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If you want to Know when there's a Coronavirus vaccine, Visit This Blog. It includes all of the Information About Coronavirus (COVID-19).Are you planning on getting the vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) when it comes out?The world is in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) midst of a COVID-19 pandemic. As WHO and partners work together on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) response -- tracking vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, advising on critical interventions, distributing vital medical supplies to those in need--- they are racing to develop and deploy safe and effective vaccines.Vaccines save millions of lives each year. Vaccines work by training and preparing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s natural defences --- vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system--- to recognize and fight off vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) viruses and bacteria they target. After vaccination, if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body is later exposed to those disease-causing germs, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body is immediately ready to destroy them, preventing illness.As of 18 February 2021, at least seven different vaccines across three platforms have been rolled out in countries. Vulnerable populations in all countries are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) highest priority for vaccination.At vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same time, more than 200 additional vaccine candidates are in development, of which more than 60 are in clinical development. COVAX is part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ACT Accelerator, which WHO launched with partners in 2020. COVAX, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines pillar of ACT Accelerator, convened by CEPI, Gavi and WHO, aims to end vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) acute phase of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 pandemic by:speeding up vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) development of safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19;supporting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) building of manufacturing capabilities; andworking with governments and manufacturers to ensure fair and equitable allocation of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines for all countries – vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) only global initiative to do so.Vaccines are a critical new tool in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) battle against COVID-19 and it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving successful and going into development. Working as quickly as they can, scientists from across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world are collaborating and innovating to bring us tests, treatments and vaccines that will collectively save lives and end this pandemic.Safe and effective vaccines will be a gamechanger: but for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) foreseeable future we must continue wearing masks, physically distancing and avoiding crowds. Being vaccinated does not mean that we can throw caution to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) wind and put ourselves and others at risk, particularly because it is still not clear vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) degree to which vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can protect not only against disease but also against infection and transmission.COVAX FacilityThe COVAX Facility is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) global procurement mechanism of COVAX. The COVAX Facility will make investments across a broad portfolio of promising vaccine candidates (including those being supported by CEPI) to make sure at-risk investment in manufacturing happens now. This means vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVAX Facility, by pooling purchasing power from all countries that participate, will have rapid access to doses of safe and effective vaccines as soon as they receive regulatory approval. Guided by an allocation framework being developed by WHO, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVAX Facility will then equitably distribute these doses to help protect vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most at-risk groups in all participating countries.COVAX Advance Market Commitment (AMC)The COVAX AMC is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) financing instrument that will support vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) participation of 92 lower-middle and low-income economies in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVAX Facility. The COVAX AMC is critical to ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, regardless of income level – and requires an urgent investment of US$ 2 billion, from sovereign donors, philanthropies and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) private sector, by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of 2020.As vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus continues to spread around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is seen as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) best way to stop it.Coronavirus Vaccine ProgressThe FDA granted emergency use authorization to Pfizer/BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine for people 16 years of age and older on Dece. 11, 2020. The push to distribute it to all 50 states began vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) following day in operation that was months in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) making. A week later, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same authroizationb was granted to a vaccine by Moderna.The CDC has recommended that health care workers and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) elderly be vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first to receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. It could be spring or even summer before enough of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine can be manufactured to help inoculate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) general public.Britain approved and began administering vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same Pfizer vaccine earlier vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same week of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA approval. Two people who received it had adverse allergic reactions, so at present time, people who have a history of severe allergies are advised not to take it. It is also unclear what affect it may have on pregnant women.Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have shown over 90% efficacy and require two doses which are administered several weeks apart. China and Russia have both developed their own vaccines which are being used in other countries.The Pfizer vaccine uses messenger RNA (mRNA). This is what carries vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) instructions for making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) “spike” protein that lets vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus enter human cells. The mRNA vaccine tells your immune cells to make vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) protein and act as if they’ve already been infected with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus, giving you some immunity against it.Another vaccine candidate uses DNA that’s designed to trigger an immune response to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus.Still another candidate uses vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) which was used to create vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Ebola vaccine.Several vaccines have weakened versions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) adenovirus, one of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) viruses that causes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common cold. It’s been combined with genes from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus’ spike protein to trigger your immune system to fight it.Yet other vaccines teach your immune system to target vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus by using versions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike protein or vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus itself.Covid vaccination campaigns are now under way in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK and across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world.A range of vaccines is being used to reduce people's chances of getting sick, needing hospital treatment or dying.Two more vaccines have also just been shown to work in large-scale clinical trials.Why do we need a vaccine?It is more than a year since vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus first emerged, yet vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vast majority of people are still vulnerable.The restrictions on our lives are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) only thing holding vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus in check as they reduce opportunities for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus to spread.Vaccines teach our bodies to fight vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection and are "vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19)" exit strategy from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.The big three - Pfizer/BioNtech, Moderna and Oxford/AstraZenecaThe three vaccine frontrunners are those developed by Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna and Oxford/AstraZeneca.Pfizer and Moderna have both developed RNA vaccines - a new approach that is incredibly quick to design.They inject a tiny fragment of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus's genetic code into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body, which starts producing part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus and pushes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body to mount a defence.These have been approved for use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK, Europe and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US.The Oxford vaccine is subtly different as it uses a harmless virus to carry vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same genetic material into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body. This has been approved in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK and Europe.It is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) easiest of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) three to use as it can be stored in a fridge, rather than needing very cold temperatures.All three are supposed to be given as two doses, but vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK is prioritising giving as many people as possible vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose and delaying vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second.Oxford vaccine: How did they make it so quickly?Two days before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccination drive, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Union Health Ministry has sent to all states and immunisation officers, a comprehensive fact sheet for both vaccines — Covaxin and Covishield — that will be used during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) initial phase of vaccinating a priority group of 3 crore people.What is this fact sheet?It contains general information on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine platform, physical specifications, dosage, cold chain storage requirements, and specific guidelines on contraindications (a factor due to which vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is to be withheld to certain categories of people) as well as adverse events that may happen following vaccination. The fact sheet also details special precautions.The Centre has asked vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) states and immunisation officers to disseminate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet to all programme managers, cold chain handlers, and vaccinators before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout. The communication comes on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) directions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) national drug regulator CDSCO, which, while granting accelerated approvals, had directed manufacturers Serum Institute of India (Covishield) and Bharat Biotech (Covaxin) that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines should be supplied along with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet and a separate leaflet for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) healthcare provider.# The vaccination is only for people over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) age of 18 years.# The vaccines are not interchangeable: vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose will have to be of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same vaccine that was administered as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose.# The vaccine should be given with “caution” to persons with a history of any bleeding or coagulation disorder — platelet disorder, clotting factor deficiency, or coagulopathy.# Vaccinators have to store both vaccines at +2°C to +8°C; protect them from light; and discard vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine if found to be frozen.And what are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) specific guidelines on contraindications?The vaccine cannot be administered to people who belong to any of three categories:# Persons with a history of an allergic reaction to a previous dose of a Covid-19 vaccine (this would mean those who have taken a dose in a country where vaccination has already started);# People who show an immediate or delayed onset of an allergic reaction to vaccines or injectable therapies, pharmaceutical products, and food items;# Pregnant and lactating women. Since they have not been part of any clinical trial so far, women who are “pregnant or not sure of their pregnancy” and “lactating women” should not receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine at this time.The fact sheet also deals with temporary contraindications.What are these temporary contraindications?For certain circumstances under vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) category of temporary contraindications, vaccination is to be deferred for four-eight weeks after recovery. This covers three categories:# Persons showing active symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection# Covid-19 patients who have been given anti-SARS-Cov-2 monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma# Acutely unwell and hospitalised patients (with or without intensive care) due to any illness.What health conditions are not contraindicated, meaning vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can be given regardless?# Persons with a past history of Covid-19 infection can be administered with vaccine.# Persons with a history of chronic diseases and comorbidities — cardiac, neurological, pulmonary, metabolic, and malignancies — are also included.# Persons with immunodeficiency or HIV, and patients on immune suppression due to “any condition” can be administered with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccine. The fact sheet states, however, that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) response to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccine “may be less in these individuals”.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) possible adverse reactions mentioned?These are dealt with separately for either vaccine.MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: For Covishield, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet says a few mild adverse events can happen following immunisation —injection site tenderness; injection site pain; headache; fatigue; myalgia (deep muscle pain); malaise (a feeling of overall discomfort); pyrexia (an abnormal elevation of body temperature); chills; arthralgia (pain in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) joint); and nausea.In such cases, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheets says vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common painkiller paracetamol may be used “to provide symptomatic relief from post vaccination adverse reaction”.RARE ADVERSE EVENTS: The nerves in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body are covered with a protective layer called myelin — like a network of electric wires that helps transmit messages from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) brain smoothly through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body. Conditions that damage myelin are called demyelinating disorders. The fact sheet says “very rare events of demyelinating disorders” have been reported following vaccination with Covishield, “without vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) causal relationship establishment”.It adds that Covishield should be given with “caution” to individuals with thrombocytopenia, a medical condition characterised by abnormally low levels of platelets.And what about common adverse events with Covaxin ?MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: Among mild adverse events following immunisation, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet includes: injection site pain; headache; fatigue; fever; body ache; abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting; dizziness-giddiness; tremor; sweating; cold; cough; and injection site swelling.RARE/SERIOUS EVENTS: None are listed. Bharat Biotech, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacturer, has said no serious adverse event has been reported in either phase 1 or phase 2 trials — or in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ongoing large phase 3 trials with 25,800 participants, it has said.Bharat Biotech has also said that chloroquine and corticosteroids, both used as repurposed drugs in Covid-19 clinical management, “may impair antibody response” likely to be triggered by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.How have vaccines performed on safety so far in countries that have begun?Wherever Covid-19 vaccines have been used anywhere in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, they have been found to be generally safe so far.In a small section, an adverse event called anaphylaxis has been recoded. This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rarely after vaccination. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), monitoring by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System detected 21 cases of anaphylaxis— out of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine that were administered between December 14 and 23. That is 11.1 cases per million doses. Of these, 71% occurred within 15 minutes of vaccination.The CDC said that 175 case reports had been identified for further review as possible cases of a severe allergic reaction. “Twenty-one cases were determined to be anaphylaxis (a rate of 11.1 per million doses administered), including 17 in persons with a documented history of allergies or allergic reactions, seven of whom had a history of anaphylaxis,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. “Of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) remaining case reports that were determined not to be anaphylaxis, 86 were judged to be non-anaphylaxis allergic reactions, and 61 were considered non-allergic adverse events,” it said.On Modern’s mRNA vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) other one authorised for emergency use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said data is still limited. “Vaccination with Moderna Covid-19 vaccine commenced on December 21, 2020, and through December 23, 2020, an estimated 224,322 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine had been administered; one report that met vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis had been submitted to VAERS,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said.The company has already stockpiled around 50 million dosages of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine and aims to produce up to 100 million dosages per month by March next year.The approval by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) DCGI was given on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) basis of recommendations submitted by a COVID-19 subject expert committee (SEC) of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)."After adequate examination, CDSCO has decided to accept vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recommendations of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Expert Committee and accordingly, vaccines of M/s Serum and M/s Bharat Biotech are being approved for restricted use in emergency situation," DCGI Dr V.G. Somani told a press conference.This paves vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) roll-out of at least two vaccines in India in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coming days.The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine has already been approved by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) UK government. Besides SII and Bharat Biotech, Pfizer has also applied to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) DCGI seeking emergency use authorisation for their COVID-19 vaccines.PromotedTwo days before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Covid-19 vaccination drive, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Union Health Ministry has sent to all states and immunisation officers, a comprehensive fact sheet for both vaccines — Covaxin and Covishield — that will be used during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) initial phase of vaccinating a priority group of 3 crore people.What is this fact sheet?It contains general information on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine platform, physical specifications, dosage, cold chain storage requirements, and specific guidelines on contraindications (a factor due to which vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is to be withheld to certain categories of people) as well as adverse events that may happen following vaccination. The fact sheet also details special precautions.The Centre has asked vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) states and immunisation officers to disseminate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet to all programme managers, cold chain handlers, and vaccinators before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rollout. The communication comes on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) directions of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) national drug regulator CDSCO, which, while granting accelerated approvals, had directed manufacturers Serum Institute of India (Covishield) and Bharat Biotech (Covaxin) that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines should be supplied along with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet and a separate leaflet for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) healthcare provider.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) possible adverse reactions mentioned?These are dealt with separately for either vaccine.MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: For Covishield, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet says a few mild adverse events can happen following immunisation —injection site tenderness; injection site pain; headache; fatigue; myalgia (deep muscle pain); malaise (a feeling of overall discomfort); pyrexia (an abnormal elevation of body temperature); chills; arthralgia (pain in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) joint); and nausea.In such cases, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheets says vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common painkiller paracetamol may be used “to provide symptomatic relief from post vaccination adverse reaction”.RARE ADVERSE EVENTS: The nerves in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body are covered with a protective layer called myelin — like a network of electric wires that helps transmit messages from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) brain smoothly through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body. Conditions that damage myelin are called demyelinating disorders. The fact sheet says “very rare events of demyelinating disorders” have been reported following vaccination with Covishield, “without vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) causal relationship establishment”.It adds that Covishield should be given with “caution” to individuals with thrombocytopenia, a medical condition characterised by abnormally low levels of platelets.And what about common adverse events with Covaxin ?MILD ADVERSE EVENTS: Among mild adverse events following immunisation, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact sheet includes: injection site pain; headache; fatigue; fever; body ache; abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting; dizziness-giddiness; tremor; sweating; cold; cough; and injection site swelling.RARE/SERIOUS EVENTS: None are listed. Bharat Biotech, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacturer, has said no serious adverse event has been reported in either phase 1 or phase 2 trials — or in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ongoing large phase 3 trials with 25,800 participants, it has said.Bharat Biotech has also said that chloroquine and corticosteroids, both used as repurposed drugs in Covid-19 clinical management, “may impair antibody response” likely to be triggered by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.How have vaccines performed on safety so far in countries that have begun?Wherever Covid-19 vaccines have been used anywhere in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, they have been found to be generally safe so far.In a small section, an adverse event called anaphylaxis has been recoded. This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rarely after vaccination. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), monitoring by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System detected 21 cases of anaphylaxis— out of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine that were administered between December 14 and 23. That is 11.1 cases per million doses. Of these, 71% occurred within 15 minutes of vaccination.The CDC said that 175 case reports had been identified for further review as possible cases of a severe allergic reaction. “Twenty-one cases were determined to be anaphylaxis (a rate of 11.1 per million doses administered), including 17 in persons with a documented history of allergies or allergic reactions, seven of whom had a history of anaphylaxis,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. “Of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) remaining case reports that were determined not to be anaphylaxis, 86 were judged to be non-anaphylaxis allergic reactions, and 61 were considered non-allergic adverse events,” it said.On Modern’s mRNA vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) other one authorised for emergency use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said data is still limited. “Vaccination with Moderna Covid-19 vaccine commenced on December 21, 2020, and through December 23, 2020, an estimated 224,322 first doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine had been administered; one report that met vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis had been submitted to VAERS,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said.Some 170 Covid-19 vaccines are in development around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization, each one promising to protect people from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) deadly coronavirus and allow them to go back to work and school.Now, a handful are starting or nearing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final stage of testing. Depending on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) results, some companies say their vaccines could be greenlighted for use as soon as this year.Some 170 Covid-19 vaccines are in development around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization, each one promising to protect people from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) deadly coronavirus and allow them to go back to work and school.Now, a handful are starting or nearing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final stage of testing. Depending on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) results, some companies say their vaccines could be greenlighted for use as soon as this year.The Front-RunnersAmong vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first vaccine candidates to start vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final round of testing is one developed by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Oxford and AstraZeneca PLC. Also far along are experimental shots from Pfizer Inc. and its partner BioNTech SE, as well as Moderna Inc.China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., or Sinopharm, has a vaccine in Phase 3. A vaccine from another Chinese company, CanSino Biologics, is expected to begin vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pivotal testing soon. But remember, many vaccines that show promise in early testing fail during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) final round.The Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is designed to provide protection by delivering into a person’s cells vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) genetic code for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spikes protruding from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus. Then vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) cells can produce vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike proteins, generating an immune response that would be able to fight off vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus. Delivering those genetic instructions is a weakened, harmless version of a virus that causes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common cold in chimpanzees.In early testing, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine successfully produced immune responses in humans with only minor side effects. A Phase 3 trial enrolling 30,000 subjects in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. began in August. Other late-stage trials are under way with several thousand volunteers in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.K., Brazil and South Africa.Production capacity estimate: AstraZeneca aims to make two billion doses available world-wide, and has said that one billion may be available this year.The Moderna vaccine also uses a gene-based technology to provoke an immune response, though vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) code it delivers takes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) form of messenger RNA. Those molecules, commonly referred to as mRNA, are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s molecular couriers ferrying DNA instructions for making proteins. The vaccine delivers to cells mRNA for making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus’s spike protein.Moderna and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are testing a two-dose shot. It was vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first candidate to enter human testing in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. The vaccine produced an immune response in early-stage testing and was generally well-tolerated, with minor side effects observed in test subjects.Final-stage testing is under way in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. with a 30,000-person trial that could yield interim results in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fall. An mRNA vaccine has never been approved for any disease.Whether it takes weeks, as US President Donald Trump has hinted, or months, as most health-care experts expect, an approved vaccine against vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus is coming, and it’s hotly anticipated. Still, it will initially be in short supply while manufacturers scale up production. As vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic continues to put millions at risk daily, including health-care workers, older people and those with pre-existing diseases, who should get vaccinated first?This week, a strategic advisory group at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization (WHO) weighed in with preliminary guidance for global vaccine allocation, identifying groups that should be prioritized. These recommendations join a draft plan from a panel assembled by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), released earlier this month.Experts praise both plans for addressing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) historic scale and unique epidemiology of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic. And they commend vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) NASEM for including in their guidance minority racial and ethnic groups — which COVID-19 has hit hard — by addressing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) socio-economic factors that put them at risk. The WHO plan, on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) other hand, is still at an early stage and will need more detail before its recommendations can become actionable, others say.“It’s important to have different groups thinking through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) problem,” says Eric Toner, an emergency-medicine physician and pandemics expert who has done similar planning at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security in Baltimore, Maryland. And although vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) plans differ somewhat, Toner says he sees a lot of agreement. “It’s great that there’s a consensus of opinion on these issues.”Head of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) lineThe WHO’s guidance at this point lists only which groups of people should have priority access to vaccines. The NASEM guidance goes a step further by ranking priority groups in order of who should get a vaccine first (see ‘A tiered approach’).After health-care workers, medically vulnerable groups should be among vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first to receive a vaccine, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) NASEM draft plan. These include older people living in crowded settings, and individuals with multiple existing conditions, such as serious heart disease or diabetes, that put them at risk for more-serious COVID-19 infection.The plan prioritizes workers in essential industries, such as public transit, because their jobs place them in contact with many people. Similarly, people who live in certain crowded settings — homeless shelters and prisons, for example — are called out as deserving early access.NEW YORK: Probably people in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country where vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first effective vaccine is developed.About a dozen different vaccines are in various stages of testing worldwide, including in Britain, China and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US. This week, Dr Anthony Fauci, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) top US infectious disease expert, said he is cautiously optimistic there will be a Covid-19 vaccine by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) year or early 2021.Coronavirus outbreak: Live updatesSeveral wealthy countries have already ordered millions of doses of those experimental vaccines.Britain and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US, for example, have invested in a vaccine candidate being developed by Oxford University and produced by AstraZeneca. If it works, UK politicians have said Britons will be vaccinated with it. The US expects to start stockpiling it this fall and also has invested in other vaccine candidates.More on Covid-19Coronavirus pandemic: Complete CoverageUnlock 1.0: What's open & from when in MHA's phase-wise reopening planIt's time to mask up and stay safe: Join TOI's #MaskIndia campaignMHA's guidelines for home isolationTrust vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) newspaper for your daily verified newsGroups including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine alliance GAVI are also working to buy doses for poor countries and AstraZeneca has agreed to license its vaccine to India's Serum Institute for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) production of 1 billion doses. The World Health Organization is drafting guidelines for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ethical distribution of Covid-19 vaccines.How vaccines are distributed within a country will vary. Last week, US officials said they were developing a tiered system for that. The system would likely prioritize groups at greatest risk of severe complications from Covid-19 and key workers.Different vaccines are now available in various countries. In vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States, vaccines need approval from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Food and Drug Administration (FDA).First, they need to pass through three phases of tests to prove that they are safe and effective. The last stage, phase 3, involves tens of thousands of participants.At vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) time of writing, two vaccines have FDA approval for use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.:vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccinevaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna COVID-19 vaccineThe Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, developed in Germany, received FDA approval in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) form of an emergency use authorization on December 11, 2020.In a phase 3 trial involving more than 43,000 people, around half received a placebo and half received two doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, 21 days apart. The results showed that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine was 95% effective at protecting against COVID-19.The Moderna vaccine, developed in Cambridge, MA, received approval for emergency use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. on December 18. In a phase 3 trial, 30,000 volunteers received either a placebo or two doses of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, 28 days apart. The results indicated that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine was 94% effective.Other vaccinesOther vaccines that have approval for use in various countries include:The Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine, in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United KingdomCoronavac, developed by Sinovac, in ChinaThe Sputnik V vaccine, in RussiaCovaxin, developed by Bharat Biotech, in IndiaMeanwhile, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Novavax vaccine is currently undergoing phase 3 trials, as is Janssen’s COVID-19 vaccine. Both were developed by companies based in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.A person can keep up to date with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) latest vaccine developments in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country using vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society’s COVID-19 vaccine tracker.Are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines safe?A vaccine needs to pass through several stages of trials before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacturer can apply for approval from a country’s health authority. In vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA gives this approval, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also work to ensure public safety.Vaccine trials involve ever-larger numbers of people. The last stage, phase 3, includes tens of thousands of participants.At first, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) specific long-term effects of any new medical treatment, including a vaccine, are unknown. The key is to balance vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) potential risks of getting a vaccine that has undergone extensive testing with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) known dangers of developing COVID-19.In vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) short term, a person who has had a COVID-19 vaccine may experience flu-like symptoms and other side effects, including:pain at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) injection siteswelling at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) injection sitefatigueheadache and muscle paina feverThe side effects may be worse after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine because vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s immune response will be intensified.The CDC encourage people to use a smartphone-based health checker called V-safe to inform vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) authorities about any side effects. This helps them monitor vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) impact of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine and do ongoing work to ensure public safety.It is essential to receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine from a licensed healthcare professional and follow every instruction, including getting a second dose. A person may get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine at a local health department, hospital, clinic, or pharmacy.Anyone with a history of allergies to vaccines or other injectable medications should tell vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) healthcare worker before they administer vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Anyone who has an allergic reaction after receiving vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine should receive emergency care.Getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccineVaccine doses are currently limited. For this reason, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first to receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine will be healthcare workers, residents of long-term care facilities, first responders, and people aged 75 years and older. As more doses become available, everyone will be able to receive it.A person may need to pay an administrative fee for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Insurance companies will reimburse this, and people without insurance can seek reimbursement from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Department of Health and Human Services’ Provider Relief Fund. Otherwise, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is free.To learn when vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine becomes available, check with local and state health departments regularly. The CDC provide a directory here.Types of COVID-19 vaccineResearchers have used various approaches to developing vaccines that protect against COVID-19. As a result, they have developed different types of vaccine, including:whole virus vaccinesrecombinant protein subunit vaccinesreplication-incompetent vector vaccinesnucleic acid vaccinesWe explore these types in more detail below:Whole virus vaccineAlso known as an “inactivated” or “weakened” virus vaccine, this type contains dead or inactivated forms of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus.These vaccines cannot cause an infection because they do not contain vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) live virus.The COVID-19 vaccines made by Sinovac, Bharat Biotec, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Wuhan Institute of Biological Products are of this type.Recombinant protein subunit vaccineThis type of vaccine triggers a strong immune response to a key part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus. It cannot cause an infection because it does not contain a live pathogen, such as a virus.Researchers are investigating whether they can make a recombinant protein subunit vaccine that targets a protein, called vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike protein, that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new coronavirus uses to latch onto and infect cells.Novavax is one company taking this approach, using nanoparticle technology.Replication-incompetent vector vaccineThis type acts as a platform for carrying genes that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body can express to provide immunity.The AstraZeneca vaccine, which has approval in some countries, is a replication-incompetent vector vaccine. It uses a harmless, weakened adenovirus that causes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) common cold in chimpanzees to provoke an immune response.The scientists then changed vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus to make it suitable for use in humans. In other vaccines, this type of virus has safely produced a strong immune response.In July 2020, an Ebola vaccine of this type received approval, and it may provide vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) basis for further COVID-19 vaccines.Nucleic acid vaccineThis type is also called an mRNA-based vaccine. Vaccination involves injecting genetic material called mRNA into live host cells.Each of these vaccines is designed to target a particular pathogen. In a COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) mRNA contains instructions for producing coronavirus spike protein. The vaccine presents this information to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system, and as a result, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body produces antibodies to combat vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus.Pfizer, BioNTech, and Moderna have developed this type of vaccine. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are already available in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.How do vaccines work?Vaccines prompt vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system to make antibodies to defend against specific diseases. In other words — they make vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system behave as if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body already had this illness.Vaccines achieve this without making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) person sick.After vaccination, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) person develops immunity to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. Their body can fight off vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection if exposure to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pathogen, such as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) novel coronavirus, occurs.An effective vaccine stimulates vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system without kicking it into overdrive. Developing a vaccine that works without causing unwanted side effects is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) goal for researchers.Vaccines also need to be safe for everyone, including people with allergies, young children, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, older adults, and people with underlying health conditions.wearing a face covering in publicwashing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) hands with soap and hot water frequently, for at least 20 seconds at a timeusing a hand sanitizer, with at least 60% alcohol, when washing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) hands is not possiblecovering any sneeze or cough with a tissue, disposing of this at once, and washing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) handsavoiding touching vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) faceregularly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that people frequently touch, such as doorknobslimiting or avoiding handshakesstaying home and away from others if sickstaying at least 6 feet away from people who are not housematesavoiding crowds whenever possibleavoiding poorly ventilated places whenever possiblebeing watchful for any symptoms, including a high fever and a coughIf a person has a mild or asymptomatic form of COVID-19, it is still crucial to limit contact with others, especially older adults and people with weakened immune systems.Read more about how to prevent COVID-19 here.If anyone needs medical care for what may be COVID-19 symptoms, call ahead to let vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) clinic or hospital know about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) problem and wear a face mask on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way.The CDC also recommend that anyone who may have been exposed to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus:contacts a healthcare providerkeeps track of their symptomsisolates at home, staying away from others as much as possibleseeks emergency medical care for any severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathingSome common COVID-19 symptoms include:a fevera persistent cougha loss or change in sense of smell or tasteLearn about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) early symptoms here.Maintaining a balanced diet, staying active, and making other healthful choices can also help.There is no evidence that home or alternative remedies can help prevent COVID-19. Here, learn about these and other coronavirus myths.Six months ago, as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) northern hemisphere was still battling vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic’s first wave, all eyes turned to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines in late-stage clinical trials. Now, a year after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic first erupted, three COVID vaccines have been given emergency authorization by either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. or U.K., as well as other countries. Two of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines, developed by Pfizer and BioNTech and Moderna, respectively, both employ a novel genetic technology known as mRNA. And vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) third is a more conventional vaccine developed by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Oxford and AstraZeneca that uses a chimpanzee virus to deliver DNA for a component of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus that causes COVID. (Russia, China and India have rolled out their own vaccines, but with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) exception of a few countries, they have not been widely authorized elsewhere.)But impressive as they are, these vaccines alone will likely not be sufficient to end vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, experts say. Luckily, there are hundreds of other COVID vaccines under development—including many with new mechanisms of action—that could prove to be effective and cheaper and easier to distribute.“I believe that this virus is going to change and that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines we have approved right now are just not going to be as effective as we think they are,” says Danny Altmann, an immunologist at Imperial College London. SARS-CoV-2 has already evolved several new variants—including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ones first identified in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.K. and South Africa, which are more transmissible (though not—for now, at least—more deadly).Gregory Poland, a vaccinologist at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Mayo Clinic, agrees it is far too early to think we have this virus beat. He points out that no vaccine for a coronavirus has ever been deployed in a public vaccination program. And mRNA vaccines such as Pfizer’s and Moderna’s—touted by many as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) future of vaccinology—have never previously been brought to market. “We don’t know what we don’t know. We have no idea what surprises we might find in a virus that we’ve only been aware of for a year,” says Poland, who co-authored an extensive review of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Lancet last October. “And vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) history of vaccinology—in which I’ve been involved for four decades—is amply littered with things we thought we knew.”What happens if somebody is vaccinated but contracts COVID anyway? Would they suffer an even worse case of illness, a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement? Or in a less dramatic scenario, what if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines prevent immunized individuals from falling ill but do not prevent them from infecting others? The latter could actually worsen vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic if vaccinated individuals think they are safe and become asymptomatic carriers. Moreover, people worldwide display a wide range of natural immunity to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, so there may be a similar diversity in vaccine responses. “There are lots of booby traps that could lie in wait,” Poland says.Furthermore, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer have logistical issues that prevent them from being easily deployed globally. Pfizer’s vaccine needs to be stored at –70 degrees Celsius—colder than Antarctica’s average temperatures—in freezers that cost many thousands of dollars. Moderna’s can be stored at –15 degrees C, but because of freezer requirements, it still has little chance of reaching rural corners of India or Africa or poor, densely packed neighborhoods in South America. As long as vaccines are fragile, expensive and difficult to distribute, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic will continue.But by far vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most important issue, Altmann says, is “durability”: how long people remain immune after vaccination. If a vaccine confers immunity for only a few months rather than many years, little progress will have been made in six months. By then we could be faced with more virulent forms of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease swirling around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) globe.The good news, however, is that “second generation” vaccines are being developed by researchers, many of whom are working with novel techniques. “We have an embarrassment of riches,” Altmann says. “One thing that certainly hasn’t been appreciated by most people is that, on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) back burner, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) field of vaccinology has been steaming ahead over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) past 15 years, developing a range of incredibly snazzy strategies.”There are nearly 240 novel vaccine candidates in development, waiting in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) wings for their moment. Here are a few that show vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most potential.SELF-AMPLIFYING RNA (IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON)Similar to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) approved mRNA vaccines, this one inserts genetic material from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus directly into human cells, spurring vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body to manufacture vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) famed “spike” protein that covers vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) surface of SARS-CoV-2. And like mRNA vaccines, Imperial College London’s design only delivers vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) genetic material, not vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) actual virus, so it is unlikely to exacerbate illness if people are infected following vaccination. The twist with this vaccine is that it has been modified to turn vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body’s own cells into factories that continually churn out spike proteins on their own—meaning a booster shot will not be necessary. Moreover, such “self-amplifying” RNA can reportedly be made in huge volumes for little cost. “I feel very excited about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way [this approach] may turn out to be like Pfizer’s and Moderna’s vaccines but even better,” says Altmann, who was not directly involved in developing this vaccine.Researchers at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Maryland-based start-up Novavax have focused on delivering vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) actual spike protein itself (rather than a whole virus or genetic material). They created vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine by engineering moth cells to churn out spike proteins in bioreactors at low cost. Furthermore, this vaccine can be kept at two to eight degrees C—normal refrigeration temperature—making it far more practical to distribute. The trick with this approach is vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) addition of an “adjuvant”—an additive that “soups up” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system’s response—made from saponin, a compound derived from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) bark of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chilean soapbark tree. “Engineered protein technology has been tested and proved in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) past—it just takes a little more time to produce than RNA,” explains Gregory Glenn, president of research and development at Novavax.DESIGNED PROTEIN NANOPARTICLE (INSTITUTE FOR PROTEIN DESIGN, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON)Like Novavax, University of Washington researchers have chosen to deliver proteins from SARS-CoV-2 as their weapon of choice. But instead of injecting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) entire spike protein, they have homed in on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus’s “Achilles’ heel”: vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) receptor binding domain (RBD), vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) portion of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spike protein that directly fuses with human cells. Neil King, a biochemist at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) university’s Institute for Protein Design, has created a vaccine delivered by spherical “nanoparticles” shaped like soccer balls. Synthetically manufactured RBD proteins are affixed to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) nanoparticles in regular arrays. This design makes vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine capable of eliciting antibody responses at least 10 times higher than those that use vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) whole, natural spike protein, King says. “We aren’t just taking existing proteins and tweaking them a little bit—we are making completely new ones to do exactly what we want,” he notes. The vaccine is currently being tested in early-stage, or phase I, trials with human volunteers. If successful, it could reach vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) public later this year.OTHER VACCINES IN THE PIPELINEThese are just a few of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine candidates in development. Others that could help slow vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine developed by Sinovac Biotech in China, utilize more conventional designs, such as an inactivated virus (a technique used to help conquer polio and still used in many influenza vaccines). It remains to be seen how well all of these approaches may work. But with so many efforts underway, there is good reason to hope that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of this pandemic nightmare is in sight.And when it does end, scientists will have many tools ready-made for when vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next pandemic hits.The worldwide endeavor to create a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is bearing fruit. A dozen vaccines now have been authorized around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) globe; many more remain in development.To clarify vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) landscape for our readers, our vaccine tracker has been split in two. The first chart details vaccines that have achieved regulatory authorization or approval; vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second continues to follow candidates in Phase 1-3 clinical trials and some promising candidates in early development. To reveal in-depth information about each candidate, select vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) “Details” button above vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) chart or click on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) green plus button next to each entry.Information about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) unprecedented public/private partnerships spawned by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 public health emergency now can be found below vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) charts.Our charts will be updated weekly. If you wish to submit an update or notice an issue with this data, please email FocusUpdated 26 February to include new information on vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Gamaleya Institute/RFID, Sinovac, Sinopharm, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Russian Federal Budgetary Research Intitute State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology, CanSino Biologics, Janssen Vaccines, Bharat Biotech and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products as well as a clarification on vaccine candidates from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.COVID-19 vaccine initiativesOWS: Operation Warp Speed is a collaboration of several US government departments including Health and Human Services (HHS) and subagencies, Defense, Agriculture, Energy and Veterans Affairs and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) private sector. OWS has funded JNJ-78436735 (Janssen), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and NVX‑CoV2373 (Novavax), V590 (Merck/IAVI), V591 (Merck/Themis), AZD1222 (AstraZeneca/University of Oxford), and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) candidate developed by Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline.OWS is “part of a broader strategy to accelerate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) development, manufacturing, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics.” Leaders of OWS say they could vaccinate as many as 20 million people by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) year and 100 million people by February.ACTIV: Within OWS, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has partnered with more than 18 biopharmaceutical companies in an initiative called ACTIV. ACTIV aims to fast-track development of drug and vaccine candidates for COVID-19.COVPN: The COVID-19 Prevention Trials Network (COVPN) combines clinical trial networks funded by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN), Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC), and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) AIDS Clinical Trials Group.COVAX: The COVAX initiative, part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) World Health Organization’s (WHO) Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, is being spearheaded by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI); Gavi, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Alliance; and WHO. The goal is to work with vaccine manufacturers to offer low-cost COVID-19 vaccines to countries. CEPI’s candidates from companies Inovio, Moderna, CureVac, Institut Pasteur/Merck/Themis, AstraZeneca/University of Oxford, Novavax, University of Hong Kong, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, and University of Queensland/CSL are part of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVAX initiative. The US joined COVAX on 21 January. The most up-to-date forecast of COVAX's vaccine supply can be found here.Vaccines are biological products that generate acquired immunity to certain infectious diseases.Under "normal" circumstances, vaccine development, licensure and manufacturing are processes that can take several years to complete.In this critical time, a myriad of healthcare companies, research institutions and authorities are working to accelerate such timelines to quickly deliver a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19.Technology Networks is committed to keeping you updated with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) latest research in this space. Below, you'll find a curation of our latest COVID-19 vaccine-related content.FDA Committee Endorses J&J vaccine: An independent advisory committee Friday afternoon recommended to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that it grant an emergency use authorization (EUA) to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccine developed by Johnson & Johnson. The unanimous vote of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) panel that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) benefits of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine outweigh any risks paves vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) way for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA to grant vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) EUA as soon as this weekend. If vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) EUA is granted, J&J has said it is prepared to immediately begin shipping up to 4 million doses of its one-dose vaccine. If J&J gets vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) authorization, there will be three COVID-19 vaccines available to Americans, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, both two-dose vaccines, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) one-dose J&J product.Pfizer storage temperature raised. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave permission Thursday for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to be moved and stored for two weeks at higher temperatures than had been allowed under vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) emergency use authorization (EUA) vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine received in December. Instead of requiring vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine vials to be stored at minus 130 degrees to minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA is allowing Pfizer to ship and store vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vials at minus 13 degrees to minus 5 degrees Fahrenheit. FDA officials say giving Pfizer permission to maintain its vaccine at higher temperatures will help ease vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) burden of finding vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ultra-low cold storage that has been required for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine and should help get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine to more vaccination sites. By comparison, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccine can be shipped and stored at minus 4 degrees.Vaccine finder inaugurated: The U.S. public can begin to search for approved COVID-19 providers at VaccineFinder, a website where consumers can enter their address or zip code and get a list of vaccine providers and links to where they can schedule a shot. But this service is ramping up slowly. The site so far includes data from 29,000 providers in four states: Alaska, Indiana, Iowa and Tennessee. The site was started at Boston Children’s Hospital, supported by a grant from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). If vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) initial rollout is successful, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) site will be expanded to all providers in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) nation that are willing to participate.FDA supports J&J vaccine authorization. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Wednesday released an analysis of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Johnson & Johnson (J&J) COVID-19 vaccine that supports vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency granting an emergency use authorization (EUA) for what would become vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) third vaccine available to Americans to combat vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus. On Friday, an independent FDA panel will meet to review vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) clinical trial and other data vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company has filed in support of its application. If vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA grants vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) EUA, as is expected, J&J officials say they are prepared to immediately begin shipping out 4 million doses of its vaccine. Before that, an advisory committee of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC would meet to recommend how vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine should be used. An emergency meeting of CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is scheduled for Sunday and Monday, Feb. 28 and March 1, but no agenda is yet specified. The J&J vaccine requires only one shot, compared with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) two-shot regimen necessary for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. The FDA says vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) J&J study found that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine was 66 percent effective overall — and 72 percent effective in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States in preventing moderate to severe COVID-19 illness, compared with 95 percent efficacy for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine and 94 percent for Moderna. The data also show that no one who received vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) J&J vaccine required hospitalization or died after 28 days after immunization.Rx executives say more doses are coming. Leaders of pharmaceutical companies that are producing COVID-19 vaccines told a House Energy and Commerce subcommittee on Tuesday that they are ramping up production and distribution of their vaccines or gave vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) panel a progress report on when they plan to ask vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an emergency use authorization (EUA) for their products. Here are their estimates.— Pfizer Group President John Young said that shipments of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine topped 40 million doses as of Feb. 17 and that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company expects to start sending 13 million doses per week by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) middle of March and all 300 million doses vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government has contracted for by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of July.— Moderna President Stephen Hoge said that as of last week, his company had delivered 54 million doses and is on track to have delivered 100 million by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of March, another 100 million by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of May and 100 million more by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of July. Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two shots.— Ruud Dobber, an executive vice president at AstraZeneca, said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company has enrolled 30,000 people in its phase 3 clinical trials and expects results “soon.” The federal government has contracted for 300 million doses of this vaccine, should it receive an EUA.— John Trizzino, executive vice president of Novavax, told vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) subcommittee that his company has also enrolled 30,000 people in its phase 3 clinical trials and expects to file for authorization from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second quarter of this year.CDC data show that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines are safe. New data from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) side effects from COVID-19 vaccines were as expected and not serious among vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vast majority of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first 22 million people who received either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna version. Symptoms most frequently reported were headaches (22.4 percent), fatigue (16.5 percent) and dizziness (16.5 percent). Cases of anaphylaxis allergic reactions were very rare — 4.5 cases per million doses administered. The incidence of side effects was greater for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine, with nearly 79 percent of recipients saying they didn’t experience any serious symptoms, compared with nearly 94 percent who said they didn’t have any major issues after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first shot. Data was not available for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot of which is not given until 28 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first. The data collected was for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first month of vaccinations, from Dec. 14, 2020, to Jan. 13, 2021. CDC Director Rochelle Walensky said at a COVID-19 briefing on Friday that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) fact that more people tend to have a stronger reaction to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot should not deter Americans from getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose.Severe weather delays vaccine distribution. A winter storm held up vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) delivery of more than 6 million doses — about a three-day supply — but vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine won’t spoil and is “safe and sound” in warehouses and transportation hubs, White House coronavirus adviser Andy Slavitt said at Friday’s briefing. More than 2,000 COVID-19 vaccination clinics across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country lost power from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storm, he said, and road closures have also hindered vaccine delivery. Slavitt said he expects that most of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) backlogged doses will be delivered in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next few days. Health officials in many areas plan to contact those whose appointments were canceled to reschedule. The COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. call for two doses, spaced 21 or 28 days apart, for maximum efficacy. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines will still be effective with up to six weeks between doses.Doses to pharmacies, states expanded. The number of COVID-19 vaccine doses pharmacies will receive from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government is being doubled from 1 million each week to two 2 million, Administration officials announced on Wednesday. During vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first stage of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) partnership between vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government and pharmacies across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country, 6,500 drug stores are slated to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, with that number expected to eventually increase to 40,000 national chain stores, independent drugstores and pharmacies located inside grocery stores. States are continuing to control which populations are eligible for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines, although vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) administration has urged them to begin vaccinating residents over age 65, which about half vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) states are doing. The administration has also increased vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) amount of vaccine being delivered to states. States will now get 13.5 million doses each week. Officials also announced that on average, 1.7 million Americans are receiving a COVID-19 vaccine each day.Winter storms impacting vaccine administration. If your COVID-19 vaccination appointment has been delayed because of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) severe winter storms raging through a wide swath of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country, don’t panic — including if it’s your second shot that won’t be available exactly on time. The protocol for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is that patients should get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose 21 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first and those getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccine should get their second dose 28 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first one. The CDC has said that if circumstances — like these storms — prevent people from getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose on time, as long as they get it within six weeks of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first one they’ll be fine. As vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storm is forcing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) cancellation of vaccine appointments, Andy Slavitt, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) White House senior adviser on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 response, said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) weather will impact both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) delivery of doses to vaccination sites and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ability of people to get innoculated. Vaccinations have been delayed in a number of states including Texas, Missouri, Alabama, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Tennessee, Illinois and Minnesota and more may follow suit as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storm moves eastward. In addition, more severe weather is expected over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next few days. Slavitt said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) administration is urging vaccination sites to expand their hours once vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) storms subside and they can reopen. The CDC has confirmed that some vaccine deliveries may be delayed but hasn’t specified which ones and how long vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) delay will be.Government orders more vaccine. The federal government has ordered 200 million more doses of COVID-19 vaccines — 100 million each from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. That will bring to 600 million vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) number of doses that will be delivered by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) end of July. Because both of these vaccines require two doses, that would fully vaccinate 300 million Americans. State officials across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country have said they need more vaccine in order to meet their needs.Quarantine rules eased for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinated. The CDC now says that people who have received both doses of either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine will no longer be required to quarantine after they are exposed to someone with COVID-19. According to CDC guidance, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) easing of quarantine guidelines applies to people two weeks after they are fully vaccinated, are within three months of having received their last dose and have remained symptom free. The CDC stresses that vaccinated persons should continue to follow recommendations for preventing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) spread of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, including wearing a mask, staying at least 6 feet away from others, avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated spaces, and washing their hands often.Vaccine acceptance increases. A new CDC study shows that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) willingness of Americans to receive a COVID-19 vaccine continues to increase, especially among adults over age 65. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) new data, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) percentage of people who say they are willing — or somewhat willing — to get vaccinated increased from 62 percent in September to 68 percent in December. Among adults 65 and older, 66 percent said in December that they would likely be vaccinated compared with 42 percent of adults ages 18 to 64 who said that. The percentage of people who say they do not intend to get vaccinated continues to decline — from 38 percent in September 2020 to 32 percent in December. The main reasons people give for their vaccine hesitancy are concerns about side effects and safety (30 percent), they plan to wait to see if vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines prove safe (14.5 percent), they don’t trust government (12.5 percent), and concern that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines were developed too quickly (10.4 percent).The COVID-19 vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Oxford may be vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first such vaccine that preliminary data shows could slow vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) transmission of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, according to a new report by Oxford researchers. The paper, which has not yet been peer reviewed, is based on weekly nasal swabs taken to see if there were signs of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus in people participating in clinical trials in 2020. The researchers said they found a 67 percent reduction in evidence of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus on those swabs among those who had received vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) AstraZeneca vaccine. The data was gleaned from clinical trials in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa. AstraZeneca is still completing its U.S. trial and is expected to release data from that study later this month. AstraZeneca is not conducting weekly swab tests on U.S. trial participants, a company executive told vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Wall Street Journal. The only two COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, have been shown in clinical trials to be highly effective in preventing illness, but it has yet to be determined if they prevent infection and transmission of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus to others.Pace of vaccination in nursing homes. At least three-quarters of residents in most U.S. skilled nursing facilities had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine — a median of 77.8 percent across 11,460 facilities — during vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first month of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination rollout (Dec. 18 – Jan. 17). That’s according to a new CDC report, which also found that a median of 38 percent of staff members had received vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine by that date. The CDC has been working with pharmacies to administer vaccinations at these facilities, where residents have been hit disproportionately hard by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic — accounting for 38 percent of COVID-19-related deaths in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S.Second dose timing. The second dose of either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine may be scheduled for up to six weeks after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first shot, according to an update posted Thursday by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC. When vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA authorized vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) two vaccines for emergency use late last year, it said that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer vaccine should be administered in 21 days while vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna protocol is for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot to be given in 28 days. CDC still says that while vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) “second dose should be administered as close to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recommended interval as possible,” if that is not feasible vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose can be received up to 42 days after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first one.COVID-19 relief package. As part of a $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief and economic stimulus package, Biden wants to get 100 million vaccine doses into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) arms of Americans in his first 100 days in office, although he believes it may be possible to get 1.5 million shots administered each day. He is asking Congress for money to set up mass inoculation centers and will enlist independent and chain pharmacies to administer vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines and expand vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) number of people giving vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, including nonclinical personnel. Biden will also use vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Defense Production Act to accelerate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) manufacture of vaccine and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) materials needed to administer them. He reiterated his request to states to start vaccinating Americans age 65 and older and also said his plan maintains vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) two-dose schedule for both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines.Some allergic reactions reported. The CDC has advised Americans that it has documented more cases of severe allergic reactions among people receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Among 1.8 million getting their first dose of either vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines, 21 had a reaction known as anaphylaxis. According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC, these reactions can be quickly dealt with and all 21 patients have recovered. The rate of these reactions is about 10 times that of people who get a flu shot, say CDC officials, who stress that these episodes are still exceedingly rare. The agency continues to recommend that anyone who has ever had a severe allergic reaction to any of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ingredients in a COVID-19 vaccine abstain from getting it. If you have a history of severe allergic reactions to other vaccines, ask your doctor if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine. Common side effects — including injection-site pain, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain and fever — have been common in both vaccines and should not be cause for concern, experts say. If you have an adverse reaction, report it through vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) online.Vaccines and underlying health conditions. The CDC has issued guidance for those with underlying health conditions, saying they can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccine as long as they have not had a severe allergic reaction to any of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) ingredients in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. The CDC had additional comments for people in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) following groups:People with HIV or who have weakened immune systems can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, but they should be aware that safety data is limited, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. They should also be aware of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) potential for reduced immune responses to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.People who have autoimmune conditions can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, but they should be aware that there is no data yet on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) safety of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines for them.People who have previously had Guillain-Barré syndrome can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. The CDC noted that to date, no cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported following vaccination.People who have previously had Bell’s palsy can receive vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Even though cases of Bell’s palsy were reported in trial participants, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA “does not consider these to be above vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) rate expected in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) general population,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC said. “They have not concluded these cases were caused by vaccination.”Researchers around vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world have been working at record speed to develop vaccines to combat COVID-19. Less than a year after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) start of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, that goal is now a reality. The U.S. is among vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) countries that have begun vaccinating people against a virus that has so far infected more than 25 million people in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States; it’s killed more than 421,000 Americans and more than 2.1 million people globally. As noted above, two vaccines, one from Moderna and another from Pfizer-BioNTech, are now being distributed in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., first to health care workers and staff and residents of long-term care facilities, next to people 65 and older and frontline essential workers.Both vaccines received an emergency use authorization (EUA) from vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA. An EUA is a green light, of sorts. It is not vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same as official approval.During a public health emergency, such as vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA can authorize in a timely manner previously unapproved medical products to diagnose, treat or prevent vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) illness of concern when there are no other approved or available alternatives. The EUA process is faster than standard FDA approval, which can take six to 10 months. However, data proving safety and effectiveness are still required for authorization, and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA and an advisory committee of experts use this data to weigh vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) risks and benefits of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) product in question.What, exactly, is a vaccine?A vaccine is something that helps a person build up immunity to an infectious disease. It works by intentionally introducing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) body to an inactive form of a disease-causing germ, or something similar to it. This then stimulates vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system’s production of antibodies, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) proteins that help to protect vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) person from a future infection if he ever comes across vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real germ.Think of it like a workout for your immune system: You’re “sending it to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) gym and preparing it to be able to do something when it encounters vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real thing in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) future,” says Tony Moody, associate professor of pediatrics and immunology at Duke University School of Medicine and a principal investigator at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Duke Human Vaccine Institute. “Essentially, what a vaccine is doing is teaching vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immune system how to handle something before you actually encounter vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real thing — so that, hopefully, when you do encounter vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) real thing, you’re able to deal with it quickly and get rid of it.”What coronavirus vaccines are available now?The two vaccines that have received EUAs - Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna - are so far vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) only products available to Americans.Pfizer’s vaccine was given emergency authorization by vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA for use in people 16-years-old and older, making it vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first coronavirus vaccine available to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) American public.Moderna’s vaccine has now been authorized for people 18 and older.Both vaccines have been found to be highly effective at preventing COVID-19 in clinical trial participants. Pfizer-BioNTech's two-dose vaccine is about 95 percent effective against COVID-19, regardless of age, race or other risks for severe illness from an infection, an FDA analysis shows. And Moderna’s proved to be about 94.5 percent effective against COVID-19 in people of all ages, genders and ethnicities.Are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines safe?Safety is a key concern among health officials and experts. Participants in both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna trials experienced side effects after vaccination, including injection-site pain, fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches and joint pain. These symptoms are temporary and are in line with side effects some people experience from other vaccines, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) flu shot and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine to prevent shingles.The CDC has documented several cases of anaphylaxis in U.S. vaccine recipients. Though an anaphylactic reaction is potentially life-threatening, it can be quickly halted as it was in these six cases, with medicines such as epinephrine. Because of this, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC is recommending that anyone who has ever had a severe allergic reaction to any ingredient in a COVID-19 vaccine abstain from receiving it. If you have a history of severe allergic reactions to other vaccines, ask your doctor if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency advises.After a vaccine is authorized, many vaccine safety monitoring systems watch for adverse events, according to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC. If one is discovered, “experts quickly study it further to assess whether it is a true safety concern” and then adjust vaccine recommendations as needed, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency explains.How are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines being distributed?The federal government is overseeing vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) distribution and tracking of coronavirus vaccines in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., but state and local officials are prioritizing who gets vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine in their jurisdictions. The government is also partnering with private companies to ensure high-risk individuals can easily access a vaccine. Health care workers and residents and staff of long-term care facilities were in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first group targeted for vaccination; vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC recommends that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) next group of Americans to receive a COVID vaccine should be adults age 75 and older. However, many states prioritized all adults age 65 and older after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) federal government directed states to expand distribution in order to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine out faster. The next group for vaccination under CDC guidelines would be frontline workers, including first responders, postal workers, teachers, public transit workers and people who work in grocery stores.Officials predict it will take several more months to vaccinate everyone who wants a vaccine, even as production ramps up and more vaccine candidates clear authorization.There are logistical considerations, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) need to ensure proper transportation and storage for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines. Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna vaccines require cold storage at specific temperatures — Pfizer’s more so than Moderna’s — meaning pharmacies and clinics throughout vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. need to be equipped with specialized freezers and refrigerators to keep vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) medicines stable.How much does vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine cost?The federal government pre-purchased hundreds of millions of vaccine doses with taxpayer money, and Americans will not have to pay to receive them.Vaccine providers are able to charge an administration fee for giving vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) shot, but this fee should be covered by public or private insurance, or by a government relief fund for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) uninsured.Can I still get COVID-19 after getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine?It’s unclear whether someone who’s been vaccinated can still become sick with COVID-19 and how long immunity will last, although more details on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine’s effectiveness should emerge in post-trial surveillance.“That’s something that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) recipients will have to understand when they get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine,” says William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist and professor of preventive medicine at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. “The vaccine provides protection, but it won’t be like a suit of armor.”Schaffner’s main message: Just because you roll up your sleeve and get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) shot doesn’t mean you can throw away your mask and disregard other prevention efforts such as social distancing and handwashing. Those will be crucial “for quite some time” in order to get control over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, Schaffner says.Are both doses really necessary?Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines require two doses and following through with both doses is necessary to ensure effectiveness. (Other COVID-19 vaccines being tested in clinical trials require only one dose.)According to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first shot starts building protection, while vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second shot “is needed to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) most protection vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine has to offer.”Do I need vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine if I have already had COVID-19?The verdict is still out when it comes to how long you are protected from COVID-19 after a previous infection — what's referred to as natural immunity. In fact, “early evidence suggests natural immunity from COVID-19 may not last very long,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC explains. Because of this, “people may be advised to get a COVID-19 vaccine even if they have been sick with COVID-19 before,” vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) agency states.Health officials will keep vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) public informed of any developments and recommendations as more is learned about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) duration of natural immunity.Is it good to have more than one vaccine?Absolutely. “In fact, it’s highly desirable,” Schaffner says, because that would mean “there would be more vaccine manufacturers working to actually produce vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine, and so we could more expeditiously try to vaccinate vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) population in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) United States and beyond.”Kathleen Neuzil, M.D., professor in vaccinology and director of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health at vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) University of Maryland School of Medicine, echoes Schaffner’s sentiment and points to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) flu vaccine for comparison: There are multiple formulations on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) market, including vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) injectable high-dose vaccine and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) nasal spray vaccine, for example, which are recommended for different populations.“We really need every person on Earth, theoretically, to be able to receive this vaccine. So, to me, [having more than one option] is a positive, because we need so much,” she adds."The current pandemic is putting pressure on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company to come out with a vaccine quickly, but we cannot rush as safety and quality are paramount," said Krishna Ella, Chairman & MD, Bharat Biotech International.The Hyderabad-based pharma firm has completed phase-I clinical trials for its vaccine candidate against covid-19."There is a tremendous pressure on us to develop vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. But for us, safety and quality are paramount. We don't want to kill more people with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) wrong vaccine," Ella said during an interaction with members of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chennai International Centre on 'Covid-19 Endgame Scenarios' on Saturday."We want to do clinical researcThe challenge is to evolve a strategy for attacking vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Ella explained."The pandemic has got so much attention not because of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths it is causing, but because it has destroyed vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) economy. That is why every politician and bureaucrat is talking about it. More people die in road accidents than Covid," Ella said, adding that people should not get paranoid, as it will lead to other problems.Over vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) past 17 years, he has been telling vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Government that it needs to work on developing solutions for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) neglected diseases of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) developing world, including China, India and Africa. These neglected diseases are turning out to be pandemics of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) future. For instance, chickengunya and yellow fever, which were once described as "not important diseases", are being recognised as important ones globally.Indian vaccine makers have proved they can develop quality and affordable vaccines, Ella said.A few years back, his company launched a rotavirus vaccine for $1, when global major GSK supplied it for $85, with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) same parameters and quality. of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) highest standards. We have been monitored by international agencies and communities. It's a matter of prestige for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) country and for us. We won't be shortsighted on research and will produce vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) best quality vaccine," said Ella, while refusing to comment on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) target date for vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) launch.ConclusionA year into vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 coronavirus disease, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) global effort to develop and distribute an effective vaccine has already produced several promising options. The accelerated development of multiple vaccines is unprecedented; vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) process typically takes eight to fifteen years.Now, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) immunization of a critical mass of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) world’s population—which is crucial for getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic under control—is up against a new set of challenges, including dangerous new strains of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus, global competition over a limited supply of doses, and public hesitation about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines.What COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and how do they work?Currently, several COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical trials. The FDA will review vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) results of these trials before approving COVID-19 vaccines for use. But because there is an urgent need for COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA's vaccine approval process can take months to years, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA will first be giving emergency use authorization to COVID-19 vaccines based on less data than is normally required. The data must show that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines are safe and effective before vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) FDA can give emergency use authorization. Vaccines with FDA emergency use authorization include:Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 95%. This means that about 95% of people who get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine are protected from developing symptoms of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 virus. This vaccine is for people age 16 and older. It requires two injections given 21 days apart. The second dose can be given up to six weeks after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose, if needed.Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 94.1%. This vaccine is for people age 18 and older. It requires two injections given 28 days apart. The second dose can be given up to six weeks after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose, if needed.Both vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA). Coronaviruses have a spike-like structure on their surface called an S protein. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give cells instructions for how to make a harmless piece of an S protein. After vaccination, your cells begin making vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) protein pieces and displaying them on cell surfaces. Your immune system will recognize that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) protein doesn't belong there and begin building an immune response and making antibodies.Do vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines protect against vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 variants?Early research suggests that vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines can provide protection against vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 variants identified in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.K. and South Africa. Vaccine manufacturers are also looking into creating booster shots to improve protection against variants.Can a COVID-19 vaccine give you COVID-19?No. The COVID-19 vaccines currently being developed in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S. don't use vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) live virus that causes COVID-19.Keep in mind that it will take a few weeks for your body to build immunity after getting a COVID-19 vaccination. As a result, it's possible that you could become infected with vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) virus that causes COVID-19 just before or after being vaccinated.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) possible side effects of a COVID-19 vaccine?A COVID-19 vaccine can cause mild side effects after vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first or second dose, including:Pain, redness or swelling where vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) shot was givenFeverFatigueHeadacheMuscle painChillsJoint painNausea and vomitingFeeling unwellSwollen lymph nodesYou'll likely be monitored for 15 minutes after getting a COVID-19 vaccine to see if you have an immediate reaction. Most side effects happen within vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first three days after vaccination and typically last only one to two days.The COVID-19 vaccine may cause side effects similar to signs and symptoms of COVID-19. If you've been exposed to COVID-19 and you develop symptoms more than three days after getting vaccinated or vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) symptoms last more than two days, self-isolate and get tested.Is it OK to take an over-vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19)-counter pain medication before or after getting a COVID-19 vaccine?It isn’t recommended that you take a pain medication before getting a COVID-19 vaccine to prevent possible discomfort. It’s not clear how these medications might impact vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) effectiveness of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines. However, it’s OK to take this kind of medication after getting a COVID-19 vaccine, as long as you have no other medical reason that would prevent you from taking it.What are vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) long-term side effects of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines?Because vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines clinical trials only started in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) summer of 2020, it’s not yet clear if these vaccines will have long-term side effects. However, vaccines rarely cause long-term side effects.If you’re concerned, in vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) U.S., safety data on COVID-19 vaccines will be reported to a national program called vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. This data is available to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) public. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also created v-safe, a smartphone-based tool that allows users to report COVID-19 vaccine side effects.Can I get a COVID-19 vaccine if I have a history of allergic reactions?If you have a history of severe allergic reactions not related to vaccines or injectable medications, you may still get a COVID-19 vaccine. You should be monitored for 30 minutes after getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.If you've had an immediate allergic reaction to other vaccines or injectable medications, ask your doctor if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine. If you’ve ever had an immediate or severe allergic reaction to any ingredient in a COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) CDC recommends not getting that specific vaccine. Also, people who are allergic to polysorbate should not get an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.If you have an immediate or severe allergic reaction after getting vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, don't get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) second dose.Can I get a COVID-19 vaccine if I have an underlying medical condition?Yes, if you have an underlying medical condition you can get a COVID-19 vaccine — as long as you haven't had an allergic reaction to a COVID-19 vaccine or any of its ingredients. But there is limited information about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) safety of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccines in people who have weakened immune systems or autoimmune conditions.Can pregnant or breastfeeding women get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19 vaccine?There is no research on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) safety of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant or breastfeeding women. However, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding and part of a group recommended to get a COVID-19 vaccine, you may choose to get vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Talk to your health care provider about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) risks and benefits.How fast clinical trials can be done depends on vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) time frame. For example, for rotavirus it takes six months to complete one phase. But for Covaxin (Bharat Biotech's Covid-19 vaccine) it took only 30 days for phase-I and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) company has now entered phase-II.Ella said vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Indian vaccine industry isn't inferior to vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) MNCs of Europe and vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) US and is far ahead of vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) Chinese in technology and clinical research."We are not less than GSK or Sanofi (vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) global majors)," he says, adding that many people are skeptic about vaccine for the coronavirus (COVID-19) capabilities of Indian companies. They were proved wrong when vaccines were developed for rotavirus, polio and other diseases with tremendous experience in manufacturing and clinical trials