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Ramnarain Ruia Jr. College, Matunga05/09/2015Environmental studies ProjectHospital Waste Management in Kurla Area:ü1.Selection of Topic (10 marks)ü2.Objectives(4 marks)ü3.Review of literature(4 marks)ü4.Relevance(4 marks)ü5.Proposed methodology(8 marks)6..Description of the method followed(8 marks)ü7.Observation(2 marks)ü8.Analysis(4 marks)ü9.conclusion(2 marks)10.Report writing(4 marks)11.viva-voice(10 marks)“Hospital (Medicinal) Waste”An Environmental Hazard and Its ManagementSelection of topic:The proper management of biomedical waste has become a worldwide humanitarian topic today. Although hazards of poor management of biomedical waste have aroused the concern world over, especially in the light of its far-reaching effects on human, health and the environment.2Now it is a well-established fact that there are many adverse and harmful effects to the environment including human beings which are caused by the “Hospital waste” generated during the patient care. Hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care workers, public and flora and fauna of the area. The problems of the waste disposal in the hospitals and other health-care institutions have become issues of increasing concern.Hospital is a place of almighty, a place to serve the patient. Since beginning, the hospitals are known for the treatment of sick persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage and filth generated by them on human body and environment. Now it is a well-established fact that there are many adverse and harmful effects to the environment including human beings which are caused by the "Hospital waste" generated during the patient care. Hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care workers, public and flora and fauna of the area. Hospital acquired infection, transfusion transmitted diseases, rising incidence of Hepatitis B, and HIV, increasing land and water pollution lead to increasing possibility of catching many diseases. Air pollution due to emission of hazardous gases by incinerator such as Furan, Dioxin, Hydrochloric acid etc. have compelled the authorities to think seriously about hospital waste and the diseases transmitted through improper disposal of hospital waste. This problem has now become a serious threat for the public health and, ultimately, the Central Government along with state government had to intervene for enforcing proper handling and disposal of hospital waste and an act was passed in July 1996 and a bio-medical waste (handling and management) rule was introduced in 1998.A modern hospital is a complex, multidisciplinary system which consumes thousands of items for delivery of medical care and is a part of physical environment. All these products consumed in the hospital leave some unusable leftovers i.e. hospital waste. The last century witnessed the rapid mushrooming of hospital in the public and private sector, dictated by the needs of expanding population. The advent and acceptance of "disposable" has made the generation of hospital waste a significant factor in current scenario.As I live in Kurla I am very much familiar with the present day conditions regarding the above topic. The area is much crowdy as compared to other areas of the city. It is the main site where one can find slum areas, so the chances of effects due to improper hospital waste management are more in this area. Also the people are not aware of the fact that there is something called hospital waste management. Most of the people categorize all the waste under same column and that’s the worst part of it.Therefore in order to catch people’s attention towards this problem I choose this topic under environmental studies.I am sure that it may contribute a little fraction in creating awareness among the citizens.Objectives:Need of biomedical waste management in hospitals:While selecting this topic, the question aroused in my mind was “why do we need to separate this waste from household waste?” I gone through various articles and the reports served by municipality officials and came to know that how dangerous it would be if we are not separating this waste. Still separating wasn’t enough. It has to be decomposed or manage properly in order make it safeHospital waste management is a part of hospital hygiene and maintenance activities. In fact only 15% of hospital waste i.e. "Biomedical waste" is hazardous, not the complete. But when hazardous waste is not segregated at the source of generation and mixed with nonhazardous waste, then 100% waste becomes hazardous. The question then arises that what is the need or rationale for spending so many resources in terms of money, man power, material and machine for management of hospital waste?The reasons due to which there is great need of management of hospital waste such as:1.Injuries from sharps leading to infection to all categories of hospital personnel and waste handler.2.Nosocomial infections in patients from poor infection control practices and poor waste management.3.Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers and at time general public living in the vicinity of hospitals.4.Risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs to persons handling wastes at all levels.5.“Disposable” being repacked and sold by unscrupulous elements without even being washed.6.Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.7.Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to defective incineration emissions and ash3.To make people aware of the fact, what is hospital waste?Hospital waste refers to all waste generated, discarded and not intended for further use in the hospital.According to Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 of India “Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological.Review of literature:As this topic is very much familiar with metro cities like Mumbai I got a lot of information regarding above topic from following sources:ØRecent reports given by local municipality and state government officials.ØGuidelines given by WHO regarding hospital waste management and their disposal.ØInterviews of respected hospital officials (waste managers).ØEfforts carried out by various NGO’s in respective areas.ØAt the State level, many States are developing new standards to control medical waste disposal.ØBecause of the information need to support the implementation of the regulations, both the Federal Government and the States have conducted various studies. This paper represents a discussion of what has been learned as a result of these studies.ØEvaluation of medical waste treatment technologies conducted by private industries;ØCase study: hospital waste management (Kurla area)Relevance:Scientific Relevance:·In order to understand how this topic is related scientifically following points must be understood. The following information provides how this waste is classified:-(1) General waste: Largely composed of domestic or house hold type waste. It is non-hazardous to human beings, e.g. kitchen waste, packaging material, paper, wrappers, plastics.(2) Pathological waste: Consists of tissue, organ, body part, human foetuses, blood and body fluid. It is hazardous waste.(3) Infectious waste: The wastes which contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity that could cause diseases. It is hazardous e.g. culture and stocks of infectious agents from laboratories, waste from surgery, waste originating from infectious patients.(4) Sharps: Waste materials which could cause the person handling it, a cut or puncture of skin e.g. needles, broken glass, saws, nail, blades, and scalpels.(5) Pharmaceutical waste: This includes pharmaceutical products, drugs, and chemicals that have been returned from wards, have been spilled, are outdated, or contaminated.(6) Chemical waste: This comprises discarded solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals e.g. cleaning, house keeping, and disinfecting product.(7) Radioactive waste: It includes solid, liquid, and gaseous waste that is contaminated with radionucleides generated from in-vitro analysis of body tissues and fluid, in-vivo body organ imaging and tumour localization and therapeutic procedures.·How this waste is disposed?Based on Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998, notified under the Environment Protection Act by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (Government of India).1. Segregation of wasteSegregation is the essence of waste management and should be done at the source of generation of Bio-medical waste e.g. all patient care activity areas, diagnostic services areas, operation theaters, labour rooms, treatment rooms etc. The responsibility of segregation should be with the generator of biomedical waste i.e. doctors, nurses, technicians etc. (medical and paramedical personnel). The biomedical waste should be segregated as per categories mentioned in the rules.2. Collection of bio-medical wasteCollection of bio-medical waste should be done as per Bio-medical waste (Management and Handling) Rules. At ordinary room temperature the collected waste should not be stored for more than 24 hours.Types of container and colour code for collection of bio-medical waste.CategoryWaste classType of containerColour1.Human anatomical wastePlasticYellow2.Animal waste-do--do-3.Microbiology and Biotechnology waste-do-Yellow/Red4.Waste sharpPlastic bag puncture proof containersBlue/White Translucent5.Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic wastePlastic bagsBlack6.Solid (biomedical waste)-do-Yellow7.Solid (plastic)Plastic bag puncture proof containersBlue/White Translucent8.Incineration wastePlastic bagBlack9.Chemical waste (solid)-do--do-3. TransportationWithin hospital, waste routes must be designated to avoid the passage of waste through patient care areas. Separate time should be earmarked for transportation of bio-medical waste to reduce chances of it's mixing with general waste. Desiccated wheeled containers, trolleys or carts should be used to transport the waste/plastic bags to the site of storage/ treatment.Trolleys or carts should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected in the event of any spillage. The wheeled containers should be so designed that the waste can be easily loaded, remains secured during transportation, does not have any sharp edges and is easy to clean and disinfect. Hazardous biomedical waste needing transport to a long distance should be kept in containers and should have proper labels. The transport is done through desiccated vehicles specially constructed for the purpose having fully enclosed body, lined internally with stainless steel or aluminium to provide smooth and impervious surface which can be cleaned. The drivers compartment should be separated from the load compartment with a bulkhead. The load compartment should be provided with roof vents for ventilation.4. Treatment of hospital wasteTreatment of waste is required:· to disinfect the waste so that it is no longer the source of infection.· to reduce the volume of the waste.· make waste unrecognizable for aesthetic reasons.· make recycled items unusable.4.1 General wasteThe 85% of the waste generated in the hospital belongs to this category. The, safe disposal of this waste is the responsibility of the local authority.4.2 bio-medical waste: 15% of hospital waste· Deep burial: The waste under category 1 and 2 only can be accorded deep burial and only in cities having less than 5 lakh population.· Autoclave and microwave treatment Standards for the autoclaving and microwaving are also mentioned in the Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998. All equipment installed/shared should meet these specifications. The waste under category 3,4,6,7 can be treated by these techniques. Standards for the autoclaving are also laid down.· Shredding: The plastic (IV bottles, IV sets, syringes, catheters etc.), sharps (needles, blades, glass etc) should be shredded but only after chemical treatment/microwaving/autoclaving. Needle destroyers can be used for disposal of needles directly without chemical treatment.· Secured landfill:: The incinerator ash, discarded medicines, cytotoxic substances and solid chemical waste should be treated by this option.· Incineration: The incinerator should be installed and made operational as per specification under the BMW rules 1998 and a certificate may be taken from CPCB/State Pollution Control Board and emission levels etc should be defined. In case of small hospitals, facilities can be shared. The waste under category 1,2,3,5,6 can be incinerated depending upon the local policies of the hospital and feasibility. The polythene bags made of chlorinated plastics should not be incinerated.· It may be noted that there are options available for disposal of certain category of waste. The individual hospital can choose the best option depending upon the facilities available and its financial resources. However, it may be noted that depending upon the option chosen, correct colour of the bag needs to be used.5. Safety measures5.1 All the generators of bio--medical waste should adopt universal precautions and appropriate safety measures while doing therapeutic and diagnostic activities and also while handling the bio-medical waste.5.2 It should be ensured that:· drivers, collectors and other handlers are aware of the nature and risk of the waste.· written instructions, provided regarding the procedures to be adopted in the event of spillage/ accidents.· protective gears provided and instructions regarding their use are given.· workers are protected by vaccination against tetanus and hepatitis B.6. Training· each and every hospital must have well planned awareness and training programme for all category of personnel including administrators (medical, paramedical and administrative).· all the medical professionals must be made aware of Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998.· to institute awards for safe hospital waste management and universal precaution practices.· training should be conducted to all categories of staff in appropriate language/medium and in an acceptable manner.7. Management and administrationHeads of each hospital will have to take authorization for generation of waste from appropriate authorities as notified by the concerned State/U.T. Government, well in time and to get it renewed as per time schedule laid down in the rules. Each hospital should constitute a hospital waste management committee, chaired by the head of the Institute and having wide representation from all major departments. This committee should be responsible for making Hospital specific action plan for hospital waste management and its supervision, monitoring and implementation. The annual reports, accident reports, as required under BMW rules should be submitted to the concerned authorities as per BMW rules format.8. Measures for waste minimizationAs far as possible, purchase of reusable items made of glass and metal should be encouraged. Select non PVC plastic items. Adopt procedures and policies for proper management of waste generated, the mainstay of which is segregation to reduce the quantity of waste to be treated. Establish effective and sound recycling policy for plastic recycling and get in touch with authorised manufactures.Social relevance:This project completely focuses on why do we need to separate this waste and why do we need to dispose them effectively.§It has a great impact on health of local citizens. So it is completely socially relevant.§A major issue related to current Bio-Medical waste management in many hospitals is that the implementation of Bio-Waste regulation is unsatisfactory as some hospitals are disposing of waste in a haphazard, improper and indiscriminate manner. Lack of segregation practices, results in mixing of hospital wastes with general waste making the whole waste stream hazardous. Inappropriate segregation ultimately results in an incorrect method of waste disposal.§Inadequate Bio-Medical waste management thus will cause environmental pollution, unpleasant smell, growth and multiplication of vectors like insects, rodents and worms and may lead to the transmission of diseases like typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and AIDS through injuries from syringes and needles contaminated with human.6§Various communicable diseases, which spread through water, sweat, blood, body fluids and contaminated organs, are important to be prevented. The Bio Medical Waste scattered in and around the hospitals invites flies, insects, rodents, cats and dogs that are responsible for the spread of communication disease like plague and rabies. Rag pickers in the hospital, sorting out the garbage are at a risk of getting tetanus and HIV infections. The recycling of disposable syringes, needles, IV sets and other article like glass bottles without proper sterilization are responsible for Hepatitis, HIV, and other viral diseases. It becomes primary responsibility of Health administrators to manage hospital waste in most safe and eco-friendly manner6.The problem of bio-medical waste disposal in the hospitals and other healthcare establishments has become an issue of increasing concern, prompting hospital administration to seek new ways of scientific, safe and cost effective management of the waste.· Municipal authority : As quite a large percentage of waste (in India upto 85%), generated in Indian hospitals, belong to general category (non-toxic and non-hazardous), hospital should have constant interaction with municipal authorities so that this category of waste is regularly taken out of the hospital premises for land fill or other treatment.· Co-ordination with Pollution Control Boards: Search for better methods technology, provision of facilities for testing, approval of certain models for hospital use in conformity with standards 'aid down.· Development of non-PVC plastics as a substitute for plastic which is used in the manufacture of disposable items• Establishment of training programs for workers to improve the quality and quantity of work.• Protection of workers against occupational risks.·Economic Relevance:Medical waste requires more amount of money as compared to household waste or any other waste as it has to be decomposed very efficiently and carefully. Regardless of how much money is being spent we need to check for whether the money spent is being used properly or not for that we need to search for cost effective and environmental friendly technology for treatment of bio-medical and hazardous waste. Also, to search for suitable materials to be used as containers for bio-medical waste requiring incineration/autoclaving/ microwaving. This project mainly focuses on reducing expenditure regarding waste management.Cost reductions can be achieved by taking particular measures at different stages in the management of wastes: On-site management• Comprehensive management of chemicals and pharmaceuticals stores.• Substitution of disposable medical care items by recyclable items.• Adequate segregation of waste to avoid costly or inadequate treatment of waste that does not require it.• Improved waste identification to simplify segregation, treatment, and recycling. Comprehensive planning• Planning collection and transport in such a way that all operations are safe and cost-efficient. • Possible cooperative use of regional incineration facilities, including private sector facilities where appropriate.• Selection of a treatment and disposal option that is appropriate for waste type and local circumstances.• Use of treatment equipment of appropriate type and capacity. Measures at personnel levelPROPOSED METHODOLOGY:In order to collect all the information and to have a descriptive look on the topic stated above, the best way was to take interviews of the respective people in the field of waste management. As most of the people in this area are not that much familiar with the things like how waste in managed and how all things take place, there was no use of taking interviews of local people. So most important task in front of me was to collect all information and put this in front of local citizens so that they would understand what this thing is.Interviewee:Hospital waste managers.Workers or handlers.Transporters.BMC officials in respective areas.Local people facing problems regarding the same.Medical students in the area stated above.Active NGO’s in above area.Citizens in damping areas.Requirements:As I have to conduct interviews I have to be prepared with all the questions.A camera is must for recording all statements given by respective people.List of prestigious hospitals in the area.List of hospital waste managers in respective hospitals.Sufficient information regarding the questions which I need to ask.Permission of hospital authorities to conduct interviews.A guide.How to proceed?As stated earlier, my motto was to conduct interviews of officials and put them in front of local citizens:Questions to officials:1.What are Biomedical wastes?2.What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes?Questions to workers:3.What is the quantum of waste that is generated by a hospital?4.What are disinfection and sterilization?5.What are the colour codes and type of containers used for disposal of biomedical waste?6.What materials can be recycled?7.How long can bio medical waste be stored?Questions to BMC officials:8.What are the hazards associated with poor health care waste management?9.Who are the persons at risk of the hazards of medical procedures?10.What are the rules and regulations governing the disposal of these wastes?Questions to medical students:11.What are the responsibilities of health care institutions regarding biomedical waste management?Questions to NGO’s:12.What are the different hospital waste categories?13.What is Biosafety?14.What are the disinfectants commonly used for disinfection of materials contaminated with blood and body fluids?15.How is disinfection of the various items commonly used in the hospital carried out?Thus, this is how I need to proceed in order to complete my project work. Along with that I may require methods like mouth publicity, pamphlets regarding the same. And most important in order to complete it effectively I need to be guided by my EVS teacher.DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD FOLLOWED:Answers to the questions asked:1.Biomedical wastes are defined as waste that is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in the production of biological.2.Biodegradable waste means any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard. It also includes waste from households, which because of its nature and composition is similar to biodegradable waste from households.Non-biodegradable wastes are the wastes that cannot be decomposed by bacteria eg.plastics, bottles and tins.3.The quantum of waste that is generated in India is estimated to be 1-2 kg per bed per day in a hospital and 600 gm per day per bed in a general practioner’s clinic. e.g. a 100 bedded hospital will generate 100 – 200 kgs of hospital waste/day. It is estimated that only 5 – 10% of this comprises of hazardous/infectious waste (5 – 10kgs/day)4.Proper disposal of biomedical waste is of paramount importance because of its infectious and hazardous characteristics. Improper disposal can result in the following:· Organic portion ferments and attracts fly breeding· Injuries from sharps to all categories of health care personnel and waste handlers· Increase risk of infections to medical, nursing and other hospital staff· Injuries from sharps to health workers and waste handlers· Poor infection control can lead to nosocomial infections in patients particularly HIV, Hepatitis B & C· Increase in risk associated with hazardous chemicals and drugs being handled by persons handling wastes· Poor waste management encourages unscrupulous persons to recycle disposables and disposed drugs for repacking and reselling· Development of resistant strains of microorganisms5.ProcedurePerson at riskMode of TransmissionCollection of blood samplesPatient Health workerContaminated needle, gloves, Skin puncture by needle or container,Contamination of hands by bloodTransfer of specimens (within laboratory)Laboratory personnelContamination of exterior of specimen container, Broken container,Splash of specimenHIV serology and virologyLaboratory personnelSkin puncture, splash of specimen,6.The Government of India has promulgated the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998. They are applicable to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle biomedical wastes. This includes hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories and blood banks.7.It is mandatory for such institutions to:Set up biomedical waste treatment facilities like incinerators, autoclave and microwave systems for treatment of the wastesMake an application to the concerned authorities for grant of authorizationSubmit a report regarding information about the categories and quantities of biomedical wastes handled during the preceding year by 31 Jan every yearMaintain records about the generation, collection, reception, storage, transportation, treatment, disposal and/or any form of handling bio medical wasteReport immediately any accident to the prescribed authority8.Biosafety is essentially a preventive concept and consists of wide variety of safety precautions that are to be undertaken, either singly or in combination, depending on the type of hazard by all medical, nursing and paramedical workers as well as by patients, attendants, ancillary staff and administrators in a hospital.9.Disinfection and sterilization are important procedures in biosafety. Disinfection refers to procedures which reduce the number of microorganisms on an object or surface but not the complete destruction of all microorganism or spores. Sterilisation on the other hand, refers to procedures, which would remove all microorganisms, including spores, from an object. Sterilisation is undertaken either by dry heat (for 2 hours at 1700C in an electric oven – method of choice for glass ware and sharps) or by various forms of moist heat (i.e. boiling in water for an effective contact time of 20 min or steam sterilization in an autoclave at 15 lb/sq inch at 1210C for 20 min)Name of DisinfectantAvailable chlorineRequired chlorineRequired chlorine Contact periodAmount of disinfectant to be dissolved in 1 ltr of waterSodium hypochlorite5%0.5%30 min100 mlCalcium hypochlorite70%0.5%30 min7.0 gmNa OCl powder-0.5%30 min8.5 gm10.OBSERVATION:Amount and composition of hospital waste generated(a) AmountAreaQuantity (kg/bed/day)SionDadarAndheriKurla2.54.52.53.0b) (Hazardous/non-hazardous)Hazardous15%a) Hazardous but non-infective5%b) Hazardous and infective10%Non-hazardous85%c) Composition(By weight):Plastic14%CombustibleDry cellublostic solid45%Wet cellublostic solid18%Non-combustible20%ANALYSIS:Following observations were made during my visit to respective clinics and hospitals in Kurla area.Major Sources§Govt. hospitals/private hospitals/nursing homes/ dispensaries.§Primary health centers.§Medical colleges and research centers/ paramedic services.§Veterinary colleges and animal research centers.§Blood banks/mortuaries/autopsy centers.§Biotechnology institutions.§Production units.Minor Sources§Physicians/ dentists’ clinics§Animal houses/slaughter houses.§Problems relating to biomedical waste§advances in this area. The need of proper hospital waste management system is of prime importance and is an essential component of quality assurance in hospitals§Blood donation camps.§Vaccination centers.§Acupuncturists/psychiatric clinics/cosmetic piercing.§Funeral services.§Institutions for disabled personsCONCLUSION:Medical wastes should be classified according to their source, typology and risk factors associated with their handling, storage and ultimate disposal. The segregation of waste at source is the key step and reduction, reuse and recycling should be considered in proper perspectives. We need to consider innovative and radical measures to clean up the distressing picture of lack of civic concern on the part of hospitals and slackness in government implementation of bare minimum of rules, as waste generation particularly biomedical waste imposes increasing direct and indirect costs on society. The challenge before us, therefore, is to scientifically manage growing quantities of biomedical waste that go beyond past practices. If we want to protect our environment and health of community we must sensitize our selves to this important issue not only in the interest of health managers but also in the interest of community.

Go down this list and see what is important to you.Computer science – study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.Theory of computation – branch that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithmAutomata theory – study of mathematical objects called abstract machines or automata and the computational problems that can be solved using them.Formal languages – set of strings of symbols.Computability theory – branch of mathematical logic and computer science that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees.Computational complexity theory – branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science and mathematics that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each otherConcurrency theory – In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each otherAlgorithms – step-by-step procedure for calculationsDistributed algorithms – algorithm designed to run on computer hardware constructed from interconnected processorsParallel algorithms – algorithm which can be executed a piece at a time on many different processing devices, and then put back together again at the end to get the correct result.Data structures – particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.Computer architecture – In computer science and engineering, computer architecture is the practical art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals and the formal modeling of those systems.VLSI design – process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistors into a single chipOperating systems – set of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programsComputer communications (networks) – collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and informationInformation theory – branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering involving the quantification of informationInternet – global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide.World wide web – part of the Internet; system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.Wireless computing – any type of computer network that is not connected by cables of any kind.Computer security – branch of computer technology known as information security as applied to computers and networks.Cryptography – practice and study of hiding information.Fault-tolerant computing – property that enables a system (often computer-based) to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its componentsDistributed computing – field of computer science that studies distributed systemsGrid computing – federation of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goalParallel computing – form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently ("in parallel").High-performance computing – computer at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculationQuantum computing – device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on dataComputer graphics – graphics created using computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer with help from specialized software and hardware.Image processing – any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the imageScientific visualization – interdisciplinary branch of science primarily concerned with the visualization of three-dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component".Computational geometry – branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms which can be stated in terms of geometrySoftware engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to softwareFormal methods – particular kind of mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systemsFormal verification – act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematicsProgramming languages – artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computerProgramming paradigms – fundamental style of computer programmingObject-oriented programming – programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programsFunctional programming – programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable dataProgram semantics – field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languagesType theory – any of several formal systems that can serve as alternatives to naive set theory, or the study of such formalisms in generalCompilers – computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code)Concurrent programming languages – form of computing in which programs are designed as collections of interacting computational processes that may be executed in parallelInformation science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of informationDatabase – organized collection of data, today typically in digital formRelational database – collection of data items organized as a set of formally described tables from which data can be accessed easilyDistributed database – database in which storage devices are not all attached to a common CPU.Object database – database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programmingMultimedia – media and content that uses a combination of different content forms.hypermedia – computer-based information retrieval system that enables a user to gain or provide access to texts, audio and video recordings, photographs and computer graphics related to a particular subject.Data mining – process that results in the discovery of new patterns in large data setsInformation retrieval – area of study concerned with searching for documents, for information within documents, and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching structured storage, relational databases, and the World Wide Web.Artificial intelligence – branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines.Automated reasoning – area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of reasoning.Computer vision – field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding images and, in general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g., in the forms of decisions.Machine learning – scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databasesArtificial neural network – mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networksNatural language processing – field of computer science, artificial intelligence (also called machine learning), and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages.Computational linguistics – interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.Expert systems – computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expertRobotics – branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robotsHuman-computer interaction – study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers.Numerical analysis – study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).Algebraic (symbolic) computation – relates to algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and equations in symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the approximations of specific numerical quantities represented by those symbols. Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra systems.Computational number theory – study of algorithms for performing number theoretic computationsComputational mathematics – involves mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays a central and essential role, emphasizing algorithms, numerical methods, and symbolic methodsScientific computing (Computational science) – Computational biology (bioinformatics) – involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems.Computational science – subfield of computer science concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problemsComputational chemistry – branch of chemistry that uses principles of computer science to assist in solving chemical problemsComputational neuroscience – study of brain function in terms of the information processing properties of the structures that make up the nervous system.Computer-aided engineering – broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering tasks.Finite element analysis – numerical technique for finding approximate solutions of partial differential equations (PDE) as well as integral equations.Computational fluid dynamics – branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows.Computational economics – research discipline at the interface between computer science and economic and management scienceComputational sociology – branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena.Computational finance – cross-disciplinary field which relies on computational intelligence, mathematical finance, numerical methods and computer simulations to make trading, hedging and investment decisions, as well as facilitating the risk management of those decisionsHumanities computing (Digital Humanities) – area of research and teaching concerned with the intersection of computing and the disciplines of the humanitiesInformation systems – study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute dataBusiness informatics – discipline combining information technology (IT), informatics and management concepts.Information technology – Management information systems – provides information that is needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectivelyHealth informatics – discipline at the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care.Mathematics – search for fundamental truths in pattern, quantity, and change.Algebra – one of the main branches of mathematics, it concerns the study of structure, relation and quantity.Group theory – studies the algebraic structures known as groups.Group representation – describe abstract groups in terms of linear transformations of vector spacesRing theory – study of ring–algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those familiar from the integersField theory – branch of mathematics which studies the properties of fields Linear algebra – branch of mathematics concerning finite or countably infinite dimensional vector spaces, as well as linear mappings between such spaces.Vector space – mathematical structure formed by a collection of vectors: objects that may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers, called scalars in this context.Multilinear algebra – extends the methods of linear algebraLie algebra – algebraic structure whose main use is in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifoldsAssociative algebra – associative ring that has a compatible structure of a vector space over a certain field K or, more generally, of a module over a commutative ring R.Non-associative algebra – K-vector space (or more generally a module) A equipped with a K-bilinear mapUniversal algebra – field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structuresHomological algebra – branch of mathematics which studies homology in a general algebraic settingCategory theory – area of study in mathematics that examines in an abstract way the properties of particular mathematical concepts, by formalising them as collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms, although this term also has a specific, non-category-theoretical sense), where these collections satisfy some basic conditionsLattice theory – partially ordered set in which any two elements have a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet).Order theory – branch of mathematics which investigates our intuitive notion of order using binary relations.Differential algebra – algebras equipped with a derivation, which is a unary function that is linear and satisfies the Leibniz product rule.Analysis – branch of pure mathematics that includes the theories of differentiation, integration and measure, limits, infinite series, and analytic functionsReal analysis – branch of mathematical analysis dealing with the set of real numbers and functions of a real variable.Calculus – branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series.Complex analysis – branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbersFunctional analysis – branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (e.g. inner product, norm, topology, etc.) and the linear operators acting upon these spaces and respecting these structures in a suitable senseOperator theory – branch of functional analysis that focuses on bounded linear operators, but which includes closed operators and nonlinear operators.Non-standard analysis – branch of classical mathematics that formulates analysis using a rigorous notion of an infinitesimal number.Harmonic analysis – branch of mathematics concerned with the representation of functions or signals as the superposition of basic waves, and the study of and generalization of the notions of Fourier series and Fourier transforms.p-adic analysis – branch of number theory that deals with the mathematical analysis of functions of p-adic numbers.Ordinary differential equations – ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an equation in which there is only one independent variable and one or more derivatives of a dependent variable with respect to the independent variable, so that all the derivatives occurring in the equation are ordinary derivatives.Partial differential equations – differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives.Probability theory – branch of mathematics concerned with probability, the analysis of random phenomena.Measure theory – systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size.Ergodic theory – branch of mathematics that studies dynamical systems with an invariant measure and related problems.Stochastic process – collection of random variables; this is often used to represent the evolution of some random value, or system, over time.Geometry – branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is one of the oldest mathematical sciences.Topology – major area of mathematics concerned with properties that are preserved under continuous deformations of objects, such as deformations that involve stretching, but no tearing or gluing.General topology – branch of topology which studies properties of topological spaces and structures defined on them.Algebraic topology – branch of mathematics which uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spacesGeometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embedings of one manifold into another.Differential topology – field dealing with differential functions on differentiable manifoldsAlgebraic geometry – branch of mathematics which combines techniques of abstract algebra, especially commutative algebra, with the language and the problems of geometryDifferential geometry – mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus and integral calculus, as well as linear algebra and multilinear algebra, to study problems in geometryProjective geometry – study of geometric properties that are invariant under projective transformationsAffine geometry – study of geometric properties which remain unchanged by affine transformationsNon-Euclidean geometry – either of two specific geometries that are, loosely speaking, obtained by negating the Euclidean parallel postulate, namely hyperbolic and elliptic geometry.Convex geometry – branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space.Discrete geometry – branch of geometry that studies combinatorial properties and constructive methods of discrete geometric objects.Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies relationships involving lengths and angles of trianglesNumber theory – branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integersAnalytic number theory – branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems about the integersAlgebraic number theory – major branch of number theory which studies algebraic structures related to algebraic integersGeometric number theory – studies convex bodies and integer vectors in n-dimensional spaceLogic and Foundations of mathematics – subfield of mathematics with close connections to the foundations of mathematics, theoretical computer science and philosophical logic.Set theory – branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objectsProof theory – branch of mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniquesModel theory – study of (classes of) mathematical structures (e.g. groups, fields, graphs, universes of set theory) using tools from mathematical logic Recursion theory – branch of mathematical logic and computer science that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degreesModal logic – type of formal logic primarily developed in the 1960s that extends classical propositional and predicate logic to include operators expressing modalityIntuitionistic logic – symbolic logic system differing from classical logic in its definition of the meaning of a statement being trueApplied mathematics – branch of mathematics that concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry.Mathematical statistics – study of statistics from a mathematical standpoint, using probability theory as well as other branches of mathematics such as linear algebra and analysisProbability – likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen Econometrics – application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic dataActuarial science – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.Demography – statistical study of human populations and sub-populations.Approximation theory – study of how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby.Numerical analysis – study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).Optimization (Mathematical programming) – selection of a best element from some set of available alternatives.Operations research – study of the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisionsLinear programming – mathematical method for determining a way to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a given mathematical model for some list of requirements represented as linear relationshipsDynamical systems – concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical spaceChaos theory – study of the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, an effect which is popularly referred to as the butterfly effect.Fractal geometry – mathematical set that has a fractal dimension that usually exceeds its topological dimension and may fall between the integers.Mathematical physics – development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physicsQuantum field theory – theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically parametrized (represented) by an infinite number of degrees of freedom, that is, fields and (in a condensed matter context) many-body systems.Statistical mechanics – branch of physics that applies probability theory, which contains mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the study of the thermodynamic behavior of systems composed of a large number of particles.Information theory – branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering involving the quantification of information.Cryptography – study of means of obscuring information, such as codes and ciphersCombinatorics – branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structuresCoding theory – study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific applicationGraph theory – study of graphs, mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects from a certain collectionGame theory – study of strategic decision making. More formally, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers."Statistics – collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. Computational statistics – interface between statistics and computer science.Data mining – process that results in the discovery of new patterns in large data setsRegression – estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables – that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are held fixed.Simulation – Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. The act of simulating something first requires that a model be developed; this model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected physical or abstract system or process. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of the system over time.Bootstrap (statistics) – method for assigning measures of accuracy to sample estimates (Efron and Tibshirani 1993).Design of experiments – design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present, whether under the full control of the experimenter or notBlock design – set together with a family of subsets (repeated subsets are allowed at times) whose members are chosen to satisfy some set of properties that are deemed useful for a particular application.Analysis of variance – collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation.Response surface methodology – explores the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables.Engineering statistics – Engineering statistics combines engineering and statisticsSpatial statistics – any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.Social statistics – use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environmentStatistical modelling – formalization of relationships between variables in the form of mathematical equationsBiostatistics – application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology. Epidemiology – study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health-characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations.Multivariate analysis – observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time.Structural equation model – statistical technique for testing and estimating causal relations using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions.Time series – sequence of data points, measured typically at successive time instants spaced at uniform time intervals.Reliability theory – describes the probability of a system completing its expected function during an interval of time.Quality control – process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production.Statistical theory – provides a basis for the whole range of techniques, in both study design and data analysis, that are used within applications of statistics.Decision theory – identifies the values, uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given decision, its rationality, and the resulting optimal decision.Mathematical statistics – study of statistics from a mathematical standpoint, using probability theory as well as other branches of mathematics such as linear algebra and analysis.Probability – likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen.Sample Survey – process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population in order to conduct a survey.Sampling theory – study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.Survey methodology – field that studies the sampling of individuals from a population with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population using the sample.Systems science – interdisciplinary field of science that studies the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science.Chaos theory – field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including physics, engineering, economics, biology, and philosophy; studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.Complex systems and Complexity Theory – studies how relationships between parts give rise to the collective behaviors of a system and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment.Cybernetics – interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Biocybernetics – application of cybernetics to biological science, composed of biological disciplines that benefit from the application of cybernetics: neurology, multicellular systems and others.Engineering cybernetics – field of cybernetics, which deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems as well as chemical or biological systems.Management cybernetics – field of cybernetics concerned with management and organizations.Medical cybernetics – branch of cybernetics which has been heavily affected by the development of the computer, which applies the concepts of cybernetics to medical research and practice.New Cybernetics – study of self-organizing systems according to Peter Harries-Jones (1988), "looking beyond the issues of the "first", "old" or "original" cybernetics and their politics and sciences of control, to the autonomy and self-organization capabilities of complex systems".Second-order cybernetics – investigates the construction of models of cybernetic systems.Control theory – Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. The external input of a system is called the reference. When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.Control engineering – engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors.Control systems – device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or system.Dynamical systems – concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space.Operations research – study of the use of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions.Systems dynamics – approach to understanding the behaviour of complex systems over time.Systems analysis – study of sets of interacting entities, including computer systems analysis.Systems theory – interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.Developmental systems theory – overarching theoretical perspective on biological development, heredity, and evolutionGeneral systems theory – interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.Linear time-invariant systems – investigates the response of a linear and time-invariant system to an arbitrary input signal.Mathematical system theory – area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex dynamical systems, usually by employing differential equations or difference equations.Systems biology – several related trends in bioscience research, and a movement that draws on those trends.Systems ecology – interdisciplinary field of ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems.Systems engineering – interdisciplinary field of engineering focusing on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed over their life cycles.Systems neuroscience – subdiscipline of neuroscience and systems biology that studies the function of neural circuits and systems.Systems psychology – branch of applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience in complex systems.Anthropology - study of humans, past and present, that draws and builds upon knowledge from the social sciences and biological sciences, as well as the humanities and the natural sciences.Applied anthropology – application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.Archaeology – study of cultures via material remains and environmental dataCultural anthropology – branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans, collecting data about the effect of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.Ethnobiology – scientific study of dynamic relationships between peoples, biota, and environments, from the distant past to the immediate present.Ethnography – systematic study of people and cultures.Ethnology – branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.Ethnopoetics – method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e., verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts.Evolutionary anthropology – interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates.Experimental archaeology – Experimental archaeology employs a number of different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches in order to generate and test hypotheses, based upon archaeological source material, like ancient structures or artifacts.Historical archaeology – form of archaeology dealing with topics that are already attested in written records.Linguistic anthropology – is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life.Medical anthropology – interdisciplinary field which studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation".Physical anthropology – study of the physical development of the human species. Psychological anthropology – interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes.Zooarchaeology – study of faunal remains.Anthrozoology – study of human-animal interaction.Business studies – academic subject combining elements of accountancy, finance, marketing, organizational studies and economicsCivics – study of the theoretical and practical aspects of citizenship, its rights and duties; the duties of citizens to each other as members of a political body and to the government.Cognitive Science – interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works.Criminology – study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society.Cultural studies – academic field grounded in critical theory and literary criticism.Demography – statistical study of human populations and sub-populations.Development studies – multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries.Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economyMicroeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resourcesBehavioural economics – Behavioral economics and the related field, behavioral finance, study the effects of social, cognitive and emotional factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and the consequences for market prices, returns and the resource allocation.Bioeconomics – applies the laws of thermodynamics to economic theory Comparative economics – comparative study of different systems of economic organization, such as capitalism, socialism, feudalism and the mixed economy.Socialist economics – economic theories and practices of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems.Development economics – branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries.Economic geography – study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.Economic history – study of economies or economic phenomena in the past.Economic sociology – studies both the social effects and the social causes of various economic phenomena.Energy economics – broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societiesEntrepreneurial Economics – study of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy.Environmental economics – subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues.Evolutionary economics – part of mainstream economics as well as heterodox school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Financial economics – branch of economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment".Heterodox economics – approaches or to schools of economic thought that are considered outside of "mainstream economics" and sometimes contrasted by expositors with neoclassical economics.Green economics – one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risksFeminist economics – diverse area of economic inquiry that highlights the androcentric biases of traditional economics through critical examinations of economic methodology, epistemology, history and empirical study.Industrial organization – field of economics that builds on the theory of the firm in examining the structure of, and boundaries between, firms and markets.International economics – study of the effects upon economic activity of international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the institutions that affect them.Institutional economics – study of the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behaviour.Labor economics – seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour.Law and Economics – application of economic methods to analysis of law. Managerial economics – "application of economic concepts and economic analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decisions"Monetary economics – branch of economics that historically prefigured and remains integrally linked to macroeconomics.Neuroeconomics – interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to choose an optimal course of action.Public finance – study of the role of the government in the economy.Public economics – study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity.Real estate economics – application of economic techniques to real estate markets.Resource economics – study of supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources.Welfare economics – branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to evaluate economic well-being, especially relative to competitive general equilibrium within an economy as to economic efficiency and the resulting income distribution associated with it.Political economy – study of the production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process.Socioeconomics – considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social "markets" (not excluding for example, sorting by marriage) and the formation of social norms.Transport economics – branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector and has strong linkages with civil engineering.Economic methodology – study of methods, especially the scientific method, in relation to economics, including principles underlying economic reasoning.Computational economics – research discipline at the interface between computer science and economic and management science.Econometrics – application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic dataMathematical economics – application of mathematical methods to represent economic theories and analyze problems posed in economics.Economic statistics – topic in applied statistics that concerns the collection, processing, compilation, dissemination, and analysis of economic data.Time series – sequence of data points, measured typically at successive time instants spaced at uniform time intervals.Experimental economics – application of experimental methods to study economic questions.Education – in the general sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.Environmental studies – interdisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment.Gender and sexuality studies – field of interdisciplinary study and academic field devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis.Geography – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.Cartography – study and practice of making maps or globes.Human geography – branch of the social sciences that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place.Critical geography – takes a critical theory (Frankfurt School) approach to the study and analysis of geography.Cultural geography – study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places.Feminist geography – approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism to the study of the human environment, society and geographical space.Economic geography – study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.Development geography – branch of geography with reference to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants.Historical geography – study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past.Time geography – Political geography & geopolitics – field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.Strategic geography – concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations.Population geography – study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.Social geography – branch of human geography that is most closely related to social theory in general and sociology in particular, dealing with the relation of social phenomena and its spatial components.Behavioral geography – approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach.Children's geographies – area of study within human geography and Childhood Studies which involves researching the places and spaces of children's lives.Health geography – application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.Tourism geography – study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity.Urban geography – study of areas which have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure.Environmental geography – branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world.Physical geography – branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography.Biogeography – study of the distribution of species (biology), organisms, and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.Climatology – Atmospheric physics Atmospheric dynamics (category) Palaeoclimatology – study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth.Coastal geography – study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast.Geomorphology – scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them.Geodesy – scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.Hydrography – mapping (charting) of water topographic features through the measurement of the depths, the tides and currents of a body of water and establishment of the sea, river or lake bed topography and morphology. Glaciology – study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.Limnology – study of inland waters.Oceanography – branch of Earth science that studies the ocean.Pedology – study of soils in their natural environment.Landscape ecology – science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems.Palaeogeography – study of what the geography was in times past.Regional geography – study of world regions.Gerontology – study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging.History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented.Industrial relations – multidisciplinary field that studies the employment relationship.Information science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.International studies – study of the major political, economic, social, cultural and sacral issues that dominate the international agendaLaw – set of rules and principles (laws) by which a society is governed, through enforcement by governmental authorities.Legal management – social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and its elements, Law, Law Practice, Legal Research and Jurisprudence, legal Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Governance, Government structure, Political history and theories, Business Organization and Management, Entrepreneurship, Public Administration and Human Resource Development.Paralegal studies – social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and its elements, Law, Law Practice, Legal Research and Jurisprudence, legal Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Governance, Government structure, Political history and theories, Business Organization and Management, Entrepreneurship, Public Administration and Human Resource Development.Library science – study of issues related to libraries and the information fields.Linguistics – scientific study of natural language.Anthropological linguistics – study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology, cognition and language.Applied linguistics – interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems.Biolinguistics – study of the biology and evolution of language.Clinical linguistics and speech and language pathology – sub-discipline of linguistics which involves the application of linguistic theory to the field of Speech-Language Pathology.Cognitive linguistics – branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms.Comparative linguistics – branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.Computational linguistics – interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.Developmental linguistics – study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.language acquisition – the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate.Dialectology – scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics.dialectometry – the study of high levels of structure in geographical dialect networks.Discourse analysis – general term for a number of approaches to analyzing use of written, oral or sign language or any significant semiotic event. Etymology – study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.Evolutionary linguistics – the scientific study of both the origins and development of language as well as the cultural evolution of languages.Forensic linguistics – application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure.Geolinguistics – branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements.Historical linguistics – study of language change.Lexis – total vocabulary or lexicon having items of lexical, rather than grammatical, meaning.Linguistic typology – subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features.Morphology – identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology).Neurolinguistics – study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.Philology – study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.Phonetics – branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or the equivalent aspects of sign.Phonology – branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.Phraseology – study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently.Pragmatics – subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.Psycholinguistics – study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.Sociolinguistics – descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society.Speech science – Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech. Speech science involves anatomy, in particular the anatomy of the oro-facial region and neuroanatomy, physiology, and acoustics.Stylistics – study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective.Syntax – "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages."Semantics – study of meaning.Writing systems and orthography – representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system).Management – act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.Media studies – academic discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media; in particular, the 'mass media'.Communication studies – academic field that deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning.Philosophy – study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Academic philosophy is considered a science by some. The role of philosophy is also a philosophical question.Philosophy of language – is concerned with four central problems: the nature of meaning, language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality.Philosophy of information – (PI) is the area of research that studies conceptual issues arising at the intersection of computer science, information science, information technology, and philosophy.Political philosophy – is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority.Epistemology – study of how we know what we know; study of the nature and scope of knowledge.Ethics – major branch of philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life. It is significantly broader than the common conception of analyzing right and wrong.Logic – formal science of using reasonPhilosophy of mind – branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.Philosophy of science – questions the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science; questions the use and merit of science; sometimes overlapsmetaphysics and epistemology by questioning whether scientific results are actually a study of truth.Social philosophy – is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations.Aesthetics – is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.Philosophy of mathematics – is the branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics. The aim of the philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and to understand the place of mathematics in people's lives.Philosophy of education – Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic field of applied philosophy or to one of any educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education.Political science – social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics.Comparative politics – field and a method used in political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.Game theory – study of strategic decision making.Geopolitics – theory that describes the relation between politics and territory whether on local or international scale.political geography – field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Ideology – set of ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions.Political economy – Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process. Political economy originated in moral philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, polities, hence political economy.Political psychology, bureaucratic, administrative and judicial behaviour – Psephology – branch of political science which deals with the study and scientific analysis of elections.Voting systems – methods by which voters make a choice between options, often in an election or on a policy referendum.Public administration – houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.Public policy – generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Local government studies – form of public administration which in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within the a given state.International politics – study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs).International relations theory – study of international relations from a theoretical perspective; it attempts to provide a conceptual framework upon which international relations can be analyzed.Psychology – science of behavior and mental processesApplied psychology – use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas, such as mental health, business management, education, health, product design, ergonomics, and law.Psychological testing – field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual.Clinical psychology – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.Community psychology – Sense of community Social capitalConsumer behaviour – study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a product.Counseling psychology – psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied work in several broad domains: counseling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counseling; and prevention and health.Educational psychology – study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.Forensic psychology – intersection between psychology and the courtroom—criminal, civil, family and Federal.Health psychology – concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.Industrial and organizational psychology – scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations.Legal psychology – involves empirical, psychological research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law.Media psychology – seeks an understanding of how people perceive, interpret, use, and respond to a media-rich world.Occupational health psychology – concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health-related problems in people who work.Pastoral psychology – application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals.Political psychology – interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to understanding political science, politicians and political behavior through the use of psychological theories.Psychometrics – field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement.School psychology – field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioral and learning problems.systems psychology – branch of applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience in complex systems.Traffic psychology – study of the behavior of road users and the psychological processes underlying that behavior as well as to the relationship between behavior and accidentsBehavior analysis – philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do can and should be regarded as behaviors, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns or modifying the environment.Biopsychology – application of the principles of biology (in particular neurobiology), to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in human and non-human animals.Cognitive psychology – subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes.Clinical psychology – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.Cultural psychology – field of psychology which assumes the idea that culture and mind are inseparable, and that psychological theories grounded in one culture are likely to be limited in applicability when applied to a different culture.Developmental psychology – scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span.Educational psychology – study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.Evolutionary psychology – approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective.Experimental psychology – application of experimental methods to the study of behavior and the processes that underlie it.Forensic psychology – intersection between psychology and the courtroom—criminal, civil, family and Federal.Health psychology – concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.Humanistic psychology – psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in the context of the tertiary sector beginning to produce in the most developed countries in the world more than the secondary sector was producing, for the first time in human history demanding creativity and new understanding of human capital.Industrial and organizational psychology – scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations.Music therapy – allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music to help clients to improve or maintain their health.Neuropsychology – studies the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors.Personality psychology – branch of psychology that studies personality and individual differences.Psychometrics – field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement.Psychology of religion – application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals.Psychophysics – quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect.Public administration – houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.Social work – professional and academic discipline that seeks to improve the quality of life and well being of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice, and teaching on behalf of those afflicted with poverty or any real or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights.Sociology – studies society using various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure.Criminology – study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society.Demography – statistical study of human populations and sub-populations.Urban and rural sociology - the analysis of social life in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas.

I took quite a while considering an answer to this question.I actually found this subject to be rather sensitive simply due to how large an obstacle it is for veterans. Due to this I want to provide the best answer I can based upon my own experience.The true issue here is the impossibility to use words to convey in a viable manner the large chasm that needs to be bridged for those that are not veterans to understand. However while it may be fruitless, I will try.To bridge the gap I’m going to present a fictional scenario, it may seem unrealistic, but its to outline the mind set.Imagine if you can dear reader two small jungle islands. The small islands used to be occupied in the past with the clear presence of an airstrip, which still contains equipment and supplies. However these supplies are minimal, and the equipment is old having fallen into disrepair. At some point in time a great deal of effort as well problem solving will be required to ensure that supplies don’t run out, and progress is made to survive and possibly escape.The islands are populated by 2 different groups stranded on them, one civilian, and the other military. Each group has 100 individuals and the only items they brought with them is the clothing and shoes/boots they wear.For this scenario the groups for this will be considered well rounded in their skill sets, and healthy.The Civilian Island, Part 1:The island full of civilians would initially try to process the shock of being stranded, the relief of finding supplies at the airstrip, and likely try to hash out some kind of power structure for everyone to agree to. To completion of just getting on track would likely take a week or longer. During this period the civilians will likely take a considerable amount of time voicing their perspectives about their current quandary while choosing to reject their current situation. Yet many will point out unavoidable needs and get the rest of the group working in the right direction.Yet its progress without any set kind of goal as many of them would likely assume a task that isn’t immediately beneficial to the group. The use of resources such as time, man power, material, and inherent energy of an individual is wasted considerably.The civilians will likely opt to complete various tasks in independent groups such as the building of shelters, the acquisition of food, water, etc… However their goals will change almost constantly based on individual need rather than by the group’s needs.Whomever is in charge of the group will likely attempt to conduct an inventory of available supplies and maintain reasonable goals. However others are likely to claim some resources for themselves, attempt to usurp the current leader, or simply go their own way altogether.The current condition of the civilians is healthy, and rested.The Military Island Part 1:Now consider the island inhabited by the military. Immediately a chain of command is identified, objectives are outlined, and personnel are ordered to complete various tasks. All of which took about half a day to identify their needs, portion out assignments, and deploy. There is no dissent, there is no bickering, and everyone is focused on the goal at hand. If there is any issues between individuals it is quickly quashed by the chain of command. The military personnel will be briefed either by whomever is in charge or by their immediate superiors during daily meetings to ensure everyone is on track.The military personnel would immediately be put to task by scouting the entire island cataloging what assets they have found. Once all the scouting parties return their chain of command will quickly determine the value of the discovered assets and their potential uses. If the assets can be moved, they will be immediately to consolidate them for more effective use.Things the scouts would look for while exploring:Easy to obtain resourcesHard to obtain resourcesFood sourcesWater (Fresh)Terrain layoutLeft behind equipment or materialExisting structuresPotential threats or precarious terrainAnimal lifeDefensible terrain (Natural bottle necks, corridors, heavy foliage, etc..)Where previous occupants existedThe island will be cordoned off by zones, and patrolled to detect any changes in the environment.If an asset cannot be moved, but is of high value then it is likely some personnel will be required to be stationed there to ensure that the asset does not suffer catastrophic damage rendering it useless for future use.For the military to determine their assets and consolidate them I would say that it would take 1 day to a week depending upon the exact nature of the asset and the effort required to secure it. During this process the military would have identified a source of fresh water, possible food sources, as well even mundane resources such as wood, stone, and metal deposits discovered on the island.During this time after all assets have been identified, a base camp will have been established at one of the assets that cannot be moved of high value such as the air strip. Those personnel not tasked with consolidating the assets will be actively building shelters or repairing existing structures and prepping the location to be used as a headquarters for the entire operation.Communication among the group is simple with ideas and observations flowing up the chain of command, considered, and orders filtered down the chain of command. Runners from each group report to the main camp relaying the status of groups engaged across the island.If tools are not found then they will make them with whatever is available.A daily routine and watch rotation is set based on an easy to understand time table based on sun rise, sunset, and the position of the stars. The military personnel are healthy and motivated.The Civilian Island Part 2:Let’s say a week has passed and the civilians have identified some of the assets on the island, a source of fresh water, maybe a potential food source, and have begun experimenting with some of the locally available supplies. However the island itself is still mostly unexplored out of fear for their personal well being with the population remaining fairly close to where they initially landed or those that may have gone their own way simply not returning to the group.So far the civilians have been relying completely upon their food and water supplies that were on the island. There has been no real rationing taking place, and there is no real sanitation of any kind being observed. There is a great deal of debate and argument about the current food and water supplies.Many of the civilians would have likely individually built some make shift shelters, however it is very likely those shelters will vary greatly in quality and functionality.As events unfold upon the island the individual in control will likely have to spend a considerable amount of time negotiating with the others to get them to adhere to more productive tasks. A considerable amount of effort, time, and supplies is wasted just in the effort to retain peace and motivate individuals towards team oriented goals.The vast majority of effort will have been in producing signals or signs in hope of being rescued. For example signal fires, and watching the sea.However I think it reasonable to assume that at this time plans to obtain renewable resources like fresh water and food will likely take shape. Trade in the form of bartering becomes a typical method of obtaining available resources, and labor.The current status of the civilians is healthy, stressed, and afraid.The Military Island Part 2:After the first week the military personnel have completely established a functioning base camp complete with stable shelters, latrines, and a small workshop to process various resources into usable forms.Hunting and gathering parties are sent daily to collect local food and water, that is used as the main source to feed and hydrate them only being supplemented by the stored food and water supplies when needed.Personnel with unique skill sets are instructed to cease general labor work and focus on specialized tasks. For example a mechanic could review any mechanical assets available or make a water collector, an electrician may attempt to build or repair a radio, a medic or doctor will begin reviewing personnel and evaluating medical supplies, etc…Good hygiene becomes a primary focus and personnel are required to be reviewed by whomever is the most adept with medical skills to determine the current condition of the personnel. Living spaces, bodies, and clothes are regularly cleaned.By this time the military will have begun processing the local resources into usable materials such as charcoal, rope, pottery, fishing nets, as well separating rocks for potential ores. Some watch rotations deemed pointless will have been eliminated while others retained such as observing the local waters around the island.At this point in time short and long term goals are reviewed and redetermined based on their viability. For example the construction of a forge to extract metal from locally sourced ores to potentially make tools may take precedence over building and maintaining a signal fire if the individual observing the seas has not seen any traffic at all.No signals what so ever are constructed, not because they don’t want to be rescued, but because signalling just about anyone in an unknown area presents significant risk to them as there could be pirates, smugglers, or some other hostile force. In this case the military personnel observe for trends, and if they can identify a pattern while observing local traffic for threats.Remedial defenses are constructed to alert them to any traversal of the local terrain or of attempts to infiltrate their camps at night. At night light sources are policed and limited to prevent drawing attention to themselves.The military personnel are healthy and motivated.Civilian Island Part 3:Lets say a whole month has passed by now. The majority of food supplies have been depleted and their water supplies are gone.Progress has been made though and the civilians have identified fresh water or constructed a water collector. Some of the civilians have formed into small bands dedicated to specific tasks such as gathering, hunting, fishing, etc…Tensions are high and tempers often flair as the situation on the island becomes ever increasingly precarious, and someone may have identified that one of the others has been stealing food.The time it takes to motivate individuals requires much more effort, and in some circumstances violence is used to maintain control over the small population.The civilians have suffered some injuries or illnesses that have impeded their progress. This is due to insufficient waste management, poor hygiene, assuming too many risks, an unbalanced diet, and conflicts between individuals.It is very likely that by this point in time the civilians would have split their group due to various disagreements. In such a case these groups likely control different resources requiring them to work together occasionally out of necessity. In such a case conflict in inevitable for total control or remaining resources.The civilians are stressed, injured, sick, hungry, dehydrated, and angry. Their chance of escaping/surviving the island is low, and they will be at the mercy of those that make contact with them from outside the island.Military Island Part 3:The military personnel have successfully achieved a primitive self sufficiency on their island and have begun making tools. The various high value assets have been retained and found functional uses to benefit the group.The chain of command has retained control with minimal effort, and the various personnel engage in their day to day tasks with minimal oversight. The majority of their time is spent with their day to day work and leisure.However some remain dedicated to specific tasks such as observing the surrounding water for traffic, and planning out potential options for escape. While others are focused on making tools, refining resources, or repairing equipment.Multiple plans and options are considered from the construction of a boat, seizing a local vessel, extending the range of their radio, or even parlaying with a local vessel for passage.Food and water supplies are in good standing, while there have been some injuries they are mostly minor and what illnesses that have been encountered have been thwarted by quick action.In the mean time they have begun upgrading their structures, work areas, and other resource management systems with dry storage. Food, water, and all other resources are constantly reviewed for low levels that could present a significant risk.The military personnel are poised to leave the island on their terms. They are in generally good health, relaxed, and motivated with only some complacency becoming apparent.Before everyone becomes upset about how I styled the civilians understand that the civilians unfortunately represent chaos as there are far too many variables to consider. They may very well fair just as well as the military, however I find this very unlikely. I do think that my depiction of the civilians was very generous.The point I’m getting at here is that the military mind set is much different. Veterans when transitioning to civilian life are giving up a unique family and support system. The civilian world is extremely individualized putting the individual first instead of the group, while the military puts the group first then the individual.Due to this veterans try their best to identify groups of similar value to insert themselves into, however there are not many qualified groups available to support such a desire. This results in them becoming islands in their own figurative way.Veterans typically have principles that dictate their motivations, much of which is dictated by their branch of service. However most veterans retain a generic set of core beliefs that they all can relate to such as honor, courage, commitment, duty, loyalty, respect, integrity, and selflessness that unifies them.If veterans cannot find a group that has similar or comparable principles then they will typically find such a group a waste of their time. Sadly the lack of such groups and many veterans being isolated this tends to push veterans trying to adapt into civilian social structures towards isolationism as they simply cannot trust others in the same way a civilian can.In a way its like being aware of another aspect of life that others are completely unfamiliar with. Veterans understand the price of actions and choices.It’s like a bucket full of crabs, and the veterans are the only ones willing to sacrifice to save the others by remaining at the bottom of the bucket.Currently the civilian world very tribal and xenophobic of new comers. Sadly veterans returning home have no one of comparable experience, and what groups they used to belong to can pose a significant issue for them to reintegrate with. Veterans have grown a great deal from who they once were, and their world view has changed significantly as well.In this case it would be like taking a veteran from the military island and putting them on the civilian island. When veterans reenter the civilian world they expect peace, understanding, and opportunity. However they are most often considered by civilians as untrustworthy, dangerous, disabled beyond use, and simply unwanted.