Template 2 - Northeastern University: Fill & Download for Free

You have several options - here’s a step-by-step guide.Step 1 shows how to find pirated copies of your content.Step 2 shows how to get individual files removed.Step 3 shows how to hide pirate sites from Google Search.Step 1: Locate all illegal copies of your workIf your work is reasonably popular, then it is likely it has been pirated multiple times. Research has shown that piracy reduces sales and DMCA takedown notices can increase your sales [3].Do a Google search, and choose your search terms according to the type of your product:If your product is a video course or downloadable software, search for<title of your work> rarIf you’re an ebook author, use<title of your work> epub|mobi|pdfIf your blogpost has been copied, find a sentence and put that into Google surrounded by quotes:“This is one sentence of my blogpost”If you’re a photographer and your image has been stolen, do an image-based search on Google Image Search or TinEye.Type these searchterms into Google and go through the first 5 pages of results. Make a list of all stolen content. Make sure to write down the actual file links. (Often, pirate sites will not host the content themselves, but link to other sites — so-called “filehosting services”).You can also get a free anti-piracy scan at CopyrightHero.com. This will give you a complete list of websites and stolen files, and may show you some files that you missed in your search!Step 2: Get file links removed from filehosting servicesOften, pirate sites will link to filehosting services, which store the actual files. For example:If you found links to such filehosting services, then follow the links to their site. Look for a link called “Abuse” or “DMCA”. Under these links, you will often find a contact address. For example, if we follow the filehosting links from the image above, we get to this site: (the “Abuse” link is highlighted)This link brings us to a contact form, where we can enter our complaint:Your complaint needs to be worded in a specific way, according to the DMCA (Digital Millenium Copyright Act). You don’t need to write that yourself - simply use this DMCA Takedown Notice Template. This template is tried and tested: It has been successfully used over 50.000 times.Most filehosters will react and remove the sites. That means, the pirate site will still be online, but they become useless because their file links will stop working.Step 3: Get sites removed from Google SearchIf your work is stored on filehosting services, follow “Step 2” to get the files themselves removed. Then, you may also want to remove the pirate sites from Google Search.To do that, Google offers a simple online form that you need to fill out.It’s best to follow all steps:I recommend you do both: Use “Step 2” to get the individual files removed, then follow “Step 3” to remove sites from Google Search.References and Further Reading:[1] Get a free anti-piracy scan for your product. This will give you a complete list of all illegal copies.[2] A DMCA Takedown Notice template, which you can simply copy and use in your complaints.[3] Fighting piracy improves sales, according to a study by Imke Reimers at Northeastern University

No Confederate committed Treason. That is postmodern Neo-Marxist Revisionism.From Teresa RoaneBefore I posted this excerpt, I wanted to verify the source mentioned. The title of the book was "A View of the Constitution of the United States" by William Rawle. It was published in1825.When Mr. Davis was a cadet at West Point, a textbook on American constitutional law was used which taught that secession was right. On page 289 of that book is the following: "If a faction should attempt to subvert the government of a State for the purpose of destroying its republican form, the paternal power of the Union could thus be called forth to subdue it. Yet it is not to be understood that its interposition would be justifiable if the people of the State should determine to retire from the Union, whether they adopted another or retained the same form of government. The States, then, may wholly withdraw from the Union, but while they continue they must retain the character of representative republics." (Page 290).Dr. E. P. LaceyConfederate Veteran MagazineDecember 1922By Philip Leigh on Sep 16, 2020A typical calumny directed at Confederate soldiers is that they don’t merit commemoration because they were traitors. It is a lie for two reasons.First, the Confederate states had no intent to overthrow the government of the United States. They seceded merely to form a government of their own. The first seven states that seceded during the winter of 1860-61 did not “make war” on the United States; they accepted it when the Washington government decided to coerce them back into the Union. The four upper-south states that remained Union-loyal until the coercion in the spring of 1861 had previously warned Washington that they regarded the coercion of any state to be unconstitutional and would fight to prevent it. Those four states provided half of the 11-state Confederacy’s white population, the chief source of her soldiers. In truth, the legal status of secession was unsettled in 1861. The Constitution neither outlawed nor authorized it. It was a remedy that geographically isolated political minorities repeatedly considered from 1789 to 1861.The Northeastern states threatened secession at least five times during America’s first fifty-six years. The first time was during George Washington’s presidency when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton warned that the Northeastern states would secede unless the Federal Government agreed to assume an obligation to pay-off their Revolutionary War debts. In 1803 New Englanders threatened to secede over the Louisiana Purchase. They worried that the new territories would become new states thereby reducing New England’s influence.In 1807 New England again threatened secession after America announced a trade embargo, hoping to avoid the War of 1812 by use of economic sanctions. New Englanders objected because their region was then America’s maritime center. After the embargo failed, Congress declared war on Great Britain during President James Madison’s first administration. Yet New Englanders were uncooperative in our nation’s defense. They traded with the enemy and refused to put their militia into Federal service as ordered by President Madison. When the British finally extended their blockade to New England during the last seven months of the thirty-month war, the region held a convention in Hartford to discuss secession or other steps to protect their interests from Federal powers. In January 1815 the Convention sent emissaries to President Madison to demand five additional constitutional amendments. Upon arriving in Washington, they learned that the war had ended and went home in embarrassment. They did not need the amendments because the Treaty of Ghent ended the war thereby ending the British blockade.Even as late as 1844 leaders in the Northeastern states warned they would secede over the proposed annexation of Texas. In 1843 twelve congressmen, including former President John Quincy Adams, signed a letter to the people claiming that Texas annexation would not only result in the secession of “free states” but would “fully justify it.” A year later former New York Governor and future secretary of state under Presidents Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, William H. Seward, wrote that the “free-labor states cannot yield” to Texas annexation. They would consider it grounds “for secession, nullification and disunion.” The Massachusetts legislature underscored the opinion by declaring the 1845 Texas annexation to be unconstitutional.In sum, secession was a remedy that geographically isolated political minorities repeatedly considered. As a result, it tended to find favor within those regions that were out-of-power in Washington. It was a game of musical chairs. Whenever a regional minority felt that they could never regain the majority they worried that their constitutional rights might be trampled by a tyrannical simple majority in the central government. By 1861 the South was caught without a chair in the game when the music stopped. Under different circumstances it could have been the North. Although they threatened secession often enough, Northerners were never destined to become a permanent minority as were Southerners.The second reason that Confederate soldiers were not traitors is that their loyalty was first to their state and secondarily to the central government. Prior to the war the average Confederate soldier was a yeoman farmer who rarely travelled outside his state. His taxes were chiefly paid to his state. He only paid federal taxes indirectly when he purchased imported dutiable items that implicitly included a tariff as a component of the purchase price.Northerners felt much the same way. As Shelby Foote explained, prior to the Civil War the United States was often thought of as a collection of independent states and spoken grammatically as “the United States are.” After the Civil War it was increasingly spoken of as “the United States is,” which we commonly say today without even thinking about it. The war made us an “is.”Finally, after a couple of decades postbellum Southerners welcomed reconciliation. They eagerly volunteered to fight in the 1898 Spanish-American War. One of them was former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler. President William McKinley appointed the sixty-one year old erstwhile cavalryman as Major General commanding a cavalry division that included Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” regiment. Despite the censure historians heap upon white Southerners of the 1890s, those volunteers can be credited for fighting under a flag that belonged to their enemy only thirty-odd years earlier. Southerners also readily enlisted in World War I, World War II, Korea, Vietnam and later wars. Even today the South accounts for 44% of America’s army volunteers while containing only 36% of her population.In short, Confederate soldiers were not traitors in the context of the unsettled constitutional principles of their era. They were asked to do what men have done since prehistoric times: defend their homes. They did so as heroically as any army of American soldiers.About Philip LeighPhilip Leigh contributed twenty-four articles to The New York Times Disunion blog, which commemorated the Civil War Sesquicentennial. He is the author of U.S. Grant's Failed Presidency, Southern Reconstruction (2017), Lee’s Lost Dispatch and Other Civil War Controversies (2015), and Trading With the Enemy (2014). Phil has lectured a various Civil War forums, including the 23rd Annual Sarasota Conference of the Civil War Education Association and various Civil War Roundtables. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Florida Institute of Technology and an MBA from Northwestern University.The First instance of when (THESE UNITED STATES) became (THE UNITED STATES)Enacted into Law July 2, 1862.By Lincoln's Federal Government.Known as the "Test or Iron Clad Oath"First adminstered by Edwin Stanton to the West Point Cadets around April 25, 1861. Soon everyone in Lincoln's Government and the Federal Union Military would have to take the new Oath.The old Oaths before this primarily listed THE UNITED STATES as Plurally. Whereas the new one listed THE UNITED STATES as Singular.The Oaths went from Defending the Constitution and the United States and worded as (THEM) before 1862, to the wording of the Oaths as being the United States, referring to as (IT).Cadets, Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, and anyone holding Public Office, before 1862 all gave Oaths to the States of the Union, including their Home States.U.S NAVY HISTORY OF OATHSIst Sentence of 12th Paragragh says:"But such was not the case for officers. By 1862, just as the Civil War was getting heated, the oath of office for officers changed the plural United States into a singular, because now the enemy was a divided nation."SOURCES: U.S NAVY HISTORY OF OATHS, U.S ARMY HISTORY OF OATHS, WEST POINT CADET HANDBOOK OF 1857, MILITARY LAW REVIEW OF JULY 1964, letters of Robert E. Lee.This information proves that Cadets and union Officers who Resigned, and either joined Southern States Militias and Regiments or the CSA were not Traitors.This further proves that State Sovereignty was still recognized before July 2 1862.The Oaths they took were to the States (Plurally) and to the Constitution. Meaning their Homes States and since their home States believed that their COMPACT (Constitution) with the Federal Government had been abused and broken by the Federal Government Secession followed to ensure State Sovereignty.The Cadets and Officers that resigned to Join Southern Units of their Home States. Were never accused of being Traitors nor were anyone arrested for treason. They were allowed to Leave peacefully and without incident. Thats because of the Oaths they had taken before the Law changed in 1862. Robert E. Lee was among the many men that also chose their Home States.Lincoln's Government did this to ensure State Sovereignty and Oaths to the Sovereign States were done away with, thus changing the Vision and the Course of the Constitutional Republic that our Forefathers envisioned of a union of Sovereign States with unlimited and unenumerated vast power's and a small Federal Government, With few and limited enumerated powers.The Seceded Southern Sovereign States created a union of States called the Confederate States of America, they also used the Constitution of the U.S. as a template and upgraded it to a version that their Forefathers who created the the first Constitution would have been proud and heralded as a masterpiece of Upgraded Freedom and Liberty.Lincoln controlled the narrative and direction of the U.S. Government while the Sovereign States that Seceded had no representation or say so in the United States.Changing forever the (THESE UNITED STATES), a union of Sovereign States to becoming (THE UNITED STATES), a single Nation.That's definitely not how the United States of America were created, nor the States and People of the South wanted to exist.The way the law changed in July 2 1862.All the Soldiers and Cadets and Officers that resigned and joined the Confederacy would have been traitors and put in jail.The implications of that new Oath , that became a law on July 2 1862. Is far greater than just proving That those men werent traitors, that they gave alliegance to the States of the Union Plurally and meaning their Homes States, and proving that until July 2 1862. The Federal Government recognized State Sovereignty.According to the Federal Government after JULY 2 1862. It now was illegal and treasonous to give your loyalty to anyone, your Family, your Home State. This ensured that the Federal Govt now took the place of State Sovereignty.This was the beginning, the first recorded instance.Now the implications are mind blowing. Just think the United States changed after this.All laws of the United States changed while the South was in the CSA. Lincoln and the Northern Legislators were able to make laws against the notion of Sovereign States in a union as it was created by the founders.Also during Reconstruction Northern Legislators and the Northern installed Puppet Government's of the Southern States made 3 Constitutional Amendments and many other laws without the Representation of the true People of the South.As States were allowed back into the Union, everything they had knew about the Government's role in their affairs had changed. The Constitution and newly created laws changed the course of the America they had known. The Southern States didnt recognize the Union, it went from THESE UNITED STATES to becoming THE UNITED STATES, A SINGLE NATION.It's the greatest Tragedy against the Constitution and the America People, Perpetrated by Lincoln and his Radical Government, in the guise of "Perserving the Union" LEST WE FORGET!!!"An Officers Oath""July 2, 1862, when Congress enacted the now famous “test or iron-clad oath” which was applicable to every person elected or appointed to any office under the Federal Constitution. This enactment which may be found in Chapter 128 of the Laws of 1862reads :That hereafter every person elected or appointed to any office of honor or profit under the government of the United States, either in the civil, military or naval departments of the public service, . . . shall, before entering upon the duties of such office, and before being entitled to any of the salary or other emoluments thereof, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation :I, A.B. do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto ; that I have neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pre￾tended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God; which said oath, so taken and signed, shall be preserved among the files of the . . . Department to which the said office may pertain. And any person who shall falsely take the said oath shall be guilty of perjury, and on conviction, in addition to the penalties now prescribed for that offense, shall be deprived of his office and rendered incapable forever after of holding any office or place under the United StatesIn retrospect the provisions of this “test oath” are of the general tenor that the one taking the oath had to say: I have never been loyal to the Confederate States of America or in any way disloyal to the United States of America. This raised the question of past loyalties; and if an individual could not properly answer the question posed, he was barred from office despite his current alle￾giance or loyalty. It has long been questioned whether such an oath unlawfully punished persons unable to take the oath or whether the requirement was a valid disqualification of the indi￾vidual from holding ofice, based on the lawful exercise of govern￾mental power. In answer to this question it may be stated that it has long been held in law that if an individual is unable to take the oath solely because of past conduct at a time prior to the enact￾ment of the requirement, and the oath prescribes a punishment, it is an unconstitutional requirement.21 However, in considering this generally accepted rule of law it must be noted that nowhere in the opinions of Mr. Justice Field, cited below, was it suggested that the enactment of the oath was in violation of Article VI,Clause 3, of the Constitution."Source and Citation:Military Law Review of July 1964, page 6,7 of the Article: An Officers Oath by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Reese."Test or Iron Clad Oath" 12 Stat. 508 (1862)July 2 1862,Chapter 128 Laws of 1862."THESE UNITED STATES" QUOTESWe, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good PEOPLE of THESE COLONIES, solemnly publish and declare, THESE UNITED COLONIES are, and of Right ought to be FREE and INDEPENDENT STATES that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as FREE and INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. — And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.Last paragraph of "The Declaration of Independence" July 4, 1776Written by THOMAS JEFFERSON“May the same wonder-working Deity, who long since delivering the Hebrews from their Egyptian Oppressors planted them in the promised land—whose Providential Agency has lately been conspicuous in establishing THESE UNITED STATES as an independent Nation—still continue to water them with the dews of Heaven and to make the inhabitants of every denomination participate in the temporal and spiritual blessings of that people whose God is Jehovah.”George Washington:—Letter to the Hebrew congregation of Savannah, GeorgiaPresident George Washington.GEORGE WASHINGTON, letter to Edward Carrington, May 1, 1796"I am sure the mass of citizens in THESE UNITED STATES mean well, and I firmly believe they will always act well whenever they can obtain a right understanding of matters; but in some parts of the Union, where the sentiments of their delegates and leaders are adverse to the government, and great pains are taken to inculcate a belief that their rights are assailed and their liberties endangered, it is not easy to accomplish this; especially, as is the case invariably, when the inventors and abettors of pernicious measures use infinite more industry in disseminating the poison than the well disposed part of the community to furnish the antidote.""From the earliest ages of history to the present day there have never been thirteen millions of people associated in one political body who enjoyed so much freedom and happiness as the people of THESE UNITED STATES. You have no longer any cause to fear dangers from abroad ... It is from within, among yourselves - from cupidity, from corruption, from disappointed ambition and inordinate thirst for power - that factions will be formed and liberty endangered ... " ~ Andrew Jackson""I think that slavery is wrong, morally, socially and politically. I desire that it should be no further spread in THESE UNITED STATES, and I should not object if it should gradually terminate in the whole Union."Abraham Lincoln."The people of THESE UNITED STATES are the rightful masters of both congresses and courts, not to overthrow the Constitution, but to overthrow the men who pervert that Constitution." — Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. PresidentI"Ido not look upon THESE UNITED STATES as a finished product. We are still in the making."Franklin D. Roosevelt."If THESE UNITED STATES can be called a body, then Kentucky can be called its heart."Jesse Stuart."The great truth that government was made for the people and not the people for government has already been established in the practice and by the example of THESE UNITED STATES, and we can do no other than contemplate its further exemplification by a sister republic with the deepest interest."President John Tyler."The constitutionality and propriety of the Federal Government assuming to enter into a novel and vast field of legislation, namely, that of providing for the care and support of all those … who by any form of calamity become fit objects of public philanthropy. ... I cannot find any authority in the Constitution for making the Federal Government the great almoner of public charity throughout the United States. To do so would, in my judgment, be contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution and subversive of the whole theory upon which the Union of THESE UNITED STATES is founded."President Franklin Pierce."Our country presents on every side the evidences of that continued favor under whose auspices it, has gradually risen from a few feeble and dependent colonies to a prosperous and powerful CONFEDERACY."President Martin van Buren."“What have I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? This Fourth of July is yours, not mine…There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of THESE UNITED STATES at this very hour.” - Frederick DouglassTo the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress Assembled:Your memorialist, a free-born citizen of THESE UNITED STATES, respectfully showeth that from his infancy his soul has been filled with the most intense and philanthropic interest for the welfare of his native country; and being fired with an ardor which floods cannot quench, crowns cannot conquer, nor diplomatic intrigue corrupt, to see those principles which emanated from the bosoms of the fathers of seventy-six, and which cost the noblest talents and richest blood of the nation, maintained inviolate and perpetuated to future generations; and the proud eagle of American freedom soar triumphant over every party prejudice and local sinistry, and spread her golden pinions over every member of the human family, who shall stretch forth their hands for succor from the lion’s paw or the oppressor’s grasp; and firmly trusting in the God of liberty, that He has designed universal peace and goodwill, union, and brotherly love to all the great family of man, your memorialist asks your honorable body to pass the following… Ordinance for the Protection of the Citizens of the United States Emigrating to the Territories, and for the Extension of the Principles of Universal Liberty.( Source: History of the Church 6:275 )We should love the stars and stripes, and accept the constitution of THESE UNITED STATES, as divine. Don’t hesitate to stand on the right side.( Source: Stepping Stones to an Abundant Life 414 )Joseph Smith.below is the link to the U.S. NAVY HISTORY OF OATHS227 Years of Military Oaths to "Support and Defend the Constitution"

Kirati /Limbus Lepcha and magars are Native People of Sikkim From Ancient time . In Ancient time Kirats were the aborigines of the north-eastern Himalayas came from Central Asia via Bramaputra Valley crossing the Mansarovar Mountain And Finally they reach And Settled Different Parts of Sikkim Nepal North Bengal and North Eastern Himalaya . The Kiratiswar Mahadev Temple located in Lekshep Sikkim which have many Historical Myths in Epic MAHABHARATA war Between Kirata And Arjuna. In 800 TO 900 BC The Kirat King Yalamber Established Kirat dynasty in Central Nepal this kingdom Extended from River Tista in the East From Nepal to Sikkim. Bhutia who are Migrated to Sikkim in 13th century From Kham Tibetan .Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɪm/) is a state in northeastern India. It borders Tibet in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also located close to India's Siliguri Corridor near Bangladesh. Sikkim is the least populous and second smallest among the Indian states. A part of the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity, including alpine and subtropical climates, as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga, the highest peak in India and third highest on Earth. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok. Almost 35% of the state is covered by the Khangchendzonga National Park. EARLY AND ANCIENT HISTORY Sikkim have some important Historical place in MAHABHARATA PERIOD it is believed that The Hunter Kirata and Arjuna war done in this place now Kirateshwar Mahadev Template situated in this placeIt is a Hindu temple, identified to be a Hindu pilgrimage site which is located at Legship, West Sikkim, India along the banks of River Rangeet.,which has many mythological episodes of the Mahabharata attached to it. The temple is also known as Kirateshwar Mahadev Thaan by the Kirati people or simply known as Shiv Mandir.Kirateshwar Mahadev TempleThe main attraction of the temple are the festival of the Bala Chaturdashi, which is observed in November–December every year and the Shiv Ratri also known as Maha Shivaratri which falls in the month of February or March every year. There are other temples dedicated to Lord Rama and Durga can be found here making it an important pilgrimage destination for Hindus. About The Temple And Historical BackgroundThe ancient temple of Kirateshwar Mahadev TempleCenturies ago, a temple was built in the memory of Lord Shiva in the heart of Legship, which is thought to be the gateway for West Sikkim. This temple was named the Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple. It has been so long since the construction of the temple that the story of its origin got lost in the course of time. According to Hindu beliefs, pleased with Arjuna's hard penance and devotion, Lord Shiva appeared before him in the very spot where the temple lies as hunter Kirateshwar or Lord of the Kiratas and blessed him with success in the Mahabharat War.Lord Kirateshwar SikkimLong time ago as the people found miraculously existed a stone manifesting Shiva Ling. The said Shiv Ling is the main effigy of worship. Belief of many that a mere visit with true devotion to this temple fulfills one’s wishes particularly a wish for son or daughter and also wishes for peace harmony and good health. Arjuna fight with Shiva.PHOTOEarly Native People And kingdomOne of the earliest kingdoms was founded by the native Mangoliod Kirat people. They ruled from about 800 B.C. to 300 A.D. and Yalambar was its first king.Statue of King YalambarThis kingdom was called Kiratdesh and extended from eastern Nepal to Sikkim.Map of Nepal and SikkimThe Lepcha believe they are the original inhabitants of Sikkim and most probably the descendants of the ancient Kiratdesh kingdom.The Bhutia migrated to Sikkim in the 13th century. They are part of the Bodic group and are descendants of the Kham Tibetans of eastern Tibet.Kham TibetansProto-Maha-KiratThe proto-Maha-Kirat people came from Majiayao Neolithic region in Gansu province. They migrated in a southwest direction via the Chumbi valley to reach Sikkim around 3000 BC.Migration path in purpleAfter passing Chumbi valley, they spread across the southern flank of the Himalayas in a westward direction from Sikkim into Nepal.When the Kirat King Yalambar captured central Nepal in (800)(900) B.C his kingdom extended from river Trisuli in the west to river Teesta in the east. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Shiva is said to have appeared in the form of hunter Kirateshwar or Lord of the Kiratas to Arjuna in the very spot where the ancient Kirateshwar temple lies in Legship, West Sikkim. By the 6th century the Lepchas occupied the Lapchan area of Nepal (present Ilam region), present Sikkim, Har Chu Valley and Ammo Chu Valley (present South Western Bhutan) and most of Eastern part of Greater Sikkim up to the Chumbi Valley. Meanwhile, the Limbus inhabited the Western part of Greater Sikkim (present Limbuwan region). A part of Limbuwan is still retained in present Sikkim in the West district, South district and a part of North district. The Lepchas spoke the Lepcha dialect and were believers of Boongthism and Munism or Animism by faith. The Limbus spoke the Limbu dialect and were believers of Yumaism or Yuma Sammang, a form of Kirat Mundhum.Kirati tribesman from HimalayasLepcha [Rongpa] ManLimbu WomenIn the 7th century, Thekung Adek consolidated the Lepcha tribes and declared himself a Panu, a Tribal Religious and Administrative chief or king. Similarly, the Limbu tribes were ruled by 10 elected chiefs or Hangs from each of their clans to form a social and administrative body called Thibong Yakthum Tumyanghang (tribal republic council or Ten Limbus Council). Around 870 A.D. Na Hang, the chief of Daramdin, West Sikkim was incited by the Chilikchom people to fight against the Kirati Limbu king of Limbuwan, Mabo Hang. Na Hang was defeated and the Chilikchom were banished from Limbuwan. Sikkim also finds mention in many Hindu texts because the Buddhist saint Guru Rinpoche or Padmasambhava is said to have passed through the land in the 9th century. According to legend, the Guru blessed the land, introduced Buddhism to Sikkim and also foretold the era of the monarchy in the state, which would arrive centuries later. There are numerous stories regarding the migration of Tibetans into Sikkim and the establishment of the Sikkimese monarchy. The most popular states that in the 13th century, Guru Tashi, a prince from the Minyak House in Kham in Eastern Tibet, had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. Guru Tashi settled down in the Chumbi Valley. The population and linguistic survey were not held during this period but it’s certain that the region was inhabited by the Lepchas, the Limbus, the Magars and some Bhutias in the later periods SIKKIM DURING BIJAYPUR STATE: East Nepal And adjoining area is still called the Kirata Region. The entire region wasdivided into 3 main. Those areas were situated in lower hill areasadjoining the Himalaya in the north and Tarai in the south. One sourcementions Kirata population in Nepal as 900,000.Pallo–Kirata directlyjostled with Sikkim and Bhutan for its entity. River Tista adjoinedHazary, Rangamutty and Cooch Bihar in the South. About the historyof Vijayapur, Sarat Chandra Das assumes that the former ruler of theKampachan Valley (Kanchanjangha) were the Magars which may beverified by ruins of forts and settlements in the Kampachan area. TheMagar rulers were not liberal to the Sherpa subjects who were Tibetanmigrants. The Magar rulers collected exorbitant taxes from Sherpas subjects. It is said that the latter conspired and murdered the MagarKing. Later, they Sherpas attended the funeral ceremony. The widowqueen requested them to perform religious rites by accepting liquorcontaminated with poisonous substances. The Sherpas drank it andfinally they met a tragic end. The widow was successful to take revengeof the king’s assassination. The place where the king was cremated isknown as Tong-Song-Fong. Then the Sherpas requested the Tibetangovernment to fight against the Magars. The Tibetan army marched intoKampachan Valley who drove out the Magars. The Magar force resistedfor three months but could not defeat Tibetans. The Magars were forcedto leave Kampanchan valley and scattered towards the west. However, noevidence supports this version of historical description.Vijayapur Under the Kotche KingsAfter the fall of Magars from Kampachan valley, the TibetanLamas elected Tenzing Lama Guru as the chief of that area. Later on, hewas declared the first king of the region. Most of the subjects wereLepchas whose country was called Renzyong. Tibetans called it Dezong.The Kiratas called Su-Him and the Khashas called it Su-Khim. Later itbecame popular as Sikkim. The above context supports the fact that thekings of Sikkim were not the original inhabitants of that area. They werethe Tibetan migrants.While tracing remote antiquity of Kathmandu valley, theGopalas, Ahiras and the Kiratas ruled the valley in different times. Thefirst Kirata King was Yalambara. The 16th generation of King Yalambarawas Kuko Hang. Kuko Hang was banished. Consequently, Kiratas werecompelled to move to the east. Later, they scattered resulting to variousplaces and formed various tribal groups. It is said that the Lepchas werecompelled to move beyond river Tista. Later, there were many warsbetween Kiratas and the Lepchas. All the Lepchas were compelled tomove and settle in Bhootang. The Kirata Chieftains of the East:The Kiratas of East Nepal were mainly divided into ten groups.Thus, they are known as Dasa Kirata. The name of provinces and Kiratachiefs are as follows: 1. Takluk Denyok (Chhathar province) - Khebo Hang Raja.2. Kurle Yok (Chaubish Miklung Province)- Mabo Hang Raja.3. Fedeen Yok (Panch Thar Province) - Pappo Hang Raja.4. Aang Daang Yok (Ilam Phakphok Province)- Lolim Hang Raja.5. Hastapoo Yok (Phikle and East Province)- Linse Hang Raja.6. Pokla Bang Yok (Seven Thari Phhedap)- Foyo Hang7. Poma Jung Yok (Phangden Aathrai) - Aaklupharoy Raja.8. Takpesu Yok (Tamber Khola Province)- Samb Shreng Hang .9. Merinden Yok (Arun Khola Province) - Sisiyen Roy Raja.10. Chhenlung Yok (Thasa Paanch Khapan)- Meieng Hang RoyHalf of the provinces were located around Tista. The Kiratas usedthe pastureland of Tista valley. Thus, that region was called the Kharkaor the pasturage of the Dasa Kirata because most of the land was coveredwith dense forest. Animal products attracted the herdsmen and later theystarted to settle there.Archaeological remains of Bandamtan region proved that therewas a mixed civilization of various tribal groups during the 12th century.That tribal civilization was a mixture of indigenous Magars, Lepchas andLimbus. During the first half of the 17th century, Tibetans campaignedfor southern migration crossing the Himalayan Passes. They pushed andchased Magars and Kiratas to westward. The Magars and Kiratasresettled in Vijayapur area. Therefore, they were the inhabitants ofVijayapur, Morang, Baratappa, Giddhe Pahad and Tista river valley.The chieftains and people of Dasa Kirata were expert in archery,physical activities, military organization, building forts and agriculturalworks. The ten chieftains were united. The Kotche Kings administeredthe Kirata region. The Kotche Kings were strongly supported by theKirata chieftains. Those chieftains were called Dewan or Roy. They weregiven the title of minister for six months in the rotation basis. Thistradition continued until the second half of the 17th century. When MoreyHang Dewan was supposed to be appointed as the minister, thereoccurred a rape case. The Dewan was accused of the case. The princessof the Vijayapur complained about it to the King. The king with thesupport of the cabinet decided capital punishment for the Dewan.Baja Hang, the son of the Dewan, was determined to take revenge of hisfather's death. He begged Mukunda Sen I, the King of Palpa to attackVijayapur. Consequently, King Mukunda Sen I dispatched a troop under command of his youngest son Lohanga Sen to support Baja Hang. Thetroops of Palpa pierced Vijayapur and approached Mahanadi nearSilgudhi. After the victory over Vijayapur, the army entered GiddhePahad. But a local commander killed Baja Han. However, the Vijayapurstate came under the the juridiction of Lohang Sen of Palpa. MukundaSen I divided his kingdom among his sons. Lohang Sen was given theterritory of Makawanpur and the eastern parts. Lohang Sen nominatedsons of Baja Hang as ministers. He provided local-self-government byinscribing a copperplate mentioning the rights and duties of the chieftainsof Dasa Kiratas.Map of Sikkim 1641The Sikkimese National FlagIn the mid-18th century, Sikkim was invaded by Nepal (then the Gorkha Kingdom) and was under the Gorkha rule for more than 40 years. Between 1775 and 1815, almost 180,000 ethnic Nepalis from Eastern and Central Nepal migrated to Sikkim. After the British colonisation of India, however, Sikkim allied itself with British India as they had a common enemy – Nepal. The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance, overrunning most of the region including the Terai. This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal in 1814, resulting in the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Sugauli Treaty between Britain and Nepal and the Treaty of Titalia between Sikkim and British India resulted in territorial concessions by Nepal, which ceded Sikkim to British India. Under the 1861 Treaty of Tumlong Sikkim became a British protectorate, then an Indian protectorate in 1950.By 1641 the Lepchas, the Limbus and the Magars were ruling in different villages independently.The Limbu and the Magar tribes lived in the remote Western and Southern regions.In the early 17th century the Bhutias were forced to take refuge in Sikkim due to the conflict between followers of the Yellow hat and the Red hats in Tibet. The Bhutias tried to convert the Sikkimese worshippers of nature to Buddhism and succeeded to an extent.The Tibetan Lamas sought to establish Sikkim as a Buddhist Kingdom thereby electing a Lhopa King of Tibetan origin.In 1642, the fifth generation descendant of Guru Tashi, Phuntsog Namgyal was consecrated as the first Denjong Gyalpo or the Chogyal(king) of Sikkim by Lhatsun Chhenpo, Nga-dag Lama and Kathhog Lama, three great Lamas who came from the north, west and south to Yuksom Norbugang in West Sikkim.The event, Naljor Chezhi, was as predicted by Guru Rinpoche some eight hundred years before. The Dalai Lama sent the new Chogyal a silk scarf, the mitre of Guru Rinpoche and a sand image of him as a coronation present.However the Limbu and the Magar chiefs refused to accept the rule of the Chogyal who had to bring in Tibetan soldiers to subdue them. This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yuksom, which in Lepcha means ‘The Place where the Three monks met’ as in Lepcha a lama is called a “Yukmun” and the word for three is “Som”. The Chogyal, along with the three lamas proselytised the Lepcha tribes into Buddhism and annexed the Chumbi Valley, the present-day Darjeeling district and parts of today’s eastern Nepal.Phuntsog Namgyal became the first King of the Kingdom of Sikkim and all the Kirat chiefs agreed to regard him as the supreme ruler. However the Magars did not get along with the Bhutias and left Sikkim after they were defeated in a battle. The King called all the Kirat chiefs and proclaimed that Bhutias or Lhopsas, Tsongs or the Limbus and the Mempas or the Lepchas were all part of one family known as the Lho-Mehn-Tsong with the King as the father, the Lepchas as the mother and the Limbus as the sons and they were forbidden to fight amongst themselves.The signing of this tripartite treaty of Lho-Mehn-Tsong Tsum was overseen by eight Bhutia tribal leaders, twelve Limbu tribal leaders and four Lepcha tribal leaders in present West Sikkim.Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son, Tensung Namgyal in 1670. The reign of this Chogyal was peaceful and saw the capital move from Yuksom to Rabdentse. Chakdor Namgyal, the king’s second wife’s son, took over the throne from him in 1700. This outraged his elder half-sister Pendiongmu, who ousted him with the help of the Bhutanese. From 1700 to 1706, when Chakdor Namgyal, the third Chogyal of the Kingdom of Sikkim, most parts of it were invaded by Deb Naku Zidar, the king of Bhutan. Chakdor Namgyal went into exile in Tibet. The Tibetan people subsequently expelled the Bhutanese army, and called Chakdor Namgyal back to Sikkim. Chakdor’s son Gyurmed Namgyal succeeded him in 1717. Gyurmed’s reign saw many skirmishes between the Nepalese and Sikkimese. Phuntsog Namgyal II, the illegitimate child of Gyurmed, succeeded his father in 1733. His reign was tumultuous in the face of attacks by the Bhutanese and the Nepalese who managed to capture the capital Rabdentse.Tenzing Namgyal, Chogyal from 1780 to 1793, was a weak ruler, and his sovereignty saw most of Sikkim being appropriated by Nepal. In 1788, the Nepali Gorkha Army invaded Sikkim, and took Limbuana and the former capital Rabdentse by storm. The king of Sikkim went into exile in Tibet for a second time. In 1788, the 8th Dalai Lama stationed him in Chumbi Valley in Rènà zong (also “Rèrì,” today’s Yadong County). His son Tshudpud Namgyal, returned to Sikkim in 1793 to reclaim the throne with the help of China. Finding Rabdentse too close to the Nepalese border, he shifted the capital to Tumlong.Street of Sikkim capitalA popular vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to a special protectorate status for SikkimLepcha people in Darjeeling in 1870The earliest historical mention of Sikkim is in the record as a passage of the Buddhist saint Guru Rinpoche through the land in the 9th century. The guru is said to have introduced Buddhism in Sikkim and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive in Sikkim centuries later.EARLY AND POST COLONIAL ERA.With the arrival of the British in neighbouring India, Sikkim allied itself with them as they had a common enemy – the Gorkha Kingdom of Nepal. The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance, over-running most of the region including the Terai. This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal resulting in the Anglo-Nepalese War, which began in 1814. Treaties signed between British and Nepal – the Sugauli Treaty and Sikkim and British India – Treaty of Titalia, returned the territory annexed by the Nepalese to Sikkim in 1817.Meanwhile, the British were looking for a route to establish trading links with Tibet. An offshoot of the ancient Silk Road through Sikkim meant that the kingdom was ideal as a transit route. A secondary reason for the establishment of links was to quell the growing Russian influence in Tibet in the context of The Great Game. However ties between Sikkim and India grew sour with the taxation of the area of Morang by the British. An internal disturbance, which began in 1825, gave the British the opportunity to secure the 1835 cession of Darjeeling to British Sikkim in view of its perceived advantages as a sanitorium. Unhappy with this development, Sikkim’s Dewan often frustrated the cessation by denying aid to the British in capturing escaped criminals and offering amnesty for escaped slaves. As compensation for the loss, the British Government paid the Sikkim Raja Rs. 3,000 from 1841 onwards, a sum that was later increased to Rs. 12,000. The Chogyals endeavored to modernize Sikkim in the succeeding decades, along with their army. A state visit to Darjeeling by Sidekong’s half brother, Chogyal Thutob Namgyal in 1873 failed to yield such results, and he returned to Tumlong disappointed. In 1886, the British, interested in trade with Tibet, launched a brief expedition into Sikkim. The Tibetans occupied several of Sikkim’s northern border forts, and the Chogyal and his wife were held prisoner by the British when they came to negotiate at Calcutta. In 1888, the Tibetans were defeated and northern Sikkim came under the rule of British India. The British established new landholdings in Sikkim, but released the Chogyal only to have him captured again in 1891. In 1894, the capital was shifted to Gangtok.In 1895, the Chogyal was released, but the British governors in India reneged on an agreement – the Ten Clauses Agreement – which returned sovereignty to Sikkim. The Political Officer in Sikkim, John Claude White, refused to return any sovereignty, and only let the Chogyal retain the judiciary of Sikkim.In 1905, the Prince of Wales – the future King George V – arrived in Calcutta on a state visit during which he met the Chogyal. The two made an excellent acquaintance and the Crown Prince of Sikkim, Sidkeong Tulku was sent to study at Oxford University. When Sidkeong came to power, he arranged widened sovereignty for Sikkim from King George’s government and endorsed sweeping reforms in his short rule as Chogyal, which ended in 1914. In 1918, Sikkim’s independence in all domestic affairs was restored, and in the next decade the kingdom embarked on a policy to end social ills, outlawing gambling, child labour, and indentured service.Tashi Namgyal, Chogyal of Sikkim. 1938.Rabdentse was the second capital of the former Kingdom of Sikkim from 1670 to 1814Sikkim had retained guarantees of independence from Britain when it became independent, and such guarantees were transferred to the Indian government when it gained independence in 1947. A popular vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim. Sikkim was to be a tributary of India, in which India controlled its external defence, diplomacy and communication. A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government for the Chogyal, which was sustained until 1973.In 1962, India and the People’s Republic of China went to war. Although Sikkim was an independent country, skirmishes occurred at the Nathula Pass between Indian border guards and the Chinese soldiers. After the war, the ancient pass was shut down (it reopened 6 July 2006).The old ruler Tashi Namgyal died in 1963 after suffering from cancer. The last hereditary ruler, the Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal, ascended to the throne in 1965. Trouble began to brew for the crown even before the Chogyal assumed the throne, as Indian Prime Minister Nehru, who had carefully preserved Sikkim’s status as an independent protectorate, died in 1964. His daughter Indira Gandhi, who became Prime Minister in 1966, would have little patience for maintaining an independent Sikkim or its monarchy.In early 1970 the anti-monarchy Sikkim National Congress Party demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the Nepalese.In 1973, anti-royalty riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. India worried that an unstable Sikkim would invite China to act on its claims that Sikkim was part of Tibet, and therefore part of China. The Indian government appointed a Chief administrator, Mr. B. S. Das, who effectively wrested control of the country away from the Chogyal.Frosty relations between the Chogyal and the elected Kazi (Prime Minister) Lhendup Dorji resulted in an attempt to block the meeting of the legislature. The Kazi was elected by the Council of Ministers which was unanimous in its opposition to the retention of the Monarchy.Prime Minister Dorji appealed to the Indian Parliament for representation and change of status to statehood. On 14 April 1975, a referendum was held, in which Sikkim voted to merge with the union of India. Sikkim became the 22nd Indian State on 26 April 1975. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became a state of the Indian Union and Lhendup Dorji became head of State (chief minister).The position of Chogyal was thus abolished, ending the monarchy. In 1982, Palden Thondup died of cancer in the United States.The 1979 assembly election saw Nar Bahadur Bhandari elected Chief Minister of Sikkim. Bhandhari held on to win again in 1984 and 1989. In 1994, Assembly politician Pawan Kumar Chamling became the Chief Minister of Sikkim. In 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 Chamling consolidated his position to sweep the polls.Sino-Indian relations were somewhat bruised in 2000 by an event in Sikkim which challenged China’s longstanding claim of Sikkim as an independent country. The unusual event was the escape of Ogyen Trinley Dorje from Tibet to Dharamsala, India. Ogyen Trinley Dorje is one of the two rival claimants who seeks recognition as the 17th Karmapa, the head of the Black Hat branch of Tibetan Buddhism (see Karmapa controversy). The two claimants did battle in the Indian court system for control of the considerable funds collected by the 16th Karmapa for the restoration and maintenance of Rumtek Monastery, located in Gangtok, Sikkim. The Chinese, who recognise Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the true Karmapa, were unhappy about the court outcome which awarded the monastery funds to the other rival. However, the Chinese government was in a quandary as to what to do about it, as any protest to India would mean an explicit endorsement that the high court of India holds jurisdiction over Sikkim.In 2003, with the thawing of relations between the two nations, Indian sovereignty over Sikkim was finally recognised by China. The two governments also proposed to open the Nathula and Jelepla Passes in 2005