mohenjo Daro, Marshall believed that what they had found gave evidence of a new civilization that was older than any they had known.Major excavations had not been carried out for forty years until 1986 when the late George Dales of the University of California at Berkeley established the Harappan Archaeological Project, or HARP. This multidisciplinary study effort consists of archaeologists, linguists, historians, and physical anthropologists.

The movie shows the story of Sarman played by HR, but along with main story there are things happening in the background which shows the cultural and historical narrative that the makers want to project though it is very subtle and hidden but it propagates their stand they take on Indian history regarding ISC - Indus Saraswati Civilization and the massage is very clear.The movies are made for the purpose of entertainment and making money and it has nothing to do with reality but when you pick subjects like history or showing periodic theme with real places you have to be factually correct, In order to maintain the entertainment value you can use your creativity in the story line, CGI and other aspects of movie making but you can not mess with historical facts or try to alter all together.The filmmakers have to understand this is not 20th century India when they feed their whatever ideological crap in the name of entertainment and people digest it. In today's India the young generation is well informed and their source of knowledge is beyond govt controlled text books thanks to the internet.Well I do not know the political or ideological inclination of the ashutosh gowarikar but one thing is clear he definitely want to propagate the imperialistic white supremacist, Western Hindu-phobic and communist idea of India and Indian history.The research done for making this movie is of certain kind, he showed Mohenjo daro as the biggest and oldest city of the Indus Saraswati Civilization (ISC) but in reality the biggest ISC city discovered up till now is Rakhigarhi in Haryana which is even bigger than Harrappa and Mohenjo daro combined and the oldest ISC city is Bhirrana again in Haryana even older than Mehrgarh, it has the reputation of being oldest city in the whole world it has four stages or layers as excavated first layer is Pre ISC, second layer is early ISC, third layer is middle ISC, fourth layer is later ISC.There are many points I want to make which will prove how ashutosh gowarikar is so biased against Indian history in his movie but that will become to long so I will mention few here :1. LanguageAs shown in the movie people speak all sorts of languages but they all are Semitic languages like speaking sumerian, bukharan, maccan, dilmun etc. except old ancient sindhi but no one speaks indo iranian languages, Let go Sanskrit no one even speaks Avesta, East Iranian, Ancient Persian .. it is hilarious to see how ancient old Sindhi came without Sanskrit, The absence of Sanskrit means the movie try to show Sanskrit speaking Aryans not yet settled here or in other words supporting Aryan invasion/migration theory as theorized by colonial Indologists.By showing Semitic language speaking people the movie propagates the pakistan version of origin of ISC indus saraswati civilization as written in very famous and awarded book in pakistan "5000 yeas of pakistan" in which they say that Indus Saraswati Civilization was established by Semitic language speaking people from arab and middle east and it is extension of their civilization and we are their original descendants and relate it to later islamic invasion from arab and middle east and has nothing to do with India, well till now there are no takers of this theory and book outside pakistan but ashutosh gowarikar definitely read this book and exactly depicted it in his film.2. Script and SealsThe movie takes a stand which a section of historians had taken in the past that ISC is not very advance civilization and they do not have any developed script and the seals and tablets that were found is not a script but a signs and symbols used for various purpose, on the other hand there are more than 400 characters found from over more than 7000 seals and tablets discovered so far, which has more characters than any language in the world whether it is English or any other language.3. AITAryan invasion theory well there are no more takers of this theory anymore in the world but ashutosh gowarikar still firmly believes in it all thanks to his history teacher Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, it is ironic he couldnt find a single expert on indus saraswati civilization in india. As shown in the movie like horses were shown as not native and brought in from some foreign countries an indication that owners of these horses were aryans and they were outsiders/ foreigners who will later invade the indus saraswati civilization riding on their horses and chariots. in the wake of 21st century independent research by various neutral indologists from all over the world in the field of linguistics, archaeology and in genetics the aryan invasion theory is already proved wrong and even abandoned by their so called creators and flag bearers, now a days the so called indologists like Jonathan mark, Shelldon pollock, Michael witzel and Wendy doniger and many more hinduphobic who were on rich missionary payrolls working under their imperialistic mindset of white supremacy and hold the chairs of Indian studies in universities all over the world funded by christian west now rename it as "The Aryan migration theory", The indian text books which still taught history (due to north south and caste controversy and political compulsion) written by nehru (discovery of india) and academic pimps like romila thapar, and romesh sharma who mislead the entire generations of our country, now aushotosh gowarikar join the ranks4. Well now we know how ganga got its nameThe mohenjo daro is one of the first cities discovered of ISC Indus Saraswati civilization but it does not mean it is the oldest city or the biggest city in area, scale or urban architecture no, there are cities which are much larger, much mighty in scale of urban infrastructure and much older found across north India and the excavation is still going on, In the movie it mentions places west and north of mohenjo daro as people coming from there and interacting with people of mohenjo daro doing trade business and other stuff, but no mention of east and south may be director forgot or its a deliberate attempt to legitimize the so called Colonial European Indologists theory about ISC.The Movie shows in the end that civilization move from west to east again propagating colonial indologist and communist version of Indian history and even pakistans version of history but what about ISC cities found east and south of mohenjodaro in UP HARYANA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN GUJARAT UTTARAKHAND HIMANCHAL-PRADESH which were much older and even bigger than mohenjo daro and harrappa.What about the discovery of cities like Rakhigarhi in Haryana which is even bigger than Harrappa and Mohenjo daro combined and the discovery oldest ISC city Bhirrana again in Haryana even older than Mehrgarh, it has the reputation of being oldest city in the whole world of, and the latest 10500 year old human settlement excavated in laddakh as announced by govt of India on 16 august 2016, What about dwarka submerged city found in gulf of khambat in Gujarat.5. Cremation not funeralAll ISC sites has cemetery i.e. they practice burial system a classic example of vedic culture as mentioned in early books of rigveda they were graves all over ISC sites from east to west the most prominent is Kalibangan, the cremation system is incorporated at very later stages of Vedic culture attributed to later development of Agama philosophy from south Indian traditions.6. Temples and IdolsMovie shows temples and huge idols of female deity, In fact all the ISC sites have hundreds of fire altars but none have any structure that even resembles like temple and at none of ISC sites any deity idols had been discovered yes some human figurines and seals of male, female and animals were found and they maybe of deities but they were so small it cannot be used for purpose of worship it may be artistic impression of their creator to portray their deity or just an piece of art but it also does not imply that they worship formless god because Vedas clearly depicts the attributes of deities and its personification in human form, but Vedas also tells to Imagine and become one with GOD with your MIND BODY & soul i.e. ATMAN. The Vedas does not contain any information regarding temples and idol worship instead it briefly describes construction of fire altars and process of Yajna, the Vedas do not sanction group or community worship, It does not believe in institutionalizing divine worshiping, the concept of divine according to the Vedas is intensely personal, Its more of SEEKING rather than FOLLOWING. The fire altars (agni) are for the purpose of yajna a method of invoking and praying god and purifying mind and soul, Another classic example of early Hinduism Vedic culture. The very late stages of Vedic period has undergone principle changes, As the Vedic people started the idol worship in temples and other rituals like Pooja etc. along with their Fire Yajna practices, which they adopted from later development of Agama philosophy of south Indian traditions and this led to the transformation of Vedic religion into Sanatan dharma.7. HorsesFirst of all Just type in google “ Horses in Indus”Sir John Marshall, Director General of the Archaeological Survey when Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were being excavated, recorded the presence of what he called the 'Mohenjo-daro horse'. Giving salient measurements, comparing it to other known specimens, he wrote: "It will be seen that there is a considerable degree of similarity between these various examples, and it is probable the Anau horse, the Mohenjo-daro horse, and the example of Equus caballus of the Zoological Survey of India, are all of the type of the 'Indian country bred', a small breed of horse, the Anau horse being slightly smaller than the others." (Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, volume II, page 654.) It is important to recognize that this is much stronger evidence than mere artifacts, which are artists' reproductions and not anatomical specimens that can be subjected to scientific examination.Rigveda . In verse I.162.18, the Rigveda describes the horse as having 34 ribs (17 pairs),while the Central Asian horse has 18 pairs (36) of ribs. We find a similar description in theYajurveda also. This means that the horse described in the Vedas is the native Indian breed (with 34 ribs) and not the Central Asian variety. Fossil remains of Equus Sivalensis(the 'Siwalik horse') show that the 34-ribbed horse has been known in India going back to 2.6 MILLION y.o. (fossils from Peshawar Pakistan) to TENS OF THOUSAND y.o. fossils from various location in M.P. A.P. CHHATTISGARH and T.N. . This makes the whole argument based on "No horse at ISC" irrelevant. The Vedic horse is a native Indian breed and not the Central Asian horse. As a result, far from supporting any Aryan invasion, the horse evidence furnishes one of its strongest refutations.Albert Einstein once said: "A theory must not contradict empirical facts." He was speaking in the context of science, especially how historians of science often lacked proper understanding of the scientific process. As he saw it the problem was: "Nearly all historians of science are philologists [linguists] and do not comprehend what physicists were aiming at, how they thought and wrestled with these problems." When such is the situation in physics where problems are clear-cut, it is not surprising to see issues in a subject like history being much more contentious. This is particularly the case when trying to understand the records of people far removed from us in time like the creators of the Vedic and Indus Saraswati Civilization ISC. As a result of some recent historical developments like European colonization and Western interest in Sanskrit language and linguistics, several myths and conjectures, through the force of repetition, have come to acquire the status of historical facts. It is time to re-evaluate these in the light of new evidence and more scientific approaches.AIT hypothesis is already debunked in the mainstream academia except few people with certain agenda still propagating it and trying their hard to stay relevant, but when they realizes that they are loosing ground they twist it and come up with new term “Aryan Migration Theory” and their main argument in support of this theory is no horses in ISC but its just a matter of time and they will concede defeat.No horse at ISC." This has been supplemented by another claim that the spoke-wheel was unknown to the ISC. The point of these claims is that without the horse and the spoke-wheel the ISC was militarily vulnerable to the invading Aryan hordes who moved on speedy, horse-drawn chariots with spoke-wheels. This claim is not supported by facts: an examination of the evidence shows that both the spoke-wheel and the horse were widely used by the ISC. (The idea seems to be borrowed from the destruction of Native American civilizations by the Spanish and Portuguese 'Conquistadors'. The Conquistadors though never used chariots.)As far as the spoke-wheel is concerned, B.B. Lal, former Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India records finding terracotta wheels at various ISC sites. In his words: "The painted lines [spokes] converge at the central hub, and thus leave no doubt about their representing the spokes of the wheel. ...another example is reproduced from Kalibangan, a well-known ISC site in Rajasthan, in which too the painted lines converge at the hub. ...two examples from Banawali [another ISC site], in which the spokes are not painted but are shown in low relief." ( The Sarasvati Keeps Flowing, Aryan Books, Delhi, pages 72-3). It is also worth noting that the depiction of the spoke-wheel is quite common on ISC seals.To take an example, the bull is quite common on the seals, but the cow is never represented. We cannot from this conclude that the ISC raised bulls but were ignorant of the cow. In any event, depictions of the horse are known at ISC sites, More fundamentally, it is incorrect to say that horses were unknown to the ISC. The recently released encyclopedia The Dawn of Indian Civilization,Volume 1, Part 1 observes (pages 344 - 5): "... the horse was widely domesticated and used in India during the third millennium BCE over most of the area covered by the ISC. Archaeologically this is most significant since the evidence is widespread and not isolated."8. Apparels (I don’t find anything wrong with the clothing and ornaments used in the movie.)Settlements of the Indus Saraswati Civilization (ISC) spread over a vast area, centered on the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river systems of India and later created Pakistan. From the Himalaya and Hindu Kush to the coastal regions of Kutch and Gujarat, westward into Baluchistan and eastward into Northen Gangetic Plains of India, Sites identified with the Indus Civilization are distributed across an area larger than that of Mesopotamia or of Egypt.The earliest evidence of cotton and silk in the world found in the Indian Subcontinent and has been found at the sites of INDUS SARAWATI CIVILIZATION ISC especially from Mehrgarh, Harrappa, Mohenjo daro, Rakhigarhi, Dholvira, Lothal, Bhrirrana where Cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads, these finds have been dated back to 7500BC to 6000BCCOTTON :Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Pre Indus Saraswati Civilization, which covered area of modern ISC sites. The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India.Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.SILK :Above: Coiled copper-alloy wire necklace discovered at Harappa in 2000 with traces of silk fibers preserved on the insideNew findings suggest that silk making was not an exclusively Chinese technological innovation, but instead arose independently on the Indian subcontinent.Ornaments found from throughout the ISC sites, where the culture flourished more than 9000 years ago (7500BC), seem to contain silk spun by silk moths native to the region. What's more, the silk seems to have been processed in a way previously thought to have been a closely guarded secret within China.There is hard and fast evidence for silk production in China back to around 2570 BC; the newly discovered objects are believed to date from between 3500 BC and 2500 BC, making them similarly ancient. Before these discovery there have been no previous finds of manufactured silk at sites outside China before about 1500 BC."This is the first evidence for silk anywhere out of China at such an early date," says Irene Good of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, one of the authors of the study. "It was a complete surprise" used an electron microscope to look at the fine structure of silk strands found in necklaces and bangles. The precise shape of the individual silk threads — determined by the shape of the orifice through which they are extruded — is characteristic of the species of silk moth that produced the strands.The ISC silks seem to have been made by a process called reeling, in which the strands are collected on a bobbin rather than being twisted in short segments into a thread. The researchers say that reeling was thought to have been part of a silk technology known only to China until the early centuries AD. Now it seems that knowledge was not so exclusive.MIRROR :The ISC, use of large and hand held Bronze mirrors goes back to the time between 4000 BC and 2500 BC.Bronze mirror are usually circular.GLASS :The technology of glass making was possibly an accidental product during some type of metallurgical or similar operation.It seems that the ISC settlements preferred using faience, which was a type of proto-glass. The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Culture of the Ganga valley (c.1000 BC) did have elegant glass beads. There is some archaeological evidence in the form of glass beads found at Maski, a Chalcolithic site in the southern Deccan; it is older than the beginning of the first millennium BC. Kaca is a Sanskrit term used for glass by the Vedic text, Satapatha Brahmana. About 30 archaeological excavated sites in different regions of India have produced several glass objects in different colours such as green, blue, red, white, orange and some other shades. In certain places, a few tiles and fragmented parts of vessels also have been found.The data available about the technique of glass production in India is deficient in quantity. A circular oven of about 75 cm in diameter and 37 cm in depth, which has been found in ISC site in Nevasa is made of burnt clay and is an open-fired type of furnace.ISC glass-makers had well developed technological skills in the manufacture of beads, bangles and a few other articles. After observing the various objects excavated at different sites, it may be inferred that glass-makers employed methods such as moulding, folding, twisting and double-stripping. Perhaps, a method known as wire-winding method was also adopted for preparing beads of various types.Monochrome as well as polychrome bangles were produced with great care. Certain beautiful patterns were also applied on them through delicate expertise. Though jewellery glass technology was well developed in India, glass vessel making was not so popular. Flasks, bowls and even bottles which are found in some archaeological sites are very few in numbers.JEWELLERY :This collection of gold and agate ornaments includes objects found at ISC sites of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. At the top are fillets of hammered gold that would have been worn around the forehead.The other ornaments include bangles, chokers, long pendant necklaces, rings, earrings, conical hair ornaments, and broaches. Such ornaments were never buried with the dead, but were passed on from one generation to the next. These ornaments were hidden under the floors in the homes of wealthy merchants or goldsmiths.Another interesting piece consists of two square amulets embossed with the image of the SWASTIKA — "the earliest known representations of swastika in gold known to us,"A 5,000-year-old necklace on display at the National Museum represents not just the fine aesthetics of the ISC, but also a continuum of design from then till now. Some may dismiss jewellery as mere knick-knacks for women. But ornaments, like art, architecture, coins or pottery, are historical and cultural artefacts too, telling stories about a society and a civilisation, its moral codes, design ethic and even technological prowess.Going by the jewellery they made and wore, the ancient people of the ISC were an extremely sophisticated lot with a finely-developed aesthetic sense, backed by intricate engineering skills. Take for instance the necklace excavated from Mohenjo-daro now on display at the newly re-opened jewellery gallery of the National Museum in Delhi.The necklace, dating nearly 5,000 years ago, is lined with pendants of banded agate and jade beads suspended by a thick gold wire that passes through each bead. "These are very long beads, and when we examined them under the microscope, we found that they had been drilled perfectly to meet in the middle," says jewellery historian Usha Balakrishnan, who has curated the collection."India was the largest manufacturer and exporter of beads to the world at that time," she adds. The craftsmen of the Indus Valley used semi-precious material like carnelian, agate, turquoise, faience, steatite and feldspar, fashioning them into tubular or barrel shapes, decorating them with carvings, bands, dots and patterns, or setting them minutely with gold."They had the skill of tumbling beads, of cutting semi-precious hardstones, of shaping the beads. India was also home to the diamond and invented the diamond drill, which was then taught to the Romans," says Balakrishnan.A brooch from Harappa, Bracelet from Mohenjo-daro, Gold earrings from Taxila & Gold bracelet, SirkapBut it's not just technological prowess that one marvels at. What's also remarkable is the continuity of design. The sheet gold forehead ornament, for instance, is of a shape that you will find women still wearing in different parts of India. The Rajasthani borla is a close approximation, as is the ornament that Didarganj Yakshi, one of the finest examples of ancient Indian sculpture, wears prominently in the middle of her forehead.ISC ornaments are among the few specimens of jewellery that have survived in our times. Most others have either been recycled, melted for gold, or lost. This also explains the large gaps in the gallery collection.Large parts of the history of ancient India, especially the ISC, are shrouded in obscurity. The jewellery of the era, by giving a sense of how women of the era adorned themselves and how society at the time was geared towards providing them those adornments, helps to lift the darkness a little.DISCOVERY OF INDUS SARASWATI CIVILIZATIONThe discovery of the Indus Valley civilization was first recorded in the 1800's by the British. The first recorded note was by a British army deserter, James Lewis, who was posing as an American engineer in 1826. He noticed the presence of mounded ruins at a small town in Punjab called Harappa. Because Harappa was the first city found, sometimes any of the sites are called the Harappan civilization.Alexander Cunningham, who headed the Archaeological Survey of India, visited this site in 1853 and 1856 while looking for the cities that had been visited by Chinese pilgrims in the Buddhist period. The presence of an ancient city was confirmed in the following 50 years, but no one had any idea of its age or importance. By 1872 heavy brick robbing had virtually destroyed the upper layers of the site. The stolen bricks were used to build houses and particularly to build a railway bed that the British were constructing. Alexander Cunningham made a few small excavations at the site and reported some discoveries of ancient pottery, some stone tools, and a stone seal. Cunningham published his finds and it generated some increased interest by scholars.It wasn't till 1920 that excavations began in earnest at Harappa. John Marshall, then the director of the Archaeological Survey of India, started a new excavation at Harappa. Along with finds from another archaeologist, who was excavating at Mohenjo Daro, Marshall believed that what they had found gave evidence of a new civilization that was older than any they had known.Major excavations had not been carried out for forty years until 1986 when the late George Dales of the University of California at Berkeley established the Harappan Archaeological Project, or HARP. This multidisciplinary study effort consists of archaeologists, linguists, historians, and physical anthropologists.

The movie shows the story of Sarman played by HR, but along with main story there are things happening in the background which shows the cultural and historical narrative that the makers want to project though it is very subtle and hidden but it propagates their stand they take on Indian history regarding ISC - Indus Saraswati Civilization and the massage is very clear.The movies are made for the purpose of entertainment and making money and it has nothing to do with reality but when you pick subjects like history or showing periodic theme with real places you have to be factually correct, In order to maintain the entertainment value you can use your creativity in the story line, CGI and other aspects of movie making but you can not mess with historical facts or try to alter all together.The filmmakers have to understand this is not 20th century India when they feed their whatever ideological crap in the name of entertainment and people digest it. In today's India the young generation is well informed and their source of knowledge is beyond govt controlled text books thanks to the internet.Well I do not know the political or ideological inclination of the ashutosh gowarikar but one thing is clear he definitely want to propagate the imperialistic white supremacist, Western Hindu-phobic and communist idea of India and Indian history.The research done for making this movie is of certain kind, he showed Mohenjo daro as the biggest and oldest city of the Indus Saraswati Civilization (ISC) but in reality the biggest ISC city discovered up till now is Rakhigarhi in Haryana which is even bigger than Harrappa and Mohenjo daro combined and the oldest ISC city is Bhirrana again in Haryana even older than Mehrgarh, it has the reputation of being oldest city in the whole world it has four stages or layers as excavated first layer is Pre ISC, second layer is early ISC, third layer is middle ISC, fourth layer is later ISC.There are many points I want to make which will prove how ashutosh gowarikar is so biased against Indian history in his movie but that will become to long so I will mention few here :1. LanguageAs shown in the movie people speak all sorts of languages but they all are Semitic languages like speaking sumerian, bukharan, maccan, dilmun etc. except old ancient sindhi but no one speaks indo iranian languages, Let go Sanskrit no one even speaks Avesta, East Iranian, Ancient Persian .. it is hilarious to see how ancient old Sindhi came without Sanskrit, The absence of Sanskrit means the movie try to show Sanskrit speaking Aryans not yet settled here or in other words supporting Aryan invasion/migration theory as theorized by colonial Indologists.By showing Semitic language speaking people the movie propagates the pakistan version of origin of ISC indus saraswati civilization as written in very famous and awarded book in pakistan "5000 yeas of pakistan" in which they say that Indus Saraswati Civilization was established by Semitic language speaking people from arab and middle east and it is extension of their civilization and we are their original descendants and relate it to later islamic invasion from arab and middle east and has nothing to do with India, well till now there are no takers of this theory and book outside pakistan but ashutosh gowarikar definitely read this book and exactly depicted it in his film.2. Script and SealsThe movie takes a stand which a section of historians had taken in the past that ISC is not very advance civilization and they do not have any developed script and the seals and tablets that were found is not a script but a signs and symbols used for various purpose, on the other hand there are more than 400 characters found from over more than 7000 seals and tablets discovered so far, which has more characters than any language in the world whether it is English or any other language.3. AITAryan invasion theory well there are no more takers of this theory anymore in the world but ashutosh gowarikar still firmly believes in it all thanks to his history teacher Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, it is ironic he couldnt find a single expert on indus saraswati civilization in india. As shown in the movie like horses were shown as not native and brought in from some foreign countries an indication that owners of these horses were aryans and they were outsiders/ foreigners who will later invade the indus saraswati civilization riding on their horses and chariots. in the wake of 21st century independent research by various neutral indologists from all over the world in the field of linguistics, archaeology and in genetics the aryan invasion theory is already proved wrong and even abandoned by their so called creators and flag bearers, now a days the so called indologists like Jonathan mark, Shelldon pollock, Michael witzel and Wendy doniger and many more hinduphobic who were on rich missionary payrolls working under their imperialistic mindset of white supremacy and hold the chairs of Indian studies in universities all over the world funded by christian west now rename it as "The Aryan migration theory", The indian text books which still taught history (due to north south and caste controversy and political compulsion) written by nehru (discovery of india) and academic pimps like romila thapar, and romesh sharma who mislead the entire generations of our country, now aushotosh gowarikar join the ranks4. Well now we know how ganga got its nameThe mohenjo daro is one of the first cities discovered of ISC Indus Saraswati civilization but it does not mean it is the oldest city or the biggest city in area, scale or urban architecture no, there are cities which are much larger, much mighty in scale of urban infrastructure and much older found across north India and the excavation is still going on, In the movie it mentions places west and north of mohenjo daro as people coming from there and interacting with people of mohenjo daro doing trade business and other stuff, but no mention of east and south may be director forgot or its a deliberate attempt to legitimize the so called Colonial European Indologists theory about ISC.The Movie shows in the end that civilization move from west to east again propagating colonial indologist and communist version of Indian history and even pakistans version of history but what about ISC cities found east and south of mohenjodaro in UP HARYANA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN GUJARAT UTTARAKHAND HIMANCHAL-PRADESH which were much older and even bigger than mohenjo daro and harrappa.What about the discovery of cities like Rakhigarhi in Haryana which is even bigger than Harrappa and Mohenjo daro combined and the discovery oldest ISC city Bhirrana again in Haryana even older than Mehrgarh, it has the reputation of being oldest city in the whole world of, and the latest 10500 year old human settlement excavated in laddakh as announced by govt of India on 16 august 2016, What about dwarka submerged city found in gulf of khambat in Gujarat.5. Cremation not funeralAll ISC sites has cemetery i.e. they practice burial system a classic example of vedic culture as mentioned in early books of rigveda they were graves all over ISC sites from east to west the most prominent is Kalibangan, the cremation system is incorporated at very later stages of Vedic culture attributed to later development of Agama philosophy from south Indian traditions.6. Temples and IdolsMovie shows temples and huge idols of female deity, In fact all the ISC sites have hundreds of fire altars but none have any structure that even resembles like temple and at none of ISC sites any deity idols had been discovered yes some human figurines and seals of male, female and animals were found and they maybe of deities but they were so small it cannot be used for purpose of worship it may be artistic impression of their creator to portray their deity or just an piece of art but it also does not imply that they worship formless god because Vedas clearly depicts the attributes of deities and its personification in human form, but Vedas also tells to Imagine and become one with GOD with your MIND BODY & soul i.e. ATMAN. The Vedas does not contain any information regarding temples and idol worship instead it briefly describes construction of fire altars and process of Yajna, the Vedas do not sanction group or community worship, It does not believe in institutionalizing divine worshiping, the concept of divine according to the Vedas is intensely personal, Its more of SEEKING rather than FOLLOWING. The fire altars (agni) are for the purpose of yajna a method of invoking and praying god and purifying mind and soul, Another classic example of early Hinduism Vedic culture. The very late stages of Vedic period has undergone principle changes, As the Vedic people started the idol worship in temples and other rituals like Pooja etc. along with their Fire Yajna practices, which they adopted from later development of Agama philosophy of south Indian traditions and this led to the transformation of Vedic religion into Sanatan dharma.7. HorsesFirst of all Just type in google “ Horses in Indus”Sir John Marshall, Director General of the Archaeological Survey when Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were being excavated, recorded the presence of what he called the 'Mohenjo-daro horse'. Giving salient measurements, comparing it to other known specimens, he wrote: "It will be seen that there is a considerable degree of similarity between these various examples, and it is probable the Anau horse, the Mohenjo-daro horse, and the example of Equus caballus of the Zoological Survey of India, are all of the type of the 'Indian country bred', a small breed of horse, the Anau horse being slightly smaller than the others." (Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, volume II, page 654.) It is important to recognize that this is much stronger evidence than mere artifacts, which are artists' reproductions and not anatomical specimens that can be subjected to scientific examination.Rigveda . In verse I.162.18, the Rigveda describes the horse as having 34 ribs (17 pairs),while the Central Asian horse has 18 pairs (36) of ribs. We find a similar description in theYajurveda also. This means that the horse described in the Vedas is the native Indian breed (with 34 ribs) and not the Central Asian variety. Fossil remains of Equus Sivalensis(the 'Siwalik horse') show that the 34-ribbed horse has been known in India going back to 2.6 MILLION y.o. (fossils from Peshawar Pakistan) to TENS OF THOUSAND y.o. fossils from various location in M.P. A.P. CHHATTISGARH and T.N. . This makes the whole argument based on "No horse at ISC" irrelevant. The Vedic horse is a native Indian breed and not the Central Asian horse. As a result, far from supporting any Aryan invasion, the horse evidence furnishes one of its strongest refutations.Albert Einstein once said: "A theory must not contradict empirical facts." He was speaking in the context of science, especially how historians of science often lacked proper understanding of the scientific process. As he saw it the problem was: "Nearly all historians of science are philologists [linguists] and do not comprehend what physicists were aiming at, how they thought and wrestled with these problems." When such is the situation in physics where problems are clear-cut, it is not surprising to see issues in a subject like history being much more contentious. This is particularly the case when trying to understand the records of people far removed from us in time like the creators of the Vedic and Indus Saraswati Civilization ISC. As a result of some recent historical developments like European colonization and Western interest in Sanskrit language and linguistics, several myths and conjectures, through the force of repetition, have come to acquire the status of historical facts. It is time to re-evaluate these in the light of new evidence and more scientific approaches.AIT hypothesis is already debunked in the mainstream academia except few people with certain agenda still propagating it and trying their hard to stay relevant, but when they realizes that they are loosing ground they twist it and come up with new term “Aryan Migration Theory” and their main argument in support of this theory is no horses in ISC but its just a matter of time and they will concede defeat.No horse at ISC." This has been supplemented by another claim that the spoke-wheel was unknown to the ISC. The point of these claims is that without the horse and the spoke-wheel the ISC was militarily vulnerable to the invading Aryan hordes who moved on speedy, horse-drawn chariots with spoke-wheels. This claim is not supported by facts: an examination of the evidence shows that both the spoke-wheel and the horse were widely used by the ISC. (The idea seems to be borrowed from the destruction of Native American civilizations by the Spanish and Portuguese 'Conquistadors'. The Conquistadors though never used chariots.)As far as the spoke-wheel is concerned, B.B. Lal, former Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India records finding terracotta wheels at various ISC sites. In his words: "The painted lines [spokes] converge at the central hub, and thus leave no doubt about their representing the spokes of the wheel. ...another example is reproduced from Kalibangan, a well-known ISC site in Rajasthan, in which too the painted lines converge at the hub. ...two examples from Banawali [another ISC site], in which the spokes are not painted but are shown in low relief." ( The Sarasvati Keeps Flowing, Aryan Books, Delhi, pages 72-3). It is also worth noting that the depiction of the spoke-wheel is quite common on ISC seals.To take an example, the bull is quite common on the seals, but the cow is never represented. We cannot from this conclude that the ISC raised bulls but were ignorant of the cow. In any event, depictions of the horse are known at ISC sites, More fundamentally, it is incorrect to say that horses were unknown to the ISC. The recently released encyclopedia The Dawn of Indian Civilization,Volume 1, Part 1 observes (pages 344 - 5): "... the horse was widely domesticated and used in India during the third millennium BCE over most of the area covered by the ISC. Archaeologically this is most significant since the evidence is widespread and not isolated."8. Apparels (I don’t find anything wrong with the clothing and ornaments used in the movie.)Settlements of the Indus Saraswati Civilization (ISC) spread over a vast area, centered on the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river systems of India and later created Pakistan. From the Himalaya and Hindu Kush to the coastal regions of Kutch and Gujarat, westward into Baluchistan and eastward into Northen Gangetic Plains of India, Sites identified with the Indus Civilization are distributed across an area larger than that of Mesopotamia or of Egypt.The earliest evidence of cotton and silk in the world found in the Indian Subcontinent and has been found at the sites of INDUS SARAWATI CIVILIZATION ISC especially from Mehrgarh, Harrappa, Mohenjo daro, Rakhigarhi, Dholvira, Lothal, Bhrirrana where Cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads, these finds have been dated back to 7500BC to 6000BCCOTTON :Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Pre Indus Saraswati Civilization, which covered area of modern ISC sites. The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India.Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.SILK :Above: Coiled copper-alloy wire necklace discovered at Harappa in 2000 with traces of silk fibers preserved on the insideNew findings suggest that silk making was not an exclusively Chinese technological innovation, but instead arose independently on the Indian subcontinent.Ornaments found from throughout the ISC sites, where the culture flourished more than 9000 years ago (7500BC), seem to contain silk spun by silk moths native to the region. What's more, the silk seems to have been processed in a way previously thought to have been a closely guarded secret within China.There is hard and fast evidence for silk production in China back to around 2570 BC; the newly discovered objects are believed to date from between 3500 BC and 2500 BC, making them similarly ancient. Before these discovery there have been no previous finds of manufactured silk at sites outside China before about 1500 BC."This is the first evidence for silk anywhere out of China at such an early date," says Irene Good of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, one of the authors of the study. "It was a complete surprise" used an electron microscope to look at the fine structure of silk strands found in necklaces and bangles. The precise shape of the individual silk threads — determined by the shape of the orifice through which they are extruded — is characteristic of the species of silk moth that produced the strands.The ISC silks seem to have been made by a process called reeling, in which the strands are collected on a bobbin rather than being twisted in short segments into a thread. The researchers say that reeling was thought to have been part of a silk technology known only to China until the early centuries AD. Now it seems that knowledge was not so exclusive.MIRROR :The ISC, use of large and hand held Bronze mirrors goes back to the time between 4000 BC and 2500 BC.Bronze mirror are usually circular.GLASS :The technology of glass making was possibly an accidental product during some type of metallurgical or similar operation.It seems that the ISC settlements preferred using faience, which was a type of proto-glass. The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Culture of the Ganga valley (c.1000 BC) did have elegant glass beads. There is some archaeological evidence in the form of glass beads found at Maski, a Chalcolithic site in the southern Deccan; it is older than the beginning of the first millennium BC. Kaca is a Sanskrit term used for glass by the Vedic text, Satapatha Brahmana. About 30 archaeological excavated sites in different regions of India have produced several glass objects in different colours such as green, blue, red, white, orange and some other shades. In certain places, a few tiles and fragmented parts of vessels also have been found.The data available about the technique of glass production in India is deficient in quantity. A circular oven of about 75 cm in diameter and 37 cm in depth, which has been found in ISC site in Nevasa is made of burnt clay and is an open-fired type of furnace.ISC glass-makers had well developed technological skills in the manufacture of beads, bangles and a few other articles. After observing the various objects excavated at different sites, it may be inferred that glass-makers employed methods such as moulding, folding, twisting and double-stripping. Perhaps, a method known as wire-winding method was also adopted for preparing beads of various types.Monochrome as well as polychrome bangles were produced with great care. Certain beautiful patterns were also applied on them through delicate expertise. Though jewellery glass technology was well developed in India, glass vessel making was not so popular. Flasks, bowls and even bottles which are found in some archaeological sites are very few in numbers.JEWELLERY :This collection of gold and agate ornaments includes objects found at ISC sites of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. At the top are fillets of hammered gold that would have been worn around the forehead.The other ornaments include bangles, chokers, long pendant necklaces, rings, earrings, conical hair ornaments, and broaches. Such ornaments were never buried with the dead, but were passed on from one generation to the next. These ornaments were hidden under the floors in the homes of wealthy merchants or goldsmiths.Another interesting piece consists of two square amulets embossed with the image of the SWASTIKA — "the earliest known representations of swastika in gold known to us,"A 5,000-year-old necklace on display at the National Museum represents not just the fine aesthetics of the ISC, but also a continuum of design from then till now. Some may dismiss jewellery as mere knick-knacks for women. But ornaments, like art, architecture, coins or pottery, are historical and cultural artefacts too, telling stories about a society and a civilisation, its moral codes, design ethic and even technological prowess.Going by the jewellery they made and wore, the ancient people of the ISC were an extremely sophisticated lot with a finely-developed aesthetic sense, backed by intricate engineering skills. Take for instance the necklace excavated from Mohenjo-daro now on display at the newly re-opened jewellery gallery of the National Museum in Delhi.The necklace, dating nearly 5,000 years ago, is lined with pendants of banded agate and jade beads suspended by a thick gold wire that passes through each bead. "These are very long beads, and when we examined them under the microscope, we found that they had been drilled perfectly to meet in the middle," says jewellery historian Usha Balakrishnan, who has curated the collection."India was the largest manufacturer and exporter of beads to the world at that time," she adds. The craftsmen of the Indus Valley used semi-precious material like carnelian, agate, turquoise, faience, steatite and feldspar, fashioning them into tubular or barrel shapes, decorating them with carvings, bands, dots and patterns, or setting them minutely with gold."They had the skill of tumbling beads, of cutting semi-precious hardstones, of shaping the beads. India was also home to the diamond and invented the diamond drill, which was then taught to the Romans," says Balakrishnan.A brooch from Harappa, Bracelet from Mohenjo-daro, Gold earrings from Taxila & Gold bracelet, SirkapBut it's not just technological prowess that one marvels at. What's also remarkable is the continuity of design. The sheet gold forehead ornament, for instance, is of a shape that you will find women still wearing in different parts of India. The Rajasthani borla is a close approximation, as is the ornament that Didarganj Yakshi, one of the finest examples of ancient Indian sculpture, wears prominently in the middle of her forehead.ISC ornaments are among the few specimens of jewellery that have survived in our times. Most others have either been recycled, melted for gold, or lost. This also explains the large gaps in the gallery collection.Large parts of the history of ancient India, especially the ISC, are shrouded in obscurity. The jewellery of the era, by giving a sense of how women of the era adorned themselves and how society at the time was geared towards providing them those adornments, helps to lift the darkness a little.DISCOVERY OF INDUS SARASWATI CIVILIZATIONThe discovery of the Indus Valley civilization was first recorded in the 1800's by the British. The first recorded note was by a British army deserter, James Lewis, who was posing as an American engineer in 1826. He noticed the presence of mounded ruins at a small town in Punjab called Harappa. Because Harappa was the first city found, sometimes any of the sites are called the Harappan civilization.Alexander Cunningham, who headed the Archaeological Survey of India, visited this site in 1853 and 1856 while looking for the cities that had been visited by Chinese pilgrims in the Buddhist period. The presence of an ancient city was confirmed in the following 50 years, but no one had any idea of its age or importance. By 1872 heavy brick robbing had virtually destroyed the upper layers of the site. The stolen bricks were used to build houses and particularly to build a railway bed that the British were constructing. Alexander Cunningham made a few small excavations at the site and reported some discoveries of ancient pottery, some stone tools, and a stone seal. Cunningham published his finds and it generated some increased interest by scholars.It wasn't till 1920 that excavations began in earnest at Harappa. John Marshall, then the director of the Archaeological Survey of India, started a new excavation at Harappa. Along with finds from another archaeologist, who was excavating at Mohenjo Daro, Marshall believed that what they had found gave evidence of a new civilization that was older than any they had known.Major excavations had not been carried out for forty years until 1986 when the late George Dales of the University of California at Berkeley established the Harappan Archaeological Project, or HARP. This multidisciplinary study effort consists of archaeologists, linguists, historians, and physical anthropologists.