Week 1 - Angelo State University: Fill & Download for Free

While the mechanism through which this occurs is not understood, the bulk of the evidence suggests that high intensity cardio with intermittent rests is more effective for burning calories and achieving fat loss than steady-state cardio.A study conducted at the university of western Ontario compared 10 men and 10 women training three times per week. One group did between four and six 30-second treadmill sprints (with four-minute rests in between) while the other group did 30-60 minutes of steady state cardio (jogging on a treadmill at 65% of VO2 max). After six weeks of training, the subjects doing interval training had lost significantly more body fat.[1] These findings have been supported by research conducted at Laval University, East Tennessee State University, Baylor College of Medicine, and the University of New South Wales.[2]While the cause is not fully understood, a few factors favoring high intensity interval training have been isolated:increased resting metabolic rate for more than 24 hours after exerciseimproved insulin sensitivity in the muscleshigher levels of fat oxidation rate in the musclessignificant spikes in growth hormone levels and catecholamine levelspost-exercise appetite suppression[3]If strength and muscle development are also concerns of yours, high intensity interval training is favored as well. Research has shown that longer sessions of cardio can impair strength and hypertrophy.[4] Keeping your cardio sessions short is important for maximizing your gains in the weight room. HIIT lets you do this while still burning fat and developing your cardiovascular endurance.So if your goal is fat loss or muscle growth, HIIT is where it's at. If your goal is training endurance, then you should be doing the longer runs.[1] Rebecca E. Macpherson, Tom J. Hazell, T. Dylan Olver, Don H. Paterson, and Peter W. Lemon, “Run Sprint Interval Training Improves Aerobic Performance But Not Maximal Cardiac Output,” Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise, 43, no. 1 (2011): 115-22. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e5eacd.[2] Angelo Tremblay, Jean-Aimé Simoneau, and Claude Bouchard, “Impact of Exercise Intensity on Body Fatness and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism,” Metabolism 43, no. 7 (1994): 814-18. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90259-3; Jeffrey W. King, “A Comparison of the Effects of Interval Training vs. Continuous Training on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Obese Pre-Menopausal Women” (Thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2001), http://static.ow.ly/docs/Interval Training v Continuous Training_5gS.pdf; Margarita S. Treuth, Gary R. Hunter, and Michael Williams, “Effects of Exercise Intensity on 24-h Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation,” Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 28, no. 9 (1996): 1138-43; E. Gail Trapp, Donald J. Chisholm, Judith Freund, and Stephen H. Boutcher, “The Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Training on Fat Loss and Fasting Insulin Levels of Young Women,” International Journal of Obesity 32, no. 4 (2008): 684-691. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803781.[3] Stephen H. Boutcher, “High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss,” Journal of Obesity 2011 (2011). doi:10.1155/2011/868305.[4] Jeffrey C. Gergley, “Comparison of Two Lower-Body Modes of Endurance Training on Lower-Body Strength Development While Concurrently Training,” Journal of Strength Conditioning Research 23, no. 3 (2009): 979-87. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a0629d.

One day, a man was using his laptop at the beaches of Florida. While he was downloading Universe Sandbox 2, other icons sat on the pixels nearby, a risk that happened. Those icons were dangerous icons (don't ask me why)Alright, I'm going to test this thing.Meanwhile. 2 kids were playing volleyball nearby. As they played a grain of sand flew into the air landing on his keyboard. Combined with years of continous use, the laptop had begun to break down.Ugh, dammit! My laptop's lagging again. I gotta go get this fixed soon.As he got in his car he decided to go to Google Maps, however the sand was lodged in the keys. His touchpad malfunctioned, sending his cursor careening towards an ad. Not taking notice, he clicked on the ad. The ad led him to the typical "Congratulations, you're the 1 millionth visitor!" popups, however more popups began to appear.Oh come on… I don't want this getting bogged down by viruses!As he clicked and closed the windows, he accidentally clicked on a virus. Let me give you some context. In 1945, the Japanese Empire surrendered to the Allies ending the 6-year hostility period known as World War 2. During the war, Japan was notorious for 1 group: Unit 731, infamous for performing experiments involving biological and chemical weapons. However, a sector survived, renaming themselves to "Sons of Hirohito" as now, they operate in the Dark Web. One of their ads had been clicked on, and in Japanese, it readWant Anthrax to be shipped to your location? Click now for free delivery!Weeks later, a truck arrived at the beach, releasing a gas into Miami. As the gas was released, people nearby began feeling ill and having blisters on their body. They coughed blood and collapsed on the beach, dying of unconsciousness 1 week later. Due to the obscurity of the Sons of Hirohito, the hospitals in Miami did not know where the new disease was from. 4 months later, the entire state of Florida fell ill. The United States then began attempts to quarantine Florida and block it off from the rest of the States. However, the terrifying thing is that, the death rate is not 100%. It's 24%. The remaining 76% are turned into mindless zombies, enslaved by the biological weapon that infected them.15.94 million people have rose up against the quarantine walls, escaping onto boats. In Africa, ports in Ghana are met with a horrific surprise — a ship full of zombies. 2 years after the Miami outbreak, it had infected Latin America, the Eastern Coast of North America, the Carribean, and all of Africa, the Middle East, and India.These zombies are the perfect weapon, with endurance exceeding that of humans themselves.How many?82.54 million strong in the US.18.2 million in Canada.495.5 million zombies in Latin America.924.2 million zombies in Africa.318.5 million zombies in the Middle East, a population rivaling the pre-zombie USA.1.3 billion people in the regions encompassing the Indian subcontinent.3.139 billion people total are the zombies. They are dominant, as nearly half the world is zombie.Within just a few more years, resistance becomes futile. The zombies have taken over.All because of a shady Japanese organization.#EveryoneDiesBraaaainsss!

No. There is no climate crisis except in the minds of some politicians with a strong lefty bias. There are only spooky exaggerations based on shoddy and pseudo science for the fears of rising seas, melting glaciers and extinctions. On the other hand the actions urged by the Paris Accord and other attacks on fossil fuels are having devastating effects. For example more die in the UK from heat poverty than road accidents due to 50% increase in electricity from useless wind and solar subsidies.Freezing to death when the choice is between heat and eat!The best retort to the belief in a fake climate crisis comes from the recent petition of 90 Italian leading scientist urging governments to hold off taking action on warming because of uncertainty. The Italian petition shows that warming has been inconsistent from the start of the alarmist campaign.“It should be remembered that the heating observed since 1900 has actually started in the 1700s, i.e. at the minimum of the Little Ice Age , the coldest period of the last 10,000 years (corresponding to the millennial minimum of solar activity that astrophysicists call Maunder Minimal Solar ). Since then, solar activity, following its millennial cycle, has increased by heating the earth’s surface.Furthermore, the models fail to reproduce the known climatic oscillations of about 60 years.These were responsible, for example, for a warming period (1850-1880) followed by a cooling period (1880-1910), a heating (1910-40), a cooling (1940-70) and a a new warming period (1970-2000) similar to that observed 60 years earlier.The following years (2000-2019) saw the increase not predicted by the models of about 0.2 ° C [two one-hundredths of a degree]per decade, but a substantial climatic stability that was sporadically interrupted by the rapid natural oscillations of the equatorial Pacific ocean, known as the El Nino Southern Oscillations , like the one that led to temporary warming between 2015 and 2016.”The full terms of the Italian petition follows -90 Leading Italian Scientists Sign Petition: CO2 Impact On Climate “UNJUSTIFIABLY EXAGGERATED” … Catastrophic Predictions “NOT REALISTIC”By P Gosselin on4. July 2019NOTE: The English version of the petition that follows below is an unpolished translation of the original Italian version. The English version still needs to be polished up a bit, but it fully and accurately conveys the overall thrust of the original Italian version.In 1517, a 33-year-old theology professor at Wittenberg University walked over to the Castle Church in Wittenberg and nailed a paper of 95 theses to the door, hoping to spark an academic discussion about their contents. Source. The same is happening today in Italy concerning climate science as dogma.90 Italian scientists sign petition addressed to Italian leadersTo the President of the RepublicTo the President of the SenateTo the President of the Chamber of DeputiesTo the President of the CouncilPETITION ON GLOBAL ANTHROPGENIC HEATING (Anthropogenic Global Warming, human-caused global warming)The undersigned, citizens and scientists, send a warm invitation to political leaders to adopt environmental protection policies consistent with scientific knowledge.In particular, it is urgent to combat pollution where it occurs, according to the indications of the best science. In this regard, the delay with which the wealth of knowledge made available by the world of research is used to reduce the anthropogenic pollutant emissions widely present in both continental and marine environmental systems is deplorable.But we must be aware that CARBON DIOXIDE IS ITSELF NOT A POLLUTANT. On the contrary, it is indispensable for life on our planet.In recent decades, a thesis has spread that the heating of the Earth’s surface of around 0.9°C observed from 1850 onwards would be anomalous and caused exclusively by human activities, in particular by the emission of CO2 from the use of fossil fuels in the atmosphere.This is the thesis of anthropogenic global warming [Anthropogenic Global Warming] promoted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations, whose consequences would be environmental changes so serious as to fear enormous damage in an imminent future, unless drastic and costly mitigation measures are immediately adopted.In this regard, many nations of the world have joined programs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and are pressured by a intense propaganda to adopt increasingly burdensome programs whose implementation involves heavy burdens on the economies of the individual member states and depend on climate control and, therefore, the “rescue” of the planet.However, the anthropogenic origin of global warming IS AN UNPROVEN HYPOTHESIS, deduced only from some climate models, that is complex computer programs, called General Circulation Models .On the contrary, the scientific literature has increasingly highlighted the existence of a natural climatic variability that the models are not able to reproduce.This natural variability explains a substantial part of global warming observed since 1850.The anthropogenic responsibility for climate change observed in the last century is therefore UNJUSTIFIABLY EXAGGERATED and catastrophic predictions ARE NOT REALISTIC.The climate is the most complex system on our planet, so it needs to be addressed with methods that are adequate and consistent with its level of complexity.Climate simulation models do not reproduce the observed natural variability of the climate and, in particular, do not reconstruct the warm periods of the last 10,000 years. These were repeated about every thousand years and include the well-known Medieval Warm Period , the Hot Roman Period, and generally warm periods during the Optimal Holocene period.These PERIODS OF THE PAST HAVE ALSO BEEN WARMER THAN THE PRESENT PERIOD, despite the CO2 concentration being lower than the current, while they are related to the millennial cycles of solar activity. These effects are not reproduced by the models.The media also claim that extreme events, such as hurricanes and cyclones, have increased alarmingly. Conversely, these events, like many climate systems, have been modulated since the aforementioned 60-year cycle.For example, if we consider the official data from 1880 on tropical Atlantic cyclones that hit North America, they appear to have a strong 60-year oscillation, correlated with the Atlantic Ocean’s thermal oscillation called Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation .The peaks observed per decade are compatible with each other in the years 1880-90, 1940-50 and 1995-2005. From 2005 to 2015 the number of cyclones decreased precisely following the aforementioned cycle. Thus, in the period 1880-2015, between number of cyclones (which oscillates) and CO2 (which increases monotonically) there is no correlation.The climate system is not yet sufficiently understood. Although it is true that CO2 is a greenhouse gas, according to the IPCC itself the climate sensitivity to its increase in the atmosphere is still extremely uncertain.It is estimated that a doubling of the concentration of atmospheric CO2, from around 300 ppm pre-industrial to 600 ppm, can raise the average temperature of the planet from a minimum of 1° C to a maximum of 5° C.This uncertainty is enormous.In any case, many recent studies based on experimental data estimate that the climate sensitivity to CO2 is CONSIDERABLY LOWER than that estimated by the IPCC models.Then, it is scientifically unrealistic to attribute to humans the responsibility for warming observed from the past century to today. The advanced alarmist forecasts, therefore, are not credible, since they are based on models whose results contradict the experimental data.All the evidence suggests that these MODELS OVERESTIMATE the anthropogenic contribution and underestimate the natural climatic variability, especially that induced by the sun, the moon, and ocean oscillations.It should be remembered that the heating observed since 1900 has actually started in the 1700s, i.e. at the minimum of the Little Ice Age , the coldest period of the last 10,000 years (corresponding to the millennial minimum of solar activity that astrophysicists call Maunder Minimal Solar ). Since then, solar activity, following its millennial cycle, has increased by heating the earth’s surface.Furthermore, the models fail to reproduce the known climatic oscillations of about 60 years.These were responsible, for example, for a warming period (1850-1880) followed by a cooling period (1880-1910), a heating (1910-40), a cooling (1940-70) and a a new warming period (1970-2000) similar to that observed 60 years earlier.The following years (2000-2019) saw the increase not predicted by the models of about 0.2 ° C [two one-hundredths of a degree]per decade, but a substantial climatic stability that was sporadically interrupted by the rapid natural oscillations of the equatorial Pacific ocean, known as the El Nino Southern Oscillations , like the one that led to temporary warming between 2015 and 2016.Finally, the media release the message according to which, with regard to the human cause of current climate change, there would be an almost unanimous consensus among scientists that the scientific debate would be closed.However, first of all we must be aware that the scientific method dictates that the facts, and not the number of adherents, make a conjecture a consolidated scientific theory .In any case, the same alleged consensus DOES NOT EXIST. In fact, there is a remarkable variability of opinions among specialists – climatologists, meteorologists, geologists, geophysicists, astrophysicists – many of whom recognize an important natural contribution to global warming observed from the pre-industrial period and even from the post-war period to today.There have also been petitions signed by thousands of scientists who have expressed dissent with the conjecture of anthropogenic global warming.These include the one promoted in 2007 by the physicist F. Seitz, former president of the American National Academy of Sciences, and the one promoted by the Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), whose 2009 report concludes that “Nature, not the activity of Man governs the climate”.In conclusion, given the CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE THAT FOSSIL FUELS have for the energy supply of humanity, we suggest that they should not adhere to policies of uncritically reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere with THE ILLUSORY PRETENSE OF CONTROLLING THE CLIMATE.http://www.opinione.it/…/redazione_riscaldamento-globale-…/…PROMOTING COMMITTEE:Uberto Crescenti, Emeritus Professor of Applied Geology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, formerly Rector and President of the Italian Geological Society.Giuliano Panza, Professor of Seismology, University of Trieste, Academician of the Lincei and of the National Academy of Sciences, called of the XL, 2018 International Award of the American Geophysical Union.Alberto Prestininzi, Professor of Applied Geology, La Sapienza University, Rome, formerly Scientific Editor in Chief of the magazine International IJEGE and Director of the Geological Risk Forecasting and Control Research Center.Franco Prodi, Professor of Atmospheric Physics, University of Ferrara.Franco Battaglia, Professor of Physical Chemistry, University of Modena; Galileo Movement 2001.Mario Giaccio, Professor of Technology and Economics of Energy Sources, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, former Dean of the Faculty of Economics.Enrico Miccadei, Professor of Physical Geography and Geomorphology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.Nicola Scafetta, Professor of Atmospheric Physics and Oceanography, Federico II University, Naples.SIGNATORIESAntonino Zichichi, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Bologna, Founder and President of the Ettore Center for Scientific Culture Majorana di Erice.Renato Angelo Ricci, Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of Padua, former President of the Italian Society of Physics and Society European Physics; Galileo Movement 2001.Aurelio Misiti, Professor of Health-Environmental Engineering, University of Sapienza, Rome.Antonio Brambati, Professor of Sedimentology, University of Trieste, Project Manager Paleoclima-mare of PNRA, already President of the National Oceanography Commission.Cesare Barbieri, Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Padua.6. Sergio Bartalucci, Physicist, President of the Association of Scientists and Tecnolgi for Italian Research.7. Antonio Bianchini, Professor of Astronomy, University of Padua.8. Paolo Bonifazi, former Director of the Institute of Interplanetary Space Physics, National Astrophysical Institute.9. Francesca Bozzano, Professor of Applied Geology, Sapienza University of Rome, Director of the CERI Research Center.10. Marcello Buccolini, Professor of Geomorphology, University University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.11. Paolo Budetta, Professor of Applied Geology, University of Naples.12. Monia Calista, Researcher in Applied Geology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.13. Giovanni Carboni, Professor of Physics, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Galileo Movement 2001.14. Franco Casali, Professor of Physics, University of Bologna and Bologna Academy of Sciences.15. Giuliano Ceradelli, Engineer and climatologist, ALDAI.16. Domenico Corradini, Professor of Historical Geology, University of Modena.17. Fulvio Crisciani, Professor of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, University of Trieste and Marine Sciences Institute, Cnr, Trieste.18. Carlo Esposito, Professor of Remote Sensing, La Sapienza University, Rome.19. Mario Floris, Professor of Remote Sensing, University of Padua.20. Gianni Fochi, Chemist, Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa; scientific journalist.21. Mario Gaeta, Professor of Volcanology, La Sapienza University, Rome.22. Giuseppe Gambolati, Fellow of the American Geophysica Union, Professor of Numerical Methods, University of Padua.23. Rinaldo Genevois, Professor of Applied Geology, University of Padua.24. Carlo Lombardi, Professor of Nuclear Plants, Milan Polytechnic.25. Luigi Marino, Geologist, Geological Risk Forecasting and Control Research Center, La Sapienza University, Rome.26. Salvatore Martino, Professor of Seismic Microzonation, La Sapienza University, Rome.27. Paolo Mazzanti, Professor of Satellite Interferometry, La Sapienza University, Rome.28. Adriano Mazzarella, Professor of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Naples.29. Carlo Merli, Professor of Environmental Technologies, La Sapienza University, Rome.30. Alberto Mirandola, Professor of Applied Energetics and President of the Research Doctorate in Energy, University of Padua.31. Renzo Mosetti, Professor of Oceanography, University of Trieste, former Director of the Department of Oceanography, Istituto OGS, Trieste.32.Daniela Novembre, Researcher in Mining Geological Resources and Mineralogical Applications, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti Pescara.33. Sergio Ortolani, Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Padua.34. Antonio Pasculli, Researcher of Applied Geology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.35. Ernesto Pedrocchi, Professor Emeritus of Energetics, Polytechnic of Milan.36. Tommaso Piacentini, Professor of Physical Geography and Geomorphology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.37. Guido Possa, nuclear engineer, formerly Deputy Minister Miur.38. Mario Luigi Rainone, Professor of Applied Geology, University of Chieti-Pescara.39. Francesca Quercia, Geologist, Research Director, Ispra.40. Giancarlo Ruocco, Professor of Structure of Matter, La Sapienza University, Rome.41. Sergio Rusi, Professor of Hydrogeology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.42. Massimo Salleolini, Professor of Applied Hydrogeology and Environmental Hydrology, University of Siena.43. Emanuele Scalcione, Head of Regional Agrometeorological Service Alsia, Basilicata.44. Nicola Sciarra, Professor of Applied Geology, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.45. Leonello Serva, Geologist, Director of Geological Services of Italy; Galileo Movement 2001.46. Luigi Stedile, Geologist, Geological Risk Review and Control Research Center, La Sapienza University, Rome.47. Giorgio Trenta, Physicist and Physician, President Emeritus of the Italian Association of Medical Radiation Protection; Galileo Movement 2001.48. Gianluca Valenzise, Director of Research, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome.49. Corrado Venturini, Professor of Structural Geology, University of Bologna.50. Franco Zavatti, Astronomy Researcher, University of Bologna.51. Achille Balduzzi, Geologist, Agip-Eni.52. Claudio Borri, Professor of Construction Sciences, University of Florence, Coordinator of the International Doctorate in Engineering Civil.53. Pino Cippitelli, Agip-Eni Geologist.54. Franco Di Cesare, Executive, Agip-Eni.55. Serena Doria, Researcher of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.56. Enzo Siviero, Professor of Ponti, University of Venice, Rector of the e-Campus University.57. Pietro Agostini, Engineer, Association of Scientists and Tecnolgi for Italian Research.58. Donato Barone, Engineer.59. Roberto Bonucchi, Teacher.60. Gianfranco Brignoli, Geologist.61. Alessandro Chiaudani, Ph.D. agronomist, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.62. Antonio Clemente, Researcher in Urban Planning, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.63. Luigi Fressoia, urban architect, Perugia.64. Sabino Gallo, nuclear engineer.65. Daniela Giannessi, First Researcher, Ipcf-Cnr, Pisa.66. Roberto Grassi, Engineer, Director of G&G, Rome.67. Alberto Lagi, Engineer, President of Restoration of Complex Damaged Plants.68. Luciano Lepori, Ipcf-Cnr Researcher, Pisa.69. Roberto Madrigali, Metereologo.70. Ludovica Manusardi, Nuclear physicist and scientific journalist, Ugis.71. Maria Massullo, Technologist, Enea-Casaccia, Rome.72. Enrico Matteoli, First Researcher, Ipcf-Cnr, Pisa.73. Gabriella Mincione, Professor of Sciences and Techniques of Laboratory Medicine, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara.74. Massimo Pallotta, First Technologist, National Institute for Nuclear Physics.75. Enzo Pennetta, Professor of Natural Sciences and scientific divulger.76. Nunzia Radatti, Chemist, Sogin.77. Vincenzo Romanello, Nuclear Engineer, Research Center, Rez, Czech Republic.78. Alberto Rota, Engineer, Researcher at Cise and Enel.79. Massimo Sepielli, Director of Research, Enea, Rome.80. Ugo Spezia, Engineer, Industrial Safety Manager, Sogin; Galileo Movement 2001.81. Emilio Stefani, Professor of Plant Pathology, University of Modena.82. Umberto Tirelli, Visiting Senior Scientist, Istituto Tumori d’Aviano; Galileo Movement 2001.83. Roberto Vacca, Engineer and scientific writer.FOLLOW UP OPINION - What now for global climate catastrophe?“90 Italian scientists reject global warming in petition to Italian leadersThis question about early snowstorms in Montana opens a critical issue not well addressed by many answers so far and that is, why did the UN IPCC and 97% clearly predict moderate winters and the end of snow?The answer will shoot a fatal dart through the heart of the so called climate crisis. The earth is cooling everywhere and it is now obvious to all that there is no global warming climate crisis.You would need to be batty to think early snowstorms in Montana are evidence of a climate getting dangerously too hot.But this early snowy weather is relevant to the disputed climate change or global warming in this way or that the new warming is cooling?There is one science term, ‘THE ALBEDO’, that is crucial to the special significance of snow as it explains the basis of a cooling cycle building on itself as 90 % of warming sunlight fails to happen because the snow reflects it back into the atmosphere.“Thermodynamics: AlbedoAlbedo is a non-dimensional, unitless quantity that indicates how well a surface reflects solar energy. Albedo (α) varies between 0 and 1. Albedo commonly refers to the "whiteness" of a surface, with 0 meaning black and 1 meaning white. A value of 0 means the surface is a "perfect absorber" that absorbs all incoming energy. Absorbed solar energy can be used to heat the surface or, when sea ice is present, melt the surface. A value of 1 means the surface is a "perfect reflector" that reflects all incoming energy.Albedo generally applies to visible light, although it may involve some of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. You understand the concept of low albedo intuitively when you avoid walking barefoot on blacktop on a hot summer day. Blacktop has a much lower albedo than concrete because the black surface absorbs more energy and reflects very little energy.Sea ice has a much higher albedo compared to other earth surfaces, such as the surrounding ocean. A typical ocean albedo is approximately 0.06, while bare sea ice varies from approximately 0.5 to 0.7. This means that the ocean reflects only 6 percent of the incoming solar radiation and absorbs the rest, while sea ice reflects 50 to 70 percent of the incoming energy. The sea ice absorbs less solar energy and keeps the surface cooler.Snow has an even higher albedo than sea ice, and so thick sea ice covered with snow reflects as much as 90 percent of the incoming solar radiation. This serves to insulate the sea ice, maintaining cold temperatures and delaying ice melt in the summer. “National Snow and Ice Data CenterThe snow albedo effect is one of the key reasons winter weather has a unique place in the climate debate not given to any other type of severe weather.IN 2001, the UN IPCC predicted diminished snowfalls as human CO2 increased, claiming that “milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms” due to the activities of personkind…IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeTHEY also forecast “warmer winters and fewer cold spells, because of climate change…”warmer-winters-ipccWhy did 2007 : Die Zeit…“First the snow disappears, and then winter.”THE END OF SNOW QUOTES ARE NOW LAUGHABLE THEY HAVE TURNED OUT TO BE SO WRONG, BUT THERE IS A SERIOUS ISSUE HERE.THE END OF SNOW AND THE “97% of Experts” Agreed Too!2000 : a prediction from Professor Mojib Latif of Germany’s GEOMAR Heimholtz Centre for Ocean Research…“Winters with strong frosts and lots of snow like we had 20 years ago will no longer exist at our latitudes.” – Professor Mojib Latif2000 : Spiegel…“Good bye winter. Never again snow?”2004 : Mark Lynas told us…“Snow has become so rare that when it does fall – often just for a few hours – everything grinds to a halt. In early 2003 a ‘mighty’ five-centimetre snowfall in southeast England caused such severe traffic jams that many motorists had to stay in their cars overnight. Today’s kids are missing out . . . Many of these changes are already underway, but have been accelerating over the last two decades. Termites have already moved into southern England. Garden centres are beginning to stock exotic sub-tropical species, which only a few years ago would have been killed off by winter…” – Mark Lynas2005 : Christopher Krull, Black Forest Tourism Association / Spiegel…Planning for a snowless future: “Our study is already showing that that there will be a much worse situation in 20 years.”2005 : George Monbiot on climate change and snow…Winter is no longer the great grey longing of my childhood. The freezes this country suffered in 1982 and 1963 are – unless the Gulf Stream stops – unlikely to recur. Our summers will be long and warm. Across most of the upper northern hemisphere, climate change, so far, has been kind to us…2006 : Daniela Jacob of Max Planck Institute for Meterology, Hamburg …“Yesterday’s snow… Because temperatures in the Alps are rising quickly, there will be more precipitation in many places. But because it will rain more often than it snows, this will be bad news for tourists. For many ski lifts this means the end of business.”Less Snow and Drier Summers in German Forecast | Germany| News and in-depth reporting from Berlin and beyond | DW | 30.04.20062006 : The Independent‘s somber editorial admonished us that the lack of snow was evidence of a “dangerous seasonal disorder”…The countryside is looking rather peculiar this winter. It seems we have a number of unexpected guests for Christmas. Dragonflies, bumblebees and red admiral butterflies, which would normally be killed off by the frost, can still be seen in some parts of the country . . . Some might be tempted to welcome this late blossoming of the natural world as a delightful diversion from the bleakness of this time of year. But these fluctuations should be cause for concern because it is overwhelmingly likely that they are a consequence of global warming . . . all this is also evidence that global warming is occurring at a faster rate than many imagined…2007 : BBC “One Planet Special”…“It Seems the Winters of Our Youth are Unlikely to Return” presenter Richard Hollingham … speaks to climate scientists to get their views. Their conclusion? In the words of the BBC, they all give “predictions of warmer winters, for UK & the Northern Hemisphere”.2007 : Schleswig Holstein NABU…“Ice, snow, and frost will disappear, i.e. milder winters” … “Unusually warm winters without snow and ice are now being viewed by many as signs of climate change.”2007 : Western Mail (Wales Online) … article, entititled “Snowless Winters Forecast for Wales as World Warms Up” quotes one of the global warming movement’s key figures, Sir John Houghton, former head of the IPCC and former head of the UK Met Office…Former head of the Met Office Sir John Houghton, who is one of the UK’s leading authorities on climate change, said all the indicators suggest snowy winters will become increasingly rare He said, “Snowlines are going up in altitude all over the world. The idea that we will get less snow is absolutely in line with what we expect from global warming.”Why was predictions about winter weather so important as evidence of global warming?In fact the whole thesis of man made global warming is based on the view current warming is happening so fast it threatens our survival. The whole alarmism hangs on this thread - recent warming is unprecedented. While it has been warmer in the past but this warming is happening faster - really - what about the pause and record cold winters. The public are not duped .WHY 97% CONSENSUS ABOUT THE END OF SNOW?This is a vital question and the answer punctures the human caused Co2 climate change meme.The alarmists claimed that the climate will become too hot and cause a ‘catastrophe’ for human civilization. With this view of the future of course winters must end as they moderate a too hot summer preventing a climate crisis. This predictions puts winter weather in play in a way all other weather is not. Further, this prediction about moderate winters must happen or the apocalyptic view that human emissions of fossil fuels will create a climate crisis catastrophe is just fiction? There is no polar ice imagined in the future by the NOAA alarmists.NOAA PROJECTED END OF POLAR ICE AND SNOW BY 2085.FAILED. The prediction of moderate winters without the Arctic polar ice is bunk. Mother nature and natural variation wins over the discarded theories of the the 1800s. After 2000 Arctic ice expands and does not retreat as predicted. Here is reality not computer modeled political scaremongering -IMAGES | SEPTEMBER 20, 2000Global View of the Arctic Oceanhttps://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceim...NASA researchers have new [sic] insights into the mysteries of Arctic sea ice, thanks to the unique abilities of Canada's Radarsat satellite. The Arctic is the smallest of the world's four oceans, but it may play a large role in helping scientists monitor Earth's climate shifts.Using Radarsat's special sensors to take images at night and to peer through clouds, NASA researchers can now see the complete ice cover of the Arctic. This allows tracking of any shifts and changes, in unprecedented detail, over the course of an entire winter. The radar-generated, high-resolution images are up to 100 times better than those taken by previous satellites.Arctic ice is expanding further in 2018 not retreating.Also of course the world continues to suffer brutal winters with massive snowfall. Mother nature has rebutted the alarmists with aplomb.“2008 : Another false prediction…A study of snowfall spanning 60 years has indicated that the Alps’s entire winter sports industry could grind to a halt through lack of snow…. In some years the amount that fell was 60 per cent lower than was typical in the early 1980s, said Christoph Marty, from the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Davos, who analysed the records. ”I don’t believe we will see the kind of snow conditions we have experienced in past decades,” he said.2014 : the global warming theory-obsessed New York Times touted “The End of Snow?”…2017 : The Age’s resident global warming catastrophist Peter Hannam signalled the end of snow…Snowy retreat: Climate change puts Australia’s ski industry on a downhill slope | The AGEAustralia’s ski resorts face the prospect of a long downhill run as a warming climate reduces snow depth, cover and duration. The industry’s ability to create artificial snow will also be challenged, scientists say.Snowy retreat: Climate change puts Australia's ski industry on a downhill slopeWRONG so much winter snow Australia has extended their ski season this past summer..Australia snow bus for skiers.‘END OF SNOW’ UPDATE : Natural Snow Depth In Australia The Highest In Two DecadesPosted: August 17, 2019 | Author: Jamie Spry | Filed under: Australia,Heaviest snow in years expected over WA’s Stirling Ranges this weekend as cold blast hits – ABC NewsSNOWFALL will become “A very rare and exciting event…Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”Dr David Viner – Senior scientist, climatic research unit (CRU)“Good bye winter. Never again snow?” – Spiegel (2000)“Milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms” – IPCC (2001)“End of Snow?” – NYTimes (2014)***WEATHER is, of course, not climate.WE are keenly reminded of this fact by ourglobal warmingclimate change hysterical friends ‘if’ a significant snow event or cold blast is reported on the media.THOUGH, do keep in mind the “End-Of-World” prophecies declared by our same friends every time a two-day heat wave (in summer) is reported, on repeat, throughout the mainstream media.THE rules are simple – cold equals weather, hot equals climate!*SKIING in Australia takes place in the high country of the states of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, as well as in the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra), during the southern hemisphere winter. The season varies between ski fields and years, starting from mid June and ending mid October. The past three years have seen extended seasons across most higher altitude resorts.THE 2019 ski season started early after the heaviest May snow in decades across Australia’s east coast.WHILE most of the regular season since then has been ‘regular’, the latter half has been anything but, with the past two weeks seeing record snow dumps.OFFICIAL MEASUREMENTSSNOWY Hydro have been measuring weekly natural snow depths at three locations the Snowy Mountains of NSW since the 1950’s. Their highest measuring site is at Spencers Creek (1,830m elevation) near Charlotte Pass.THE latest readings have been impressive. Record-breaking, in fact …ACCORDING to Elders weather:The natural snow depth at Spencers Creek was 202.7cm this week. This is the earliest date for a depth of two metres to be measured at Spencers Creek in 15 years.It’s also an increase of 77.5cm from last week and, impressively, the third weekly increase of more than 70cm so far this season. This is a new record for Spencers Creek. Prior to 2019, there had only ever been two weekly depth increases 70cm or more in any one season, with data available back to 1954.While there have been some long periods without any significant snow this season, when it has snowed, it’s been exceptional in a historical context.Elders Weather*WITH more snow on the way this weekend for Australia’s ski fields, natural snow depth could reach its deepest level in two decades …”australia ski bus | Search Results | ClimatismWinter starts in October now in ALBERTA AND MONTANA“SNOWPOCALYPSE: Alberta To FREEZE This WeekendNICO JOHNSON2019-10-25 14:47:32There is severe winter weather coming to Alberta. Alongside the snow showers expected this weekend, Albertans are also going to have to suffer through 100 km/h winds, according to CTV news.To prepare for this Snowpocalypse, the RCMP are advising motorists to avoid driving this weekend due to poor road conditions, which have already created accidents on Highway 43.”Niagara falls frozen over winter of 2018THE BIGGEST MYTH OF ALL NO SNOWThe End of Snow? – The New York TimesHeavy snow forecast for the Australian Alps despite ski season ending a month ago“Australia’s snowfields have been overdosed by snow over the past 5+ years.”“DISAPPEARING” SNOW UPDATE – August 8, 2017Emergency services warn of avalanches in Victoria’s alpine regionTHE “Blizzard Of Oz” That Wasn’t Meant To Be | Climatism