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Affordable Housing and Community DesignBOOKSAaron, Henry J. Shelter and subsidies: Who Benefits from Federal Housing Policies?. The BrookingsInstitution. 1997.Ackoff, Russell L. and Sheldon Rovin. Redesigning Society. Stanford University Press. 2003.First sentence: "The thinking we use to redesign society stems from three essential concepts:doing the right thing, focusing on what we want, and thinking systematically"Alexander, Christopher. The Production of Houses. Oxford University Press. 1985.As an innovative thinker about building and planning, Christopher Alexander has attracted a devotedfollowing. His seminal books--The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language, the Oregon Experiment,and The Linz Cafe--defined a radical and fundamentally new process of environmental design. Alexandernow gives us the latest book in his series--a book that puts his theories to the test and shows what sort ofproduction system can create the kind of environment he has envisioned.The Production of Houses centers around a group of buildings which Alexander and his associates built in1976 in northern Mexico. Each house is different and the book explains how each family helped to lay outand construct its own home according to the family's own needs and in the framework of the patternlanguage. Numerous diagrams and tables as well as a variety of anecdotes make the day-today processclear. The Mexican project, however, is only the starting point for a comprehensive theory of housingproduction. The Production of Houses describes seven principles which apply to any system of production inany part of the world for housing of any cost in any climate or culture or at any density. In the last part of thebook, "The Shift of Paradigm," Alexander describes, in detail, the devastating nature of the revolution inworld view which is contained in his proposal for housing construction, and its overall implications for deepseatedculturalchange.　Atlas, John and Ellen Shoshkes. Saving Affordable Housing: What Community Groups Can Do & WhatGovernment Should Do. A National Housing Institute Study Funded by the Ford Foundation. 1997.Bauman, John F. and Roger Biles and Fristin Szylvian. From Tenements to Taylor Homes; In Search of anUrban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America. Pennsylvania State University Press:University Park, PA. 2000.Bell, Bryan. Good Deeds, Good Design: Community Service Through Architecture. Princeton ArchitecturalPress: New York. 2004.Ben- Joseph, Eran. Regulating Place: Standards and the Shaping of Urban America. Routledge: New York.2005.Blau, Eve. The Architecture of Red Vienna. MIT Press: Massachusetts. 1999.Bosma, Koos and Dorine van Hoogstraten and Martijn Vos. Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and theSAR. Nai Publishers. 2000.Brown, David J. The Home House Project: The Future of Affordable Housing. MIT Press: Massachusetts.2004.Davis, Sam. Designing for The Homeless: Architecture That Works. University of California Press: Berkeley.1995.Ehrenkrantz, Ezra. Design in Affordable Housing: A Guidebook. Funded by the Naional Endowment of theArts.Emery, Frederic E. and Eric L. Trist. Towards a Social Ecology. Springer: 1Edition. 1995.stComplex social systems like the human body rely a great deal on the sharing of parts. Just as the mouth isshared by the sub-systems for breathing, eating, speaking, etc., so individuals and organizations act as partsfor a multiplicity of social systems. Just as there are physiological switching mechanisms to prevent uschoking too often over our food, so there are social mechanisms to prevent us having too many CharlieChaplins dashing out of factories to tighten up buttons on women’s dresses (in Modern Times). I think that itis this sharing of parts that enables social processes to grow for quite long periods without detection. If theycould grow only by subordinating parts entirely to themselves then they would be readily detectable. If,however, their parts continue to play traditional roles in the existing familiar systems, then detection becomesdifficult indeed. The examples that most readily come to mind are the pathological ones of cancer andincipient psychoses. Perhaps this is because we strive so hard to detect them. In any case, healthychanges in physical maturation, personality growth or social growth typically follows the same course. Oncewe are confronted with a new fully-fledged system, we find that we can usually trace its roots well back into apast where it was unrecognized for what it was.Source location for this excerpt: Page on members.shaw.caFeldman, Roberta. The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents’ Activism in Chicago Public Housing.Cambridge. 2004.This comprehensive case study chronicles the four decade history of Chicago's Wentworth Gardens publichousing residents' grassroots activism. It explores why and how the African-American women residentscreatively and effectively engaged in organizing efforts to resist increasing government disinvestment inpublic housing and the threat of demolition. Through the inspirational voices of the activists, RobertaFeldman and Susan Stall challenge portrayals of public housing residents as passive and alienated victims ofdespair. Review source: The Dignity of ResistanceForrester Sprague, Joan. More Than Housing: Lifeboats for Women and Children. Butterworth Architecture.1991.Franck, Karen A. and Sherry Ahrentzen. New Households and New Housing. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991.Greer, Nora R. The Creation of Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1988.Greer, Nora R. The Search for Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1986.Hatch, Richard C. Scope of Social Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984.Hayden, Delores, Redesigning the American Dream. W. W. Norton & Company, 1edition, 2002.stAmericans still build millions of dream houses in neighborhoods that sustain Victorian stereotypes of thehome as 'woman's place' and the city as 'man's world.' Urban historian and architect Dolores Hayden talliesthe personal and social costs of an American 'architecture of gender' for the two-earner family, the singleparentfamily,andsinglepeople.Manysocietieshavestruggledwiththearchitecturalandurbanconsequences of women's paid employment: Hayden traces three models of home in historical perspective—the haven strategy in the United States, the industrial strategy in the former USSR, and the neighborhoodstrategy in European social democracies—to document alternative ways to reconstruct neighborhoods.Source location: Page on wwnorton.comJackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford UniversityPress. 1987.Book Description: This first full-scale history of the development of the American suburb examines how "thegood life" in America came to be equated with the a home of one's own surrounded by a grassy yard andlocated far from the urban workplace. Integrating social history with economic and architecturalanalysis, and taking into account such factors as the availability of cheap land, inexpensive building methods,and rapid transportation, Kenneth Jackson chronicles the phenomenal growth of the American suburb fromthe middle of the 19th century to the present day. He treats communities in every section of the U.S. andcompares American residential patterns with those of Japan and Europe. In conclusion, Jackson offers acontroversial prediction: that the future of residential deconcentration will be very different from its past inboth the U.S. and Europe.Source location:Amazon.com: Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (9780195049831): Kenneth T. Jackson: BooksJones, Tom and William Pettus and Michael Pyatok. Good Neighbors: Affordable Family Housing. McGrawHill.1995.Leeuwen, Jos van and HJP Timmermans. Recent Advances in Design and Decision Support.Kluwer:Dordrecht, Boston. 2004.　McCamant, Kathryn and Charles Durret and Ellen Hertzman. Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach toHousing Ourselves. Ten Speed Press. 1993.From The Woman Source Catalog & Review: Tools for Connecting the Community for Women; review byIlene RosoffDoes the idea of not having to cook meals for yourself or family every night, deal with traffic on your block, orworry when your children are out playing in the neighborhood appeal to you? If the answer is yes, you maywant to consider exploring cohousing, a concept that originated in Denmark in the early 1970s and hasspread throughout Europe. In Cohousing, a number of European cohousing communities are profiled.Although each community is a unique reflection of its members' tastes and desires, there are some commoncomponents, such as parking lots on the perimeters of the community for pedestrian safety, a commonhouse where meals can be shared, and recreational facilities housing various community activities andservices. With all the responsibilities entailed in managing a home and/or a family, cohousing is a solution forfinding sufficient time to relax and spend with the people who are important to us. (The authors have recentlystarted The Cohousing Company, a design and development company formed specifically to assist groupsinterested in planning and implementing cohousing in this country.)Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. US Dept . of Housing and Urban Development, Office ofPolicy Development and Research: Washington, DC. 1996.Obelensky, Kira. Good House Cheap House: Adventures in Creating an extraordinary Home at an OrdinaryPrice. Taunton. 2005.The 27 homes in Good House Cheap House prove that good design doesn't have to cost a fortune. Whatgoes into making a good, cheap house? As writer Kira Obolensky discovers, there are three mainingredients: adventuresome homeowners who are actively involved; cutting-edge architects and designerswho can solve tough design challenges; and an array of innovative uses of materials. Industrial bridgewashers make for gorgeous mantelpiece rosettes, old concrete subflooring is given new life with rich-huedstain, and glass sliding doors make for windows that are oversized and affordable.From a Texas farmhouse to a loft in St. Paul, to a prefab cabin on the Wisconsin prairie, these houses, inwhich anyone would feel at home, display a wonderful mix of design smarts and budget savvy. "Good HouseCheap House is chock full of great ideas and creative solutions for those of us on a budget-but even the lessfinancially-challenged can learn a thing or two about stylish and innovative design."--Charles Burbridge, designer, HGTV's Design on a Dime "The cookie-cutter house trend has been aroundlong enough. With its outside-the-box ideas and great resources, Good House Cheap House proves you canbuild a unique space without emptying your bank account."--Amber Jones, Editor, do! MagazineSanoff, Henry. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. Wiley-Academy. 1999.Book Description (Source: Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning: Henry Sanoff: 9780471355458: Amazon.com: Books)Theonlyhow-toguidetocommunitydesignwrittenfromthedesignprofessional'sperspective.Inthisgroundbreakingguidetotheincreasinglyimportantdisciplineofcommunitydesign,aleadinginternationalexpertdrawsuponhisownexperiencesandthoseofcolleaguesaroundtheworldtoprovideproventoolsandtechniquesforbringingcommunitymembersintothedesignprocesssuccessfullyandproductively.Thefirstandonlyhow-toguideoncommunitydesigndevelopedfordesignprofessionals,Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning features:* Fifteen case studies chronicling community design projects around the world* Coverage of educational facilities, housing, and urban and rural environments* Design Games-a proven, culture-neutral approach to educating participants in their design options and theconsequences of their choices* Proven techniques for fostering community participation in the design process* Checklists, worksheets, questionnaires, and other valuable toolsCommunity Participation Methods in Design and Planning is an indispensable working resource for urbandesigners and planners, architects, and landscape architects. It is also an excellent resource for students ofthose disciplines.Schmitz, Adrienne, Beta Site. Multifamily Housing Handbook. Urban Land Institute: Washington D.C. 2000.Steiber, Nancy. Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam: Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity 19001920. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 1998.Timmermans, Harry. Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture. Dordrecht: Boston: KluwerAcademic. 1993.Torres, Martha. Affordable Home Design: Innovations and Renovations. Loft Publications by Harper CollinsDesign. 2005.Affordable Home Design showcases a wide array of solutions to this same architectural challenge of gooddesign and structure on a budget. The projects featured include extensions of houses and apartmentsalready in existence, ecological housing design, sustainable and structurally cost-effective homes, and newbuildings in strictly coded conservation zones. Through more than 250 full-color photographs, this essentialbook reveals how today's architects are able to adapt to the necessities of a more affordable budget whenapproaching the always exciting necessity of designing a home.Towers, Graham. At Home in the City: An Introduction to Urban Housing Design. Architectural Press/Elsevier: Oxford. 2005.Trulove, James G. Great Houses on a Budget. Collins Design, 2005.For the typical American homeowner, Great Houses on a Budget presents case studies from across thecountry that achieve high style at an affordable cost. Most homeowners can only fantasize about owning andliving in beautiful dream homes designed by top architects -- houses that are well beyond the reach ofaverage consumers. This splendidly illustrated volume promises to provide a reality check by presentingbeautifully designed houses by the same architects, but with one exception. The houses in this book weredesigned and built for clients with high standards, as well as modest budgets. Fifteen in-depth case studiesdisplay the work of some of today's finest architects in locations ranging from California and Connecticut, toVirginia and Oregon. Each project includes lavish photography accompanied by detailed discussion of theeconomical construction techniques implemented in each house. With an in-depth look at square footagecosts, design techniques, and low-cost building materials, Great Houses on a Budget will provide readerswith everything they need to plan a great home on even the smallest budget.Tucker, William. The Excluded Americans: Homelessness and Housing Policies (Ragnery) and Zoning,Rent Control, and Affordable Housing. Cato Institute.Vale, Lawrence. Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods.Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass. 2002.Vale, Lawrence. From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors. HarvardUniversity Press. 2000.1. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., author of Streetcar Suburbs (Harvard) : In tracing the story of public housing fromPuritan times to the present, Professor Vale pays special attention to the spatial dimensions of povertymanagement. His is not a mechanical tale of segregation, but a careful presentation of the placement of thepoor in response to the policies of aid and discipline. This book, at once both an excellent history and anunusually thorough Boston case study, illustrates the continuing cultural and political ambivalence that playsitself out in ever-changing environments for the poor.2. Sir Peter Hall, author of Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order : Lawrence Vale'smajor study throws new and important light on the contradictions and dilemmas of American public housingpolicy over the past half-century, as they worked themselves out in one of the nation's great cities. It has vitalmessages both for scholars of public policy, planning, and urban studies, and for urban policy-makers, bothin the United States and the wider world. This is a major contribution to the urban literature. Source location:From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors: Prof. Lawrence J. Vale: 9780674002869: Amazon.com: BooksVenkatesh, Sudhir, Alladi. American Project: The Rise and fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard UniversityPress: Cambridge, Mass. 2000.Vliet, Williem van. The Encyclopedia of Housing. Sage Publications. 1998.This multidisciplinary work, which aims to summarize and synthesize current information on housing, drawson sociology, economics, urban studies, political science, architecture, and law to provide broad coverage ofthe pertinent concepts, organizations, issues, and policies. The 600 or so entries vary in length, with longerentries containing extensive discussion as well as relevant research, critical analysis, policy information, andhistorical background as appropriate. Though the book focuses primarily on the United States, it includessome international material, and various points of view are represented. Cross references, indexes ofsubjects and cited authors, and brief bibliographies on most entries add to the encyclopedia's usefulness.About 240 academics and professionals in housing or closely related fields contributed to this volume underthe leadership of van Vliet, who has written and edited several works on housing. He notes that the languageused is comprehensible across subject specialties and internationally. A welcome addition to the housingliterature, which has lacked a general encyclopedia, this is sure to be the standard reference forprofessionals in housing and related fields as well as policymakers, students, and the educated public. Anexcellent purchase for all academic and public libraries.AMary Jane Brustman, SUNY at Albany Libs.Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc.Waldheim, Charles. Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revsions. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 2005.Woudhuysen, James and Ian Abley, Stephen Muthesius, and Miles Glendinning. Why is Construction soBackward?. Wiley-Academy. 2004.Synopsis Location: Amazon.co.uk: James Woudhuysen, Ian Abley: 9780470852897: BooksWhyarehomessoexpensivetobuyandtomaintain?Constructionhasemergedasamainstreampoliticalissue.Yetthebuildingtradeisoneoftheworld'sweakest:itisfragmented,barelyglobalizedandbehindothersectorsinintroducingdisruptiveinnovationstoitsbasicprocesses.Themodestworldwidescaleofprefabricatedbuildingconfirmshowconstructionremainsa19th-centuryaffair,nota21st-centuryone.Drawingonthelatesttechnologiesthathaveemergedbothinsideandoutsidethesector,Whyisconstructionsobackward?formsadetailed,practicalalternativetotheconventionalwisdominbuildingdesignandurbanplanning.Itisapowerfulcallforreform,andasharpattackagainstarchitectureassocialengineeringandenvironmentalistdogma.'Verycompelling...asignificantpieceofresearchandthoughtleadership.Essential.'ColinBartle-Tubbs,UKOperationsDirector,Deloitte'Welcomeandtimely...takesonanindustrythathasreveledincomplacencyfortoolong.'BernhardBlauel,Principal,BlauelArchitects'Theauthorsarepreparedtobedaring,reframethequestionandpositnewparadigms.Reflectingeffortlesslyacrosstheliteratureofproperty,business,marketresearchandconstruction,thebook'skaleidoscopeofideas, examples and images gives it a refreshing depth of insight and breadth of vision. ' John Worthington,Founder, DEGW 'A tour de force of polemical provocation. This timely work forces one to think aboutconstruction in the broadest terms.ARTICLESAdler, Lynn. "Study warns of affordable US apartment shortage." Wired News. Mar 8. 2006.Allen, Isabel. "Exciting innovation in housing design" (book review). Architect’s Journal. v208, n19. p 68.Nov 1996.A review of "Housing: new alternatives, new systems!", by Manuel Gausa, 1998, described by this revieweras "perhaps the most comprehensive collection of architect-speak in existence..." with, however "an in-depthcompilation of contemporary housing which is breathtaking in its diversity."Anger, David. "Bleak House." Architecture Minnesota. v20, n3. p 44-45, 71-73. May/Jun 1994.Arieff, Allison. "Technology is the New Craft." Dwell. p 100-107. Nov/Dec. 2003.Atlas, John. "The Battle in Brooklyn." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing and CommunityBuilding. p 12-15. Nov/Dec. 2005.Barlow, James and Ritsuko Ozaki. "Through innovation in the production system: lessons from Japan."Environment and Planning. v37, n1. p 9-20. Jan 2005.Borden, Lain. "Innovation in social housing in France, 1970-1990." AA Files. n23. p 94-96. Summer 1992.Symposium at the AA, 21 Nov. 1991.Bornstein, Julie. "Designed to Fit." UNITS magazine. Jun. 2005.Published by the National Apartments Association (Article Location:Page on nmhc.org)Bullard, Robert D. "Housing Barriers: Trends in the Nation’s fourth-Largest City." Journal of Black Studies.v21, n1. p 4-14. Sep 1990.Bullard, Robert D. "The Black Family: Housing Alternatives in the 80s." Journal of Black Studies. v14,n3. p 341-351. Mar 1984.Bullivant, Lucy. "Home Front: New Developments in Housing." Architectural Design. v73, n4. p 5-10. Jul/Aug2003.Cardoso, Medina. "Geometria en la vivienda." Obras. v10, n112. p 52, 55-56, 59-60. Apr 1982."Viviendas decorosas," affordable housing prototypes designed by Alfonso Cardoso MedinaColin, Berry. "Artists in residence: Reoccupying Affordable Quarters." Preservation: The Magazine for theNational Trust for Historic Preservation. v55, n4. p 12-13. Jul/Aug 2003.Collins, Timothy L. "Rent Controls on the Edge." City Limits. v23, n4. p 32. Apr 1998.Davis, Braxton C. "Regional planning in the US coastal zone: a comparative analysis of 15 special areaplans." Ocean & Coastal Management. v47. p 79-94. 2004.This article compares the regional planning of 15 very different coastal zones in the United States in attemptto understand their operation and the effectiveness of their planning. The zones evaluated did not use typicalplanning tools, and therefore it is informative to investigate their "goals, environmental and socioeconomicsettings, management approaches, land use planning tools, and keys to success for special area planningunder state and territory coastal programs."34 out of 35 coastal states have adopted the national coastal management program administered by theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management(NOAA/OCRM).Areas were evaluated based on the areas of concern to participate in the program. The Special AreaManagement Practices were then investigated to determine if comprehensive regional planning was takingplace and to what extent, or if "subject-oriented" plans were taking precedent (wetlands, ports, etc.). (DM)Davis, Howard "Learning from Vellore: low income housing project in India." Arcadia. v23, n2 p 8-10.Mar/Apr 1993.Low income housing project for bicycle rickshaw drivers in Vellore is being developed by an internationalcollaboration of three organizations: Centre for Development Madras; Pacific Architecture; and the Center forHousing Innovation of the Univ. of Oregon.Djebarni, R. and P. Hibberd. "The impact of TQM on innovation in the construction industry: a researchagenda." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v21, n2. p 85-95. 1997.Total Quality Management (TQM) as an innovation in the British construction industry is studied to evaluateits effectiveness.Fairbanks, Robert B. "Reform and the Community Development Strategy in Cincinatti, 1890-1960." TheJournal of American History. v77, n2. p 689-690. Sep 1990.Ferrera, Peter J. "Federal Housing and Poverty (in letters)." Science. v248, n4955. p 538-539. May, 1990.Fletcher, Jane. "Affordable." Builder. v12, n9. p 83-92. Sep 1989.Friedman, Avi. "Ten Years Old and Growing (Grow Home, Montreal)." Canadian Architect. v46, n5, p 18-19,May 2001.The Grow Home, a demonstrative project started on the McGill campus in 1990, tapped a market withinaffordable housing. The project initially sold for $76,000, and units spread like wildfire. The attractive rowhousebuildingshaveflexiblelayouts,lowconstructioncost,lowoperatingcosts,andtheirownyards.ThearticlecomparesfinancingandconstructioncostsoftheGrowHomewithstandardconstruction.Italsotalksaboutthehistoryofitssuccess,andthebenefitsofcreating"theHondaCivic"ofhousing.　Thearticleincludesimagesofthreeplanlayouts,andphotosofgrowhomesinfillingneighborhoodsintwodifferentcitiesinCanada.(DM)　Friedman, Avi. "The Home of the 90’s-2: An Urban Starter." Canadian Architect. v35, n4. p 32-33. Apr 1990.Considers household income, level of education, and receptivity to innovation in a study of consumerpreferences.Friedrichs, Jurgen. "Affordable Housing and the Homeless." Contemporary Sociology. v19, n1. p 86-87. Jan1990.The twin issues of affordable housing and homelessness are discussed in this collection from a comparativeinternational persepctive. The central theme in the essays is that advanced industyrial societies, includingsocialist countries, are undergoing significant changes in their ability and willingness to provide affordablehousing to their citizens. Friedrichs points out that affordable housing and homelessness are interrelatedproblems in that the "new" homelessness is primarily the result of structural economic changes and ashortage of affordable housing. - By Howard A. SavageGann, David. "Housing innovation: how we live and what we might live in." Scroope: CambridgeArchitectural Journal. n11. p 55-62. 1999-2000.Ideas about the direction and pace of the changes in the way housing is designed and built in the UnitedKingdom.Gates, Gary J. "Gay America: to understand the real housing choices of the gay community, developersmust move beyond stereotypes." Urban Land. v64, n2. p 78-82. Feb 2005.Today, the gay and lesbian community signals the presence of a diverse and creative population that notonly is important to high-tech innovation but also has taken the initiative of moving to distressed urbanneighborhoods and in doing so has helped bring economic vitality to these neighborhoods.Gilderbloom, John I. and Richard P. Appelbaum. "Rethinking Rental Housing." Contemporary Sociology.v17, n5. p 644-645. Sep 1988.Affordable housing becomes a receding goal when the percentage of U.S. households paying over a quarterof their income for rent is increasing. John Gilderbloom and Richard Appelbaum show that sociologists couldmake a major contribution to debate about a housing policy designed to reverse such trends - if such adebate existed. Combining a critical review of a diverse literature with original analyses, the authors developtwo lines of argument. First, institutions and organizations affect characteristics of rental housing thateconomists attribute to market forces. Second, affordable, habitable housing is a "universal nationalentitlement," and it requires a federal housing program that creates a non-market sector. By Judith J.FriedmanGirling, Cynthia, and Ronald Kellett. "Comparing stormwater impacts and costs on three neighborhood plantypes." Landscape Journal. v21, n1. p 100-109. 2002."This paper summarizes a comparison of three alternative plans for a demonstration development site forenvironmental impacts, particularly stormwater quantity and quality, and costs of development. Two of thethree alternatives are representative of neighborhood plan types in many areas of the United States - aconventional low density pattern typical of many subdivision developments, and a more dense, mixed usenew urbanist-influenced pattern. A third less common but lower environmental impact plan represents similardensity and land use mixes to the mixed use plan with greater open space, urban forest and stormwaterfeatures." Paper presented at the joint ASLA-CELA conference in Boston, Sept. 1999.Goodno, James B. and Elisabeth Hamin. "Good Luck, Arnold." Planning. v70, n1. p 4-9. Jan.2004.Hall, Carlyle. "Carlyle Hall Joins CRA." L.A. Architect. p 7. Mar 1990.His thoughts on the goals and policies of the Community Redevelopment Agency, which focuses onaffordable housingHerszenhorn, David M. "New York Offers Housing Subsidy as Teacher Lure." New York Times. Apr 19.2006.Hoch, Charles J. and William Peterman and William C. Baer. "Homelessness and Housing." Journal of theAmerican Planning Association. v66, n3. p 328-331. Summer 2000.Illia, Tony. "Quigley SROs show affordable housing is possible in Las Vegas." Architectural Record.v189, n4. p 40. Apr 2001.Two SRO apartment developments, Kirby Lofts and L'Octaine, combine apartments with retail and restaurantspace. Architect: Rob Wellington QuigleyLadd, Helen F. and Jens Ludwig. "Educational Opportunities: Evidence from Baltimore." The AmericanEconomic Review. v87, n2. p 272-277. May 1997.Lakshmanan, T.R. and Lata Chatterjee and P. Roy. "Housing Requirements and National Resources."Science. v192, n4243. p 943-949. Jun 1976.Lang, Michael H. "Homelessness amid Affluence: Structure and Paradox in the American PoliticalEconomy." Contemporary Sociology. v20, n1. p 76-77. Jan 1991.LeFevre, Camille. "Joseph Selvaggio: Taking Pride in Housing the Poor." Architecture Minnesota. v18, n3.p 17, 74-75. May/Jun 1992.Linn, Charles. "Auburn Court, Cambridge, Massachusetts." Architectural Record. v185, n 7. p 112-113. Jul1997.Massimo, Alvisi and Kirimoto Junko. "Riken Yamamoto: dalle origini alla luce dell’innovazione: from theorigins to the light of innovation." Architectura. v 42, n17(494). p 674-680. 1995.Matheou, Demetrios. "Council opts for innovation in housing commission." Architects’ Journal. v200, n3.p 17-19. Jul 1994.Potter's Fields housing site, Southwark, London. Architects: Alsop & Sto!rmer.Miles, Henry. "Norse Code: Flats, Nesodden, Norway." Architectural Review. v214, n1281. p 95. Nov 2003.Affordable Housing built of Larch. Architects: Code ArkitekturNoero, Jo. "Red Location Innovation: PELIP Project/ Port Elizabeth." South African Architect. p 28-32.Nov/Dec 1999.Pheng, Low Sui, and Chua Hok Beng. "Promoting innovation in prefabrication for public housing: case studyof Singapore." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v26, n3. p 217-226.2002.Russell, James S. "New Housing at Almere." Architectural Record." v190, n10. p 234-237. Oct 2002.It may not be as "wild" as advertised, but new Housing at Almere, by UN Studios, makes a strong case forresidential innovation.Salversen, David. "HUD announces awards for building innovation." Urban Land. v55, n7. p 22-23. Jul 1996."The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has announced a nationwide competition - theBuilding Innovation for Homeownership program - to accelerate the adoption of innovative building anddevelopment techniques that will make houses more affordable."Sapolin, Donna. "Now, the Possible Dream." Metropolitan Home. v21, n10. p 111-112, 114. Oct 1989.Schill, Michael H. "Housing and Community Development in New York City." Political Science Quarterly.v114, n4. p 708-709. Winter 1999-2000.Scott, Ralph. "Advocates for Healthy Housing." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing andCommunity Building. p 20-23. Mar/Apr 2005.Taylor, David. "Lessons to learn from Dutch housing innovation." Architects’ Journal. v208, n1. p 24. Jul1998.Almere as a model for British housing construction.Taylor, David. "Affordable housing in Harlem." Architecture California. v8, n6. p 9-10. Nov/Dec 1986.Taylor, David. "A New Affordable House." Inform: Architecture, Design, the Arts. v11, n4. p 8-9, 11. 2000.Williams, Austin. "Movement for innovation: rethinking construction." Architects’ Journal v211, n18. p 34-43.May 2000.On the M4I, the Movement for Innovation, established to bring about a radical improvement in the way inwhich the construction industry and its clients work together.Wortman, Arthur. "Convertibility in building practice: DKV on innovation." Archis. n3. p 86-88. 2002.　　　　　　PAPERSBarrios-Paoli, Lilliam and Peter Madonia and William C. Rudin. Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter. TheCity of New York. Jun 2004."Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter is a 10-year action plan that brings together the business, nonprofit,and public sector communities to address the challenging issue of homelessness at its core, rather thanmanage it at the margins. It reflects my strong belief that every individual and family deserves safe,affordable housing –a goal we can achieve through proactive, coordinated action and investments in costeffectiveinitiativesthatsolvehomelessness."-MayorMichaelR.Bloomberg　Feldman, Ron. The Affordable Housing Shortage: Considering the Problem, Causes and Solutions. FederalReserve Bank of Minneapolis. Aug 2002.Abstract: Many observers claim that we are in the midst of an "affordable housing shortage" or, even worse,an "affordable housing crisis." The primary concern is that too many households live in "unaffordable" rentalunits. We hope to clarify the current debate by first measuring the size of the problem, then diagnosing itsunderlying causes and, finally, discussing treatments that policymakers should consider. While our review ishardly exhaustive, we conclude that a shortage of income is largely behind the housing affordability problemdespite the current focus on housing. Policymakers should recognize that government financing of newhousing units is unlikely to be a cost-effective response to low household income.Hu, Yucum and Qiping Shen. Systems Thinking in the Study of Housing Development in Hong Kong NewTowns. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate. 2000."In this paper, we have applied system dynamics to analyze housing development in Hong Kong new towns.Because housing development is concerned with many factors such as population growth, employment,personal income, gross domestic product and government policies, it is a complex social-economic systemthat demands system thinking for its solution. We have constructed a system dynamics model that attemptsto describe housing development in new towns. In this model, the interactions of various factors in urbanhousing development are taken into consideration. The model has been implemented in a computersimulation package named "I think". The simulation provides a trend of future housing development in HongKong new towns. These results can assist decision makers produce more appropriate plans for futurehousing development. We found that the application of system dynamics into housing development is a newand fruitful attempt."Katz, Bruce and Margery Turner, Karen Brown, Mary Cunningham and Noah Sawyer. Rethinking localaffordable housing strategies: lessons from 70 years of policy and practice. The BrookingsInstitution Center in Urban and Metropolitan Policy and The Urban Institute. Dec 2003.Efforts to provide affordable housing are occurring at a time of great change. The responsibilities forimplementing affordable housing are increasingly shifting to state and local actors. The market anddemographic changes in the country are complicating the picture, as sprawling jobs-housing patterns anddowntown revivals in some places are creating demand for affordable housing for working families andimmigrants in both cities and suburbs. To help state and local leaders design fresh solutions to today’saffordable housing challenges, The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and theUrban Institute joined forces to examine the lessons of seven decades of major policy approaches and whatthese lessons mean for local reforms. This executive summary of the full report, funded by the John S. andJames L. Knight Foundation, finds that past and current efforts to expand rental housing assistance, promotehomeownership, and increase affordable housing through land use regulations have been uneven in theireffectiveness in promoting stable families and healthy communities. The findings suggest guiding principlesfor local action, with important cautions to avoid pitfalls.Pascale, Connie. The Critical Shortage of Affordable Housing in New Jersey: A Brief Overview. The LegalServices of New Jersey Poverty Research Institute. Jun 2003.For at least three decades, study after study has documented New Jersey’s severe affordable housingshortage. This report from Legal Services of New Jersey’s Poverty Research Institute compiles such studiesand data to present a current portrait of just how bad the housing shortfall has become. It is intended as aresource for policy makers and the public, to help energize and guide the urgent question of what should beNew Jersey’s governmental response to this crisis.The report was prepared primarily by Connie Pascale, Vice President and Assistant General Counsel atLegal Services of New Jersey, with assistance from colleagues Kristin Mateo and Anjali Srivastava. Ourhope is that armed with information, at long last New Jersey’s leaders will guide the state toward acomprehensive and effective government-wide housing policy.Pickard, Deena, et. Al. A Systematic Approach to Service Improvement: Evaluating Systems Thinking inHousing." The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2005."This report provides a review of work undertaken to explore the use of systems thinking in a social housingsetting. In particular, the research considered the effects on the delivery of housing management servicesand assessed efficiency gains arising."Pickard, Deena, et. Al. Defining a National Housing Research Agenda Construction Management andProduction. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2004.Soffin, Jeremy. Housing Crises Threatens Regional Economy. The Regional Plan Association and CitizensHousing and Planning Council. May 2004.High housing costs, poor housing quality and long commutes are putting the NY-NJ-CT metropolitan regionat a competitive disadvantage in attracting and retaining a talented workforce, according to a regionalhousing study released today. The report, "Out of Balance: The Housing Crisis from a Regional Perspective,"is a collaborative effort of Regional Plan Association (RPA) and Citizens Housing and Planning Council(CHPC) to survey regional housing trends and identify housing problems that pose obstacles to regionaldevelopment or diminish the quality of life.Tucker, William. How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable Housing. Cato Institute. May 1997.Cato Policy Analysis No. 274 Location: How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable HousingWhite, Lawrence J. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Housing Finance: Why True Privatization is Good PublicPolicy. Cato Foundation. Aug 2004.WEBSITES/ ADDITIONAL RESOURCESAmhearst H. Wilder Foundation Redirecting to new location...Archvoices ArchVoicesAssociation of Community Design Resources Page on communitydesign.orgThe Brookings Institute HomeThe Cato Foundation Cato InstituteCommunity Development Society Community Development SocietyCommunity Resources Directory of Nonprofit Organizations and Other Community ResourcesDevelopment Training Institute The Center for Leadership InnovationDesign Advisor Design AdvisorDesign Matters: Best Practices in Affordable Housing Landing Page | cada.uic.edu |Doors of Perception Doors of PerceptionThe Enterprise Foundation Enterprise Community PartnersHabitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity Int'lHousing Again Page on housingagain.web.caHousing First brooklyn apartments rent‎ Resources and Information.Housing Prototypes Housing Prototypes.Inhabitat Design For a Better World!Planning a Housing development Enterprise Community PartnersProject proformas Enterprise Community PartnersThe Housing and Community Development KnowledgePlex The affordable housing and community development resource for professionalsNational Community Building Network Nuovi Bonus Casino Nazionali - bonus senza depositoNational Multi Housing Council National Multifamily Housing CouncilNational Community Housing Forum Page on nchf.org.auNew Village Building Sustainable CulturesNovogradac & Company LLP Affordable Housing Resource CenterPlanners Network Planners NetworkRose Fellowship Page on rose-network.comRudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence Page on buffalo.eduRural Studio Welcome - Rural StudioShimberg Center for Affordable Housing The Shimberg Center at the University of FloridaSocketsite Page on socketsite.comStardust Organization Redirecting your pageStrategy Survival Guide Page on strategy.gov.uk　　　　　　Affordable Housing and Community Design: SustainabilityARTICLESArchitype. "Green Credentials: Housing in Brighton." RIBA Journal.Bone, Eugena. "The House That Max Built." Metropolis. v16, n5, p 37-42, Dec 1996.The Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems (Max’s Pot) built the Advanced Green Builderdemonstration house on the outskirts of Austin with only local materials. It is the place where founderPliny Fisk III and his wife "concoct environmentally sound and sustainable building technologies." BothCalcrete and Solar-Tube were conceived there. The house uses Green Forms, an "open-ended" post andbeam system as structure. The central concept is that the Green Forms provide the frame for site-specific(and therefore more sustainable) elements and finishes. This approach also leaves plenty of potential forpersonalization. Local climates are studied as well as attainable materials for cladding, insulation, andother surfaces from the area. Options may include rammed earth, adobe, straw wall, industrial by-products,and Styrofoam. The project also helps to sustain local businesses, distributors, and craftsmen byutilizing their services within their communities.The article also mentions innovative composite materials that can be used in cladding, including mixingleftover wood fiber with plastic from recycled bottles to make hardy wood-like panels. Water sustainability isaddressed with composting toilets and wetland integration.For further energy consumption reduction photovoltaic panels can be added to roofs, radiant heat can bedistributed from floor slabs, and a gas-fired water heater can double as the heat source for the floor slabs.While the house (at time of article publishing) costs about $250,000, the goal is to build for $10 to $12 persquare foot. The article includes photos of the house in Austin and images of examples of various sitespecificcladdingmaterials.(DM)　Cameron, Kristi."Rebirth: BOASE, Denmark’s Model for Sustainable Mass-Produced Housing, On Stilts."Metropolis. v23, n5. p 66-69. Jan 2004.BOASE is an innovative national competition winning concept proposed by a team of students inDenmark. The primary themes of the project are affordable housing, mass production of units, and soilremediation that occurs through phytoremediation while the housing units sit above the petrochemicallypolluted site in a network of "tree dwellings."The units stand on stilts, and therefore allow rainwater and sunlight to filter down and nourish the soilcleaningplantecology.Theprovocativenotionofdevelopingpollutedsitesisrootedinthecheapnessoflandthatnoonewantstouse-pollutedland.Theplantsareexpectedtocleanthetopsixfeetofcontaminatedsoilinaperiodoftenyears,which,bysome,maybeworthwhile"ratherthanspendingmillionshaulingthecontaminateddirttoalandfilloftreatmentfacility."Iftheclean-upprocessdoesnotoccurasexpectedthroughphytoremediation,notallislost;"evenifthetreesdon’tmanagetocleanupthesoil,theyaresuckingupwaterandevaporatingitthroughtheirleaves…(it)won’tleachintogroundwatersupplies,takingpollutantswithit."Unitsaremanufacturedfromlightweightfiberglass-reinforcedplastic,givingthemtheadvantagesoflastingstructuralstrengthwithminimalweight.Inthisproject,the"home"becomesindustrialized,aunitofmassproduction.Thethreetechnologiesusedinthisprojectare:GratzelSolarCells,FiberlinePlasticComposites,andPhytoremediation.(DM)　Couling, Nancy and Klaus Overmeyer (of cet-0). "New From Suburbia: Agro City." Architectural Design, v74,n4, p 66-71. Jul/Aug 2004.Couling and Overmeyer have produced a model for areas outlying urban centers to becomeneighborhoods surrounding farming-land green spaces, rather than arbitrary parks and green spaces,commonly ordained by local zoning codes. The theory proposes that the residents maintain and work the"farm-land" and it gives back to them, monetarily, as well as enriching a closer-knit community than atypical suburb. The article includes a model for investment and return based in its proposed operations in anarea outlying Hamburg- the location of cet-0’s Fischbek-Mississippi project. The underlying concept is a"symbiosis of land for farming and land for building…Green areas are a combination of agricultural fields anddomesticated plots, leased to an ecofarmer, or to the Mississippi Club, of which the new residents wouldideally be members"(Couling p. 69). (DM)Diamond, Richard C. "Affordable Housing Through Energy Efficiency." GSD News/ Harvard University..p 14. Winter/Spring. 1993.Ehrenzweig, Dina. "Consumer acceptance of straw-bale housing." International Journal for Housing Scienceand its Applications. v23, n1. p 69-77. 1993.Evans, Barrie. "Making housing sustainable." Architect’s Journal. v205, n2. p 48. Jan 1998.On the potential provision of housing for the 4.4 million new English households predicted for the period from1991 to 2016. Taken from presentations at the BRE 75th anniversary international conference, "SustainableConstruction: an Agenda for Innovation".Gifford, H. "Third Street: Can architects and builders work together to produce highly energy-efficient andaffordable multifamily housing without any grant support? Two New Yorkers prove that it can bedone." Home Energy. v22, n5, p 24-29 Energy federation Incorporated. 2005.Third Street considers the assemblies and methods utilized to create more energy-efficient apartmentbuildings in New York City. The buildings are located at 299 E. 3rdSt. (38-family building) and 228 E. 3St.(22-family building) in Manhattan. The project was developed by Mary Spink and the architect is ChrisBenedict.The article denotes specific building assemblies that improve thermal and acoustical insulation. Specificwall sections are shown, as well as efficiency comparisons based on energy consumption and cost.The article also implies concerns about the negative effect of funding sustainable projects through grants,relating this approach to the concept that one can only do good if funded. Another interesting issueexemplified by these projects is that buildings that may be extremely energy efficient and "green" to a greatextent will never satisfy current LEED criteria because of certain detailing that, in a sense, make them evenmore sustainable. (DM)Gregory, Rob. "Wake Up Call." The Architectural Review. p 44, Nov 2003.BedZED is a prototype for sustainable high affordable housing complexes by Bill Dunster Architects. It is anexample of high density suburban-urbanization in Sutton, England. Highlights of the project include liveworkunits,acommunityhall,southfacingspacesandterraces.Theonebedroomloftapartmentshavetheirownentrancesandopenontoaskygarden.Thearticleincludesphotographs,asiteplan,anelevation,sections,andasunstudy.(DM)Koebel, Theodore "Sustaining sustainability: innovation in housing and the built environment." Journal ofUrban Technology. v6, n3. p 75-94. Dec 1999.Sustaining Sustainability discusses a wide spectrum of issues related to spreading the desire for, andacceptance of, sustainable housing. The article theorizes the necessity for technological developments topush the viability of sustainability into mainstream construction. Koebel also articulates various circuits withinthe development and construction industries through which sustainable practices must spread if they areto effectively diffuse within our culture. Included issues are mass production, adaptability, change agents,codes, and policies (and their makers). The general message is that everyone needs the tools and the knowhow,ascollectivelyacceptedacrosstheindustry,toprogressinsupportingandencouragingsustainablehousing.　rdAn interesting theory on the method of diffusion and its characteristics is delineated and discussed.Koebel’s research designates certain "characteristics of innovations that influence adoption," (Koebel p.79)including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability.Koebel goes further into the issue of diffusion by discussing various initiatives in sustainable housing andtheir overall performance. (DM)Makovsky, Paul. "Green Space: In the country's first green residential tower, a temporary showcase interioroffers lasting ideas." Metropolis. vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 118-120, Nov 2003Makovsky outlines various sustainable furniture and finishes used at the Solaire in Battery Park City, NewYork. The Solaire is significant in that it is the country’s first high-rise sustainable apartment building. Theinterior design of the apartments was created by Stedila Design.The article describes the innovative finishes and furniture and interesting descriptions of their origins andhow they are designated as sustainable for this project. Perhaps most helpful are the actual names,manufacturers, and distributors of many pieces.Sustainable finishes and furniture mentioned include:Uba Tuba granite from BrazilUrea-free formaldehyde fiberboard cabinetsNon-Urea formaldehyde parquet floorsReclaimed-recycled lines of carpet and furnitureAbaca fiber instead of plasticsA "less than 500 miles" philosophy, aiding in cutting embodied energy expenditure (DM)Martin, Glen and Frank Escher and Andrew Wagner. "Shades of Green: Dwell Home II."Dwell. v5, n6, p 114, 116. June 2005.Dwell Home II was constructed in Topanga Canyon, California as a test home for green design. It’sconstruction in such an isolated area prompted many questions about the true sustainability of remotenessin this modern world, since a car must be used for traveling into town for commodities. Andrew Wagnerfacilitated a discussion/ interview with the homeowner Glen Martin and architect Frank Escher, prompted byquestions written to Dwell magazine regarding the project.In the project’s defense, the convenience and viability of bus lines and telecommuting are available for usein the remote setting. Aside from those conveniences, Escher maintained that the building, when seen assiteless, is extremely efficient, performing well, and addresses "environmental questions that need to beaddressed on any site."Dwell Home II cools itself, generates its own electrical power, uses a quarter of the water ofconventional houses, and treats its own wastewater.The article brings up the interesting notion that "in the 70’s, central Europe was going through what we aregoing through in California now. There were some people who were really interested in more intelligent useof resources and sustainable design…" (Escher p.116). (DM)Shore, William B. "Land-use, transportation and sustainability." Technology in Society. v28. p.27-42. 2006.This article proposes three strategies for recentralizing the dispersed population epidemic in the UnitedStates on the grounds that regional planning is a substantial element in reaching a more sustainablelifestyle, and culture. The strategies are: "pricing goods and services to reflect sustainable needs,improving the magnetism of cities, and legislating enforceable regional plans."The article articulates the history of population dispersal away from cities and the ramifications of this trend. Itthen discusses the sustainability of a "spread city" in comparison to "traditional centers andcommunity." (DM)Solomon, Nancy B. "The Pick of the Sustainable Crop." Architectural Record. v193, n7, p 153-156, 158,160, Jul 2005.The Pick of the Sustainable Crop reviews three of the top 10 Green Projects awarded by the AIACommittee on the Environment. The article gives background on the COTE selection process and categoriesthat qualify their concept of sustainable design.With narrative, photos, diagrams and sections, the innovative design aspects of the three built projectsare elaborated.The Pittsburgh Glass Center, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, has an innovative and effective heat recoverysystem and effective insulation and ventilation systems. It is an industrial building that houses hotshops,offices and exhibition space, designed by DGGP and Bruce Lindsey AIA.Rinker Hall in Gainesville, Florida is the home of the M.E. Rinker School of Building Construction in thedepartment of the University of Florida’s College of Design and Construction. Designed by CroxtonCollaborative Architects + Gould Evans Associates, the building utilizes enthalpy wheel technology, passivesolar design, and high-performance glazing.A connection is made between daylighting and occupants’ circadian rhythms "connecting… to nature’s owncircadian rhythm- allows occupants to experience what Croxton describes as `the most primitive, deepseatedaspectsofcomfort’."TheAustinResourceCenterfortheHomeless(ARCH)isa26,800sfbuildingthathouseshomelesstemporarilyandforthelongterm,whileprovidingsupportprogramsinAustinTexas.ThebuildingwasdevelopedconcurrentlywithAustin’sadoptionofanewpolicythatthedesignofanynewmunicipalbuildingmust follow the guidelines put forth by the U.S. Green Building Council for its LEED rating system. Theproject utilized the method of stack-cast tilt-frame construction, cutting down on the cost of formwork forconcrete. Fly-ash was substituted for 45% of the portland cement in the concrete mix. A rain-watercollection system was also developed to mediate Austin’s serious flooding problems (due to poor topsoilconditions). (DM)Zhang, Zhihui and Xing Wu, Xiaomin Yang, and Yimin Zhu. "BEPAS- a life cycle building environmentalperformance assessment model." Building and Environment. v41. p 669-675. 2006.In this journal article, BEPAS (building environmental performance analysis system) is explained and testedin a case study. It has been proposed that the system’s methodologies can be utilized on both new andexisting buildings, evaluating their facilities (operation phase consumption and pollution), location,and materials. This article seems to have been inspired by the "rapid process of industrialization andurbanization" currently underway in China. It is also in response to the relative subjectiveness ofsustainability evaluation checklist-type methods such as LEED. The BEPAS researchers responded tothese issues by creating a more objective analytical approach to evaluating building performance,building upon the in-depth model of LCA (life cycle analysis). Results of the article’s case study show the testbuilding’s environmental impact was 96.6% from the facility operation, and only 5.6% from the buildingmaterials.BEPAS attempts to include more variables than other existing analysis models of a similar genre.(DM)Affordable Housing and Community Design: Gulf Coast RegionARTICLESAllais, Lucia. "Building Dwelling, Not Thinking" Thresholds. v20. p 50-55. 2000.Allais theorizes that housing typologies can have underlying social implications that must be recognized,especially when addressing affordable housing for poor predominantly African American populations incertain areas of the country. She specifically addresses the symbolism embodied in the shotgun-stylehousing that is commonly constructed as affordable infill housing.The discussion of the possible sociological ramifications of typology arose through a competition for DelrayBeach Florida’s Redevelopment Agency to design "affordable infill housing" in the predominantly blackMount Olive community.Allais sites the works of Marylis Nepomechie and Heidegger as current and historical thinkers on the samesubject; the architects’ argument about the pride of ownership.The theories, as presented in this article, are very subjective, and tend to make difficult assumptions thatsometimes waiver on the verge of being credible. However, the concepts put forth are extremely provoking,and are frequently neglected in design of affordable housing. The relationship between form and meaningcan have great impact, and the architect needs to be held responsible for intervening in the best interest ofmediating this phenomenon, downplaying the tones of social segregation in affordable housing. (DM)Burby, R. J."Reconstruction/Disaster Planning: United States." International Encyclopedia of the Social &Behavioral Sciences. p 12841-12844. 2004.This encyclopedic entry is a good introduction to the basic elements of procedures and plans typically setup for post-disaster reconstruction in the United States.The organization of the short article is in five sections: the problem, evolution of planning for resilience, postdisasterandrecoveryplans,hazardmitigationplans,andconclusion.　Onecanimaginethattheseproceduresareeffectedbythemagnitudeofkeydisastersinthecountry’shistory,andthusdonotincludethedevastationofHurricanesKatrinaandRita,northeresultantpoliciesthatmayhavebeendeveloped.　Thearticleelaboratestheprimaryelementsofplansthataddressnaturalhazards,fallingintwocategories:post-disasterreconstructionandhazardmitigation.(DM)Kroloff, Reed and Kevin Pratt. "A Newer Orleans: Six Proposals." Artforum. v44, n7, p 266-283, Mar 2006.An overview of the current search for inspiration for hope and design for a "newer Orleans" sets theprecedent for the summary of 6 design proposals, or "six visions" to invoke a "spirit of possibility." Theintroduction mentions that the Congress for the New Urbanism (led by Andres Duany) had an extensivedesign charette to provide design guidance for Mississippi’s devastated regions, and it has now "seduced"Louisiana’s government as well. Artforum suggests that a fresh, inventive dialogue needs to commence.These proposals do not situate themselves in the realistic realm of feasibility any time in the near future, butthey are refreshing and drastically different takes on how a new city might reshape itself after a disaster ofsuch enormous destruction.The six teams were proposed by Artforum for proposals to be published, two each (one Dutch and oneAmerican team) for three segments: community (MVRDV, Huff + Gooden), urban icon (UN Studio,Morphosis), and landscape (West 8, Hargreaves Associates). The proposals did not address affordablehousing within their broad assigned categories.Recurring themes within the variety of proposals were: public space, connections (both communicationand physical), pride and dignity, high density revitalized areas, reinvigoration and symbolism. (DM)Shepard, Richard . "Refilling a Neighborhood: West Coconut Grove, Miami." Places. v14, n3, p 44-45,Spring 2002.Shepard (as director of the Center for Urban and Community Design at the University of Miami School ofArchitecture) describes a studio project that integrated students and university with a strugglingneighborhood whose population, property, and quality of life has drastically declined. The project was forstudents to design an affordable house after surveying the conditions, lifestyles and policies of itsneighborhood and jurisdiction. The project set a precedent of trust between the University and theneighborhood that could potentially lead to similar future collaborations benefiting both parties, the academyand the struggling neighborhood.The underlying concept driving the development of the project is Shepard’s assertion that "If vacant lots andabandoned buildings could be developed for low-and moderate- income families, the proportion ofstakeholders could increase and the community pride of ownership could return" (Shepard p. 44).The studio culminated in the actual approval and eventual building of a two-story shotgun housedesigned by students who saw it take shape before graduating from architecture school. A local developerhad become an enthusiast of the studio and funded the projectShepard’s concept and its follow-through becomes an exemplar for students, teachers and developerswondering how they can do more in their "own back yard." (DM)Sorkin, Michael."Will new plans for the Gulf drown it again, this time in nostaligia?" Architectural Record.New York, v194, n2, p.47. Feb 2006.This article critically expresses concerns related to the Congress for the New Urbanism’s (CNU) recentcharette and resultant design recommendations for post-hurricane redevelopment of 11 towns examinedalong the Mississippi Gulf coast. While the report calls for ample transportation (along with a virtual "concretekimono"), it is also overtly concerned with regulating every facet of architecture in a someone’s aestheticutopian ideal, it pays little attention to disaster mitigation and future damage precautions, nor sustainablestrategies and environmental conscientiousness. (DM)Voss Matthews, Sherrie. "Orlando Planners Build Energy-Efficient House." Planning. Chicago. v69, n5. p 40.May 2005.The house at 2516 East Church St. in Orlando, Florida is not, by most means "affordable at an appraisalvalue of $300,000. However, it is an example of the availability of systems, materials and labor available inFlorida to conduct sustainable construction. The house includes 9-foot tall ceilings and a floorplan thatsupports good ventilation through airflow. Since termites are often a problem in Florida, no wood was usedin construction. The house is clad, instead with wood fiber cement plank siding over steel frame. Flooringfinishes include bamboo (impregnated with borates) and ceramic tile. Energy Star criteria were met forappliances throughout the house, reducing greenhouse emissions. In terms of water conservation, low flowfixtures and toilets were installed. Water is heated with solar heat, and the house has an integratedinsulation system. The house, at 2,000 square feet, is "affordable to operate, and runs on $60 per month,for everything." (DM)PAPERSFEMA/ US Department of Homeland Security. Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal ConstructionTechnical Sheet Series. FEMA 499, Aug 2005.In August of 2005, FEMA produced guidelines for coastal construction in a technical fact sheet series. Theseries of 31 fact sheets gives guidance and recommendations for coastal residential buildings. This guidewas produced to improve building performance in high winds and flood conditions. The document includesinformation that incorporates national Flood Insurance Program regulatory requirements. Topics emphasizedand illustrated are siting, structural connections, the building envelope, utilities and additional resources onvarious subjects. (DM)

The main cause of violence is not guns its mental illness. No one claims all of the mentally ill are violent, however, 100% of all school and workplace shooters do have mental illness that fall into 1 or more of 3 diagnosis. Antisocial personality, psychosis, and severe trauma documented by Dr. Peter Langman in Why Kids Kill. The mistaken belief that most are not mentally ill is caused by not making a distinction between a gang related shooting and a school and workplace shooting. Gang shootings which are the majority are not based on mental illness. We can connect them to what we call ACEs adverse childhood experiences or early trauma. Commitments to a mental hospital last only for a week or two then they easily refuse treatment and go free. As result we have put thousands of the violent mentally ill on the street out of any kind of control. Every one indicates far in advance that they will act violently. So access to mental health isn’t the problem when we allow these violent people to refuse treatment. Mandated treatment doesn’t have to be inpatient. We don’t have to lock people up unless they refuse. Once criteria has been met for behavior that is a credible threat to others we can start the process of assessment and treatment. Nicholas Cruz is a perfect example of a psychopath we knew for years would act violently and nothing was done. Mandated treatment means medical compliance and therapy. Non compliance gets you put in a hospital. This gives us the ability to contain these people long before they act out and with modern therapy prevent them from escalating their illness to the point of violence. What kind of gun did Timothy McVeigh, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, James Alex Fields Jr. use? Mass killers don’t need a gun we need to control them.There is a case to be made regarding one class of medication causing children to be violent. Research into early trauma has produced a wealth of data defined as ACE adverse childhood experiences.Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)ACEs are far more common than we ever believed and ubiquitous in the urban areas. This category of early trauma has not been accepted by the DSM-5. Bessle Van Der Kolk has offered the diagnosis Developmental Trauma Disorder which was rejected by the DSM-5 after being fought by pharmaceutical companies.What Is Developmental Trauma?This leaves no official, accurate, diagnosis for these children. In order for an insurance company to pay a claim or a school to offer special interventions a DSM-5 diagnosis must be applied. The diagnosis the majority of these children receive is ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity. Traumatized children respond to trauma by being hypervigilant. The traumatized brain is in a constant state of hyper arousal expecting a threat at any time. This looks like an attention deficit but it is the child paying attention to everything all the time, anticipating the next threat. What they need is to be calmed. Consider that the medication for ADHD is amphetamines a stimulant. Giving speed to a traumatized, hypervigilant children will intensify it resulting in hypo mania, paranoia, anger, rage, distorted thinking, defiance, and violent behavior. Mass shootings are in fact a mental illness problem and its very possible we are making it worse with erroneous diagnosis and the wrong medication and interventions.SINGLE MOTHER HOMES STATISTICS37.8% of single mothers are divorced, 41% never married, and only 6.5% widows. Brookings Institute, “Assessing the Impact of Welfare Reform on Single Mothers”, Part 2, 3/22/04“The strongest predictor of whether a person will end up in prison, is that they were raised by a single parent”. C.C. Harper and S.S. McLanahan, “Father Absence and Youth Incarceration”, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Assoc., San Francisco, CA, 1998In 1996, 70% of inmates in state juvenile detention centers serving long sentences, were raised by single mothers. Wade Horn, “Why There Is No Substitute For Parents”, IMPRIMIS 26, NO.6, June, 1997The proportion of single-parent households in a community predicts its rate of violent crime and burglary, but the community’s poverty level does not. Source: D.A. Smith and G.R. Jarjoura, “Social Structure and Criminal Victimization,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 25. 1988.”72% of juvenile murderers, and 60% of rapists came from single mother homes. Chuck Colson, “How Shall We Live?” Tyndale House , 2004, p.323“After controlling for single motherhood, the difference between black and white crime rates disappeared.” Progressive Policy Institute, 1990, quoted by David Blankenhorn, “Fatherless America: Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem,” New York, Harper Perennial, 1996, p.31Growing up without a father could permanently alter the structure of the brain, and produce more children who are more aggressive and angry. Children brought up only by a single mother have a higher risk of developing deviant behavior, including drug abuse, new research suggest. Dr. Gabriella Gobbi, McGill Univ. and Francis Bamlico, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, publishing in the journal, “CEREBRAL CORTEX.”“(I)n a recent study by the Baltimore-based Annie E. Casey Foundation. Comparing statistics for its Kids Count report, the organization reported that Detroit ranks No.1 in unmarried births among the nations’ 50 largest cities. Of the 16,729 babies born in Detroit in 1997, 13,574 were black, 1,679 were white and 817 were Hispanic. Seventy-one percent were born to unmarried mothers. This compared with a state average of 33 percent and a 50-city average of 43 percent.”Detroit is the worst offender on our list of America’s most dangerous cities, thanks to a staggering rate of 1,220 violent crimes committed per 100,000. “By Thanksgiving, 2012, the city had surpassed the 344 homicides reported in all of 2011. As of Dec. 16, the city had recorded 375 murders.”Single parents make up a third of Wisconsin parents, The Annie E. Casey Foundation reports. And according to a 2009 report from the US Census Bureau, there are approximately 13.7 million single parents across the U.S., with single mothers outpacing single fathers five to one.Two thirds of all children murdered, are murdered by their mother. Source: U.S. Dept of H&HS website ‘Child Abuse Statistics by Relationship’ March 2013“Girls raised without fathers are more sexually promiscuous, and more likely to end up divorced.” Wade Horn, “Why There Is No Substitute For Parents”, IMPRIMIS 26, No.6, June, 199770% of teen births occur to girls in single mother homes. David T. Lykken, “Reconstructing Fathers”, American Psychologist 55, 681,681, 200086% of American teen births are out of wedlock. Dr. David Popenoe, “The Future of Marriage In America”, Rutgers Univ., The National Marriage Project, 2007“America has more than twice as many teenage births as other developed nations.” Isabel V.Sawhill, to House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Human Resources, June 29, 1999There are more than 400,000 teen births annually in the US, most of them to unmarried mothers on welfare.National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.The public cost of births to teens 17 and younger is estimated at $7.6 BILLION per year. The children are more likely to be in foster care, less likely to graduate from high school, daughters are more likely to have teen births themselves, and sons are more likely to be incarcerated. Saul Hoffman, Univ. of Delaware.70% of drop-outs, and 70% of teen suicides come from single mother homes. Wade Horn, “Why There Is No Substitute For Parents,” IMPRIMIS 26, N0. 6, June 199770% of runaways, 70% of juvenile delinquents, and 70% of Child murderers, come from single mother homes. Richard E. Redding, “It’s Really About Sex”, Duke Univ. Journal of Gender Law and Policy, Jan.1, 2008.EFFECTS OF FATHERLESSNESS – TEENAGE STATISTICS63% of all youth suicides,70% of all teen pregnancies,71% of all adolescent chemical/substance abusers,80% of all prison inmates, and90% of all homeless and runaway children, came from single mother homes.Bob Ray Sanders, “Hey Y’all, Let’s Fill The Hall (Of Fame), Ft. Worth Star Telegram, Oct.28,2007Mona Charen, “More Good News Than Bad?”, Washington Times, Mar.16, 2001 (citing Bill Bennett, “The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators: American society at the end of the 20th Century., New York, Broadway Books, 1994)Children brought up in single mother homes are:5 times more likely to commit suicide,9 times more likely to drop out of high school,10 times more likely to abuse chemical substances,14 times more likely to commit rape,20 times more likely to end up in prison,32 times more likely to run away from home.Chuck Eddy, “The Daddy Shady Show”, Village Voice, Dec. 31, 2002(see drop-out rates above)The journal Health Affairs reported a five-year drop in the life expectancy of white females without high-school diplomas . White men without high-school diplomas had lost three years of life expectancy.What's Killing Poor White Women?600,000 out of wedlock births in 1979. Patrick Fagan and William H.G.Fitzgerald, “Why Serious Welfare Reform Must Include Serious Adoption Reform. Heritage Foundation Reports, July 27, 1995In 2003, there were 1.5 Million unwed births, and less than 1% were put up for adoption. Fagan and Fitzgerald (above)Less than 1% of children born to never married women were placed for adoption from 1989 to 1995. U.S. DHHS, Child Welfare Information Gateway, “Voluntary Relinquishment For Adoption, Numbers and trends, 2005Only 4% of college graduates have illegitimate children, and only 16% of college graduates get divorced, compared to 46% of high school dropouts, who marry in smaller numbers to begin with. Dr. David Popenoe, “The Future Of Marriage In America; “The Frayed Knot – Marriage in America”, The Economist, May 26, 200750% of single mothers are below the poverty line, their children are 6 times more likely to be in poverty than children with married parents. Chuck Colson, “How Shall We Live”, Tyndale House.85% of homeless families are single mother families. Barry H. Waldman and Stephen P. Perlman, “Homeless Children With Disabilities, “ The Exceptional Parent, June 1, 2008 (American Academy of Developmental Medicine and Dentistry90% of welfare recipients are single mothers. Jason DeParle, “Raising Kevion”, New York Times, Aug. 22, 2004Over 30% of families led by single moms are living in poverty, compared to 16.4% of families led by single dads. Amanda Hess, blogging at: http://www.slate.com/blogs/xxfactor/2013/09/19/There were 3 million single mothers in 1970 and 10 million in 2003. U.S. Census, Table FM-2, All Parent/Child Situations, by Type, Race, and Hispanic origin of Householder, 1970 to 2003More than one million British children currently live without a father, and have no adult male role models, a figure that is rising at a rate of 20,000 per year. In the Manor Castle ward of Sheffield, ENG. 75% of households are headed by a single parent, most commonly, a woman. Center for Social Justice(6/2013)The illegitimacy rate went up more than 300% since 1970. House Ways and Means Committee, Nonmarital Births to Adults and Teenagers and Federal Strategies to Reduce Nonmarital Pregnancies, appendix “M”, 2003=========================================================

The main cause of violence is not guns its mental illness. No one claims all of the mentally ill are violent, however, 100% of all school and workplace shooters do have mental illness that fall into 1 or more of 3 diagnosis. Antisocial personality, psychosis, and severe trauma documented by Dr. Peter Langman in Why Kids Kill. The mistaken belief that most are not mentally ill is caused by not making a distinction between a gang related shooting and a school and workplace shooting. Gang shootings which are the majority are not based on mental illness. We can connect them to what we call ACEs adverse childhood experiences or early trauma. Commitments to a mental hospital last only for a week or two then they easily refuse treatment and go free. As result we have put thousands of the violent mentally ill on the street out of any kind of control. Every one indicates far in advance that they will act violently. So access to mental health isn’t the problem when we allow these violent people to refuse treatment. Mandated treatment doesn’t have to be inpatient. We don’t have to lock people up unless they refuse. Once criteria has been met for behavior that is a credible threat to others we can start the process of assessment and treatment. Nicholas Cruz is a perfect example of a psychopath we knew for years would act violently and nothing was done. Mandated treatment means medical compliance and therapy. Non compliance gets you put in a hospital. This gives us the ability to contain these people long before they act out and with modern therapy prevent them from escalating their illness to the point of violence. What kind of gun did Timothy McVeigh, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, James Alex Fields Jr. use? Mass killers don’t need a gun we need to control them.There is a case to be made regarding one class of medication causing children to be violent. Research into early trauma has produced a wealth of data defined as ACE adverse childhood experiences.Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)ACEs are far more common than we ever believed and ubiquitous in the urban areas. This category of early trauma has not been accepted by the DSM-5. Bessle Van Der Kolk has offered the diagnosis Developmental Trauma Disorder which was rejected by the DSM-5 after being fought by pharmaceutical companies.What Is Developmental Trauma?This leaves no official, accurate, diagnosis for these children. In order for an insurance company to pay a claim or a school to offer special interventions a DSM-5 diagnosis must be applied. The diagnosis the majority of these children receive is ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity. Traumatized children respond to trauma by being hypervigilant. The traumatized brain is in a constant state of hyper arousal expecting a threat at any time. This looks like an attention deficit but it is the child paying attention to everything all the time, anticipating the next threat. What they need is to be calmed. Consider that the medication for ADHD is amphetamines a stimulant. Giving speed to a traumatized, hypervigilant children will intensify it resulting in hypo mania, paranoia, anger, rage, distorted thinking, defiance, and violent behavior. Mass shootings are in fact a mental illness problem and its very possible we are making it worse with erroneous diagnosis and the wrong medication and interventions.The cause of urban gang mass shootings single mothers and no fatherSINGLE MOTHER HOMES STATISTICS37.8% of single mothers are divorced, 41% never married, and only 6.5% widows. Brookings Institute, “Assessing the Impact of Welfare Reform on Single Mothers”, Part 2, 3/22/04“The strongest predictor of whether a person will end up in prison, is that they were raised by a single parent”. C.C. Harper and S.S. McLanahan, “Father Absence and Youth Incarceration”, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Assoc., San Francisco, CA, 1998In 1996, 70% of inmates in state juvenile detention centers serving long sentences, were raised by single mothers. Wade Horn, “Why There Is No Substitute For Parents”, IMPRIMIS 26, NO.6, June, 1997The proportion of single-parent households in a community predicts its rate of violent crime and burglary, but the community’s poverty level does not. Source: D.A. Smith and G.R. Jarjoura, “Social Structure and Criminal Victimization,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 25. 1988.”72% of juvenile murderers, and 60% of rapists came from single mother homes. Chuck Colson, “How Shall We Live?” Tyndale House , 2004, p.323“After controlling for single motherhood, the difference between black and white crime rates disappeared.” Progressive Policy Institute, 1990, quoted by David Blankenhorn, “Fatherless America: Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem,” New York, Harper Perennial, 1996, p.31Growing up without a father could permanently alter the structure of the brain, and produce more children who are more aggressive and angry. Children brought up only by a single mother have a higher risk of developing deviant behavior, including drug abuse, new research suggest. Dr. Gabriella Gobbi, McGill Univ. and Francis Bamlico, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, publishing in the journal, “CEREBRAL CORTEX.”“(I)n a recent study by the Baltimore-based Annie E. Casey Foundation. Comparing statistics for its Kids Count report, the organization reported that Detroit ranks No.1 in unmarried births among the nations’ 50 largest cities. Of the 16,729 babies born in Detroit in 1997, 13,574 were black, 1,679 were white and 817 were Hispanic. Seventy-one percent were born to unmarried mothers. This compared with a state average of 33 percent and a 50-city average of 43 percent.”Detroit is the worst offender on our list of America’s most dangerous cities, thanks to a staggering rate of 1,220 violent crimes committed per 100,000. “By Thanksgiving, 2012, the city had surpassed the 344 homicides reported in all of 2011. As of Dec. 16, the city had recorded 375 murders.”Single parents make up a third of Wisconsin parents, The Annie E. Casey Foundation reports. And according to a 2009 report from the US Census Bureau, there are approximately 13.7 million single parents across the U.S., with single mothers outpacing single fathers five to one.Two thirds of all children murdered, are murdered by their mother. Source: U.S. Dept of H&HS website ‘Child Abuse Statistics by Relationship’ March 2013“Girls raised without fathers are more sexually promiscuous, and more likely to end up divorced.” Wade Horn, “Why There Is No Substitute For Parents”, IMPRIMIS 26, No.6, June, 199770% of teen births occur to girls in single mother homes. David T. Lykken, “Reconstructing Fathers”, American Psychologist 55, 681,681, 200086% of American teen births are out of wedlock. Dr. David Popenoe, “The Future of Marriage In America”, Rutgers Univ., The National Marriage Project, 2007“America has more than twice as many teenage births as other developed nations.” Isabel V.Sawhill, to House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Human Resources, June 29, 1999There are more than 400,000 teen births annually in the US, most of them to unmarried mothers on welfare.National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.The public cost of births to teens 17 and younger is estimated at $7.6 BILLION per year. The children are more likely to be in foster care, less likely to graduate from high school, daughters are more likely to have teen births themselves, and sons are more likely to be incarcerated. Saul Hoffman, Univ. of Delaware.70% of drop-outs, and 70% of teen suicides come from single mother homes. Wade Horn, “Why There Is No Substitute For Parents,” IMPRIMIS 26, N0. 6, June 199770% of runaways, 70% of juvenile delinquents, and 70% of Child murderers, come from single mother homes. Richard E. Redding, “It’s Really About Sex”, Duke Univ. Journal of Gender Law and Policy, Jan.1, 2008.EFFECTS OF FATHERLESSNESS – TEENAGE STATISTICS63% of all youth suicides,70% of all teen pregnancies,71% of all adolescent chemical/substance abusers,80% of all prison inmates, and90% of all homeless and runaway children, came from single mother homes.Bob Ray Sanders, “Hey Y’all, Let’s Fill The Hall (Of Fame), Ft. Worth Star Telegram, Oct.28,2007Mona Charen, “More Good News Than Bad?”, Washington Times, Mar.16, 2001 (citing Bill Bennett, “The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators: American society at the end of the 20th Century., New York, Broadway Books, 1994)Children brought up in single mother homes are:5 times more likely to commit suicide,9 times more likely to drop out of high school,10 times more likely to abuse chemical substances,14 times more likely to commit rape,20 times more likely to end up in prison,32 times more likely to run away from home.Chuck Eddy, “The Daddy Shady Show”, Village Voice, Dec. 31, 2002(see drop-out rates above)The journal Health Affairs reported a five-year drop in the life expectancy of white females without high-school diplomas . White men without high-school diplomas had lost three years of life expectancy.What's Killing Poor White Women?600,000 out of wedlock births in 1979. Patrick Fagan and William H.G.Fitzgerald, “Why Serious Welfare Reform Must Include Serious Adoption Reform. Heritage Foundation Reports, July 27, 1995In 2003, there were 1.5 Million unwed births, and less than 1% were put up for adoption. Fagan and Fitzgerald (above)Less than 1% of children born to never married women were placed for adoption from 1989 to 1995. U.S. DHHS, Child Welfare Information Gateway, “Voluntary Relinquishment For Adoption, Numbers and trends, 2005Only 4% of college graduates have illegitimate children, and only 16% of college graduates get divorced, compared to 46% of high school dropouts, who marry in smaller numbers to begin with. Dr. David Popenoe, “The Future Of Marriage In America; “The Frayed Knot – Marriage in America”, The Economist, May 26, 200750% of single mothers are below the poverty line, their children are 6 times more likely to be in poverty than children with married parents. Chuck Colson, “How Shall We Live”, Tyndale House.85% of homeless families are single mother families. Barry H. Waldman and Stephen P. Perlman, “Homeless Children With Disabilities, “ The Exceptional Parent, June 1, 2008 (American Academy of Developmental Medicine and Dentistry90% of welfare recipients are single mothers. Jason DeParle, “Raising Kevion”, New York Times, Aug. 22, 2004Over 30% of families led by single moms are living in poverty, compared to 16.4% of families led by single dads. Amanda Hess, blogging at: http://www.slate.com/blogs/xxfactor/2013/09/19/There were 3 million single mothers in 1970 and 10 million in 2003. U.S. Census, Table FM-2, All Parent/Child Situations, by Type, Race, and Hispanic origin of Householder, 1970 to 2003More than one million British children currently live without a father, and have no adult male role models, a figure that is rising at a rate of 20,000 per year. In the Manor Castle ward of Sheffield, ENG. 75% of households are headed by a single parent, most commonly, a woman. Center for Social Justice(6/2013)The illegitimacy rate went up more than 300% since 1970. House Ways and Means Committee, Nonmarital Births to Adults and Teenagers and Federal Strategies to Reduce Nonmarital Pregnancies, appendix “M”, 2003