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COVID-19 BasicsQ: What is COVID-19?A: COVID-19 is a virus strain, first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, that has only spread in people since December 2019.Health experts are closely monitoring the situation because little is known about this new virus and it has the potential to cause severe illness and pneumonia in some people.Q: How does COVID-19 spread and what are the symptoms?A: COVID-19 is primarily spread through respiratory droplets, which means to become infected, people generally must be within six feet of someone who is contagious and come into contact with these droplets. It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. Symptoms of COVID-19 appear within two to 14 days after exposure and include fever, cough, runny nose and difficulty breathing.Q: How long does it take for symptoms of the COVID-19 to appear?A: CDC believes that symptoms of COVID-19 may appear in as few as two days, or as long as 14 days after exposure. To be cautious, many governments are requiring an isolation period of 14 days for people returning from endemic areasQ: How is COVID-19 treated?A: There is currently no FDA approved medication for COVID-19. People infected with this virus should receive supportive care such as rest, fluids and fever control, to help relieve symptoms. For severe cases, treatment should include care to support vital organ functions.PreventionQ: Is there a vaccine?A: Currently, there is no vaccine available.Q: How can I best protect myself?A: Practice the following:Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 15-20 seconds. If soap and water are not available, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands.Avoid close contact (within 6 feet) with people who are sick.Stay home when you are sick.Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.Standard household cleansers and wipes are effective in cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched objects and surfaces.It’s currently flu and respiratory disease season and CDC recommends getting vaccinated, taking everyday preventive actions to stop the spread of germs, and taking flu antivirals if prescribed.Q: Should I wear a face mask? Will that help protect me?A: If you are sick: You should wear a facemask when you are around other people (e.g., sharing a room or vehicle) and before you enter a healthcare provider’s office. If you are not able to wear a facemask (for example, because it causes trouble breathing), then you should do your best to cover your coughs and sneezes, and people who are caring for you should wear a facemask if they enter your room. Learn what to do if you are sick.If you are not sick: You do not need to wear a facemask unless you are caring for someone who is sick (and they are not able to wear a facemask). Facemasks may be in short supply and they should be saved for caregivers.Access and Visitor Restrictions in Ohio LocationsQ: I have an appointment at Cleveland Clinic and I am concerned about COVID-19. Should I cancel my appointment?A:We are taking necessary precautions on behalf of our patients, visitors and caregivers.At this time our primary care providers are reviewing patient records and encouraging all of our Ohio patients with non-essential primary care appointments scheduled to take place in the next few weeks to consider rescheduling for three months out.For appointments that cannot be postponed, options will include Cleveland Clinic Express Care® Online, phone and MyChart visits, with in-person appointments being a back-up option.For patients who require a physical exam, in-person appointments will remain as scheduled. We are closely monitoring this evolving situation and our clinicians are meeting regularly to continue to prepare.If you have a fever, cough or shortness of breath, or are otherwise concerned you have COVID-19, we ask that you do not come to any Cleveland Clinic facility without calling your primary care physician or speaking to a provider using a virtual visit using Cleveland Clinic Express Care® Online. Patients will then be evaluated to determine if they require being seen in person or if they meet CDC guidelines for testing for COVID-19 based on symptoms, travel and exposures. If a patient meets criteria for testing, their Express Care Online provider or primary care physician will advise how to proceed with testing.Q: What restrictions are in place for visitors going to Cleveland Clinic facilities?A: For all Ohio locations and Cleveland Clinic Martin Health please use the following guidance:If you’re sick, have a fever or a confirmed case of COVID-19, do not visit or accompany a patient.Patients may only have up to 2 people with them at any time.Visitors must be at least 16 years old.Visitors can speak with a caregiver about exceptions and special circumstances.No visitors allowed from 10 p.m. – 8 a.m., unless a parent or guardian of a pediatric patient, or accompanying a newly admitted patient.Visitors must wash their hands (or use sanitizer) before and after leaving rooms and hospital buildings.For Cleveland Clinic Weston:Visitor check-in is from 8 am – 12 pm and 3 pm – 7 pm. No visitors will be allowed outside those hours.Visiting hours will end at 11 pm for all visitors.Q: I have an appointment at Cleveland Clinic. What do I need to bring?A:When entering any Cleveland Clinic facility, please have your appointment reminder from email, MyChart or text message to show.On-Site Testing for Ohio LocationsQ: Who should undergo COVID-19 testing?A: Only patients who meet current CDC criteria for COVID-19 testing will be tested.Q: What do I need in order to get tested for COVID-19?A: A Cleveland Clinic provider’s order is required for all COVID-19 testing.Q: How long will results from a COVID-19 test take?A: Cleveland Clinic’s on-site testing should yield results within one day and testing results will be automatically released through MyChart within 3-5 days.Q: What are Cleveland Clinic’s plans for testing?A: In the coming days Cleveland Clinic will establish outpatient testing locations requiring a Cleveland Clinic provider’s order to receive COVID-19 testing.Q: What do I do if I have flu-like symptoms and think I have been exposed to COVID-19?A: Based on your symptoms, do the following:If you’re concerned you have COVID-19, we recommend you start with a virtual visit using Cleveland Clinic Express Care® Online– or call or message your primary care physician. You will be advised what to do next.Call ahead before going in person to any Cleveland Clinic location.If you have chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, a severe headache or other potentially life-threatening problems, go to the nearest emergency department or call 911.For questions, Call Ohio Department of Health’s 24/7 hotline at 833.4.ASK.ODH.Cleveland Clinic patients call 855.697.3750.Q: Who is screening patients?A: We are following CDC recommendations on screening for travel from high-risk countries. As part of the intake process, travel questions have been added to outpatient visits. Travel screenings are part of the standard process for inpatients.Screening is occurring in the following ways:Travel screening is now performed at check-in, registration and during scheduling.It has also been added to the outpatient rooming and inpatient admissions workflows.Clinicians in Emergency Departments, labor and delivery and surgical areas will continue to complete travel screenings as a part of their standard workflows.These questions are also asked at check-in kiosks and through MyChart’s pre-check-in feature.In our intensive care units for patients with severe lower respiratory infections.PreparednessQ: How is Cleveland Clinic preparing for COVID-19?A: We are preparing should the need arise, following CDC and World Health Organization’s recommendations and protocols.We are closely monitoring this evolving situation and our clinicians are meeting regularly to continue to prepare. We are following CDC guidance.Q: Is Cleveland Clinic concerned about shortages of any medical supplies or medications?A: Currently, we have adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). It’s important that we remain good stewards of our available resources available over PPE over an extended period of time.Q: Where can I find more information from Cleveland Clinic?A: The latest information on COVID-19 can be found on the CDC’s website.Q: Is there a hotline I can call for more information on COVID-19?A: Cleveland Clinic has a dedicated, 24/7 COVID-19 hotline to answer your questions at 855.697.3750. The Ohio Department of Health also has set up a COVID-19 hotline (1-833-4-ASK-ODH) for those with questions or concerns.TravelFor the latest information on travel information, alerts and warnings, please visit the CDC’s Coronavirus Disease 2019 Information for Travel website.Q: What if my family member traveled from a country or had a layover in a country with widespread or sustained transmission in the last 14 days?A: If your family member traveled from or had a layover in a CDC-designated high-risk country in the last 14 days and feels sick with fever, cough or has difficulty breathing, visit Cleveland Clinic Express Care® Online or call or message your primary care physician.Your family member should:Seek medical care right away. Before they go to a doctor’s office or emergency room, call ahead and tell them about their recent travel and symptoms.Avoid contact with others.Not travel while sick.They should cover their mouth and nose with a tissue or their sleeve (not their hands) when coughing or sneezing.Wash hands often with soap and water for 15-20 seconds. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are not available.Q: Should I travel internationally?A: CDC provides recommendations on postponing or canceling travel. These are called travel notices and are based on assessment of the potential health risks involved with traveling to a certain area. A list of destinations with travel notices.Q: What if I must travel for personal reasons?A: If you must travel for person reasons, practice the following precautions:Avoid contact with people who are sick.Avoid animals (alive or dead), animal markets and products that come from animals (such as uncooked meat).Wash hands often with soap and water for 15-20 seconds. Use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are not available.Older adults and travelers with underlying health issues may be at risk for more severe disease.

Not really, no.Very few commercially sold pizza is made with whole grains, or even unbleached wheat flower, so it basically has no nutritional value. The wheat bran and wheat germ are the parts with all the nutrients and those are stripped out in the bleaching process. You can make the crust less unhealthy by choosing a thin crust, but it is still like eat cheap generic white bread in terms of nutrition.*Note: Don’t be fooled by those frozen cauliflower crust pizzas in the stores like Oprah’s O! That’s good! 2/3 of the crust is still made with wheat flour. Frozen Pizza | Refrigerated Soups & Sides | O, That's Good!Don’t expect to get any real nutrition out of their pizza sauce. The only actual tomato in it is probably tomato puree… which means it’s more water than tomato. Here’s the ingredient list for Domino’s pizza sauce according to their website: Water, tomato paste, salt, sugar, spices, garlic, soybean oil, citric acid. Order Pizza & Pasta Online for Carryout & Delivery - Domino's PizzaThe cheese has a little bit of nutrition in it, but not much. 1 serving of Pizza Hut (I’m trying not to pick on the same pizza joint) has 5g of protein in the cheese. One serving of peas has 8g of protein. One serving of grilled chicken has 27g protein. Pizza Hut - Full Menu Nutrition Plus, the cheese itself has almost 20% of the saturated fat a person should eat in a day. Most of the medical science community… the USDA, the World Health Organization, the European Commission on Health, Harvard Health and the Cleveland Clinic and John Hopkins… they all say we should severely limit our cheese intake and get most of our protein and calcium from healthier sources.Speaking of which… toppings. Pepperoni and sausage. All of those above organizations say that fatty, highly processed foods like those (along with bacon, hot dogs, salami, bologna, kielbasa, etc) should be avoided. Not limited… avoided. Red meats like ham and beef fall under the same category as cheese. So don’t expect any net gain in terms of nutrition if you choose these for toppings. The grilled chicken is healthy… but it tends to be paired with bacon and a ranch style sauce which totally negates any health benefits.Now, if you choose veggie toppings… That might sound healthy. But per slice, you would get maybe 1/8 of a serving of vegetables. Only so much can fit on a slice of pizza. You might as well take one or two slices of an onion, green pepper, tomato… one half of a broccoli or cauliflower floret and half a canned mushroom and make a tiny little salad… like I do for my 18mo nephew. As a side dish, another veggie side dish and his main course, that’s just the right size for someone his age.Also keep in mind… stuffed crusts only add more unhealthy fat to the pizza. The specialty crusts are hit and miss… most add extra salt with the seasoning and the cheese ones add extra fat. Look at this list from Hungry Howies, known for their flavored crusts. The Ranch crust has 800mg of salt. The Butter Cheese has 3.5 grams of fat. Now, that’s on the crust alone, not spead throughout the whole dough of the pizza. https://www.hungryhowies.com/sites/default/files/hh_nutrition_guide.pdfBack in the day, I used to make my own healthy pizzas at home. They were quite good, actually. I used a thin crust, a healthy hot pepper (Serrano) infused oil (I think I used Safflower oil but olive oil and canola oil are just as healthy) for sauce, light cheese and shredded fish as my only topping. It was quite tasty and not at all heavy… perfect for a hot summer day when you want something light. If you don’t like heat, I’m sure you could infuse something like a banana pepper into your oil. I bet it would even work with a sweet Cubanelle pepper.I did, however, not use a whole grain crust. Not sure how it would work with whole grains… but then, who ever said every single calorie we ingested had to be the most healthy variety?But aside from that, I don’t think anyone could make the argument that pizza is actually good for you. Maybe not entirely bad when eaten in moderation. But certainly there is little to be gained in the way of nutrition.Thanks for the A2A, both of you.

Stages of fetal development over 38 weeks, from embryo to full-term.Credit: Dragana Gerasimoski | ShutterstockFor a pregnant woman, feeling a new life developing inside her body is an amazing experience, even though she may not always feel her best at some points along the way.Pregnancy can be different from woman to woman, and even for the same mother from one pregnancy to the next. Some symptoms of pregnancy last for several weeks or months, while other discomforts are temporary or don't affect all women."Pregnancy is a long, 10-month journey," said Dr. Draion Burch, an obstetrician and gynecologist at Magee-Womens Hospital at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.A normal pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks, counting from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, which is about two weeks before conception actually occurs.Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters. Each of these periods lasts between 12 and 13 weeks.During each trimester, changes take place in a pregnant woman's body as well as in the developing fetus, and a summary of these changes will be described below.Conception and implantationAbout two weeks after a woman has her period, she ovulates and her ovaries release one mature egg. The egg can be fertilized for 12 to 24 hours after it's released as it travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.If an egg meets up with a sperm cell that has made its way into the fallopian tube, it combines into one cell, a process that's known as fertilization or conception.At fertilization, the sex of the fetus is already determined, depending on whether the egg receives an X or Y chromosome from a sperm cell. If the egg receives an X chromosome, the baby will be a girl; a Y chromosome means the baby will be a boy.According to the Cleveland Clinic, it takes about three to four days for the fertilized egg (or embryo) to move to the lining of the uterus, where it attaches or implants to the uterine wall. Once the embryo is implanted, the cells start to grow, eventually becoming the fetus and the placenta, which is tissue that can transport oxygen, nutrients and hormones from the mother's blood to the developing fetus throughout pregnancy.First trimester (weeks 1-12) changes in the mother's bodyA woman will experience a lot of symptoms during her first trimester as she adjusts to the hormonal changes of pregnancy. In the early weeks, the pregnancy may not be showing much on the outside of her body, but inside many changes are taking place.For example, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a hormone that will be present in a woman's blood from the time conception occurs. Levels of hCG can be detected in a woman's urine about a week after she has a missed period, and it is why a woman will have a positive result on a home pregnancy test.Other hormonal changes can contribute to pregnancy symptoms: Rising levels of estrogen and hCG may be responsible for the waves of nausea and vomiting known as morning sickness that a woman typically feels during her first few months of pregnancy. Despite its name, morning sickness can occur any time of day.A woman will also feel more tired than usual during the first trimester, a symptom that's linked with rising levels of the hormone progesterone, which increases sleepiness. She may also need to urinate more frequently as her uterus grows and presses on her bladder.Early in pregnancy, a woman's breasts will feel more tender and swollen, another side effect of rising levels of pregnancy hormones. Her areolas, the skin around each nipple, will darken and enlarge.A pregnant woman's digestive system may slow down to increase the absorption of beneficial nutrients. But reduced mobility of the digestive system might also trigger such common complaints as heartburn, constipation, bloating and gas, according to the Office on Women's Health (OWH).Many parts of the body will work harder during pregnancy, including a woman's heart. Her heartbeat will increase to pump more blood to the uterus, which will supply it to the fetus.As more blood circulates to a woman's face, it will give her skin a rosier complexion, described as a "pregnancy glow."Besides the physical changes in a woman's body, she may also experience emotional highs and lows in the early months of her pregnancy and throughout it. These emotions may range from weepiness, mood swings and forgetfulness to fear, anxiety and excitement.First trimester development of embryo/fetusA developing baby is called an embryo from the moment conception takes place until the eighth week of pregnancy.During the first month of pregnancy the heart and lungs begin to develop, and the arms, legs, brain, spinal cord and nerves begin to form, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).The embryo will be about the size of a pea around one month into a pregnancy, Burch said. Around the second month of pregnancy, the embryo has grown to the size of a kidney bean, he explained. In addition, the ankles, wrists, fingers and eyelids form, bones appear, and the genitals and inner ear begin to develop.After the eighth week of pregnancy and until birth occurs, a developing baby is called a fetus.By the end of the second month, eight to 10 of the fetus' main organs will have formed, Burch said. At this stage of pregnancy, he stressed, it's extremely important that pregnant women do not take harmful medications, such as illegal drugs. The first trimester is also the period when most miscarriages and birth defects occur.During the third month of pregnancy, bones and muscles begin to grow, buds for future teeth appear, and fingers and toes grow. The intestines begin to form and the skin is almost transparent.Second trimester (weeks 13-27) changes in the mother's bodyBy the second trimester, some of the unpleasant effects of early pregnancy may lessen or disappear as a woman's body adjusts to its changing hormone levels. Sleeping may get easier and energy levels may increase.Nausea and vomiting usually get better and go away, Burch told Live Science. But other symptoms may crop up as the fetus continues its growth and development.Women feel more pelvic pressure, Burch said, adding that the pelvis feels heavy like something is weighing it down.A more visible baby bump appears as the uterus grows beyond a woman's pelvis, and the skin on her expanding belly may itch as its stretches, according to the OWH.As the fetus is getting bigger and a woman is gaining more pregnancy weight in the front of her body, she may also experience more back pain, Burch said.Sometime between the 16th and 18th weeks of pregnancy, a first-time mother may feel the first fluttering movements of the fetus, known as quickening, Burch said. If a woman has had a baby before, she is likely to feel the fetus kicking, squirming or turning even sooner because she knows what to expect, he explained.The 20th week usually marks the halfway point of a woman's pregnancy.Burch encourages his patients to take a "baby-moon" — a mini-vacation or weekend getaway — during the second trimester, and he said the best time to get away is around the 28th week of pregnancy. A woman is generally feeling pretty good at this point, there's a lower risk of miscarriage and premature labor, and some health professionals may discourage airplane travel after the 36th week.Second trimester development of the fetusIn the second trimester, the fetus is growing a lot and will be between 3 and 5 inches long, Burch said. Sometime between 18 and 22 weeks, an ultrasound may reveal the sex of the baby, if parents want to know this information in advance.By the fourth month of pregnancy, eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails and the neck all form, and the skin has a wrinkled appearance. In addition, during the fourth month the arms and legs can bend, the kidneys start working and can produce urine, and the fetus can swallow and hear, according to ACOG.In the fifth month of pregnancy, the fetus is more active and a woman may be able to feel its movements. The fetus also sleeps and wakes on regular cycles. A fine hair (called lanugo) and a waxy coating (called vernix) cover and protect the thin fetal skin.By the sixth month of pregnancy, hair begins to grow, the eyes begin to open and the brain is rapidly developing. Although the lungs are completely formed, they don't yet function.Stages of pregnancy over nine months.Credit: Dragana Gerasimoski ShutterstockThird trimester (weeks 28-40) changes in the mother's bodyDuring the third trimester, as a woman's enlarged uterus pushes against her diaphragm, a major muscle involved in breathing, she may feel short of breath because the lungs have less room to expand, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. Her ankles, hands, feet and face may swell as she retains more fluids and her blood circulation slows.A mother-to-be will need to pee more frequently because more pressure will be placed on her bladder. She may also have more backaches and more pain in the hips and pelvis, as these joints relax in preparation for delivery.Her face may develop dark patches of skin, and stretch marks may appear on her belly, thighs, breasts and backside. She may also notice varicose veins on her legs.In the third trimester, a woman's breasts may experience some leakage of colostrum, a yellow liquid, as they get ready for breastfeeding, according to the OWH. The baby will drop lower in her abdomen.False labor, known as Braxton-Hicks contractions, may begin to occur as a woman gets closer to her due date. A "nesting instinct" may kick in as a mother-to-be and her partner baby-proof their home, shop for baby items, prepare the nursery and await their new arrival.During the final weeks of pregnancy, it will become harder to find a comfortable sleeping position, so women may be extremely tired, Burch said.As delivery approaches, some women love the experience of being pregnant, while others may feel like they can't wait for it to end, Burch said.Third trimester development of the fetusBy the seventh month of pregnancy, the fetus kicks and stretches, and can even respond to light and sound, like music, Burch said. Eyes can open and close.During the eighth month of pregnancy, the fetus gains weight very quickly. Bones harden, but the skull remains soft and flexible to make delivery easier. Different regions of the brain are forming, and the fetus is able to hiccup, according to ACOG.The ninth month is the home stretch of pregnancy, and the fetus is getting ready for birth by turning into a head-down position in a woman's pelvis. The lungs are now fully mature to prepare for functioning on their own. The fetus continues to gain weight rapidly.The new definition of a full-term pregnancy is when a baby is born after 39 to 40 weeks (it used to be 37 weeks), Burch said.