Six Month Status Report To The Institute Of Museum And Library: Fill & Download for Free

The conventional history of WWII in general, and the history of nuclear weapons in particular, is unduly influenced by a handful of books, reports, and statements produced mostly by major Allied figures at or shortly following the end of the conflict. The resulting mainstream or conventional narrative which appeared and coalesced over the first three to four decades following the war is still largely accepted, usually without question, by the majority of students and historians of the conflict. In this answer, I will demonstrate, with specific archival citations, personal statements of eyewitnesses and participants, and other evidence just how and why the established history is, at best, badly incomplete in some places, and flat wrong—if not deliberately lying—in others.The most influential figures in the received history of the end of WWII in Europe were Samuel Goudsmit, Boris Pash, and Leslie Groves. This triumvirate had ample support from both British and German military, scientific, and political personnel, and all were eager to see at least the parts of Germany that were occupied by the western Allies brought into the anti-communist, free world orbit as quickly and smoothly as possible. Although a complete discussion and enumeration of the statements and information conveyed by these men is not practical in this format, for now we will note that all three were major figures in the Anglo-American Manhattan Project, and all were also heavily involved in ALSOS, the top secret nuclear intelligence mission which followed hot on the heels of the Allied invasion of western Europe in 1944.https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/internal/media/dispatcher/267836/full — Link goes to the full text of the “Confidential” final report of ALSOS mission leader Colonel Boris Pash, who states that one of “the outstanding results achieved” was “…an intelligence report submitted to Gen. Groves by Dr. Goudsmit, the Scientific Chief, as a result of which Gen. Groves was in a position to inform the War Department and the British Government that the Germans were not ready to employ atomic power in the European Campaign.”Register of the Boris T. Pash papersAlsos Mission Films Now Available For StreamingBoris T. Pash Papers, Reel 1 of 4: "Alsos Mission Films", Original Film Footage Shot During the ALSOS Atomic Intelligence Missions at the End of WWII in Europe. Courtesy of the Hoover Institution Website.Goudsmit laid out his written assessment for public consumption in his 1947 book, Alsos. Here he gave what he saw as the reasons for the apparent failure of the Nazi nuclear enterprise. The piece linked below summarizes:“Goudsmit concluded that the failure of the German atomic bomb project was attributable to a number of factors, including bureaucracy, Allied bombing campaigns, the persecution of Jewish scientists, and Werner Karl Heisenberg's failed leadership.”Samuel GoudsmitHeisenberg was based at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute both before and during the war years and had been the lead scientist-administrator of the Uranverein or “uranium club”, which was probably the single most prominent—but definitely not the only—group of civilian nuclear scientists in the Third Reich. (Nazi military officialdom, however, seems to have periodically taken administrative control over the KWI at at least two points during the war years. Thus management of the Institute wobbled back and forth from civilian to military and back again at various times.) Immediately after the war, he was taken to Farm Hall, an estate in the English countryside, and kept under house arrest for six months. With him were a cross section of some of the best German scientific minds of that era. The surreptitious tape recordings made of some of the conversations between these men have long been cited as proof positive that no significant progress towards operational nuclear weapons was made by the Germans in WWII.Upon closer inspection, there is much reason to question this version of events, and to reject the conclusions of most of its proponents. First and foremost is the certainty that the German scientists knew their British hosts were eavesdropping.http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/English101.pdf — Link goes to “Volume 7. Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall (August 6-7, 1945)” on the German History in Documents and Images website.Operation EPSILON (detention of German nuclear scientists): transcript of Farm Hall tapesThis is the First Page of an Original Top Secret Report Concerning the German Scientists Interned at the English Estate of Farm Hall, Just After the End of WWII in Europe. Notice the Conversation Between Kurt Diebner and Werner Heisenberg in Which Diebner Suspects the Presence of Hidden Microphones.Second, only three of the great minds at Farm Hall were really among the most crucial in the German nuclear effort. These were the loyal Army scientist, Kurt Diebner, Walter Gerlach, who was the head of all theoretical physics in the Third Reich, and the physical chemist, Paul Harteck. None of these men were particularly forthcoming during their time in captivity. Diebner and Gerlach, in particular, were tight-lipped most of the time, with Gerlach further reduced by what appears to have been a bout of depression. Among the few discernible discussions between these known military scientists were Diebner’s mention of “photo fission” and Gerlach’s brief comment regarding Neptunium, a transuranic artificial element and known fissile material. Neither of these is consistent with the relatively primitive (or at least inferior to the Allies) understanding of nuclear physics that the conventional history maintains was typical of these Germans. Nor are the contents of Gerlach’s wartime personal notebooks which are today found in the Deutsches Museum Archive in Munich, Germany.Dr. Todd H. Rider, formerly a senior staff scientist at MIT, conducted a years long personal investigation of WWII German nuclear science, during which he encountered the documents mentioned immediately above. In his extraordinary, 4,000 page magnum opus, Forgotten Creators, Rider comments that:“Walther Gerlach kept a series of small notebooks for scientific notes to himself. Since these notebooks served simply as scientific reminders for Gerlach, they do not contain detailed explanations, as formal laboratory notebooks would. However, they also do not contain any random artistic doodles such as some people make during meetings. Everything in them appears to have had a specific scientific purpose for Gerlach. Notizbuch 1943/44 [Deutsches Museum Archive NL 080/270-66] is a small orange notebook covering the period 10 November 1943 to March 1944. On the final page, Gerlach drew an ellipsoid remarkably similar to Friedwardt Winterberg’s postwar diagram of a hydrogen bomb in Fig. D.107. On the same page, Gerlach also included nuclear reactions involving deuterium and sketches of converging shock waves [Karlsch 2005, pp. 205, 321, 333]. Notizbuch 1944 [Deutsches Museum Archive NL 080/270-67] is a small dark red notebook that apparently began in March 1944; it is not clear when the final entry was made, but that was likely sometime in 1944 or possibly early 1945. Entries in the notebook show that Gerlach had scientific discussions (although the notebook does not give the scientific details) with Kurt Diebner, Siegfried Flugge, Wilhelm Groth, Fritz Houtermans, and other scientists on nuclear topics, including specifically the use of lithium. After the war, Kurt Diebner wrote about bombs employing fusion reactions (pp. 3116–3119) and worked closely with the young Friedwardt Winterberg. Edward Teller apparently tried to recruit Siegfried Flugge to help develop the U.S. hydrogen bomb (p. 3477). Wilhelm Groth was reported to have been working on a megaton-level bomb during the war, which is consistent with the physics of hydrogen bombs but not fission bombs (p. 3169). Fritz Houtermans was the first scientist to propose and analyze the fusion reactions in stars (p. 1424). While these surviving notes from Gerlach are cryptic and certainly not conclusive, they do suggest the existence of a wartime program that was very active by March 1944 and that involved the use of deuterium, lithium, and both fusion and fission reactions in an ellipsoidal hydrogen bomb design highly similar to that in Fig. D.107. Any more detailed documents on such a program would have been either destroyed by the Germans at the end of the war or captured by Allied countries and still buried in their classified archives.”The reasons for Gerlach’s comparative silence while under house arrest at Farm Hall now become clear.There is more. At least two branches of US intelligence had received information regarding considerable progress towards both a bomb and a reactor, as well as an apparent German nuclear weapons test, some 9 months before Heisenberg and the others arrived at Farm Hall. The following primary source documents are held today by the US National Archives and Records Administration, (NARA), and in my opinion speak for themselves.Philip Morrison to Robert Furman. The German Reichspost and Nuclear Research. 24 April 1944. [NARA RG 77, Entry UD-22A, Box 170, Folder 32.60-1 GERMANY: Summary Reports (1944)]“We now have three independent pieces of evidence that the Reichspost is interested in neutron research or wishes us to think that:1) Several years ago M. von Ardenne thanked the Reichspost minister, a man named Ohnesorge, for supporting the entrance of von Ardenne’s laboratory into work in nuclear physics.2) In October 1943 (Naturwissenschaften, 31, p. 507) a man, otherwise unknown to us, named D. Lyons, published a mathematical letter on the slowing down of neutrons in homogeneous mixtures. The material of the letter is rather similar to much work done in the early days of this project and also in the published sources. Lyons rather ostentatiously signs his letter as coming from the Office for Special Physical Questions of the Research Division of the German Reichspost (Amt fur physikalische Sonderfragen der Forschungsanstalt der Deutschen Reichspost) located in Berlin-Tempelhof.3) The information from Swiss sources which you showed us this week mentioned that S. Flugge has left Hahn to go to work for the Reichspost.It will be clear to you that there is something rather odd in this affair of the Reichspost’s becoming interested in a field so very far from the radio and telephone research they have carried out in the past. It is equally strange that we learn about it in such a direct way as from Lyons’ note, but confirm it in the rather indirect way of (1) and (3) above. I would suggest that you formulate inquiries about the activity of the Reichspost in the Tempelhof laboratories to whoever will know most about that outfit.”“D. Lyons” was Detlof Lyons, who was a known researcher in the Reichspost-funded nuclear program. “Ohnesorge” was Wilhelm Ohnesorge, an ardent Nazi and member of Hitler’s inner circle who had studied physics in his youth. He was fond of using Reichspost revenues to fund research into various advanced technologies. “M. Von Ardenne” was Manfred von Ardenne, who was unquestionably one of the greatest German scientists of that era. Note that von Ardenne had first approached Goering and the Luftwaffe about funding an attempt to build nuclear weapons and was turned down. (David Irving's book The Virus House described this in 1967.) He and most of his top lieutenants in the German nuclear project that was hidden in the Reichspost bureaucracy went over to the Soviets en masse at war’s end and largely built the bomb for the USSR from there. ”S. Flugge” was Siegfried Flugge, then a brilliant young physicist who wrote at least two of the G Papers, primary source original reports produced by the German Army Weapons Bureau for its clandestine nuclear weapons project which were captured by ALSOS and would remain classified until 1971. Edward Teller reportedly asked for Flugge to be recruited for the postwar US hydrogen bomb program. Robert Furman would go on to become one of two lead investigators sent to Japan to determine the progress of the WWII Japanese atomic bomb effort, something which is likewise ignored or at best drastically downplayed by the conventional history.Philip Morrison was one of the best American scientists of WWII and was a key figure in the Manhattan Project. His work as an intelligence officer, presumably in concert with General Groves and Colonel John Lansdale (chief of counterintelligence in the “Manhattan Engineer District”) was news to me when this and other documents were brought to my attention quite recently by Dr. Rider.The German Inventor-Physicist Manfred von Ardenne Was the Director of a WWII Nuclear Weapons “Black Project” in Nazi Germany. He and His Lieutenant Scientists Were Instrumental in Building Atomic Bombs for the Soviet Union in the Late 1940s.Philip Morrison and Karl Cohen. 31 July 1944. Appraisal of Enemy Bomb Production. [NARA RG 77, Entry UD-22A, Box 168, Folder 203.11—Tech. Countermeasures + RW—1943–1944]APPRAISAL OF ENEMY BOMB PRODUCTIONSummary“Recent evidence essentially confirms our earlier general statements on enemy bomb production.The reports now at hand lead us to conclude:1. A German “Y” project has been underway since early 1943.2. A D2O pile is in operation, but we do not believe that this is on production level.3. It is implied that a separation method is operating at a production level, for it is surely improbable that the enemy will organize a utilization group without something to use. We include a time schedule, and a technical discuss of the probable means employed.Enemy production of devices can be as high as:1. 1 device every 3 months—on the assumption that 30 kg of material are required per device.2. 1 device every month—on the assumption that 10 kg of material are required per device.In either case the first completed device could be in enemy hands now.”The reference to a German “Y” project means an effort to build an electromagnetic uranium separation factory. “Y-12” was the designation the Americans gave to their own version in the Manhattan Project, at Oak Ridge, TN. A “D2O pile” means a nuclear reactor cooled by deuterium, aka “heavy water”, though this particular report states that the German pile was apparently a proof of concept structure or pilot plant and not a full scale production reactor. Contrast this with the conventional history that has come down to us in the present day from Goudsmit, Pash, Groves, and others which states that WWII German science was nowhere close to either a functional reactor or any kind of atomic bomb or nuclear weapon, and also that the destruction of the Vemork plant in Norway meant the end of German work with deuterium.Let’s continue.OSS London. 5 December 1944. Report T-2805-a. [NARA RG 77, Entry UD-22A, Box 171, Folder 32.7003-3 GERMANY: US Wartime Positive Int. (Nov. 44–June 45)] Original No. T-2805-a Report from Sweden OSS LONDON Distribution: Information Date : Not Given.Report Date : 13 November 1944 PARISDissemination Date : 5 December 1944Value : B-3Source : OSSGERMANY : ATOMIC PHYSICS Heavy Water Experimental Station. Heavy water experiments are being carried out at the Drager Werke, Lubeck, which is reported to be the largest gas factory in Germany. The plant’s experimental station is connected with the experimental station at Peenemunde.The OSS was the American Office of Strategic Services, essentially the forerunner of the modern CIA. Heavy water is a key ingredient in both certain kinds of reactors and also in boosted fission and hydrogen bombs. The conventional history says these heavy water experiments should have been impossible because the attacks on the Vemork plant in Norway destroyed nearly all of the heavy water produced in German-held territory to that point in the war. Peenemunde was the center of German ballistic missile development.The American Scientist Philip Morrison, Shown Here Later in Life, Worked to Develop the Plutonium Bomb for the Manhattan Project and Was Also Directly Involved in Analyzing Wartime Intelligence That Had Been Gathered by the Allies Concerning the German Nuclear Weapons Program. At War’s End He Personally Interviewed Yoshio Nishina, the Lead Scientist in the Japanese Army’s Atomic Bomb Project, at the Riken Institute North of Tokyo. His Report of That Meeting is Included in Robert K. Wilcox’s book, Japan’s Secret War.Philip Morrison to Joseph Volpe, 20 October 1944, Loose Ends [NARA RG 77, Entry UD-22A, Box 171, Folder 32.60-2 Germany: Summary Reports (1945–1946)]There are a number of things to be done by the Washington office which have not yet been done. 1. We need a final report on the installation at Watten. This is such an extraordinary enterprise that we must be sure that it was not designed for something in our field. 2. The questions for Mr. Baker should be answered. 3. The recent reports of Baltic explosions should be covered by Major Calvert as usual. 4. The de Boer matter is still open. Has Alsos contacted J. H. de Boer at Eindhoven? This should be done if it is still possible.Dr. Todd H. Rider comments:"Dr. Philip Morrison (U.S., 1915–2005), a Manhattan Project physicist, was stationed in the United States but specifically tasked with analyzing Allied intelligence data on the German nuclear program. Morrison’s publicly available documents indicate that up through 1945, he believed the German nuclear program was much more advanced and dangerous than better-known investigators such as Samuel Goudsmit and Boris Pash seemed to. Regarding the specific points in the memo above: 1. Even months after the Allied invasion of France, Morrison and other Allied officials were both awed (“extraordinary”) by the rocket-launching installation at Watten and worried that some of its features seemed to indicate it involved nuclear payloads for the rockets. 2. “Mr. Baker” was Niels Bohr, who was famously quite concerned about the progress of the wartime German nuclear program. 3. In October 1944, there were “recent reports of Baltic explosions” that were being investigated by the Manhattan Project as possible tests of a German atomic bomb. That information agrees well with the other sources in this section that reported the apparent test of an atomic bomb on the Baltic coast in October 1944. Morrison’s comment also makes it clear that Allied officials thought the German nuclear program could be sufficiently advanced to test an atomic bomb, and that U.S. Army Major Horace Calvert had a “usual” procedure for collecting and analyzing such data. Can the relevant Allied intelligence reports be located and declassified now? 4. Manhattan Project intelligence analysts were actively seeking information on the German nuclear program from the Dutch intelligence network, and Samuel Goudsmit was involved in at least some of those contacts, including with the physical chemist Dr. Jan Hendrik de Boer (Dutch, 1899–1971). See pp. 3412–3416.] 3192 APPENDIX D."Note that the mention of Goudsmit in this context means it is likely he was aware of the October 1944 German nuclear weapon test at Rugen Island on the Baltic Sea coast. The obvious contradiction between this event and the statements in his 1947 book, Alsos, is plainly evident.A.P.W.I.U. [Air Force Prisoner of War Interrogation Unit] (Ninth Air Force) 96/1945. 19 August 1945. Investigations, Research, Developments, and Practical Use of the German Atomic Bomb. [NARA RG 38, Entry 98C, Box 9, Folder TSC # 2601–2700; AFHRA B-5737 electronic version pp. 340–345]47. A man named ZINSSER, a Flak rocket expert, mentioned what he noticed one day:“In the beginning of Oct. 1944 I flew from Ludwigslust (south of Lubeck), about 12 to 15 km from an atomic bomb test station, when I noticed a strong, bright illumination of the whole atmosphere, lasting about 2 seconds. 48. The clearly visible pressure wave escaped the approaching and following cloud formed by the explosion. This wave had a diameter of about 1 km when it became visible and the color of the cloud changed frequently. It became dotted after a short period of darkness with all sorts of light spots, which were, in contrast to normal explosions, of a pale blue color. 49. After about 10 seconds the sharp outlines of the explosion cloud disappeared, then the cloud began to take on a lighter color against the sky covered with a gray overcast. The diameter of the still visible pressure wave was at least 9000 meters while remaining visible for at least 15 seconds. 50. Personal observations of the colors of the explosion cloud found an almost blue-violet shade. During this manifestation reddish-colored rims were to be seen, changing to a dirty-like shade in very rapid succession. 51. The combustion was lightly felt from my observation plane in the form of pulling and pushing. The appearance of atmospheric disturbance lasted about 10 seconds without noticeable climax. 52. About one hour later I started with an He 111 from the A/D [aerodrome] at Ludwigslust and flew in an easterly direction. Shortly after the start I passed through the almost complete overcast (between 3000 and 4000 meter altitude). A cloud shaped like a mushroom with turbulent, billowing sections (at about 7000 meter altitude) stood, without any seeming connections, over the spot where the explosion took place. Strong electrical disturbances and the impossibility to continue radio communication as by lightning, turned up. 53. Because of the P-38s operating in the area Wittenberg-Merseburg I had to turn to the north but observed a better visibility at the bottom of the cloud where the explosion occurred.”Zinsser’s statement, along with the 9th USAAF intelligence report which included that statement and which had previously been circulated among a number of military intelligence officers, was later upgraded to Top Secret status in October of 1945.Further corroboration for the October, 1944 German atomic bomb test was provided by the Italian military and aerospace journalist, Luigi Romersa. Beginning in his 1955 book, Le armi segrete di Hitler (Hitler’s Secret Weapons), and continuing in various articles throughout the rest of his life, Romersa told the same story, with varying amounts of detail, of his trip to Rugen Island to witness the German test as the personal envoy of the Italian fascist dictator, Benito Mussolini. In Romersa’s words:“Dr. Schaeffer, the Italian press representative at the German Ministry of Propaganda, arranged for my first meeting with Undersecretary Neumann [Werner Naumann], Goebbels’ right-hand man. On 6 October 1944, Schaeffer informed me at the hotel that Neumann would receive me at 2:00 p.m. at the Propaganda Ministerium, in his office. He gathered for a moment then scanned the words taken: “We have achieved the disintegration of the atom. We have the disintegrating bomb whose effects go beyond any human imagination...” At the end of his long monologue, Neumann came to talk about the “V 2,” “V 3,” and “V 4,” pointing out that the last two types, followed by three others, were radio-controlled and therefore infallible. I also got the promise of a visit to the underground factories and his interest, at Goebbels, to attend an experiment of bomb disintegration that was to take place in those days on an island in the Baltic.On 10 October 1944, I was warned to be ready to leave for the north. I left Berlin on the night of the 11th by car; two officers accompanied me, one of whom told me that on my return I would be received by Goebbels. I had spent most of the evening in the refuge of the Adlon Hotel. In my ears remained the voice of a loudspeaker, telling the Berliners during the bombing where the bombs had fallen, the number of raiders and where the fires had broken out. Many, even before leaving the refuge, knew that they would never find their home at the exit. We traveled for several hours in the damp darkness that stuck to the glass like a fog. It seemed that on the windows of the car instead of fog it dripped dark. Only at the end of the trip did I know that I was near Stralsund, in front of the island of Rugen, which we reached with a Navy motorboat. Rugen was an experimental center where the new German weapons were tested. Special units of assault troops protected the island and prevented access to it by anyone. To get to Rugen you needed a safe-conduct signed by the chief of staff of the Wehrmacht. We immediately went to an area full of trees where we found other officers and some technicians. Concrete shelters and small brick houses had been built in the woods. We entered an armored turret, half-open, through a metal door that was closed with every care. Inside there were four of us: the two officers who had accompanied me, another man dressed in a suit and me. I waited for noon with my heart in my throat. At noon, according to what the man in the suit had said, there would be the experiment of the “disintegration bomb.”The bomb was to explode on the ground, about two kilometers from our armored observatory. Time did not pass; the minutes were hours. It had started raining again and a dense fog was rising from the undergrowth. The ground in front of us was rotten and dark, the color of the monks’ habit. A telephone rang inside the bunker. They warned that the experiment had been brought forward to 11:45 a.m. There were therefore five minutes left. I was just in time to consult the clock that I heard a tremendous roar. The floor rocked under my feet and for a moment it seemed to me that the walls of the refuge were closing. In front of me I could only see smoke, a whitish, woolly smoke, boiling like the slime vomiting from a sewer. Other bursts of light followed by blinding flashes. The sky, dark and closed, was torn by very white flashes. I passed a hand on my face, I was sweating. No one opened their mouth. The roar just before was followed by a silence that gave the creeps. It was the man in the suit who spoke first. He was a colonel of the “Army Ordnance Office,” the body in charge of the preparation of the armaments. “What we will see today—he said—is of paramount importance. When we can drop our bomb on invading troops or on an enemy city, Anglo-Americans will be forced to meditate whether it is worth continuing the war or ending it reasonably. We’ve been studying for years. We have finally achieved our objective.” His words fell into silence. We all listened to him with our eyes.We left the bunker around 5:00 p.m., after some representatives had arrived dressed in a monstrous suit; on their heads they wore a helmet like that of a diving suit, only that it was floppy and had no screws. We also wore a strange shirt of rough, white fabric and trousers of the same fabric. We walked ahead of the soldiers. As we advanced, the earth appeared to us to be upset, ploughed, torn apart by fearful chasms. It was cold and yet everything was burned as if a blast of fire had passed over the island. The trees had no more foliage or branches; they were reduced to toasted trunks. With my foot I hit something; I lowered myself and saw a charred goat. One could see that it was a goat, because on the flesh you could see tufts of hair; its head was crushed, as if it had been beaten with a hammer. The stone houses were piles of rubble. Only the reinforced concrete turrets had survived. A few dying goats whispered desperately; it seemed like a man’s lament.“Immediately below is a note from Italy’s Central State Archives:29 October 1944 memo for Luigi Romersa to meet with Mussolini [Archivo Centrale dello Stato Rom, SPD CO RSI B 65, Akte 5680]Lieutenant Romersa called to report that he has returned from his trip to Germany and to ask to be received by the DUCE, possibly within the day. 29 Oct. 1944.Luigi Romersa, l’italiano che vide l’atomica nazista e l’intervista che non fece in tempo a concedere | INFORMAZIONE CONSAPEVOLETable of Primary Sources for the Probable German Nuclear Weapon Test at Rugen Island in October, 1944. From Dr. Todd Rider’s Book, Forgotten Creators, pg. 3187.In his postwar memoir of the Manhattan Project, General Groves evidently disclosed his wartime knowledge of greater than acknowledged progress in the WWII German nuclear weapons effort. From pg. 3072 of Forgotten Creators:Leslie R. Groves. 1962. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. pp. 147–148. “Another incident that concerned us greatly was the appearance in a national magazine of an article hinting at the theory of implosion. While it did not violate any rules, it was most disturbing. A thorough investigation indicated that it resulted from the work of an alert and inquisitive reporter in another country.”[Dr. Rider: “Clippings in a file at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York [Small Collections, Box 1, Folder 3, ATOMIC BOMB FILE] specifically link this comment from Leslie Groves to the 27 November 1944 article in Time. As Groves wrote, it would be quite concerning that any discussion of the implosion bomb design appeared in public at that time. What presumably concerned him even more, although he did not mention that in his book, is that the Time article said the implosion bomb design details came from the German nuclear program, not the U.S. nuclear program. This evidence strongly supports the conclusion that Germany indeed had an advanced program developing nuclear weapons, and moreover that Leslie Groves knew the German nuclear program was much more advanced than he ever admitted in public”.]Russian archives also contain a record of WWII German nuclear weapons testing, in this case, a pair of detonations in early March, 1945 near Ohrdurf, in the German state of Thuringia. According to Romersa, the bomb tested five months previous at Rugen Island came in two versions, one of which weighed about 20,000 pounds, the other, 30,000. If this is accurate (and he said this information was given to him personally by Joseph Goebbels), it would have made the German bombs 2 to 4 times as heavy as the first devices produced by the Manhattan Project. WWII Germany did not possess any means of delivering a bomb or warhead of that weight on enemy targets other than by submarine or, perhaps, a Messerschmitt Gigant transport plane. Neither of these would have been likely to succeed in penetrating Allied defenses, particularly those of any major city such as London. Therefore the latter tests appear to have been either 1) the result of a frantic effort to miniaturize the earlier bombs so they could be fitted as warheads to the V-2 IRBM, or 2) produced by a separate branch of the overall German nuclear effort, of which there were at least five (Reichspost-von Ardenne, German Army Weapons Bureau (heereswaffenamt), the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, the kriegsmarine, and various SS technical labs located primarily in Austria).Below is the English text of a 15 November 1944 "Eyes Only" Red Army intelligence report which states that a weapon of “large destructive power” would be tested in the near future in Thuringia, a German state in which the Ohrdurf concentration camp was located during WWII.General Ivan Ilyichev. 15 November 1944. Intelligence report to General Antonov and Joseph Stalin. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, 93-81 (45) 37.Peoples’ Commissariat of Defense of the USSRChief Intelligence Department of the Red Army15 November 1944 MoscowTo the Head of the Red Army General HQ General of the Army, Comrade AntonovReport:Our trustworthy source in Germany reports: “The Germans are preparing to conduct tests of a new secret weapon, which has a large destructive power. The test explosion of a bomb of unusual construction is being prepared under highest secrecy in Thuringia. For the preparations of the tests the local residents are supposed to be transported away by an SS detail; the whole operation is reported to be undertaken in strictest secrecy. The explosions are supposed to take place in a wooded area. For that, special roads to the presumptive test site are being created. The bomb to be tested has a diameter of one and a half meters. It consists of several hollow spheres that nest inside each other. It will be brought to the explosion place with a transporter specially constructed for it. It is still unclear when the test is supposed to take place, but the preparations are going at the maximum fastest pace.CONCLUSION. In the last months our source has reported more and more often about the feverish efforts of the Germans to test ever more powerful weapons and their means of delivery. Probably these experiments lead directly to an attempt of the Germans to actually carry out tests of atom bombs, about whose existence we have only incomplete, scanty information.”Head of Chief Intelligence Department of the Red Army Lieutenant General IlyichevTyped 4 copiesCopy Nr. 1 — Comrade Stalin Nr. 2 — Comrade Molotov Nr. 3 — Comrade Antonov Nr. 4 — into archiveThe document above was followed some four months later (in March, 1945) by the following report, also classified as “Eyes Only” intelligence. As with the preceding summary, just four (4) copies were made, one of which went to Stalin himself.General Ivan Ilyichev. 23 March 1945. Intelligence report to General Antonov and Joseph Stalin. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, 93-81 (45) 37.Peoples’ Commissariat of Defense of the USSRChief Intelligence Department of the Red Army[2]3 March 1945MoscowTo the Head of the Red Army General HQGeneral of the Army, Comrade AntonovReport:Our trustworthy source from Germany reports:“The Germans have in recent times carried out two large-capacity bomb explosions in Thuringia. The explosions took place in a forest area, under conditions of strictest secrecy. Trees fell at a distance of 500–600 meters from the center of the explosion. Buildings and fortifications specially constructed for the tests have been destroyed.Prisoners of war who were near the epicenter of the explosion died, often without leaving a trace. Prisoners of war who were in the area beyond the center of the explosion have burns on their face and body, the strength of which depends on their position in relation to the epicenter of the explosion. The tests were carried out in a remote deserted area. The regime of secrecy at the test site was at maximum level. Entrance and exit from the territory are by special pass only. SS soldiers have surrounded the area of tests and interrogated any person approaching the area.The bomb, supposedly filled with uranium 235 and weighing approximately two tons, was brought to the test site on a specially constructed truck. Dewars of liquid oxygen were delivered together with it. The bomb was permanently guarded by 20 guards with dogs. The bomb explosion was accompanied by a large explosive wave and high temperature. In addition, a massive radioactive effect was observed. The bomb is a sphere with a diameter of 130 cm.The bomb consists of:1. High-voltage discharge tube, which is charged by special generators2. A sphere made of metal uranium 2353. A delay mechanism4. Protective casing5. Explosive substance6. Detonating mechanism7. Steel casingAll parts of the bomb fit inside each other.Initiator or bomb fuse.Consists of a special tube, which creates fast neutrons. It is charged by special generators, which create high voltage inside the tube. As a result, fast neutrons attack active material.Active bomb material.Active bomb material is uranium 235. It represents a sphere with an opening into which an initiator is inserted. Once this is done, the opening is sealed by a cork made of uranium 235.Protective casing.The uranium sphere is encased in a protective aluminum casing, which is covered by a layer of cadmium. This significantly slows down thermal neutrons emanating from uranium 235, which can cause premature detonation.Explosive matter.After the layer of cadmium it is placed inside explosives that consist of porous TNT saturated with liquid oxygen; TNT is made up of bars of a specially chosen shape. The inner surface of the bars has a spherical curvature, which is the same as that of the external surface of the cadmium layer. Each of the bars is supplied with one detonator or two electrical fuses.Casing.TNT is covered by a protective layer made of a light aluminum alloy. A blasting mechanism is attached on top of this casing.Exterior casing.An exterior casing of armored steel is installed above the blasting mechanism.Fairing.A fairing made of a light alloy can be installed on top of the armored casing for future installation on a rocket of the V-type.Bomb assembly.The sphere, which consists of metal uranium, is placed inside a protective casing, which consists of aluminum, covered in a layer of cadmium, so that the opening in the sphere coinciding with the opening is sealed off by a uranium cork. After this the aluminum sphere, covered in cadmium, is sealed off by a cork, on top of which the last bar of TNT is placed. Next, liquid oxygen is pumped through the opening inside a protective casing, which covers the TNT. After this the bomb is ready for deployment.Bomb ignition.The bomb ignition is carried out with the help of a high-voltage discharge tube. It forms a flow of neutrons, which attack the active material. When the flow of neutrons impacts upon uranium, element 93 fissions, which speeds up the creation of a chain reaction Next, the detonating mechanism detonates the explosive matter, after which a shock from the explosion of the external layer of TNT mixed with liquid oxygen takes place, which is directed toward the center. This allows the uranium to reach a critical mass.Ahead of this, before the explosion, the uranium sphere is irradiated with gamma-rays, the energy of which does not exceed 6 million electron volts, which many times increases its explosive qualities.CONCLUSION.Without doubt, the Germans are carrying out tests of a bomb of high destructive force. In the event of their successful conclusion and production of such bombs in sufficient quantities, they will have weapons capable of slowing down our advance.Head of Chief Intelligence Department of the Red ArmyLieutenant General IlyichevTyped 4 copiesCopy Nr. 1 — Comrade Stalin” Nr. 2 — Comrade Molotov” Nr. 3 — Comrade Antonov” Nr. 4 — into archive16 pp.The Chart Below is a Side by Side Comparison of the Manhattan Project “Fat Man” Plutonium Implosion Fission Bomb With the German Army Weapons Bureau Uranium-235 Boosted Fission Implosion Bomb.General Ivan Ilyichev Was the Head of the Main Intelligence Directive of the Soviet Union (the GRU) During WWII.Ivan Ilyichev - WikipediaKurt Diebner was heavily involved in the Ohrdurf tests and may even have been the designer of the bombs which were detonated there. He was easily the single most qualified nuclear weapons physicist in Germany during WWII and quite possibly the best man on the planet in this regard. Dr. Rider summarizes:"Publicly, after the war Samuel Goudsmit of the U.S. Alsos Mission and Leslie Groves of the Manhattan Project denigrated Kurt Diebner as being far inferior to Heisenberg in scientific talent, and in fact as being mainly an administrator and not a scientist. Privately they found (a) document that proved that Diebner had been given a formal award by Walther Gerlach (an impeccable physicist, and presumably a good judge of physics) for doing extensive scientific research, and for achieving much better results than Werner Heisenberg. Markings on the document show that U.S. officials responded to this document by classifying it Top Secret and burying it in their files.Leslie Groves even wrote a secret 1946 memo stating that Diebner “has a pretty good grasp of the German project” and explicitly recognizing that he was among the handful of “those German scientists of outstanding ability in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry who, by their past reputation and present knowledge, would be of more value to the national interest of this country if they could be employed here rather than in any other country. [...I]t is extremely important that these persons be prevented from giving their services to a potential enemy of the United States”.In 1939, Kurt Diebner may well have been the only person on Earth whose scientific expertise included: 1. TNT implosion bomb designs (“hollow-charge explosives”). 2. Fission chain reactions (proposals for uranium reactors and bombs). 3. High-energy-induced fusion reactions (“high-voltage particle accelerator for atomic transformations”). Those are the three major elements of the German nuclear device that was apparently tested by March 1945, or of modern nuclear bombs. Likewise, Diebner occupied leadership roles that included the Army (Heereswaffenamt), Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, Reich Research Council (Reichsforschungsrat), and the SS (when the SS controlled most research in the later stages of the war, if not earlier), and that spanned the entire German nuclear program from its very first meetings in 1939 in Berlin to the last days of the war in May 1945 in Thuringia. Thus Diebner was one of the most important people in the German nuclear program, and possibly even the single most important person. However, the false public depictions of Diebner’s abilities by Samuel Goudsmit and Leslie Groves after the war were highly effective, and most historical books and documentaries for the last 75 years have unquestioningly followed their lead in treating Diebner as a minor, peripheral official or even a scientific loser."Nor was this everything where Diebner is concerned. From the English language Wikipedia article “Kurt Diebner”:“The following reports were published in Kernphysikalisch Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation ALSOS and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. (The German term Uranverein, loosely translated, means “uranium club” and as used in this article is a generic reference to the wartime work of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. However this is not entirely accurate, as many G Papers originated with the heereswaffenamt, the German Army Weapons Bureau—WP).F. Berkei, W. Borrmann, W. Czulius, Kurt Diebner, Georg Hartwig, K. H. Hocker, W. Herrmann, H. Pose, and Ernst Rexer. Bericht über einen Würfelversuch mit Uranoxyd und Paraffin G-125 (dated before 26 November 1942). In English: “Report of a cube test with uranium oxide and paraffin”. Likely an early test of uranium oxide cubes for potential use in a reactor.Kurt Diebner, Werner Czulius, W. Herrmann, Georg Hartwig, F. Berkei and E. Kamin. Über die Neutronenvermehrung einer Anordnung aus Uranwürfeln und schwerem Wasser G III, G-210. In English: “About the neutron propagation of an array of uranium cubes and heavy water”—this was obviously a cube lattice reactor test. The citation “G III” may be a reference to the third known attempt by Diebner to build a working “pile” (reactor) for the German Army Weapons Bureau.Kurt Diebner, Georg Hartwig, W. Herrmann, H. Westmeyer, Werner Czulius, F. Berkei, and Karl-Heinz Höcker. Vorläufige Mitteilung über einen Versuch mit Uranwüfeln und schwerem Eis als Bremssubstanz G-211 (April 1943). In English: “Preliminary notification of an experiment with uranium bulges and heavy ice as brake substance”, presumably another reactor experiment, in this case with frozen heavy water (“heavy ice”) as the moderator.Kurt Diebner, Georg Hartwig, W. Herrmann, H. Westmeyer, Werner Czulius, F. Gerkei, and Karl-Heinz Höcker Bericht über einen Versuch mit Würfeln aus Uran-Metall und schwerem Eis G-212 (July 1943). In English: “Report of an experiment with cubes of uranium metal and heavy ice”.Alright, so Diebner was a bright guy and he did some advanced nuclear science during the war, but that still doesn’t mean he was really doing much if anything with nuclear weapons, much less actually in charge of an entire project.Except…..From page 2875 in Rider:Kurt Diebner. Listing of nuclear research commissions enclosed with a letter to the president of the Reich Research Council. 18 April 1944. [English translation in Hentschel and Hentschel 1996, pp. 322–324; German in Nagel 2016, pp. 512–513].No. / Topic / Person Responsible / Priority Level / Secrecy Specification11. Isotope separation Inst. for Phys. Chemistry at SS, for special Secret, Hamburg Univ., Prof. Harteck purposes DE partly top secret12. Isotope separation Inst. for Phys. Chemistry SS Secret, and Electrochemistry, Kiel, partly top secret Lec. Dr. Martin13. KWI for Chemistry, SS, for special Secret Berlin, Dr. Klemm purposes DE [...]15. Preparation of Danzig Polytechnic, SS Secret gaseous uranium Prof. Albers compounds for isotope separation16. Chem. Inst. at Bonn Univ., SS Secret Prof. Schmitz-Dumont17. Construction and II. Phys. Inst. at SS Open, development of a Gottingen Univ., partly secret mass spectrograph Prof. Kopfermann18. Development of a Deutsche Reichspost, SS Open, mass spectrograph Ministerial Councillor Gerwig partly secret19. Manufacture of an Bamag-Meguin Co., Berlin DE Secret isotope sluiceKurt Diebner - WikipediaKurt DiebnerAre you getting the picture? The so-called “conventional history” of the end of WWII in Europe and of the invention and development of nuclear weapons is the direct result of either 1) American and Allied scientific and investigative incompetence or, much more likely, 2) a US military psychological operation which was carried out with British and German help. The “history that everyone knows” is not true and only partially factual. After reading the evidence I have shared here (and it is the merest scratching of the surface in Dr. Rider’s immense and extremely thorough tome), now go back and read the transcripts of the Farm Hall recordings. The Germans knew they were being taped, they clearly arranged their story ahead of time, and they stuck to it. Is it just me or do most of them seem to announce every five minutes that they “never tried” to build a bomb?Still not convinced? Did you know that the original recordings of the German scientists were inexplicably (?) taped over, and that they also amounted to a small percentage of all that was said by the Germans while they were under house arrest at Farm Hall? Nor were a large number of very prominent top minds ever captured or even thoroughly interrogated by the Allies at all, or if they were, the records of this have yet to surface or be pulled from various archives. To give just one name, where was Erich Schumann?Erich Schumann Was the Head of the German Army Weapons Bureau (the “heereswaffenamt”) and its Nuclear Weapons Black Project During WWII. He Was Also Heavily Involved in the Army’s Bioweapons Program.He was the head of the HWA during the war and thus Diebner's direct superior; in addition, he was the co-designer of at least one WWII boosted fission bomb schematic (the Schumann-Trinks device among other concepts), he personally performed some of the most important pioneering calculations in hydrogen bomb theory, he was deeply involved in German bioweapons R&D and a forceful advocate for their use against the United States, and was also Werner von Braun's PhD supervisor. This easily made him, or should have made him, a target for Allied intelligence that was at least as prominent as the other men who were captured, brought to England, and put under house arrest for months. But he was nowhere to be found at Farm Hall, nor anywhere in postwar occupied Germany other than, as far as I can tell, his own home. If anyone reading this has a reasonable explanation for the apparent exclusion of this great scientist from Allied internment and questioning, I am all ears. And he was just one among dozens and probably more like hundreds.The Germans had the bomb first. They were far ahead of the Allies both in theory and in terms of the sophistication and efficiency of most of the applicable machinery. What happened was the only kind of perfect storm that could possibly have prevented the Nazis from completing their weapons in numbers and winning, at minimum, the war in Europe---after which the best case scenario would have been a Cold War between the US and "Germania", but only if the Manhattan Project's new weapons would have been ready in time to prevent a nuclear first strike by the Germans against the continental US. This was no sure thing because according to Dr. Rider, the SS was working on full blown hydrogen bomb designs at various laboratories in southern Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. The resulting weapon would have been ready for testing by 1946, and meanwhile the A-9/A-10 ICBM was under development at Peenemunde.Fortunately for humanity, a combination of factors prevented this nightmare scenario from occurring. These included: 1) the overall "conventional" Allied war effort, which was obviously overwhelmingly powerful thanks largely to the manufacturing capacity of the US 2) the extreme damage done to German industrial and warmaking capacity and logistics by the combined US-UK strategic bombing campaign, 3) the war of attrition, particularly on the Eastern Front, which ground the Wehrmacht down, 4) the Allied Doomsday weapon, 5 million "cakes" laced with anthrax produced as part of Operation Vegetarian and stockpiled in England and which served to deter a potential German nuclear strike, and, not least, 5) the war in the shadows, which certainly included an unknown number of Germans who chose to obey God and their conscience rather than Hitler and the Nazis, and whose determined resistance and espionage certainly helped to cripple or at least significantly impede the German war effort. There were also significant numbers of brave resistance fighters in the conquered territories who engaged in desperate sabotage missions that targeted existing or embryonic German nuclear weapons and related technology. Many of these paid for their actions with their lives, and their names now are known only to God.In addition, at least some of the most prominent scientists and military personnel in the Third Reich, whether Nazis or otherwise, unquestionably chose to trade emergent German nuclear weapons, materiel, and related developments for their lives rather than attempt a last gasp atomic attack, which even in the face of the previously mentioned factors may have been ready to go in the closing weeks of the war. These certainly included Hans Kammler, probably also Werner von Braun and his sidekick General Dornberger, and a number of others who went along for the ride and ended up with comfortable lives in postwar America (at NASA and elsewhere) and to a lesser degree, in England and the Soviet Union.The end result was that the Germans---for all of the formidable scientific and industrial prowess described above---stalled at the prototype phase or just past it, and were overrun in the barest nick of time by the British and Americans from the west and the Soviets from the east.This is the true history of WWII in Europe.For Further Reading:Revolutionary Innovation | RIDER Institute | Forgotten CreatorsThe Hidden NaziHans Kammler, Hitler’s Last Hope, in American HandsThe Mystery of the missing Nazi GeneralNew light on Hitler's bomb – Physics WorldAuthor fuels row over Hitler's bombThierry Etienne Joseph Rotty's answer to How close was Germany to making an atomic bomb?William Pellas's answer to How close did Nazi Germany come to creating an operational nuclear weapon during WWII? Would they have been able to use it on their V2 rockets?William Pellas's answer to Did the Nazis really detonate a nuclear bomb before the US? Or is this just a conspiracy theory?William Pellas's answer to How much conventional explosives would it take to make a fusion bomb without any nuclear fission stage?William Pellas's answer to Even if the Germans acquired the atomic bomb first, how were they going to get it to North America successfully?https://historum.com/threads/german-atom-splitting-bomb-referred-to-in-ww2-japanese-diplomatic-signal-from-stockholm-embassy-to-tokyo-nara-archives-rg457.183962/

Canada is arguably the hottest new destination for Asian students to study abroad. Reading this blog will give you a fair idea of the perks of studying in Canada.Just FYI,On an average, a student needs to pay a minimum of C$12,000 (approx) to as high as C$40,000 (~US$34,000) per year.Other than tuition fees, an international student would need to pay institution administration fees of around C$100, international student application fees from around C$250, compulsory fees for student services of C$500-1,000 and processing fees for a study permit (currently C$150 with a biometric processing fee of C$85).If you choose to live off campus you will likely pay around $600 a month to rent a room and at least $1,800 a month to rent an apartment.You obviously know studying in Canada is pocket-friendly specially compared to USA and UK – however, the question is – is it really worth it?With more and more students wanting to explore Canada for undergraduate as well as graduate studies, iCudB lists some exclusive reasons to let you know, you’re on the right path!You can get a scholarship to go study in Canada.The rewards of studying in Canada are big while the cost you incur can be significantly reduced, particularly compared to its neighbour to the south. Additionally, there are a significant number of scholarship opportunities for international students. These include:The Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships: Available to world-class Canadian and international Ph.D. students enrolled at Canadian universities, Vanier CGS award grants of $50,000 annually for three years.Concordia University Undergraduate Scholarships: This program offers 193 scholarships to international students pursuing undergraduate degrees in a broad range of subjects and disciplines. Read more about John Molson School of Business at Concordia University here.Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship Programme: Funded by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (DFAIT), this program offers up to $10,000 to international students enrolled at recognized public Canadian institutions as well as affiliated research institutes.University of Calgary Graduate Studies Award: This program offers full and partial scholarships up to $40,000 for international students. Haskayne School of Business at the University of Calgary is therefore a viable MBA destination.These are just a few of the financial aid offerings available in Canada. For those just getting started, the Canadian government lives up to its friendly reputation by providing a searchable database of international scholarships. Just enter your country of origin and the database yields a list of opportunities and info on the funding sponsors.You will experience living in one of the most ‘attractive’ countries in the world.Attractive how? You ask.Just to begin with,Canada tops the list of educational spending per capita of all the countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Canadian universities are internationally regarded for their high academic standards and emphasis on research in post-secondary education. In 2012, four Canadian universities claimed Top 100 spots in the ARWU Shanghai Rankings (University of Toronto, University of British Columbia, McGill University, McMaster University) while five more ranked in the Top of the QS University Ranking (National University of Ireland, Galaway, University of Alberta, Queen’s University, University of Waterloo). Besides, the Canadian government and private sector support research in a number of cutting edge fields, including telecommunications, medicine, agriculture, computer technology, and environmental science.A vibrant cultural life is a Canadian imperative; in fact, a government policy specifically mandates diversity. Nearly all of the globe’s ethnic groups are represented, and bring with them everything from new perspectives to culinary delights to exciting recreational activities. Vancouver, Montreal and Toronto — the country’s largest cities — are celebrated as safe, accessible and culturally rich world-class cities with beaches, museums, restaurants, shopping and more.Job prospects are strong for Canada’s international grads. The country’s universities boast links to more than 5,000 global collaboration agreements. Combined with Canada’s focus on industry-specific applied research, it’s no surprise that more than 90% of Canadian alums are employed less than six months after graduation.Canada is at the international forefront of computer and information technology, particularly in telecommunications, medical devices, aerospace engineering, lasers, biotechnology, ocean and environmental, and several others. Through its innovative SchoolNet program, Canada was the world’s first country to connect its schools and libraries to the internet.And lastly the most attractive feature is;International students who worked and studied in Canada don’t have to leave in order to apply for permanent residency. The Citizenship and Immigration Canada website offers info regarding how international students can transition to post-school life in Canada.Your education is the government’s priority.Canada’s International Education Strategy recently announced its goal to double the number of full-time international students to 450,000 by 2022.The Canadian Council of Ministers of Education prioritizes attracting international students in all education sectors through a number of strategies. The plan is not only focused on recruiting, but also on retaining after graduation by offering more opportunities for Canadian students to work abroad while studying and remain in the country as permanent residents afterward.Getting your student visa has been made easier.Because of Canada’s rising status as a premiere destination for international students, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has evaluated its student visa (AKA study permit) system to provide greater overall accountability. In January of 2014, a number of changes will take place, including the following:All visa holders must be enrolled and actively pursuing a course of study at a designated educational institution upon arrival in order to maintain legal status.Institutional eligibility will be designated by the government, and only international students admitted to these schools will be granted visas and work permits.Work permits will only be granted to full-time students actively in pursuit of a degree, diploma or certificate with a maximum workweek of 20 hours.Eligible institutions will report to the government and the CIC on international enrollment and statistics, and will be required to comply with a set of common standards.Opportunity to work in Canada.A very attractive component of studying in Canada is the opportunity to gain real-world hands-on work experience while studying at college or university. The schools collaborate closely with industry and business partners to give students the option to apply their classroom knowledge to a practical work experience. This valuable opportunity makes students job-ready when they graduate from their degree or diploma. The combination of theoretical and practical learning gives students a competitive advantage when applying for their first job in their field. Canadian schools take pride in the success of their students, and have on-campus career centres to help students, as they embark on the next stage of their life.International students with study permits can work on campus or at affiliated campus sites; others require a work permit which qualifies them to work for up to 20 hours a week. Eligibility for work permits is strict, and excludes part-time students, visiting and exchange students, certain scholarship recipients, and ESL and FSL students, among others.MBA in Canada.Home to over 92 institutions and 175 technical institutes and colleges with a host of professional, academic and vocational programs, Canada is among the top five destinations in the world to pursue higher education. A leading business national, the business courses, especially MBA in Canada, are most sought after and highly recognized the world over. A degree in business offers students a comprehensive study of the business world and equips them with industrial skills, self-confidence to effectively and efficiently manage tasks and adapt to the ever changing business environment.Advantages of pursuing a degree in Business from CanadaA degree obtained from Canada in the field of Business benefits students in the following ways:MBA colleges in Canada are affordable and offer an internationally recognized degreesAdmissions and student visa procedures are very simpleBusiness programs by Canadian institutions enhance the career opportunities and earning potentials of studentsInstitutions here focus majorly on increasing the knowledge base and help students explore all the disciplines of the business world.Students get an opportunity to build strong relations with fellow mates belonging to different cultural backgrounds.The course curriculum at Canadian institutions includes internship programs. These help students work in the real business world and gain better insights of the industry they’ll be working in.Admission Requirements for pursuing Business in CanadaTo obtain admission in one of the Canadian institutions for pursuing a degree/diploma in business, students must fulfill the below mentioned basic eligibility criteria:-Undergraduate Diploma / Degree12 years of formal educationFurnish school documents / transcripts and relevant certificates12th grade mathematics is mandatoryProve proficiency in English language i.e. obtain a decent score in IELTS / TOEFL examPost Graduate Degree / DiplomaA relevant bachelor’s degree obtained from a recognized institution, equivalent to a Canadian degreework experience may be asked by some institutionsProve proficiency in English language i.e. obtain a decent score in IELTS / TOEFL examSome institutions grant admission on GMAT score as wellEngineering in Canada.With degrees and certificates that are recognized the world over, engineering colleges in Canada follow very high academic standards and rigorous quality controls that ensure that the students get high quality education. While the quality of education and living standards in Canada are amongst the highest in the world, the cost of living and tuition fees for international students are generally lower than as compared to other countries.Of the large number of engineering colleges in Canada, it is important to be able to choose the college that would be right for the student. This is a decision that must be taken after due consideration. The factors that one must consider before selecting the institution are:Infrastructure: not the building of the college, but mainly the intake capacity of the college.FacultyFacilitiesPlacement RecordsExtra-curricular ActivitiesLocationRequirementsThe particular requirements of taking admission into engineering program in Canada vary from institution to institution as every institution has a different idea of the minimum qualifications required for their courses. But the basic requirements are:Academic Qualifications: The minimum admission average is determined annually.English Language Proficiency scoreGRE Scores (Not Mandatory for all Canadian Institutions)Canada may be exceptionally cold in winter, but its people are warm and its academic opportunities are red-hot. By familiarizing yourself with what to expect and preparing in advance, you can ensure a cool transition to Canadian life.Get in touch with experts at iCudB to help you plan and execute your mission: Study in Canada!

You can get a scholarship to go study in Canada.The rewards of studying in Canada are big while the cost is small, particularly compared to its neighbor to the south. Additionally, there are a significant number of scholarship opportunities for international students. These include:Government and University Scholarships:The Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships: Available to world-class Canadian and international Ph.D. students enrolled at Canadian universities, Vanier CGS award grants of $50,000 annually for three years.Concordia University Undergraduate Scholarships: This program offers 193 scholarships to international students pursuing undergraduate degrees in a broad range of subjects and disciplines. Read more about John Molson School of Business at Concordia University here.Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship Programme: Funded by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (DFAIT), this program offers up to $10,000 to international students enrolled at recognized public Canadian institutions as well as affiliated research institutes.University of Calgary Graduate Studies Award: This program offers full and partial scholarships up to $40,000 for international students. Read more about the Haskayne School of Business at the University of Calgary here.Special Scholarships:Brazil’s Science Without Borders Scholarship Program: This innovative program from the Brazilian government started in 2011 and aims to send over 100,000 Brazilians to study abroad in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics by 2015. The government funds 75,000 scholarships while an additional 26,000 are privately funded. Many Brazilians choose to pursue international studies in Canada because of its high quality, accessible cost and bilingual offerings.These are just a few of the financial aid offerings available in Canada.2) You will experience living in one of the most attractive countries in the world.More than 200,000 top international students and researchers choose to study in Canada each year. It's not just about the hockey. Here are our top eight reasons -- give or take a few -- why more than Canadian geese flock to Canada.1. Wordly Renowed UniversitiesCanada tops the list of educational spending per capita of all the countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Canadian universities are internationally regarded for their high academic standards and emphasis on research in post-secondary education. In 2012, four Canadian universities claimed Top 100 spots in the ARWU Shanghai Rankings (University of Toronto, University of British Columbia, McGill University, McMaster University) while five more ranked in the Top of the QS University Ranking (Université de Montréal, HEC Montréal, University of Alberta, Queen's University, University of Waterloo). Besides, the Canadian government and private sector support research in a number of cutting edge fields, including telecommunications, medicine, agriculture, computer technology, and environmental science.2. Big Country, Low CostsDespite the high education standards, the cost of is comparatively affordable, particularly compared to the U.S. and U.K.3. Commitment to CultureA vibrant cultural life is a Canadian imperative; in fact, a government policy specifically mandates diversity. Nearly all of the globe’s ethnic groups are represented, and bring with them everything from new perspectives to culinary delights to exciting recreational activities. Vancouver, Montreal and Toronto -- the country’s largest cities -- are celebrated as safe, accessible and culturally rich world-class cities with beaches, museums, restaurants, shopping and more.4. One of the best places to liveHigh academic rankings and a reputation for friendliness is great, but it's hard to beat eight consistent years of top rankings by the United Nation as one of the world’s best places to live. Canadians are protected by a diversity of freedoms, and international students are too. The result is an exceptionally stable and peaceful society with a low crime rate.5. High Employment RateJob prospects are strong for Canada’s international grads. The country’s universities boast links to more than 5,000 global collaboration agreements. Combined with Canada’s focus on industry-specific applied research, it’s no surprise that more than 90% of Canadian alums are employed less than six months after graduation.6. Tech RulesCanada is at the international forefront of computer and information technology, particularly in telecommunications, medical devices, aerospace engineering, lasers, biotechnology, ocean and environmental, and several others. Through its innovative SchoolNet program, Canada was the world’s first country to connect its schools and libraries to the internet.7. Natural SplendorCanada also excels in terms of its stunning natural settings with 42 national landmarks and multiple UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The landscape offers a stunning diversity -- from breathtaking coastline to wide open prairies and the scenic Rocky Mountains.8. Sticking AroundInternational students who worked and studied in Canada don’t have to leave in order to apply for permanent residency. The Citizenship and Immigration Canada website offers info regarding how international students can transition to post-school life in Canada.3) You will find a new home, no matter where you are from.Canada became the first country to officially declare multiculturalism as a policy through the establishment of the 1971 Multiculturalism Policy of Canada, which affirms the rights of all citizens regardless of race, ethnic origin, language or religion. This ideology results in a harmonious environment rich in cross-country respect, as well as constantly rising rates of naturalization.Canada’s diversity is an extraordinary asset in today’s global marketplace, not only because of unparalleled cultural understanding, but also because of the multilingual nature of its citizens. It’s no surprise then that Canada has a reputation as a premiere language training destination. More than one billion Canadians speak English while 250 million speak French. International students improve personal and business fluency through access to unparalleled "English as a Second Language" and "French as a Second Language" programs.4) Your education is the government's priority.Canada’s International Education Strategy recently announced its goal to double the number of full-time international students to 450,000 by 2022.The Canadian Council of Ministers of Education prioritizes attracting international students in all education sectors through a number of strategies. The plan is not only focused on recruiting, but also on retaining after graduation by offering more opportunities for Canadian students to work abroad while studying and remain in the country as permanent residents afterward.5) Getting your student visa has been made easier.Because of Canada’s rising status as a premiere destination for international students, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has evaluated its student visa (AKA study permit) system to provide greater overall accountability. In January of 2014, a number of changes will take place, including the following:All visa holders must be enrolled and actively pursuing a course of study at a designated educational institution upon arrival in order to maintain legal status.Institutional eligibility will be designated by the government, and only international students admitted to these schools will be granted visas and work permits.Work permits will only be granted to full-time students actively in pursuit of a degree, diploma or certificate with a maximum workweek of 20 hours.Eligible institutions will report to the government and the CIC on international enrollment and statistics, and will be required to comply with a set of common standards.