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A lot... If you really want to be outstanding in electrical and electronics engineering (EEE), otherwise simply known as electrical engineering (EE) in the U.S.. It can also be known as electrical and computer engineering (ECE).I strongly disagree with Razvan Baba. I may be wrong, but he does not seem to have a good grasp of ECE, in terms of breadth across the scope of ECE or depth in any area of ECE.Look at IEEE journal and conference papers. Talk to faculty and graduate (MS/Ph.D.) students in ECE, as well as senior R&D engineers in ECE. Ask them if they can get away with programming and computer modeling.Programming in MATLAB for mathematical modeling, system/filter design and analysis, and simulation is used in control engineering, signal processing, antenna design, and many areas of ECE. Just check out the MATLAB and Simulink toolboxes: Products and Services. Challenging and academically rigorous classes, especially at the graduate level, will require you to implement or even design algorithms for control and signal processing. So, yes, you will need to understand algorithm analysis and design. Think about circuit complexity in VLSI circuit and system design. Isn't that a lot like computational complexity? Does the algorithm run in O(n^3)? Is the complexity of the circuit O(n*log n)?Furthermore, modern/advanced control systems are multi-input, multi-output, stochastic, adaptive, digital, autonomic, and/or nonlinear. CS students will not want to learn about nonlinear dynamical systems. Trust me. That is why the application of control engineering in autonomic computing has very few takers. Why? You need to be good at ECE and CS; that is, EE + CS = EECS.Many, if not most, computer science (CS) programs do not train you to design analog/RF and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs), and VLSI circuits and systems. So, all the talk about using hardware description languages (HDLs) for RTL design of ICs that are implemented on FPGA boards or standard cell logic is nonsense. Look, if they do not even teach computer organization classes that require students to design a simple 32-bit processor, do you think they can teach VLSI design or computer architecture effectively? Hell no! Behavioral modeling of AMS/RF circuits and systems with SystemC-AMS, Verilog-AMS, Verilog-A, and VHDL-AMS? Forget about it! If you want to design ICs and VLSI systems, pursue a MS/Ph.D. in ECE at a good research university (preferably in the U.S.). And, yes, VLSI system design may involve modeling with UML, invoking design patterns, using Petri Nets, and using formal/mathematical logic for formal methods and formal verification. VLSI design also involves programming in Perl, Tcl, and Python (or UNIX shell scripts), in addition to C, C++, and SystemC. I consider behavioral modeling in SystemC, Verilog, and VHDL as VLSI design, rather than programming. You are designing electronic systems and ICs, not programming a processor (as in system software, or application software, development).Instead of using a word processor for documentation, you can do that with LaTeX and Doxygen (works with VHDL, too!). Want to draw something? Use Graphics Layout Engine (GLE), Asymptote (vector graphics language), MetaPost and TikZ!Use build automation to compile, synthesize, or run your scripts/tools. Or, typeset your LaTeX source files. E.g., put a UNIX shebang at the top line of your SPICE netlist and run it like a script from the command line.Use revision control to manage different versions of your source files: MATLAB (or GNU Octave), C++, SystemC, Verilog, Python, Tcl, Perl, UNIX shell scripts, LaTeX source files, and SPICE (yes, you can write your own SPICE netlists from scratch and simulate them with a SPICE tool). Markdown works for GitHub, if you use that to commit your source code for MATLAB, Verilog, VHDL, scripts, C++ code, and what not.To work effectively in a UNIX-like operating system, knowing how to write simple UNIX shell scripts quickly helps you work efficiently and effectively. Learn how to use regular expressions.Take an advanced graduate class in antenna design, and you will have the "luxury" of implementing complex numerical methods in C, C++, FORTRAN, or some other programming language to model your antenna, simulate electromagnetic wave propagation, and analyze the system for electromagnetic interference and capability (EMI/EMC).Nanoscale device engineering will inevitably demand computational modeling and numerical computation in C, C++, Verilog-A, or other languages used for device/compact modeling.ECE-based approaches to systems engineering and reliability engineering will involve a lot of computer modeling and programming.Information theory and communication theory basically is based on mathematics and theoretical computer science. Being able to implement your ideas/methods as a computer program allows you to test your ideas and verify/validate them. Think about methods for encoding/decoding, and error detection and correction.Optical engineering and telecommunications allow you to explore different techniques for transmitting information, which is usually modeled in computers (think programming, again!), and examine everything from the performance and energy consumption of routing data packets in a telecommunications/computer network or network-on-chip (NoC). Yes, optical NoCs can use similar packet routing concepts as packet routing in telecommunications and computer networks.Other aspects of telecommunications: multimedia compression? Yes, you can implement them as software in C, C++, or MATLAB, or as VLSI circuits in SystemC, Verilog, or VHDL.Power engineering? The design, modeling, and analysis of electrical machines would involve modeling with LabVIEW, a graphical computer language (or graphical "programming" language, if you like). Smart grid design? Definitely a lot of computer modeling (read: computer programming).Now, which part of ECE does not involve programming? See IEEE Society Memberships and IEEE Technical Councils for the scope of ECE.Bottom line: You can't run away from programming in ECE. If you hate it, remember that a lot of programming and computer modeling is used in financial engineering and computational finance. So, if you wanna make big bucks in investment banking that exploits your ECE skills, think again!Addendum:[Read the last portion to address the question of whether to accept the offer to study EEE, or try to switch to (or join) a CS program.]You can learn much more skills and languages in good internships, where you are thrown into real-world projects and are expected to perform to justify your US$20/hr - US$40/hr pay check. Unfortunately, good internships where you can actually develop/design stuff and learn aren't that easily available in many areas around the world. See Pasquale Ferrara's answer to Which is better to study for a short term winter course, with the hope of a future foreign internship: Embedded systems or VLSI design?.A lot of undergraduate classes in many ECE programs may not involve programming. It all depends on where you go to college. I had to implement some numerical methods for my applied/engineering math classes in vector calculus and differential equations. But, I had a choice of programming languages to choose from. Many math classes in other programs won't require you to. Ditto for many undergraduate ECE classes in electrical machines, analog circuit design, and what not. However, at good graduate programs in the U.S. for MS/Ph.D. students, you will have lots of opportunities to learn and program, since you will have lots of projects to complete (on top of any research for Ph.D. students).Generally, they don't make you learn something for no reason. If you have to learn a bunch of languages and software to use for your engineering projects, it may be because they want to expose you to different design steps for that particular area/subfield. So, you don't have to learn that many skills and computer languages, if you don't want to.For example, for digital VLSI design, I learned Verilog for RTL design, SPICE for cell characterization and circuit simulation, and Tcl for driving/customizing EDA tools. That said, I did not get to learn SystemVerilog nor hardware verification languages, such as e and Vera. In industry, for entry-level jobs and internships in VLSI design, you need to know how to work in a UNIX environment, program in Perl or Tcl (and hopefully SKILL from Cadence Design Systems), and use Verilog (or VHDL) for RTL design. Why? Because that is what you will be paid to do. So, the technical questions are meant to determine if you can work effectively in your job, or if they have to spend a ridiculous amount of time training you. Training employees may be common in some places, such as India. In the U.S., you need to have demonstrated use of your skills in class projects, open source hardware/software projects, and prior work experience. If your source code is on Open Cores and GitHub, evaluating your skill set is so much easier.I use MATLAB as much as possible, so that I don't have to use R and what not.Using LaTeX helps me write documentation much easier. As a freshman, I started writing papers and reports with >40 references, which can be hard to manage in number-based citation/referencing style in Microsoft Word (back in the day)... The notion that ECE documentation and research papers do not involve mathematics (discrete mathematics, numerical analysis, or even abstract algebra), stochastic modeling, and statistical analysis is nonsense. Writing mathematical equations in LaTeX is so much easier than with word processors, especially if your computing environment is well set up and you have a good process for technical writing; hint: macros and templates help a lot.I used to hate UNIX, but when I saw my classmates destroying me in my mandatory CS classes in computer systems (assembly programming projects), data structures and algorithms, and software engineering, I had to pick up more skills from them so that I can be effective in my class projects. Working in the computer lab instead of my dorm room helps me interact with others, and learn how to work more effectively and efficiently. Yes, it can be distracting when others bug you for help and try to chit chat with you. But, you get to learn how the top students (possible rockstar engineers/developers) do something in 3 hours that takes you days to do it. So, you learn tricks that help you work better. Basic stuff like unit testing, test automation, regression testing can be applied to EE projects, too. Ditto for fault isolation, decoupling of modules (to reduce dependencies), and what not. This set of skills can be summed up as computational thinking, which can be learned in any academic major and be applied to any profession. See Computational Thinking and Pasquale Ferrara's answer to What tangible non-platform-specific skills do computer scientists pick up through their undergraduate education?.To paraphrase Michael Jordan, remember that the fundamentals don't change, and all that changes is your attitude/approach towards them. Reference: M. Jordan. I Can’t Accept Not Trying: Michael Jordan on the Pursuit of Excellence. Harper San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 1994.Basically, programming, like mathematical analysis, and knowledge of physics are basic skills (or "tools") that you employ to solve real-world engineering problems. Don't use more tools/skills than you need, since you want to save time and effort (and $$$). But, if you can't outcompete your competitors with your current skill set or tools, re-tool yourself and pick up more advanced skills. Programming is not the be all or end all of engineering.The technologies come and go. You need to pick up new tool-specific skills, platforms, computer languages, and what not over time. However, the fundamentals in engineering design, verification, validation, and testing do not change. Modularity is modularity, and it exists in software architectures, VLSI architectures, embedded systems, large engineering systems from cars and airplanes to telecommunication systems. Ditto for fault isolation, fundamental concepts in electromagnetic wave propagation, and what not.Yes, not going to a good engineering program to earn your BS ECE (or equivalent) and advanced degree (MS/Ph.D. ECE) affects your choices and opportunities. However, as you realized, there are a lot of learning resources online to help you grasp what you are missing out on. Joining IEEE and ACM helps expose you to what your peers are doing in their free time, for fun (e.g., IC design, and publishing their novel circuits in a research conference), and taking graduate ECE classes for MS/Ph.D. students while they were still undergrads. Studying in universities with good undergraduate programs, such as those that I mentioned in Pasquale Ferrara's answer to When recruiting Software Engineer/Computer Science majors for US companies, what international universities are on par with MIT/Stanford?, helps a lot, too. If you can't study in Politehnica University of Bucharest, fine, ask your friends who may be studying there. Ditto for the other top engineering programs in your region or the world, such as the Technion. It's okay if you can't have 100% of the opportunities that some students have. 70%, or even 30%, isn't that bad. It is better than 0%.Like I said, asking people in industry and monitoring job advertisements as you progress through college and graduate school will you figure out what skills employers (or rather, hiring managers) want.As for why good ECE programs encourage you to build up a broad base of skills spanning ECE (as aforementioned), and yet more skills in critical areas, such as technical writing, technical/engineering management, and intellectual property law, well, it is to enable ECE graduates to explore different career paths. You don't have to study in the U.S. to realize that a B.A./B.S. (or equivalent) is a basic degree in many professions (such as medicine, law, ECE, and CS). Some career paths may not require more than a B.A./B.S.. But, if you want to outcompete others, you need to have a unique skill set that may be obtained in MS/Ph.D. programs.WIth this in mind, since not everybody wants to be a computer architect, you will find ECE graduates (like many other graduates) venturing into different professions. Some NCAA Division I student-atheletes graduating with BS ECE may become professional athletes. Others may go into management consulting. Some may choose to teach science and math in high schools, while others may teach English to non-English speaking people in Europe or East Asia. Some go to law school and pick up their law degrees (e.g., J.D. or LL.B.), and become lawyers in intellectual property law for high-tech companies. Some become start-up entrepreneurs, and/or venture capitalists. This is where the breadth of skills come in handy. Ditto for having intercultural competence. Also, this helps you in interdisciplinary research, if research is your cup of tea.I may be terribly wrong, but I believe that there are much more low-skilled software engineers and web developers than VLSI designers (read: digital IC designers). There are much more VLSI designers than AMS/RF IC designers. The proportion of rockstar engineers/developers is very small. The number of highly-skilled software developers is also very small, especially in niche topics like embedded computer vision and electronic design automation; these people typically have MS/Ph.D.s in CS and/or ECE.The number of not-so-good BS/MS CS programs is huge. It is very hard to differentiate yourself in many traditional software development jobs, even for full-stack developers. Front-end developers? Forget about it. Pick something that you know many, if not most people, hate and are weak/poor at but that you love. You will be much better off working in that sweet spot, which will enable you to out-innovate the large amount of software developers in Latin America, Europe, South Asia (including India), and East Asia (e.g., China, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan).Also, the hot emerging technological trends in big data, cloud computing, and cyber-physical systems (facilitating the Internet of Things) allow you to exploit ECE skills better than CS graduates. Most CS graduates are weak in numerical analysis, physics, and engineering. They cannot handle the engineering, statistical analysis, stochastic modeling (ever heard of CS students volunteering to take graduate ECE classes in random processes at MIT, Berkeley, Stanford, and USC? Probably not.), and continuous-time domain aspects of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Exploit this. Now, you are collecting so much information in your CPS devices anyway. What should you do with them? Big data analysis! Domain-specific analytics, whether it be for basketball, financial analysis, or medicine will be the sweet spot for you to tap into your wisdom and insight regarding your passion (whatever it is).Bottom line: An ECE degree may help you separate yourself from the pack more easily. However, it is not for everybody.P/S: Whatever you do, don't listen to bigots like Razvan. He is not just anti-American, anti-CS, but also foolish and not-so-smart.

I don’t know. Where would the world be?INVENTORS OF POPULOUS PPT CRYPTOCURRENCY - Populous is now rated as the 51st most valuable cryptocurrency in the world out of about 2,000, with a market value of about £100 million - (STEVEN AND SAM WILLIAMS)https://www.standard.co.uk/news/...FASTEST COMPUTER ( PHILIP EMEAGWALI)Inventor of the World's Fastest ComputerPUT FORWARD THE ANDREW-CURTIS CONJECTURE IN GROUP THEORY (MATHEMATICS) WITH MORTON L CURTIS - (JAMES, J ANDREWS)YES HE WAS BLACK! Andrews was a member for the organization, “African Americans For Humanism” (AAH) Advisory Board.Andrews, James J. (Mathematician) - UrbanAreas.netLATEX AND POLYMERS ( BETTYE WASHINGTON GREENE)Dr. Bettye Washington Greene (1935-1995)FIRST TO CARRY OUT SEPARATION OF CONJOINED TWINS - (Dr BEN CARSON)Dr. Ben Carson, surgical pioneer and more - African American RegistryPIONEERED ALZHEIMER’S RESEARCH DURING HIS CAREER AND ADVANCED THE STUDY OF MANY OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES INCLUDING SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MANIC DEPRESSION (DR SOLOMON FULLER)Fuller, Solomon Carter (1872-1953)FIRST BLACK REMAKE DIRECTOR OF A U.S PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE BUREAU - CREDITED FOR HER GROUNDBREAKING RESEARCH IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA- (DR MARILYN GASTON)Marilyn Gaston, M.D.PIONEERING CANCER RESEARCHER AND ACCOMPLISHED SURGEON. HER WORK IS LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ELEVATING CHEMOTHERAPY AS A LAST DITCH EFFORT AT TREATING CANCER PATIENTS TO A VIABLE TREATMENT OPTION. DR WRIGHT ALSO DEVELOPED A NONSURGICAL METHOD USING A CATHETER SYSTEM TO DELIVER HEAVY DOSES OF ANTICANCER DRUGS TO PREVIOUSLY HARD TO REACH TUMOR AREAS IN THE KIDNEYS, SPLEEN AND ELSEWHERE (DR JANE WRIGHT)Dr Jane WrightAPPOINTED PROFESSOR OF PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL IN 1918 - THE FIRST BLACK INSTRUCTOR IN THE SCHOOL’S HISTORY. DR HINTON LATER BECAME A WORLD-RENOWNED EXPERT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS (WILLIAM HINTON)William A. Hinton: The first African American to author a medical textbookFIRST SUCCESSFUL OPEN HEART SURGERY (DR DANIEL HALE)Daniel Hale WilliamsDEVELOPED ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER CONTROL UNIT AND IMPROVED ELECTRICAL RESISTOR (OTIS BOYKIN)Otis BoykinInvented an Improved Electrical ResistorCO-CREATOR OF IBM (DR MARK DEAN)Mark Dean (computer scientist) - WikipediaCREATED PROCEDURE FOR CATARACT SURGERY (DR PATRICIA BATH)Patricia BathX-RAY SPECTOMETER (GEORGE ALCORN)Inventor of the Imaging X-ray SpectrometerTHE SECOND BLACK WOMAN TO EARN A PHD IN MATHEMATICS AND WORKED ON IMPORTANT NASA SPACE PROGRAMS BECOMING A LONGTIME PROFESSOR (EVELYN BOYD GRANVILLE)Evelyn Boyd GranvillePUBLISHED BOOK OF MEDICAL DISCOURSES IN 1883 WHICH DREW INFORMATION FROM HER CLINICAL EXPERIENCES TO HELP WOMEN BETTER CARE FOR THE HEALTH OF THEIR FAMILIES - (DR REBECCA CRUMPLER)21 medical pioneers to celebrate this Black History MonthFIRST BLACK WOMAN ADMITTED AS A FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. in 1950 SERVED AS DIRECTOR OF OBSTETRICS AT MERCY DOUGLASS HOSPITAL IN COLLINGDALE, Pa FOR MORE THAN 12 YEARS (DR HELEN DICKENS)21 medical pioneers to celebrate this Black History MonthIN 1960, SET UP AN ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER AT NORTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, BECAME THE THIRD PERSON IN 1949 TO GAIN A PHD IN MATHEMATICS (MARJORIE LEE BROWNE)Marjorie Lee BrowneTHE 18TH US SURGEON GENERAL (DR REGINA BENJAMIN)Regina BenjaminFIRST BLACK, FEMALE ASTRONAUT IN NASA HISTORY (DR MAE C JEMISON)LibGuides: Black History Month: A Medical Perspective: PeopleFIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO TRAVEL INTO SPACE - Challenger Mission 1983 -( GUION S BLUFORD)Guion S. BlufordINVENTED AMERICA’S FIRST CLOCK (BENJAMIN BANNEKER)Invented America's First ClockPATENT FOR CCTV IN 1966 (MARIE VAN BRITTAN BROWN)Marie Van Brittan Brown: Home Security System Inventor - America Comes AliveINVENTOR OF THE BLOOD BANK (DR CHARLES DREW)Charles DrewCHEMISTRY OF EXPLOSIVES AND HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES (DR BETTY HARRIS)Dr. Betty HarrisTHEORETICAL PHYSICS AND ADVANCES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS (DR SHIRLEY ANNE JACKSON)Telecommunications InventionsINVENTOR OF TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION (FREDERICK McKINLEY JONES)Jones, Frederick McKinley (1893-1961)INVENTOR OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND GAS MASKS (GARRETT A MORGAN)Garrett MorganNASA TECHNOLOGIES (VALERIE THOMAS)‘Hidden Figure’ No More: NASA Inventor Valerie ThomasHIDDEN FIGURES WOMEN - (MARY JACKSON, KATHERINE JOHNSON, DOROTHY VAUGHAN) Contributions to the NASA space race.NASA’s Hidden Figures: Women You Need to KnowINVENTOR OF LINGO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - (HENRY THOMPSON)Computer Programming and Software InventionsRESEARCH ON BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTS - Part of one of the few African-American husband-and-wife teams in science, Gladys worked with George C Royal on research supported by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Collaborated on important research involving bone marrow transplants to treat radiation overdoses. Their work had direct relevance to cancer treatment, which used high doses of radiation and could cause tissue damage. It also reflected Cold war fears of possible nuclear attack - (GLADYS W ROYAL & GEORGE C ROYAL)Gladys W. Royal - WikipediaWikiVisually.comDEVELOPED THE ONLY EFFECTIVE CURE FOR LEPROSY (ALICE BALL)How the Woman Who Found a Leprosy Treatment Was Almost Lost to HistoryRESEARCH ON HOW HYPERTENSION AFFECTS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON LUNGS (MARIE MAYNARD DALY)Marie Maynard Daly - African-American Scientist - BiochemistHENRIETTA LACKS - REPLICATION OF HER CELLS (WITHOUT HER PERMISSION) LED TO ADVANCEMENTS IN MODERN MEDICINE AND A CURE FOR POLIO.The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks3-D GLASSES AND HOLOGRAPHY (KENNETH J DUNKLEY)The 25 Most Important Black Tech PioneersKenneth J. Dunkley3-D Viewing Glasses and HolographyPROFESSOR OF BIO-ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY -DEVELOPED SILICON RETINA ABLE TO PROCESS IMAGES IN THE SAME MANNER AS A LIVING RETINA (KWABENA BOAHEN)Kwabena BoahenELECTRET MICROPHONE INVENTOR LATER USED IN 90% OF CONTEMPORARY MICROPHONES (DR JAMES E. WEST)James WestGAMMA-ELECTRIC CELL, BINDER SYSTEM AND CASE-BOUNDING SYSTEMS FOR PROPELLANTS (HENRY SAMPSON)The 25 Most Important Black Tech PioneersHenry SampsonIMAGE CONVERTER AND ULTRAVIOLET CAMERA AND SPECTOGRAPH TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE (GEORGE R CARRUTHERS)George R. CarruthersLUBRICATION SYSTEM THAT GREASED UP ENGINES AND MACHINES WITHOUT HAVING TO SHUT THEM DOWN (ELIJAH McCOY)Elijah McCoy | African American Inventors | Scholastic.comRAILROAD SEMAPHORE, MULTIPLE BARREL MACHINE GUN, BEER-KEG TAP, SELF-LOCKING RACK FOR BILLIARD CUES, AUTOMOBILE DIRECTIONAL SIGNALS, AUTOMATIC GEAR SHIFT AND AUTOMATIC CAR WASHER (RICHARD SPIKES)Spikes, Richard (1878-1965)INVENTOR OF AUTOMATED ELEVATOR DOOR SYSTEM (ALEXANDER MILES)Alexander Miles: African American InventorCOLLIMATOR ( device used to align two or more devices and set toward at a proper focus). HE ALSO DESIGNED RADIATION ACTIVITY MEASURING DEVICES AND AUTOMATIC AIR AND WATER SAMPLING EQUIPMENT (ROSCOE L. KOONTZ)African American InventorHEATING SYSTEMS FOR HUGE BUILDINGS, REFRIGERATION METHODS, VACUUM PUMP, AUTOMOBILE TURN SIGNAL AND THERMOSTAT CONTROL (DAVID N. CROSTHWAIT)David Nelson Crosthwait Jr.TELEGRAPHONY, TROLLEY CONDUCTING SYSTEM, THIRD BRAKE AND IMPROVED AIR BRAKE (GRANVILLE T WOODS)Granville T. Woods: Inventor and InnovatorTHE INCINERAID SYSTEM, FOCUS FLOW HEAT SINK AND INDUSTRIAL PAINT SPRAY - PIONEER RESEARCHER FOR CREATING ELECTROGASDYNAMICS - THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM THE CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY CONTAINED IN A HIGH-PRESSURE, IONIZED MOVING GAS (MEREDITH GOURDINE)Meredith GourdineWATER CLOSET - BEST KNOWN FOR IMPROVING THE RAILROAD TOILET SYSTEM WITH THE WATER CLOSET- THE TOILET (LEWIS HOWARD LATIMER)Lewis Latimer - Inventor of the Carbon Filament Light BulbCREATED THE SMART SHOE - (RONALD S. DEMO)Lemelson-MIT ProgramINVENTED THE FOLDING BED (BAILEY C. LEONARD)Folding bed patented - African American RegistryPIONEER IN GASTROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPY - (BERRY LEONIDAS)Berry, Leonidas H(1902–1995) - Physician, lecturer, Chronology, Professional Achievements, World Travel, The Flying Black MedicsAFRICAN-AMERICAN MATHEMATICIAN AND THEORIST WHO WORKED EXTENSIVELY ON PROBABILITY THEORY, MARKOV CHAINS AND STATISTICS. AUTHOR OR MORE THAN 70 PAPERS AND 6 BOOKS, HIS WORK TOUCHED ON DIVERSE FIELDS SUCH AS ECONOMICS, PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY - (ALBERT TURNER BHARUCHA-REID)Bharucha-Reid, Albert Turner (1927-1985) | Amistad Research CenterDEVELOPED WARSHIP STEAM ENGINE (BENJAMIN BRADLEY)Benjamin Bradley-Developed & Built an Engine for 1st Steam-Powered WarshipRENOWNED NASA BIOCHEMIST AND INVENTOR - HIS RESEARCH ENABLED THE MORE ACCURATE DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN WATER (EMMETT CHAPPELLE)Emmett Chappelle | The HistoryMakersFIRST BLACK, FEMALE NEUROSURGEON - UNDER HER GUIDANCE, THE DEPARTMENT GAINED NATIONAL RECOGNITION AND HAS CONSISTENTLY BEEN RANKED AMONG AMERICA’S BEST PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY PROGRAMS IN U.S. News & World Report's Best Children's Hospitals list (DR ALEXA CANADY)Alexa CanadyFIRST BLACK MAN TO LEAD A MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY (DR KENNETH FRAZIER)Kenneth Frazier - WikipediaEARNED SEVERAL ADVANCED MATHEMATICS DEGREES - 19TH CENTURY - FIRST BLACK MAN TO ATTEND JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (KELLY MILLER)Kelly MillerCIVIL ENGINEER - RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MANY ROADS AND BRIDGES INCLUDING THE WHITEHURST FREEWAY, THE TIDAL BASIN BRIDGE AND AN EXTENSION TO THE BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON PARKWAY - (ALEXANDER ARCHIE ALPHONSO)Alexander, Archie Alphonso (1888-1958)DISCOVERED HUNDREDS OF USES FOR PREVIOUSLY USELESS VEGETABLES AND FRUITS - PRINCIPALLY THE PEANUT. DEVELOPED TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SOILS DEPLETED BY REPEATED PLANTINGS OF COTTON. WANTED POOR FARMERS TO GROW ALTERNATIVE CROPS SUCH AS PEANUTS ANS SWEET POTATOES AS A SOURCE OF THEIR OWN FOOD AND TO IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE (GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER)George Washington Carver - WikipediaC0-CREATOR OF SERVICE-ORIENTED MODELLING AND ARCHITECTURE, SOMA AND THE SERVICE INTEGRATION MATURITY MODEL (SIMM) - (KERRIE HOLLEY)Kerrie HolleyBIRD SONG STUDIES - LEADS A TEAM OF RESEARCHERS WHO STUDY THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VOCAL LEARNING, A CRITICAL BEHAVIORAL SUBSTRATE FOR SPOKEN LANGUAGE. THE ANIMAL MODEL HE STUDIES INCLUDES SONGBIRDS, PARROTS AND HUMMINGBIRDS. JARVIS AND HIS TEAM HOPE TO SHED LIGHT ON SPEECH DISORDERS IN HUMANS AND HELP RESTORE SOME VOICES SILENCED BY DISABILITY OR DISEASE (ERICH JARVIS)Erich D. Jarvis, PhD | HHMI.orgCHESS GRANDMASTER - SWEDISH-BLACK (PONTIUS CARLSSON)Pontus CarlssonCHESS GRANDMASTER - FIRST GRANDMASTER FROM SUBHARAN AFRICA - (AMON SIMUTOWE)Amon Simutowe - WikipediaCHESS GRANDMASTER - FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSON TO ATTAIN THE TITLE OF GRANDMASTER (Maurice Ashley)GM Maurice AshleyASTRONOMY“Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some were so advanced that their mode of discovery still cannot be understood”.“A structure known as the African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya (constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar”MATHOnly a few of us know that many modern high-school-level concepts in mathematics first were developed in Africa, as was the first method of counting. More than 35,000 years ago, Ancient Egyptians scripted textbooks about math that included division and multiplication of fractions and geometric formulas to calculate the area and volume of shapes. Distances and angles were calculated, algebraic equations were solved and mathematically based predictions were made of the size of floods of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have 360 degrees and estimated Π at 3.16Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?METALLURGY AND TOOLS“Advances in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago surpassed those of Europeans then and were astonishing to Europeans when they learned of them. Ancient Tanzanian furnaces could reach 1,800°C — 200 to 400°C warmer than those of the Romans”.ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING“In the 12th century and much farther south, there were hundreds of great cities in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. There, massive stone complexes were the hubs of cities. One included a 250-meter-long, 15,000-ton curved granite wall (9). The cities featured huge castlelike compounds with numerous rooms for specific tasks, such as iron-smithing. In the 13th century, the empire of Mali boasted impressive cities, including Timbuktu, with grand palaces, mosques and universities”.MEDICINE“Many treatments we use today were employed by several ancient peoples throughout Africa. Before the European invasion of Africa, medicine in what is now Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, to name just a few places, was more advanced than medicine in Europe. Some of these practices were the use of plants with salicylic acid for pain (as in aspirin), kaolin for diarrhea (as in Kaopectate), and extracts that were confirmed in the 20th century to kill Gram positive bacteria. Other plants used had anticancer properties, caused abortion and treated malaria — and these have been shown to be as effective as many modern-day Western treatments. Furthermore, Africans discovered ouabain, capsicum, physostigmine and reserpine. Medical procedures performed in ancient Africa before they were performed in Europe include vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and broken bone setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental cavities, installation of false teeth, what is now known as Caesarean section, anesthesia and tissue cauterization. In addition, African cultures preformed surgeries under antiseptic conditions universally when this concept was only emerging in Europe”. Source - Van Sertima, I. “The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview.” Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. 7 – 26 (1983).PAPER, ALPHABET, INK AND PENAfrica’s Major Contributions to Civilization“Many inventions from Africa contributed to the birth of every technology that exists today. Of those many inventions, scholars such as John G. Jackson (1993) believed that the greatest inventions were the paper, alphabet, ink, and pen. The Kemites of northern Africa discovered the need for something other than stone to write upon; therefore, they invented the paper from stripes of papyrus reed. The word “paper” was derived from the word “papyrus,” a Kemetic word that originally meant “that which belongs to the house.” The ink was made from a combination of vegetable gum, soot, and water. James Henry Breasted (1915) asserted that writing has played the single most important role in the uplifting and advancing of civilization – a greater role than any other intellectual invention in the history of Humankind . Clearly, many technologies of today would not have been conceived efficiently without the Kemites’ ingenious inventions of the paper, alphabet, ink, and pen”.ELECTRICITY“Several sources credit that invention to the Greek scientist, Thales of Miletus. Even in their book entitled Electricity by C.A. Coulson and T.J.M. Boyd, the following statements were made:The fact that a piece of amber, when rubbed, will attract small particles of matter was known 2500 years ago by Thales of Miletus. From this simple experimental fact has developed the whole science of electrostatics, which deals with the properties of electricity at rest. Numerous other sources also extended credit to Thales of Miletus. Scholars claimed that he discovered that when amber was rubbed with other materials, it became charged with an unknown force that had the power to attract objects such as dried leaves, feathers, bits of cloth, or other lightweight materials. Of all the sources investigated, all of them omitted the fact that Thales of Miletusreceived an education in ancient Kemet. His ability for keen observation can be contributed to the Black people of ancient Kemet. He studied in Egypt and Babylon, bringing back knowledge of physics, astronomy and mathematics. Documented evidence shows that the Babylonians copied and obtained all of their knowledge from the people of ancient Kemet”.NAVIGATION“Most of us learn that Europeans were the first to sail to the Americas. However, several lines of evidence suggest that ancient Africans sailed to South America and Asia hundreds of years before Europeans. Thousands of miles of waterways across Africa were trade routes. Many ancient societies in Africa built a variety of boats, including small reed-based vessels, sailboats and grander structures with many cabins and even cooking facilities. The Mali and Songhai built boats 100 feet long and 13 feet wide that could carry up to 80 tons. Currents in the Atlantic Ocean flow from this part of West Africa to South America. Genetic evidence from plants and descriptions and art from societies inhabiting South America at the time suggest small numbers of West Africans sailed to the east coast of South America and remained there. Contemporary scientists have reconstructed these ancient vessels and their fishing gear and have completed the transatlantic voyage successfully. Around the same time as they were sailing to South America, the 13th century, these ancient peoples also sailed to China and back, carrying elephants as cargo”. Source - Van Sertima, I. “The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview.” Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. 7 – 26 (1983).

You are pathological and rabidly obsessed with black people. I have seen your other questions and nearly every single one of them is about African people. Why do you think that might be? Does this answer your barely veiled racist question which alludes to some notion that African (and black) people in general have created and developed nothing?ASTRONOMY“Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some were so advanced that their mode of discovery still cannot be understood”.“A structure known as the African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya (constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar”MATHSOnly a few of us know that many modern high-school-level concepts in mathematics first were developed in Africa, as was the first method of counting. More than 35,000 years ago, Ancient Egyptians scripted textbooks about math that included division and multiplication of fractions and geometric formulas to calculate the area and volume of shapes. Distances and angles were calculated, algebraic equations were solved and mathematically based predictions were made of the size of floods of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have 360 degrees and estimated Π at 3.16METALLURGY AND TOOLS“Advances in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago surpassed those of Europeans then and were astonishing to Europeans when they learned of them. Ancient Tanzanian furnaces could reach 1,800°C — 200 to 400°C warmer than those of the Romans”.ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING“In the 12th century and much farther south, there were hundreds of great cities in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. There, massive stone complexes were the hubs of cities. One included a 250-meter-long, 15,000-ton curved granite wall (9). The cities featured huge castlelike compounds with numerous rooms for specific tasks, such as iron-smithing. In the 13th century, the empire of Mali boasted impressive cities, including Timbuktu, with grand palaces, mosques and universities”.MEDICINE“Many treatments we use today were employed by several ancient peoples throughout Africa. Before the European invasion of Africa, medicine in what is now Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, to name just a few places, was more advanced than medicine in Europe. Some of these practices were the use of plants with salicylic acid for pain (as in aspirin), kaolin for diarrhea (as in Kaopectate), and extracts that were confirmed in the 20th century to kill Gram positive bacteria. Other plants used had anticancer properties, caused abortion and treated malaria — and these have been shown to be as effective as many modern-day Western treatments. Furthermore, Africans discovered ouabain, capsicum, physostigmine and reserpine. Medical procedures performed in ancient Africa before they were performed in Europe include vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and broken bone setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental cavities, installation of false teeth, what is now known as Caesarean section, anesthesia and tissue cauterization (3). In addition, African cultures preformed surgeries under antiseptic conditions universally when this concept was only emerging in Europe”. Source - Van Sertima, I. “The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview.” Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. 7 – 26 (1983).PAPER, ALPHABET, INK AND PENAfrica’s Major Contributions to Civilization“Many inventions from Africa contributed to the birth of every technology that exists today. Of those many inventions, scholars such as John G. Jackson (1993) believed that the greatest inventions were the paper, alphabet, ink, and pen. The Kemites of northern Africa discovered the need for something other than stone to write upon; therefore, they invented the paper from stripes of papyrus reed. The word “paper” was derived from the word “papyrus,” a Kemetic word that originally meant “that which belongs to the house.” The ink was made from a combination of vegetable gum, soot, and water. James Henry Breasted (1915) asserted that writing has played the single most important role in the uplifting and advancing of civilization – a greater role than any other intellectual invention in the history of Humankind . Clearly, many technologies of today would not have been conceived efficiently without the Kemites’ ingenious inventions of the paper, alphabet, ink, and pen”.ELECTRICITY“Several sources credit that invention to the Greek scientist, Thales of Miletus. Even in their book entitled Electricity by C.A. Coulson and T.J.M. Boyd, the following statements were made:The fact that a piece of amber, when rubbed, will attract small particles of matter was known 2500 years ago by Thales of Miletus. From this simple experimental fact has developed the whole science of electrostatics, which deals with the properties of electricity at rest. Numerous other sources also extended credit to Thales of Miletus. Scholars claimed that he discovered that when amber was rubbed with other materials, it became charged with an unknown force that had the power to attract objects such as dried leaves, feathers, bits of cloth, or other lightweight materials. Of all the sources investigated, all of them omitted the fact that Thales of Miletusreceived an education in ancient Kemet. His ability for keen observation can be contributed to the Black people of ancient Kemet. He studied in Egypt and Babylon, bringing back knowledge of physics, astronomy and mathematics. Documented evidence shows that the Babylonians copied and obtained all of their knowledge from the people of ancient Kemet”.NAVIGATION“Most of us learn that Europeans were the first to sail to the Americas. However, several lines of evidence suggest that ancient Africans sailed to South America and Asia hundreds of years before Europeans. Thousands of miles of waterways across Africa were trade routes. Many ancient societies in Africa built a variety of boats, including small reed-based vessels, sailboats and grander structures with many cabins and even cooking facilities. The Mali and Songhai built boats 100 feet long and 13 feet wide that could carry up to 80 tons. Currents in the Atlantic Ocean flow from this part of West Africa to South America. Genetic evidence from plants and descriptions and art from societies inhabiting South America at the time suggest small numbers of West Africans sailed to the east coast of South America and remained there. Contemporary scientists have reconstructed these ancient vessels and their fishing gear and have completed the transatlantic voyage successfully. Around the same time as they were sailing to South America, the 13th century, these ancient peoples also sailed to China and back, carrying elephants as cargo”. Source - Van Sertima, I. “The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview.” Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. 7 – 26 (1983).Non-exhaustive of black accomplishments which have contributed to human civilization:BLACK INVENTIONS AND ADVANCEMENTSINVENTORS OF POPULOUS PPT CRYPTOCURRENCY - Populous is now rated as the 51st most valuable cryptocurrency in the world out of about 2,000, with a market value of about £100 million - (STEVEN AND SAM WILLIAMS)https://www.standard.co.uk/news/...FASTEST COMPUTER ( PHILIP EMEAGWALI)Inventor of the World's Fastest ComputerPUT FORWARD THE ANDREW-CURTIS CONJECTURE IN GROUP THEORY (MATHEMATICS) WITH MORTON L CURTIS - (ANDREW J JAMES)Andrews, James J. (Mathematician) - UrbanAreas.netLATEX AND POLYMERS ( BETTYE WASHINGTON GREENE)Dr. Bettye Washington Greene (1935-1995)FIRST TO CARRY OUT SEPARATION OF CONJOINED TWINS - (Dr BEN CARSON)Dr. Ben Carson, surgical pioneer and more - African American RegistryPIONEERED ALZHEIMER’S RESEARCH DURING HIS CAREER AND ADVANCED THE STUDY OF MANY OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES INCLUDING SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MANIC DEPRESSION (DR SOLOMON FULLER)Fuller, Solomon Carter (1872-1953)FIRST BLACK REMAKE DIRECTOR OF A U.S PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE BUREAU - CREDITED FOR HER GROUNDBREAKING RESEARCH IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA- (DR MARILYN GASTON)Marilyn Gaston, M.D.PIONEERING CANCER RESEARCHER AND ACCOMPLISHED SURGEON. HER WORK IS LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ELEVATING CHEMOTHERAPY AS A LAST DITCH EFFORT AT TREATING CANCER PATIENTS TO A VIABLE TREATMENT OPTION. DR WRIGHT ALSO DEVELOPED A NONSURGICAL METHOD USING A CATHETER SYSTEM TO DELIVER HEAVY DOSES OF ANTICANCER DRUGS TO PREVIOUSLY HARD TO REACH TUMOR AREAS IN THE KIDNEYS, SPLEEN AND ELSEWHERE (DR JANE WRIGHT)Dr Jane WrightAPPOINTED PROFESSOR OF PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL IN 1918 - THE FIRST BLACK INSTRUCTOR IN THE SCHOOL’S HISTORY. DR HINTON LATER BECAME A WORLD-RENOWNED EXPERT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS (WILLIAM HINTON)William A. Hinton: The first African American to author a medical textbookFIRST SUCCESSFUL OPEN HEART SURGERY (DR DANIEL HALE)Daniel Hale WilliamsDEVELOPED ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER CONTROL UNIT AND IMPROVED ELECTRICAL RESISTOR (OTIS BOYKIN)Otis BoykinInvented an Improved Electrical ResistorCO-CREATOR OF IBM (DR MARK DEAN)Mark Dean (computer scientist) - WikipediaCREATED PROCEDURE FOR CATARACT SURGERY (DR PATRICIA BATH)Patricia BathX-RAY SPECTOMETER (GEORGE ALCORN)Inventor of the Imaging X-ray SpectrometerTHE SECOND BLACK WOMAN TO EARN A PHD IN MATHEMATICS AND WORKED ON IMPORTANT NASA SPACE PROGRAMS BECOMING A LONGTIME PROFESSOR (EVELYN BOYD GRANVILLE)Evelyn Boyd GranvillePUBLISHED BOOK OF MEDICAL DISCOURSES IN 1883 WHICH DREW INFORMATION FROM HER CLINICAL EXPERIENCES TO HELP WOMEN BETTER CARE FOR THE HEALTH OF THEIR FAMILIES - (DR REBECCA CRUMPLER)21 medical pioneers to celebrate this Black History MonthFIRST BLACK WOMAN ADMITTED AS A FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. in 1950 SERVED AS DIRECTOR OF OBSTETRICS AT MERCY DOUGLASS HOSPITAL IN COLLINGDALE, Pa FOR MORE THAN 12 YEARS (DR HELEN DICKENS)21 medical pioneers to celebrate this Black History MonthIN 1960, SET UP AN ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER AT NORTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, BECAME THE THIRD PERSON IN 1949 TO GAIN A PHD IN MATHEMATICS (MARJORIE LEE BROWNE)Marjorie Lee BrowneTHE 18TH US SURGEON GENERAL (DR REGINA BENJAMIN)Regina BenjaminFIRST BLACK, FEMALE ASTRONAUT IN NASA HISTORY (DR MAE C JEMISON)LibGuides: Black History Month: A Medical Perspective: PeopleFIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO TRAVEL INTO SPACE - Challenger Mission 1983 -( GUION S BLUFORD)Guion S. BlufordINVENTED AMERICA’S FIRST CLOCK (BENJAMIN BANNEKER)Invented America's First ClockPATENT FOR CCTV IN 1966 (MARIE VAN BRITTAN BROWN)Marie Van Brittan Brown: Home Security System Inventor - America Comes AliveINVENTOR OF THE BLOOD BANK (DR CHARLES DREW)Charles DrewCHEMISTRY OF EXPLOSIVES AND HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES (DR BETTY HARRIS)Dr. Betty HarrisTHEORETICAL PHYSICS AND ADVANCES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS (DR SHIRLEY ANNE JACKSON)Telecommunications InventionsINVENTOR OF TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION (FREDERICK McKINLEY JONES)Jones, Frederick McKinley (1893-1961)INVENTOR OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND GAS MASKS (GARRETT A MORGAN)Garrett MorganNASA TECHNOLOGIES (VALERIE THOMAS)‘Hidden Figure’ No More: NASA Inventor Valerie ThomasHIDDEN FIGURES WOMEN - (MARY JACKSON, KATHERINE JOHNSON, DOROTHY VAUGHAN) Contributions to the NASA space race.NASA’s Hidden Figures: Women You Need to KnowINVENTOR OF LINGO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - (HENRY THOMPSON)Computer Programming and Software InventionsRESEARCH ON BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTS (GLADYS W ROYAL)Gladys W. Royal - WikipediaDEVELOPED THE ONLY EFFECTIVE CURE FOR LEPROSY (ALICE BALL)How the Woman Who Found a Leprosy Treatment Was Almost Lost to HistoryRESEARCH ON HOW HYPERTENSION AFFECTS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON LUNGS (MARIE MAYNARD DALY)Marie Maynard Daly - African-American Scientist - BiochemistHENRIETTA LACKS - REPLICATION OF HER CELLS (WITHOUT HER PERMISSION) LED TO ADVANCEMENTS IN MODERN MEDICINE AND A CURE FOR POLIO.The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks3-D GLASSES AND HOLOGRAPHY (KENNETH J DUNKLEY)The 25 Most Important Black Tech PioneersKenneth J. Dunkley3-D Viewing Glasses and HolographyPROFESSOR OF BIO-ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY -DEVELOPED SILICON RETINA ABLE TO PROCESS IMAGES IN THE SAME MANNER AS A LIVING RETINA (KWABENA BOAHEN)Kwabena BoahenELECTRET MICROPHONE INVENTOR LATER USED IN 90% OF CONTEMPORARY MICROPHONES (DR JAMES E. WEST)James WestGAMMA-ELECTRIC CELL, BINDER SYSTEM AND CASE-BOUNDING SYSTEMS FOR PROPELLANTS (HENRY SAMPSON)The 25 Most Important Black Tech PioneersHenry SampsonIMAGE CONVERTER AND ULTRAVIOLET CAMERA AND SPECTOGRAPH TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE (GEORGE R CARRUTHERS)George R. CarruthersLUBRICATION SYSTEM THAT GREASED UP ENGINES AND MACHINES WITHOUT HAVING TO SHUT THEM DOWN (ELIJAH McCOY)Elijah McCoy | African American Inventors | Scholastic.comRAILROAD SEMAPHORE, MULTIPLE BARREL MACHINE GUN, BEER-KEG TAP, SELF-LOCKING RACK FOR BILLIARD CUES, AUTOMOBILE DIRECTIONAL SIGNALS, AUTOMATIC GEAR SHIFT AND AUTOMATIC CAR WASHER (RICHARD SPIKES)Spikes, Richard (1878-1965)INVENTOR OF AUTOMATED ELEVATOR DOOR SYSTEM (ALEXANDER MILES)Alexander Miles: African American InventorCOLLIMATOR ( device used to align two or more devices and set toward at a proper focus). HE ALSO DESIGNED RADIATION ACTIVITY MEASURING DEVICES AND AUTOMATIC AIR AND WATER SAMPLING EQUIPMENT (ROSCOE L. KOONTZ)African American InventorHEATING SYSTEMS FOR HUGE BUILDINGS, REFRIGERATION METHODS, VACUUM PUMP, AUTOMOBILE TURN SIGNAL AND THERMOSTAT CONTROL (DAVID N. CROSTHWAIT)David Nelson Crosthwait Jr.TELEGRAPHONY, TROLLEY CONDUCTING SYSTEM, THIRD BRAKE AND IMPROVED AIR BRAKE (GRANVILLE T WOODS)Granville T. Woods: Inventor and InnovatorTHE INCINERAID SYSTEM, FOCUS FLOW HEAT SINK AND INDUSTRIAL PAINT SPRAY - PIONEER RESEARCHER FOR CREATING ELECTROGASDYNAMICS - THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM THE CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY CONTAINED IN A HIGH-PRESSURE, IONIZED MOVING GAS (MEREDITH GOURDINE)Meredith GourdineWATER CLOSET - BEST KNOWN FOR IMPROVING THE RAILROAD TOILET SYSTEM WITH THE WATER CLOSET- THE TOILET (LEWIS HOWARD LATIMER)Lewis Latimer - Inventor of the Carbon Filament Light BulbCREATED THE SMART SHOE - (RONALD S. DEMO)Lemelson-MIT ProgramINVENTED THE FOLDING BED (BAILEY C. LEONARD)Folding bed patented - African American RegistryPIONEER IN GASTROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPY - (BERRY LEONIDAS)Berry, Leonidas H(1902–1995) - Physician, lecturer, Chronology, Professional Achievements, World Travel, The Flying Black MedicsAFRICAN-AMERICAN MATHEMATICIAN AND THEORIST WHO WORKED EXTENSIVELY ON PROBABILITY THEORY, MARKOV CHAINS AND STATISTICS. AUTHOR OR MORE THAN 70 PAPERS AND 6 BOOKS, HIS WORK TOUCHED ON DIVERSE FIELDS SUCH AS ECONOMICS, PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY - (ALBERT TURNER BHARUCHA-REID)Bharucha-Reid, Albert Turner (1927-1985) | Amistad Research CenterDEVELOPED WARSHIP STEAM ENGINE (BENJAMIN BRADLEY)Benjamin Bradley-Developed & Built an Engine for 1st Steam-Powered WarshipRENOWNED NASA BIOCHEMIST AND INVENTOR - HIS RESEARCH ENABLED THE MORE ACCURATE DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN WATER (EMMETT CHAPPELLE)Emmett Chappelle | The HistoryMakersFIRST BLACK, FEMALE NEUROSURGEON - UNDER HER GUIDANCE, THE DEPARTMENT GAINED NATIONAL RECOGNITION AND HAS CONSISTENTLY BEEN RANKED AMONG AMERICA’S BEST PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY PROGRAMS IN U.S. News & World Report's Best Children's Hospitals list (DR ALEXA CANADY)Alexa CanadyFIRST BLACK MAN TO LEAD A MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY (DR KENNETH FRAZIER)Kenneth Frazier - WikipediaEARNED SEVERAL ADVANCED MATHEMATICS DEGREES - 19TH CENTURY - FIRST BLACK MAN TO ATTEND JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (KELLY MILLER)Kelly MillerCIVIL ENGINEER - RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MANY ROADS AND BRIDGES INCLUDING THE WHITEHURST FREEWAY, THE TIDAL BASIN BRIDGE AND AN EXTENSION TO THE BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON PARKWAY - (ALEXANDER ARCHIE ALPHONSO)Alexander, Archie Alphonso (1888-1958)DISCOVERED HUNDREDS OF USES FOR PREVIOUSLY USELESS VEGETABLES AND FRUITS - PRINCIPALLY THE PEANUT. DEVELOPED TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SOILS DEPLETED BY REPEATED PLANTINGS OF COTTON. WANTED POOR FARMERS TO GROW ALTERNATIVE CROPS SUCH AS PEANUTS ANS SWEET POTATOES AS A SOURCE OF THEIR OWN FOOD AND TO IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE (GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER)George Washington Carver - WikipediaC0-CREATOR OF SERVICE-ORIENTED MODELLING AND ARCHITECTURE, SOMA AND THE SERVICE INTEGRATION MATURITY MODEL (SIMM) - (KERRIE HOLLEY)Kerrie HolleyBIRD SONG STUDIES - LEADS A TEAM OF RESEARCHERS WHO STUDY THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VOCAL LEARNING, A CRITICAL BEHAVIORAL SUBSTRATE FOR SPOKEN LANGUAGE. THE ANIMAL MODEL HE STUDIES INCLUDES SONGBIRDS, PARROTS AND HUMMINGBIRDS. JARVIS AND HIS TEAM HOPE TO SHED LIGHT ON SPEECH DISORDERS IN HUMANS AND HELP RESTORE SOME VOICES SILENCED BY DISABILITY OR DISEASE (ERICH JARVIS)Erich D. Jarvis, PhD | HHMI.orgCHESS GRANDMASTER - SWEDISH-BLACK (PONTIUS CARLSSON)Pontus CarlssonCHESS GRANDMASTER - FIRST GRANDMASTER FROM SUBHARAN AFRICA - (AMON SIMUTOWE)Amon Simutowe - WikipediaCHESS GRANDMASTER - FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSON TO ATTAIN THE TITLE OF GRANDMASTER (Maurice Ashley)GM Maurice Ashley