Policy Letter 17 Fort Gordon: Fill & Download for Free

Since you're under TRADOC at Fort Gordon, I'm assuming you're under the 15th Regimental Signal Brigade. If so, you can find all the policy letters for the AIT students at this website:U.S. Army Signal SchoolThe one that states what trainees are not allowed to have and other restrictions placed on them is Policy Letter 17.My advice to you: follow the rules for the time you're in AIT. You'll be done before you know it and having contraband isn't worth your career and the opportunities the Army gives you.

10 Things You May Not Know About James MadisonAt just 5'4", James Madison was hardly a commanding presence, but that didn't stop him from shaping American history.1. He was America’s smallest president.Madison was a sickly and slightly built man who stood just 5 feet 4 inches tall and rarely tipped the scales at much more than 100 pounds. His voice was so weak that people often had difficulty hearing his speeches, and he was plagued by recurring bouts of “bilious fever” and what he described as “a constitutional liability to sudden attacks, somewhat resembling epilepsy.” While contemporaries praised Madison’s fierce intelligence, many also made note of his small size and timid demeanor. The wife of a Virginia politician once labeled him “the most unsociable creature in existence.”Portrait of James Madison. (Credit: Public Domain)James Madison | Biography, Founding Father, & Presidency2. Madison was Princeton University’s first graduate student.In 1769, an 18-year-old Madison left his family’s Montpelier plantation to attend the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He proceeded to blaze through the four-year course in only two years, often sleeping just four hours a night to make time for reading law and Greek and Roman philosophy. Though a natural scholar, Madison was still unsure of what career path to take after graduating, so he remained at Princeton for another year and studied Hebrew and other subjects under the direction of the school’s president, John Witherspoon. While Madison wasn’t awarded an advanced degree, the University now considers him its original graduate student.3. He once lost an election because he didn’t give alcohol to voters.Following a stint in the Virginia Convention in 1776, a young James Madison lost a 1777 bid for election to the state’s House of Delegates. He would later write that the defeat was the result of his refusal to provide free liquor to the voters on Election Day, a common custom then known as “swilling the planters with bumbo.” The future president believed that bribing electors with booze was contrary to republican principles, but one of his opponents—who also happened to be a tavern keeper—simply “adhered to the old practice” and raked in the votes. Despite the setback, Madison was soon chosen for an open seat on Virginia’s Council of State. By 1780, the 29-year-old was serving as the youngest delegate to the Continental Congress.4. Madison had a longstanding rivalry with Patrick Henry.Madison’s friendship with Thomas Jefferson is considered one of the most fruitful political partnerships in American history, but he also had a lengthy and often bitter rivalry with the famed “Give me liberty, or give me death” orator Patrick Henry. The two clashed over the separation of church and state while serving in the Virginia House of Delegates, and Henry later became one of the most outspoken leaders of the Anti-Federalist faction that opposed Madison’s efforts to ratify the Constitution. During Virginia’s ratifying convention, the pair engaged in a now-famous debate, with Henry saying the Constitution “endangered the public liberty” and Madison countering that Henry’s arguments were “ill founded” and distorted “the natural construction of language.” Madison and his supporters eventually won the day—Virginia voted to ratify the Constitution by a margin of 89 to 79—but the bad blood remained. Henry blocked Madison’s appointment to the U.S. Senate in 1788, and was later accused of gerrymandering Virginia’s voting districts in a failed attempt to prevent Madison from winning a seat in the House of Representatives.5. He was initially opposed to the Bill of Rights.While Madison drafted the Bill of Rights and introduced it to Congress in 1789, he originally thought the amendments were unnecessary and potentially harmful. Like many Federalists, he believed the Constitution’s separation of powers already adequately protected personal freedoms, and he worried that any rights not explicitly enshrined in a “parchment barrier” would be easily infringed. Madison only changed his mind after concluding that the lack of a Bill of Rights would be a major stumbling block in winning over his opponents and getting the Constitution ratified. He also came to believe that the amendments might ingrain certain freedoms into the national consciousness and “be a good ground for an appeal” whenever the government overstepped its bounds. Though still lukewarm on the need for a Bill of Rights—he privately described it as a “nauseous project”—Madison eventually took the lead in shepherding it through the legislative process.Portrait of Dolley Madison. (Credit: Public Domain)6. Dolley Madison helped define the role of first lady.In contrast to Madison’s quiet and retiring personality, his wife Dolley was a social butterfly known for her exuberance, warmth and wit. When Madison began his first term as president in 1809, she embraced the role of first lady and helped define its duties by redecorating the White House and hosting the first ever Inaugural Ball. By serving as the “directress” of an orphanage for young girls, she also started the tradition of first ladies taking on a public outreach project. Dolley proved particularly effective in her job as the White House hostess. Her weekly receptions became a hot ticket among foreign dignitaries, intellectuals and politicians, leading writer Washington Irving to remark on the “blazing splendor of Mrs. Madison’s drawing room.”7. Both of Madison’s vice presidents died in office.Despite his lifelong struggles with his health, Madison proved to be more resilient than his vice presidents. His original VP George Clinton died in 1812, and Clinton’s successor Elbridge Gerry later suffered a fatal hemorrhage in 1814, just a year and a half after taking office. Having lost two vice presidents in less than three years, Madison finished his second term without a recognized number two.British Embassy in Washington holds party over White House burningView of the White House after the conflagration in August 24, 1814. (Credit: Heritage Images/Getty Images)8. He was one of the only presidents to accompany troops into battle.Other than Abraham Lincoln, who was present at the Battle of Fort Stevens during the Civil War, Madison is the only sitting commander-in-chief to be directly involved in a military engagement. When British forces marched on Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812, the bookish president borrowed a pair of dueling pistols from his treasury secretary and set off for the American lines to help rally his troops. He and his entourage nearly blundered into British forces upon arriving, and they soon heard the whistle of enemy Congreve rockets overhead, prompting Madison to tell his cabinet secretaries that it “would be proper to withdraw to a position in the rear.” After American militiamen were put to a rout, Madison joined his troops in fleeing the city, leaving the victorious British free to torch the White House and U.S. Capitol. Madison was able to return to Washington a few days later, but damage to the executive mansion forced him to take up residence in the city’s Octagon House.9. One of Madison’s slaves wrote the first White House memoir.One of the most interesting accounts of Madison’s life came courtesy of Paul Jennings, a black slave who was born into bondage on his Montpelier plantation. Jennings accompanied the newly elected President to the White House as a boy, and eventually spent nearly three decades serving as Madison’s footman and manservant before purchasing his freedom in 1847. He later recounted his experiences in 1865’s “A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison,” a short book now considered the first memoir of life in the White House. Along with a look at Madison, whom Jennings describes as a temperate man who “always dressed wholly in black” and never owned more than one suit, the memoir also includes a firsthand account of the evacuation of the White House during the War of 1812, during which Dolley Madison oversaw the rescue of a famous portrait of George Washington.10. He declined an offer to prolong his life until July 4.After leaving the presidency, Madison returned to his Montpelier plantation and spent his later years farming and serving as the second rector of his friend Thomas Jefferson’s University of Virginia. When the 85-year-old was later on his deathbed in the summer of 1836, his doctor suggested that he take stimulants to keep him alive until July 4, the same historic date that Jefferson, John Adams and James Monroe had all perished. Madison turned down the offer, however, and instead died on June 28—six days before the 60th anniversary of the nation’s birth. At the time, he was the last surviving signer of the Constitution.James Madison, detail of an oil painting by Asher B. Durand, 1833; in the collection of The New-York Historical Society.Cartoon showing Pres. James Madison fleeing from Washington, D.C., which is being burned by the British, during the War of 1812.James Madison: Architect of the Constitution?Ray RaphaelHere we go again. The publication of Lynne Cheney’s new blockbuster biography of James Madison revives one of our most cherished founding myths: Madison was the “father” (assertive textbook version) or “chief architect” (modification for a more sophisticated audience) of the Constitution. The New York Times headline writers selected “American Architect” to announce Gordon Wood’s review of Cheney’s book. This honorific appellation calls forth Madison’s claim to fame and his tug on our hearts.Much is at stake here. If Madison were truly the chief architect of the Constitution, what he said and wrote (in 1787) bears heavily on the meaning of that document. Through the imprecise doctrines of original intent and original meaning, so pervasive in our political culture, Madison’s views become scripture. Then, if we casually omit the key words “in 1787,” what he did, said, or wrote at any time in his career wind up guiding Constitutional interpretation. Madison conceived the Constitution. Madison believed thusly, so that’s what the Constitution says. Our public policy, to follow the Constitution, must follow James Madison. By applying this sloppy syllogism, pundits, politicians, and Supreme Court justices can redirect the course of the nation. It all starts with that initial premise: James Madison, American Architect.Was Madison the (chief) architect of the Constitution? An architect lays out a plan that that will be put into effect. Even metaphorically, this does not describe James Madison’s relation to the United States Constitution.In fact, Madison did not always get his way at the Federal Convention of 1787. By one tabulation, he offered an opinion on 71 motions but lost out on 40 of these.[1]This is not to denigrate Madison in any way; perhaps we would have been better off if other framers had followed his advice more often. But if Madison had had his way, the edifice created by the Convention would look very different than it does.Balance of powers. Madison is often given credit for the Constitution’s equilibrium, but separating powers and then achieving a balance among them was Montesquieu 101, common wisdom at the Convention. The question was what, exactly, would be the best balance, and James Madison’s vision was not actualized. He believed that the president should be advised not by a cabinet of his own choosing but by a separate and independent executive council. This council, not the Senate, should check presidential appointments. Members of the Supreme Court would join the president in a revisionary council empowered to veto acts of Congress, but Congress could override their veto by a three-quarters vote. Judges belonging to this council would review laws before, not after, they take effect and would not have to find constitutional irregularities to negate them. If impeached, the president would be tried by the Supreme Court, not the Senate. This is not the same system of checks and balances we encounter in civics texts and see in the everyday operations of our government.Bicameral legislature. This was common practice in British political culture on both sides of the Atlantic. Madison’s implementation, though, would have differed from what we see in the Constitution. Senators would serve for nine years, not six, and the number of senators would be proportional to state populations. After six weeks of debating this last proposition, when delegates finally decided that representation in only one house would be proportional, Madison did not go along with this “Great Compromise,” as we call it today. With fellow Virginians and others from large states, he caucused to plot a new strategy for pushing proportional representation, and when that fell through, he grumbled.The executive. Shortly before the convention, in a letter to George Washington, Madison jotted down his ideas for a new government. (Henry Knox and John Jay also sent Washington their ideas.) The alleged “architect” had much to say about a national legislature and a national judiciary, but very little to say about a national executive: “I have scarcely ventured as yet to form my opinion either of the manner in which it ought to be constituted or of the authorities with which it ought to be cloathed,” he confessed.[2] During the Convention, he did not play a leading role in fashioning the executive branch. He fixed his gaze on an executive council but never came close to achieving majority support for that position. In his view, the president should not hold the exclusive authority to negotiate treaties. Because a president derived “so much power and importance from a state of war,” Madison contended, the Senate should be able to conclude a treaty of peace without his assent.[3] Yes, Madison displayed great insight, but no, he did not prevail. Of course no framer got what he wanted, and that is precisely the point. It was give-and-take all the way, constitution-by-committee. That is not how chief architects generally work.State and federal powers. Madison’s greatest achievement, many say, is his finely tuned plan for shared sovereignty, with states and the federal government each supreme in their separate spheres. Madison expressed such a view later, but in 1787 he showed a distinct preference for federal power. The national legislature, he wrote to Washington before the Convention, should be empowered to negate“in all cases whatsoever [his emphasis] … the legislative acts of the States, as heretofore exercised by the Kingly prerogative.” If a state law, in the opinion of Congress, ran counter to national interests, it must go; unconstitutionality would not be a requirement for dismissing it. “The right of coercion should be expressly declared,” he continued. Despite “the difficulty & awkwardness of operating by force on the collective will of a State,” armed federal intervention in state affairs must be permitted.[4]During the Convention, on three different occasions, Madison tried to grant the federal government this absolute “negative” (what we now call a veto) over all state legislation. “As the greatest danger is that of disunion of the States, it is necessary to guard agat. it by sufficient powers to the Common Govt.” – but the one power he thought necessary to prevent disunion, the federal veto, was repeatedly and definitively rejected.[5]Eleven days before the Convention adjourned, Madison complained to Thomas Jefferson, in Paris at the time, that because his proposal for a federal negative of state legislation had been turned down, “the plan should it be adopted will neither effectually answer its national object nor prevent … local mischiefs.”[6] This one flaw could prove fatal, he feared. After the Convention, once all was said and done, he wrote again to Jefferson:A check on the States appears to me necessary 1. to prevent encroachments on the General authority. 2. to prevent instability and injustice in the legislation of the States. Without such a check in the whole over the parts, our system involves the evil of imperia in imperio. If a compleat supremacy some where is not necessary in every Society, a controuling power at least is so, by which the general authority may be defended against encroachments of the subordinate authorities.Without a sweeping national veto, even in matters of seemingly local concern, states would be able to “oppress the weaker party within their respective jurisdictions,” he concluded.[7] The Constitution, too weak, had fallen short. In the words of Jack Rakove, Madison “viewed all the decisions that had diluted his system not as necessary compromises but as fundamental errors in judgment.”[8]Strict construction of the Constitution. Today, we attribute to Madison the notion that Constitutional powers of the federal government were “few and defined,” as he stated in Federalist No. 45 to assuage fears of federal overreach during the ratification debates. But while Madison talked the talk, he did not always walk the walk. After the Constitution had been ratified, as a representative from Virginia to the First Federal Congress, he behaved as many loose constructionists do, approving matters he liked even if these are not covered within specific provisions of the Constitution:*On April 20, 1789, two men asked Congress to support a private scientific expedition to Baffin’s Bay that would investigate the magnetic north pole. Despite the Constitution’s silence on such matters, Madison was willing to endorse the measure. If “there is a probability of improving the science of navigation, I see no reason against it.” At the Federal Convention, on August 18, Madison had proposed that Congress be empowered “to encourage by premiums & provisions, the advancement of useful knowledge and discoveries,” but his proposition had not been adopted. That defeat did not matter to Madison now. Congress still had the authority to “provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States,” and those broad powers would have to suffice. It was a very loose construction.[9]*The following day, Madison spoke in support of a six-cents-per-ton duty on commercial vessels, which he argued would be “necessary for the support of light-houses, hospitals for disabled seamen, and other establishments incident to commerce.” At the Federal Convention, on September 15, he had stated that an “object for tonnage Duties” was to provide for “support of Seamen etc.” and that this federal disability program would be covered under Congress’s power “to regulate commerce.” It was an expansive interpretation of the often contested “commerce clause” (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3), a view we usually associate with Hamilton, the broad constructionist, not Madison, the soon-to-be strict constructionist.[10]*In 1790, when Congress established the first federal census to apportion representation among the states, Madison suggested that the census take advantage of “the present opportunity” to gather valuable information that went well beyond “the bare enumeration of the inhabitants,” its express purpose as stated in the Constitution. If the census provided a “description of the several classes [occupations] into which the community is divided,” he said, that information would prove “extremely useful, when we come to pass laws, affecting any particular description of people.”[11] It was a good measure, he felt, and that was reason enough to pass it. Stretching the census past its specified constitutional function did not trouble him nearly so much as it seems to trouble Michele Bachmann and other strict constructionists today.Madison saw nothing inconsistent in his actions. At the Federal Convention on August 20, he had not only endorsed what we know today as the “elastic” clause, but he had also tried to clarify and strengthen it by adding the words in italics: “And to make all laws and establish all offices necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested, by this Constitution, in the Government of the U. S. or any department or officer thereof.”[12] While Madison’s addition never made the final cut, the rest of the clause engendered no debate and was passed “nem. con” – without dissent. The framers, including Madison, understood there needed to be limits, but these must be reasonably interpreted. They refused to declare unfalteringly for “strict” or for “broad” construction because either choice, unmodified, would have been untenable. Without enumerating powers, the Constitution would permit the indefinite expansion of federal authority, yet without the flexibility inherent in implied powers, the government they were creating would quickly become inoperative.In the First Federal Congress, Madison toed this line with precision. When he proposed constitutional amendments that would later evolve into the Bill of Rights, he included a clear statement of the principle of enumerated powers: “The powers not delegated by this constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively.” That statement, though, was not enough for South Carolina representative Thomas Tudor Tucker, who moved to insert the key word “expressly” before “delegated.” This would keep any so-called implied powers from ever sneaking in.[13]Madison opposed the explicit limitation. “It was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers,” he argued. “There must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia.” In fact, Madison had purposely removed the word “expressly” from the amendment that Massachusetts had first proposed, “All Powers not expressly delegated by the aforesaid Constitution are reserved to the several States to be by them exercised.”[14] In a roll call vote, Congress followed Madison’s lead and rejected Tucker’s motion, seventeen to thirty-two. Federal powers did not need to be “expressly” stipulated, Madison suggested and the First Federal Congress expressly affirmed.[15]Two years later, during the National Bank controversy, Madison adjusted his stance. He opposed Hamilton’s bank on its merits, but he also argued against it on constitutional principles. When Washington asked him to draft a veto message in case the president decided to take that route, here is what Madison wrote: “I object to the Bill because it is an essential principle of the Government that powers not delegated by the Constitution cannot be rightfully exercised; because the power proposed by the bill to be received is not expressly delegated; and because I cannot satisfy myself that it results from any express power by fair and safe rules of implication.” For Madison, as for so many others since, “delegated” was upgraded to “expressly delegated.” True, he still entertained the possibility of implication, but that standard was difficult to define and even more difficult to meet.[16]By 1798, piqued by the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison had swayed yet farther from his preference for expansive federal powers. The states, he argued in the Virginia Resolutions, had the right to “interpose” between the federal government and the people. This is how Madison comes down to us in the standard telling of history: a strict constructionist averse to federal authority. That he did not embrace such “Madisonian” views in 1787 is acknowledged sometimes within academic circles but barely at all in textbooks, popular histories, or most significantly, political dialogue. It should not surprise us when public figures modify prior positions to address new contingencies, and we err if we ignore basic chronology and fail to take such adjustments into account.[17]Why does any of this matter?Viewing Madison as the architect of the Constitution has political overtones. Madison’s ideological evolution, from his expansive nationalism in 1787 to his advocacy of strict construction and states’ rights in the 1790s, can be and is manipulated into a distorted view of the Constitution’s meaning. If the alleged architect of the Constitution said the powers of the federal government are limited to those that are “expressly delegated” in the Constitution and states have the right to “interpose” between the people and the federal government, enemies of federal power backdate these words, implicitly but erroneously, to 1787. Once there, they become proof positive that the Constitution favored the states. Madison-the-Architect said so.This unwarranted notion has penetrated to the core of our public discourse. It informs constitutional jurisprudence at the highest levels and affects national policy. In their dissent to the 2012 Affordable Care Act decision, Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito complained that the “power to tax and spend for the general welfare” has unfortunately come to extend “beyond (what Madison thought it meant) taxing and spending for those aspects of the general welfare that were within the Federal Government’s enumerated powers.”[18]The words within parentheses speak volumes. “What Madison thought it meant,” in this context, stands for “what the founders thought it meant” and finally “what the Constitution really means.” On this view, Madison supposedly favored a strictly limited government, so that is what the document must prescribe. However misguided, Madison-the-Architect mythology is embedded within the default logic of constitutional reasoning, and it tilts that reasoning subtly yet significantly toward the right.***Ray Raphael’s latest book is Constitutional Myths: What We Get Wrong and How to Get It Right (The New Press, 2013).X-posted at History News Network.[1] Melanie Randolph Miller, An Incautious Man: The Life of Gouverneur Morris(Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2008), 63.[2] Madison to Washington, April 16, 1787, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (Chicago and Charlottesville, 1962–), Congressional Series, 9:384-385.[3] Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, September 7.[4] Madison to Washington, April 16, 1787, Madison, Papers 9:383-85.[5] Madison, Notes of Debates, August 23.[6] Madison to Jefferson, September 6, 1787, Madison, Papers, 10:163-64.[7] Madison to Jefferson, October 24, 1787, Madison, Papers, 10:207-14.[8] Jack N. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic(Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman/Little, Brown, 1990), 68.[9] Annals of Congress 1:178-79; David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789-1801 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 71.[10] Annals of Congress 1:183; Currie, The Constitution in Congress, 70.[11] Annals of Congress 1:1115, 1145-46 (January 25 and February 2, 1790); Currie, The Constitution in Congress, 19-20.[12] Madison, Notes of Debates, August 20.[13] Annals of Congress, 1:453, 790 (June 8 and August 18, 1789).[14] Annals of Congress, 1:790 (August 18, 1789).[15] Annals of Congress, 1:797 (August 21, 1789).[16] Madison to Washington, February 21, 1791, W.W. Abbot and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Papers of George Washington (Charlottesville, 1983–), Presidential Series, 7:395.[17] Virginia Resolutions, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/virres.asp[18] Supreme Court of the United States, National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services (2012), Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito, JJ., dissenting, 3. URL:http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdfConstitutional Myths and Realities - Imprimis

(I understand you are just like me, wanna mix up AI with Robotics, cool huh?)25 Best Artificial Intelligence Colleges1. Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, PA)At Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science, a more intimate and personal connection is held to the study of Artificial Intelligence due to the legacy of researchers and professors Herbert Simon and Allen Newell. Thanks to Simon and Newell’s ground-breaking accomplishments in the field, the study of Artificial Intelligence is one of the most interdisciplinary areas at Carnegie Mellon, with involvement from faculty and students in the departments of Computer Science, Statistics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Tepper School of Business.Historic achievements, such as the CoBots, have been produced from the research teams of AI. CoBots are mobile intelligent robots which have been designed to be “aware of their perceptual, physical, and reasoning limitations and proactively ask for help from humans”. Additionally, the Libratus program, developed by Professor Tuomas Sandholm and Ph.D. student Noam Brown, has beaten professional No Limit Texas Hold’Em poker players with its “ability to reason when faced with incomplete or misleading information”. Not surprisingly, many students from Carnegie Mellon studying AI participate in the DARPA Robotics Challenge. All levels of study, from Bachelor to Doctorate, are available.2. Stanford University (Stanford, CA)With its ideal location in the heart of Silicone valley of California, Stanford University has established itself as a world leading teaching and research institution for higher education, particularly in the sciences. One of the most cutting-edge research areas of our time, Artificial Intelligence, has been studied at Stanford since 1962. The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory offers various courses, hosts engaging events, and manages outreach programs to local schools. Courses include topics such as the Cutting Edge of Computer Vision, Decision Making Under Uncertainty, and Advanced Robotic Manipulation.Students who enroll in the Graduate Certificate in Artificial Intelligence through the Center for Professional Development will find the AI Laboratory to be one of their greatest resources. This 13 to 15 unit degree is ideal for software engineering interested in the AI specialization. Currently there are four required courses: Logic and Automated Reasoning, Artificial Intelligence: Principles and Techniques, and two electives of the student’s choice. These may include Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and Computer Vision: From 3-D Reconstruction to Recognition. Students have a maximum of three years to complete the Certificate.3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology “MIT” (Cambridge, MA)MIT itself was founded in 1861 in response to the growing industrial capacity of America and the need for more technologically minded personnel. As a result, the majority of programs offered at MIT are technology based, and thus many are related to the study of Artificial Intelligence. In 1959 the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory began its own research and experimentation, and in 1963 the Laboratory for Computer Science was opened. As the projects became more and more interconnected, the two labs merged in 2003 to create the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the largest and most prominent of the MIT laboratories.Currently there are more than 100 senior researchers and faculty members representing eight academic departments, managing more than 50 research groups and hundreds of projects. Other participants include 40 postdoctoral fellows and associates, 350 graduate students, and approximately 50 undergraduate students. In total there are over 1,000 members of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. All research and experimentation falls under three generalized categories: Artificial Intelligence, Systems, and Theory.4. University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, CA)The oldest of the institutes for higher education in the California system, Berkeley has an extensive array of facilities and persons dedicated to the teaching and research of Artificial Intelligence. Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory includes more than two dozen faculty members and over a hundred graduate students. In addition to research opportunities the AI lab offers seminars and courses such as Computational Imagining and Robotic Manipulation and Interaction.The Robotics and Intelligent Machines Laboratory at Berkeley includes:Biomimetics Millisystem LabCITRIS People and Robots InitiativeBerkeley Laboratory for Automation Science and EngineeringRobot Learning GroupAutomated Science and EngineeringEmbedded Human projectBErkeley AeRobot (BEAR) projectComputer Vision groupMedical Robotics at BerkeleyNetwork Embedded Systems TechnologyOther research centers include the Laboratory for Information and System Science, the Vision and Learning Center, the Center for Human Compatible Artificial Intelligence, and the International Computer Science Institute.Much of the study of AI is affiliated with the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences.5. Harvard University (Cambridge, MA)In 1847 Harvard University opened the Lawrence Scientific School as its first formal effort to provide higher level education in engineering and the sciences. Over time, this effort grew into the current John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, established in 2007. This school now has 76 tenured faculty members and more than 1,300 students in attendance. The study of Computer Science itself is available to undergraduates through doctoral candidates. Students enrolled in the program are encouraged to engage with the Harvard College Engineering Society for cross disciplinary research, and networking opportunities.Other Centers and Institutes of research managed by the School include the Institute for Applied Computational Science, the Technology and Entrepreneurship Center at Harvard, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Under the category of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence and the subsets of Computational Linguistics, Machine Learning, Multi-agent Systems, and Robotics, are researched in detail by various faculty members. In 2013 the National Science Foundation Awarded Harvard and MIT 25 million dollars in order to build the Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines. In 2015 the Future Society at Harvard’s Kennedy School created The AI Initiative, which is yet another artificial intelligence research center. The center focuses more oN research, whereas the initiative has a stronger emphasis on shaping global policy as it relates to AI. This makes Harvard one of the few schools that puts as many resources into understanding the ramifications of AI as it invests into actually developing AI technology.6. Yale University (New Haven, CT)Alan Perlis joined Yale University in the early 1970’s and helped found the Department of Computer Science. At that time there were only four main areas of study: Theory of Computation, Artificial Intelligence, Numerical Analysis, and Systems. Today the department prides itself on the interdisciplinary nature of its subject and maintains connections with other departments including psychology, linguistics, music, medicine, and many others. The diversity of the degrees available has also increased to include the four-year Bachelor of Science or Art degrees, a terminal Master of Science degree, and a Doctor of Philosophy.In honor of Perlis’ contributions, the Alan J. Perlis Symposium has been held annually since 1992. Distinguished lecturers and researchers in the Computer Science field from around the world are invited to speak on a relevant and cutting-edge topic. At Yale, research is carried out in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the the Center for Computational Vision and Control. The research here particularly focuses on equipping machines so that they can interpret the vague data received from sensors. This research is critical for enabling AI to interact with the 3 dimensional, non digital world.7. Cornell University (Ithaca, NY)Cornell University has one of the oldest Computer Science departments in the United States, established in 1965. The department has grown to include nearly 40 full-time faculty members, which include six members of the National Academy of Engineering, one MacArthur Fellow, eight NSF Presidential Young Investigators, and two Turing Award recipients. The student body includes more than 250 graduates and approximately 700 undergraduates.The department maintains 12 major avenues of research in areas such as Graphics, Programming Languages, Robotics, Scientific Computing, and Artificial Intelligence. Research groups specific to Artificial Intelligence are working in areas that include:Computational sustainabilityGame and decision theory, connections to economicsKnowledge representation and reasoningMachine learningNatural language processing, computational linguistics and information retrievalRoboticsVisionStudents and faculty also have access to the Joan and Irwin Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute. This historic partnership between Cornell and the Israel Institute of Technology was announced in 2011, with the vision of developing new academic programs “that blend technical depth, business know-how, design skills, and a ‘builder’ mindset”.8. University of Maryland (College Park, MD)The Computer Science department at the University of Maryland was formally established in 1973. Unofficially, however, research in this field dates back to the 1940’s. Today there are more than 50 tenured faculty members interacting with approximately 250 graduate students. The curriculum of the department offers a comprehensive introduction to Artificial Intelligence through topics such as automated planning, cognitive modeling, evolutionary computation, game theory, machine learning, natural language processing, and neural computation.Researchers affiliated with the department are involved with 17 major areas of inquiry. These include Programming Languages, Augmented and Virtual Reality, Human Computer Interaction, Computer Vision, and Artificial Intelligence. Centers and Institutes of research include the Center for Automation Research, the Computational Linguistics and Information Processing Center, the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, and the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies. According to ScienceDaily: Your source for the latest research news, researchers at the University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center in Baltimore have used computers with artificial intelligence to “differentiate and diagnose several types of colon tumors”.9. Columbia University (New York City, NY)A new and unique educational program has been established at Columbia University, currently the only establishment of higher education to offer it. Through the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, in partnership with the non-profit online learning organization edX, students may now enroll in a MicroMasters program, the first certificate program of its kind.This MicroMasters, offered in Artificial Intelligence, is currently comprised of four graduate level courses: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Robotics, and Computer Animation. The course work students complete in the MicroMasters “represents 25 percent of the coursework toward a Master’s degree in Computer Science”. The Computer Science department itself offers 10 fields of study related to Artificial Intelligence including NLP and Speech, Vision and Robotics, and Machine Learning. Advancements made within the field by students and professors include professors Ken Chung’s new app for improving the symptoms of anxiety and depression.10. University of Texas (Austin, TX)One of the largest colleges of science in America is the College of Natural Sciences at the University of Texas. Founded in 1970, there are more than 13,000 undergraduate and graduate students, and 700 faculty members. The 11 departments of the College include Neuroscience, Marine Science, Integrative Biology, and Computer Science.Research areas of the department of Computer Science include Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Computer Architecture, Model Driven Engineering, and Theoretic Computer Science. The study of Artificial Intelligence is addressed through topics such as Automatic Programming, Autonomous Agents, Multi-agent Systems, and Natural Language Processing. Over 20 courses are available, dealing with the various aspects of the field and more than 10 research laboratories and groups are dedicated to its advancement.The AI Laboratory was formally established in 1983, though the field was already being investigated prior to that by Woody Bledsoe and Bob Simmons. Currently, there are seven faculty members and approximately 50 doctoral students managing the AI laboratory and working on projects such as Programming and Problem Solving by Connecting Diagrams, the Neuro-evolution Approach to General Atari Game Playing, and Using Neural Networks to Determine how Word Meaning Varies Across Sentences.11. University of California, Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA)Known as the birthplace of the internet, the Henri Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science was founded in 1945. The school is home to seven departments, including Electrical Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Computer Science. A distinction is made between Computer Science and Computer Science Engineering with the latter providing students with an additional foundation in computer system hardware. There are currently more than 800 undergraduates and nearly 400 graduate students enrolled in the various programs accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission and the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET.Research centers affiliated with the department include the Center for Domain-Specific Computing, the Scalable Analytics Institute, the Center for Autonomous Intelligent Networked Systems, and the Center for Systematic, Measurable, Actionable, Resilient and Technology-driven Health, also known as the Center for SMART Health.Other research laboratories and groups include the Bio-cybernetics Laboratory, the Automated Reasoning Group, the Laboratory for Embedded Collaborative Systems, the Wireless Networking Group, and the Internet Research Laboratory. One of its more colorful AI research programs includes the MUSE Project, which is literally trying to teach computers to write stories about King Arthur and his knights of the round table. Another AI endeavor is the Mentor Project, which uses AI to study advice giving.12. University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI)In 1957 computing pioneers Arthur Burks and Gordon Peterson founded what would become the Computer Science and Engineering program of the University of Michigan. A second historic landmark for the school, and the world of technology, was the development of the world’s first time-sharing computer operating systems in 1966 called the Michigan Terminal System. With the evidence of such revolutionary strides, it should not come as a surprise that faculty members and alumni alike, such as Larry Page (co-founder of Google), have been nationally recognized for their work in the field.The Computer Science and Engineering program offers seven academic degrees taught by 57 tenured faculty members. There are approximately 336 graduate students and 1,570 undergraduate students enrolled. Research laboratories and centers include the Interactive Systems laboratory, the Intergalactic Mobile Learning Center, the Computer Engineering Laboratory, and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The Artificial Intelligence Lab hosts several specialty research groups including Assistive Technology, Constraint-based Reasoning, Human Computation and Crowd-sourcing, and Multi-agent and Economic Systems. The laboratory runs a Robotics Institute. 22 full time faculty facilitate and direct the research here, as well as run numerous AI related seminars.13. Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA)The College of Computing at Georgia Tech is organized into three schools, offering 18 degree programs. Student enrollment consists of more than 1,500 undergraduates and nearly 3,000 graduates. The 84 academic faculty and 35 research faculty include three members of the National Academy of Engineers, four recipients of the NSF Presidential Young Investigators award, and two Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Some centers of interdisciplinary research directly involved with Computer Science include the Center for Research into Novel Computing Hierarchies, the Institute for People and Technology, and the Algorithms and Randomness Center. Additionally the College of Computing is home to the Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines.The Institute for Robotics and Intelligence Machines was established in 2013 from the previous Robotics and Intelligent Machines Center. There are more than 70 faculty members and over 180 graduate students involved with the Institute. With more than 30 robotics laboratories and over 1,000 publications, the institute is in the midst of cutting-edge research. Core areas of investigation include Control, AI and Cognition, Interaction, and Perception.14. University of Massachusetts (Amherst, MA)In 1964 the study of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts began with just three faculty members. By 2012 the department became a school, and in 2015 the current College of Information and Computer Sciences was established. There are now 51 faculty members, many of whom have been nationally recognized for their work. Within the faculty there are 10 Association for Computing Machinery Fellows, eight members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and eight members of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. Student enrollment in the College includes over 250 graduates and approximately 850 undergraduates.There are 9 research centers and laboratories of the College that span several difference departments and actively perform research in artificial intelligence. They include the Cybersecurity Institute, the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, the Advanced Computer Networking Research Group, the Architecture and Language Implementation Group, the Knowledge Discovery Laboratory, the Laboratory for Perceptual Robotics, and the Theoretical Computer Science Group.15. University of Illinois (Urbana/Champaign, IL)At the University of Illinois, the study of computers can be traced back to 1946. Today the department of Computer Science can be found through the School of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Of the 70 majors offered by the school, seven degree programs are available through the department, including Computer Science and Anthropology, Computer Science and Astronomy, Computer Science and Chemistry, and Computer Science and Linguistics. There are more than 90 courses related to the Computer Science field.The Artificial Intelligence Laboratory was opened in 1991 with the primary focus of applying AI methodologies to real world issues. Current projects of the lab include Data Mining for Manufacturing and Design Processes, Biological Motif Modeling, and Automating the Evolution of Linguistic Competence in Artificial Agents. Faculty members involved with this research include Dr. Peter C. Nelson, Dr. Barbara Di Eugenio, and Dr. Bing Liu. Other facilities investigating areas specific to the research of Artificial Intelligence include the Beckman Institute, the Natural Language Processing group, and the Speech and Language Engineering group.Currently, there are more than 1,500 undergraduate and over 500 graduate students enrolled in the department. The 70 full-time faculty members include 15 ACM Fellows, 14 IEEE Fellows, 27 NSF Career award recipients since the year 2000, and eight Sloan Research Fellows.16. University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA)Computer Science at the University of Pennsylvania can trace its roots back to the study of engineering in 1850. In 1946 researchers at UPenn developed the world’s first electronic, large-scale, general-purpose digital computer bringing global recognition to the field and to the school. In 1979 the College of Engineering and Applied Science became the current School of Engineering and Applied Science, which manages the department of Computer Science and Information.UPenn has continued to develop the field of Computer Science through:Institute for Research in Cognitive Science in 1990Center for Human Modeling and Simulation in 1994Penn Research in Embedded Computing and Integrated Systems Engineering Center in 2008SIG Center for Computer Graphics in 2009Warren Center for Data and Network Sciences in 2014Facilities specific to the study of Artificial Intelligence include the General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception (GRASP) Lab and the Penn Research in Machine Learning group.17. University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA)The Institute for Creative Technologies at the University of Southern California was established in 1999. Recognized as a research leader in the areas of graphics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence, the Institute works in close collaboration with the Information Sciences Institute and the Department of Computer Science located within the School of Engineering.Both Institutes and the Department of Computer Science have additionally partnered with the Center for Body Computing and Keck Medicine. Founded in 2007, this unique Virtual Care clinic is advancing both the Health care field and the Artificial Intelligence field and providing patients with the opportunity to “receive world-class medical treatment without having to physically visit the clinic”.Other research centers and institutes affiliated with the Department of Computer Science include the Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, the Center for Cyber-Physical Systems and the Internet of Things, and the Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems.18. California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, CA)Comprised of six major academic divisions all centered around the sciences, the Engineering and Applied Science division at Caltech is home to the department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, located in the Annenberg Center for Information Science and Technology.There are more than 20 faculty members in the department of Computing including two members of the National Academy of Engineers, three MacArthur fellows, one member of the National Academy of Science, three Sloan Fellows, two American Academy Of Arts And Sciences members, and one Foreign Member of the Royal Society. The student body includes approximately 70 graduates and 80 undergraduates.Research relevant to AI includes the Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies, the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, the Lee Center for Advanced Networking, and the Rigorous Systems Research Group. Through the Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies, students will focus on using AI in Advanced Drone Research, Autonomous Explorers, and Robots in Medicine. There are currently a dozen Caltech faculty members working in robotics and autonomous control.19. University of Wisconsin (Madison, WI)The largest of the 20 schools and colleges which comprise the University of Wisconsin is the College of Letters and Science. Now home to 34 academic departments, it was in the early 1960’s that the Department of Numerical Analysis was founded, and by 1964 this had become the Department of Computer Science. In addition to the traditional bachelor’s through doctoral degrees, the department also offers a Professional Master’s Program and a Professional Capstone Certificate Program. Courses cover a variety of topics including operating systems, programming languages and compilers, software engineering, and wireless systems.Research centers of the Department include the Center for High Throughput Computing, the ADvanced Systems Laboratory, and the Wisconsin Institute on Software-defined Data-centers in Madison. Research groups include Computer Architecture, Computer Graphics, Human-Computer Interaction, and Artificial Intelligence.The Artificial Intelligence research group is led by faculty members Charles Dyer, Jerry Zhu, Jude Shavlik, and Mohit Gupta. There are three major focus areas of the group: computer vision, machine learning, and biomedical informatics. Regularly offered AI courses include Medical Image Analysis, Advanced Natural Language Processing, and Computational Cognitive Science. Additionally, the Department of Computer Science holds regularly scheduled seminar talks addressing current areas of AI.20. University of Georgia (Athens, GA)The first Artificial Intelligence group at the University of Georgia was formed in 1984. These dedicated researchers, including faculty members from the departments of Computer Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Linguistics, and Engineering, made great strides in advancing the program. The Artificial Intelligence Center was formally established in 1995. In 2006 the Center became a part of the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, and in 2008 became the Institute for Artificial Intelligence.Today the Institute is affiliated with more than 75 faculty members and researchers from more than 10 countries. There are two major academic programs offered: the Bachelor of Arts in Cognitive Science and the Master of Science in Artificial Intelligence. Within the Bachelor’s program there are four areas of concentration: Artificial Intelligence Foundations, Philosophical Foundations, Psychological Foundations, and Language and Culture. The Master’s program has 11 areas of specialization, including genetic algorithms, cognitive modeling, microelectronics, logic programming, and robotics.21. University of Washington (Seattle, WA)In 1967 the University of Washington opened the inter-college graduate program of Computer Science and Engineering. As the industry and popularity grew, the school added an undergraduate program in 1975 and granted departmental status. Now Computer Science and Engineering is one of 16 schools and colleges comprising the University at large.There are currently 55 faculty members, 375 graduate students, and a growing undergraduate body of more than 750 students enrolled. Faculty members are actively involved with several national academies and many have been nationally recognized for their research and dedication to the field. Presently there are 31 recipients of the Presidential/NSF Young Investigator Award, six ONR Young Investigator Award recipients, and nine Fulbright recipients, among others.Research areas of the Computer Science and Engineering school include Computing for Development, Security and Privacy, Ubiquitous Computing, Artificial Intelligence, and Wireless and Sensor Systems. The Artificial Intelligence group focuses on areas such as Automated Planning and Control, Intelligent Interaction, and Brain-Computer Interfaces and Computational Neuroscience. Faculty members with an interest in the field include professor and research Sham Kakade who is also a Washington Research Foundation Data Science Chair, and Rajesh Rao, author of the new textbook ‘Brain-Computer Interfacing: An Introduction’, and director of the Neural Systems Laboratory.22. Colorado State University (Fort Collins, CO)Of the eight colleges which comprise Colorado State University, it is the College of Natural Sciences which hosts the Department of Computer Science. Originally located within the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science became its own independent area of study in 1974. There are currently 23 faculty members, more than 650 undergraduate students, and over 140 graduate students within the department. Activities hosted by the department include a weekly colloquium, the Association for Computing Machinery organization, and the AMC Women in Computing club. The Artificial Intelligence program within the department consists of six faculty members and approximately 30 graduate students.Research areas of the department include the High-Performance Computing group, the Computer Vision and Graphics group, and the Artificial Intelligence group. Projects specific to Artificial Intelligence include Reinforcement Learning and Control, EEG Pattern Analysis for Brain-Computer Interfaces, and Intelligence Agents for Protecting Users in Cyberspace. The program has particular strengths in the interface between biology and AI. For instance, they are currently doing research in genetic algorithms and bioinformatics. The university uses a four course core to lay the foundation for students interested in AI research.23. University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA)The original Computer Science department at the University of Pittsburgh was founded in 1966, making it one of the oldest departments of its kind. Recently, the School of Information Science joined with the Department of Computer Science to create the new School of Computing and Information which will begin accepting students in fall, 2017. The department continues to offer degrees at the graduate and undergraduate levels in areas such as data visualization/imaging, algorithms, software engineering, and artificial intelligence. Affiliated with the department is the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. Opened in 1986, this center is operated as a joint effort with Carnegie Mellon University.Also affiliated with the department is the Intelligent Systems Program. This graduate level track offers students a comprehensive Artificial Intelligence degree with the option to specialize in biomedical informatics. Research groups directly under the management of this program include the Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval group, the Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Educational Technology group, the Artificial Intelligence and Law group, and the Machine Learning and Decision Making group.24. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (Rapid City, SD)In 1885 the Dakota School of Mines, as the name implies, studied technology of mining. As the curriculum grew and the fields of science and engineering expanded, the Dakota School of Mines became the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in 1943. Today there are over 16 engineering and science degrees available, including 12 Masters and seven Doctorate tracks. The Department of Mathematics and Computer Science offers a BS in Computer Science, BS in Applied and Computational Mathematics, or an MS in Computational Sciences and Robotics. Students with a strong interest in AI should find the latter degree particularly attractive.The Master’s program provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of artificial intelligence, robotics, sensors and signal processing, and much more through courses in Computer Engineering, Computer Science, and Mechanical Engineering.Research laboratories and centers include the Experimental and Computational Mechanic Laboratory, the Advance Manufacturing Process Technology Transition and Training center, and the Security Printing and Anti-Counterfeiting Technology center.25. Eastern Michigan University (Ypsilanti, MI)In the College of Arts and Sciences at Eastern Michigan University students will find the Department of Computer Science. Going back to the 1980’s, students were able to enroll in a computer science undergraduate major through the Mathematics Department. In 1985 Computer Science split from the Mathematics department to create its own field of study. As it continued to expand, the new Computer Science department added Master’s studies by the late 1990’s.Currently headed by Professor Augustine Ikeji, the department has recently added courses in data mining, mobile application, and web science. The diversity of the faculty also continues to increase with professors from seven countries and three continents. Though no doctoral studies in computer science are available as of yet, there is a 12-hour graduate certificate offered in Artificial Intelligence. In addition, Eastern Michigan offers the Master’s of Science in Computer Science, and a double Master’s degree with Hochschule Karlsruhe – Technik und Wirtschaft, the University of Applied Science in Germany.