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Most phones today are smartphones, which are fundamentally pocket computers. The thinness of the device is a figure of merit, but they aren’t necessarily small. The size is driven by the need for a large screen, for interfacing, for movies, etc. Sure, it’s got a phone function, that’s at best a tertiary concern.Smaller smartphones are technically possible. The small size doesn’t have a huge effect on phone functionality, but it’s a big problem for the “smart” part.And sure, if you toss out the “smart” part, they can get really tiny.You can certainly find some big walkie-talkies these days. But consider the reason for their size. Maybe 1/3–1/2 of the whole size is battery, for a radio like this. Your phone may have as much as a 1/3 Watt transmitter output, but a radio like this had a 10 Watt transmitter. And if it’s a military walkie-talkie these days, it’s also got a data port and very high quality digital encryption. And it’s designed to be used while wearing gloves. Tiny size is not a figure of merit, so they’re not made small.Modern consumer-oriented walkie-talkies, like FRS radios, can be substantially smaller than smartphones. Even a crazy-small walkie-talkie is technically possible. But that takes a huge value out of the radio.There is a fundamental difference between the radio systems used in phones versus walkie-talkies. A walkie-talkie has to transmit and receive from ground radio to ground radio, with no idea about where the other walkie-talkies will be. So it’s going to need a fairly powerful transmitter that’s omnidirectional — it transmits the same in every direction. That takes considerably more power than a cellular radio. Every time you key the mic, the transmitter is blasting at full power. And those big radios, they’re designed to give you maybe 100 miles of communications. Even an FRS radio is designed to go 2–5 miles.A cellular radio has a big advantage in that it’s non-orthogonal: the handset always communicates directly to a cell tower. The tower is up in the air and it’s not running from batteries. So it can make the life of the cellular phone a whole lot easier. Cell towers “beam form”, they basically use an array of small antennas to make one big, very directional antenna that points directly at your phone. The cell tower tells your phone how loud to transmit. If your phone was transmitting at its maximum 1/3W-1/2W, it would probably run down in less than a hour. But the cell tower keeps it transmitting only as loud as needed by the tower and its super-sophisticated antenna array. Yes, a cell phone may be able to reach 20–40 miles for a tower, but only because there’s so much extra stuff thrown at the tower end of the link.Far as antennae go, sure, typical Walkie-Talkies need larger antennae than phones, that’s due primarily to frequency ranges. An effective antenna is some fraction of the wavelength of your frequency, and the smaller that fraction, the less effective the antenna. There are walkie-talkies on all kinds of frequencies: police, fire, industrial, etc. The original citizen band, at 26.9650MHz to 27.4050MHz, is where those old Radio Shack walkie-talkies worked, the ones many kids got for Christmas back in the 1960s and 1970s. That’s why you had that long, telescoping antenna… just like you did for your FM radio boombox, for FM at 88–108MHz.FRS radios are in the 462–467MHz range. That requires larger antennas than cellular, which starts at 800MHz and runs over 5000MHz, depending on where you live. In the USA, it’s usually up to 2100MHz. Higher frequencies mean smaller antennas.Don’t forget, it wasn’t long ago that our smartphones actually had antennas we could see. And imagine that, the old Treo antenna is roughly half the length of the FRS antenna at twice the frequency, just what you’d expect. But today? Well, we don’t see our smarphone antennas because there are a whole mess of them. First of all, better phone designs started using diversity antennas. Rather than one antenna, you had two, and the phone’s software would use the one that’s working better. In more modern phones, these are used together, into radio chips that support MIMO (multiple input, multiple output), or as they say, multiple spatial streams. So each antenna may not be as effective, but they work together, and the cell towers have dramatically improved as well.And we also have many more radios. Just talking about US frequencies. Smartphones have Bluetooth and dual band WiFi, so 2400MHz (2.4GHz) and 5000–6000MHz. And the old 2G/3G frequencies, 850MHz and 1900MHz. And LTE frequencies at 600MHz, 700MHz, 800MHz, 1700MHz, 2100MHz, and probably some others by now. And we’re about to get 5G radios at 24–86GHz.

One major factor was perishable skills. If you’re not leading the field, you’re falling behind it.Royal Navy Sea Harrier FRS.1In his excellent book Hostile Skies, David Morgan told of his first encounter with Fleet Air Arm air-to-air tactics in the Sea Harrier FRS.1.In 1981 RAF Flight Lieutenant ‘Mogs’ Morgan was seconded to the Royal Navy’s Sea Harrier Wing, formed the year before with a mix of RN/RAF aircrew. Most were gleaned from the Navy’s recently disbanded Phantom and Buccaneer squadrons, who were joined by RAF pilots with experience of flying and fighting the little jump jet.Royal Air Force Harrier GR.3Morgan had been flying RAF Harrier GR.3’s for several years, his squadron specialised in mud moving not fighter vs fighter combat, most sorties and training were about getting ordnance into awkward corners of German fields and forests, dogfighting was something you practised on the rare occasions you had spare time in uncontrolled skies.Mogs was sent to 899 Squadron at RNAS Yeovilton, the headquarters unit where pilots were brought up to speed on Naval weapons, missions and tactics.His first ACM sortie was against an old RAF Squadron mate Flt Lt Paul Barton, who had joined 899 Squadron a few months previously. Back in Germany Barton was known to be easy meat in 1 v 1 air combat and Morgan set off believing he would still have the upper hand on his pal.They broke into the first 1 v 1 and within minutes Mogs has lost sight of his foe and Barton was claiming Fox Two - he was in a perfect firing position for a sidewinder kill. A bit surprised Morgan and Barton squared off again and the result was just as quick, ‘Easy Meat’ Barton was all over him and was calling out Fox Two again, three times in total. Mogs was barely following events.Throughly shook by this turn of skill Morgan ran over to Barton after they parked their cabs back at Yeovilton.“How in the hell did you do that Bartoonski?”“The Navy’s taught me how to fight Mogs! You're with the big boys now!”So how did the Royal Navy get the drop on the RAF? Barton and Morgan had transferred to the Navy as skilled pilots, experienced, precise and aggressive, but the RAF hadn't been involved in air-to-air fighting since the end of WW2 and the essential skills had perished among the Squadrons.Since the 1950s the RAF had focused on European nuclear conflict. 1 v 1 dogfighting had been neglected in favour of short ranged ground controlled interceptions with Lightning or lumbering missile and radar platforms like Javelin. Into the 60s they didn’t see themselves getting into a fight where contested air superiority was likely. Lightning was going to be the last fighter, the skills became a quaint pastime between squadron mates.The Royal Navy was in a different position. Post war it had specialised in rapid reaction to flashpoints in odd corners of the globe: Korea; Suez; Kuwait; Indonesia; Tanganyika; Yemen; Brunei; Guatemala; Cyprus; Sinai. Their carriers had to respond to a variety of situations and couldn't count on local air superiority so they had to bring their own.They also benefitted from regular time at sea, offering plenty of open skies, no radar controlled airspace limiting time and space for aggressive flying practice. RAF pilots transferring into the fleet found the flying exciting and plentiful with none of the restrictions of the busy skies over Germany and UK.Keeping up the skills they also needed the tools. Recognising the need for a new fighter, in 1964 the Royal Navy bought the F-4K Phantom. To learn how to fight it they sent Air Warfare Instructors to the states to learn how the US Navy was doing it.The next bit is from Rowland White’s Phoenix Squadron.Royal Navy Air Warfare Instructors (AWIs) were the squadron experts in fighting. They were trained at the Naval Air Fighter and Strike Training School at Lossiemouth in Scotland, an intensive flying and study course where they mastered the latest techniques and weapons while learning how to compare them to enemy systems. They returned to their squadrons as the custodians of aggressive, systematic combat efficiency.The graduates formed the cream of Navy aircrews and provided the majority of its squadron commanders.In 1967 as the Vietnam War hurtled on, one such AWI Richard Lord, was sent on a two year secondment to VF-121 the US Navy’s Pacific Fleet F-4 Phantom Replacement Air Group (RAG) at Miramar California. This was where F-4 crews about to head out to Vietnam got their skills brushed up in preparation for the fight.Lord arrived in a febrile time, he was surrounded by veterans of the air combat in Vietnam, so he was getting lots of exposure to current ops. The big question was why multi-million F-4s were getting shot down by cheap and simple MiG-17s. In an effort to understand he came across a dusty report by Colonel John Boyd USAF about energy–manoeuvrability theory.How to harness thrust and weight into a net motive force of proportional excess energy.I’m not even going to try and explain it, but it’s got a lot to do with eggs. It was important though. These sums would spawn the famous Teen Series of US Fighters, who would go on to manage a 181–2 kill-loss ratio.Lord brought his experience of the Royal Navy’s AWI system, Boyd brought the maths and the Ault Report created the result - the United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program.The aviators called it TOPGUN.This was the cutting edge of air-combat - not just 1 v 1 dogfighting but getting the most out of long range missiles, identifying enemy strengths and weaknesses, ground attack and most importantly providing a systematic approach for the dispassionate evaluation of training exercises.Having helped establish TopGun, Lord and other AWIs bought back the energy egg ideas when they returned to the UK. Their students would be the aircrew who fought the Falklands War.The Argentine Air Force was fighting its first aerial battle in 1982. They had good aircraft and gutsy aircrew, but were behind the curve in air-to-air. They only made a few attempts to draw British fighters into 1 v 1 combat. On 1 May 1982 a co-ordinated bombing attack was made on British warships. Flying top cover were Mirage III’s trying to tempt the Sea Harriers to climb high and fight them.Any AWI could tell you a Mirage III was far superior at high altitude, but would have to come down low if they wanted to pose a bombing threat to the Frigates and Destroyers.The Sea Harrier aircrew didn’t climb to meet them: TopGun isn't about dogfighting, it’s about knowing your systems and knowing your enemy’s systems, and looking for an advantage. You never fight an enemy on their terms, so the Fleet Air Arm policy was to pull the Argentines down into the thicker air of low-level where the Mirage had to expend more fuel, while the extra drag gained them less energy.The Sea Harrier wasn’t a true energy fighter; its wing didn’t have the area or shape needed for sustained high G, but at low level its huge Pegasus engine pushed out a lot of air giving it excellent acceleration. Using this advantage ‘Easy Meat’ Barton would get the first air-to-air victory in the Falklands on 1 May.A month later Morgan and David Smith got the last three. The final score was 21-0.

Hello :)I am guessing you've reached the point where you hope "Bicameralism" is just a way to make burgers...You know..an upper bun and a lower bun and a lot of good cooked meat or patty in between :PI can truly understand your situation. For students who have had no experience in learning the constitutional as well as non-constitutional aspects of our country's governance/politics, it can be a nightmare. (I mean even if Freddy Kruger haunts you in sleep, you wont mind...as long as he agrees to rip apart your polity textbooks with his claw)The thing about Indian Polity is that it can be aced easily, all you have to do is wide open your eyes and ear and become a Ninja. (The black robe is optional...but recommended for better effects)A Ninja picks his /her battles wisely. And so should you. Don't be a Barney!!(The Pink Dinosaur -.-) A Barney reads everything from every book and gets freaked out because he/she can't remember anything.How to cover the Polity section ?? ( A Ninja's guide for excellence)Step 1: Learn about your enemyAfter looking at the previous papers you'll see that UPSC has been very particular about the candidate's knowledge in the following areas:1) Governance issues relating to weaker sections, disabled, Senior citizens,Minorities and the various Legislative , Constitutional and Executive welfare measures for them.2) Constitutional articles relating to Fundamental Rights , Legislative Business in Parliament, local governments, President etc. should be on your fingertips because direct questions are asked here.Step 2: Ready your Shuriken!! (They are like Ninja Stars you uncultured freaks -.-)The market is filled with plenty of good/bad books. I won't recommend any new material since you may already own a standard book. I'll try to help you in devising the methodology of covering the syllabus of Indian Polity.Start with the Constituent Assembly. I suggest everyone to start with "Polity"only after you've grasped the syllabus of "Indian Freedom Movement" in a significant detail. This will help you to understand the mindset of the framers of the constitution. Factual questions are asked here, which generally cover different committees of Constituent Assembly, their Chairman, making of the Constitution, ministries formed during the Interim govt., Sources of the constitution, etc.Don't Rush here.Take as much time as you need. Do not move to the next chapter till you are thorough here.The Preamble. Questions asked here are about the terms like Socialist,Secular,Republic etc. To solve these questions , the changes made in the Preamble must be studied thoroughly. Esp. Constitutional Amendments related to the Preamble.Fundamental Rights/Duties/Directive Principles of State Policy. This is quite literally the Holy Grail of polity section. You have to focus on them individually as well as their inter-relations. E.g., How the DPSPs will get influenced, if the FRS are increased or Why were FDs added to the Constitution ? Also read the Judicial Review and different kinds of writs here.Constitutional Amendments.Very simple. The procedure of amendment and some landmark amendments in past and recent ones. That's it. Move on.Centre-State/Inter-state Relations.You'll have to focus on the nature of Indian Federation here. If you look at the previous years papers, the nature of Indian Provinces in 1950, the present status, basically the Articles 1-4 are very important here. Also focus on the Union,State and Concurrent Lists as well as the Legislative,Administrative and Financial relations between Centre and States.The above topics will consist of a lot of rules/laws/acts. And quite a lot of them should be remembered.Now there's a catch with this section. Details and understanding are the essence of any subject. But polity is all about the code.....the process....the reason. ....(CPR...all the medical aficionados will get this.....Nerds everywhere!! -_-)Whenever you read about any act, focus only on the CPRs. It will be short and easy to remember. Moving on.By now you'll have a pretty good idea about the constitutional framework, the skeleton of the articles. Now at this point if some wiseass troubles you with trivial questions regarding certain provision of our constitution, you must be able to perform a wild guess about it's location in the constitution.The following topics will be a cake-walk for you once you are confident in the above explained topics.The Executive. Maximum questions appear from this section. Focus on the powers,election,impeachment/removal of the Executives. Also focus on the relations between the President and Council of Ministers, difference between the Cabinet and the Council of ministers, etc.Parliament and State Legislature. I personally get very confused while answering questions in this section. ( I am not really surprised...till a few months ago I thought Mark Wahlberg and Matt Damon were same people -.-) The functions of the Central Legislature and State Legislature and the relations between them must be understood clearly with proper analysis. Concentrate on comparison between the two houses,elections,functions and removal of the speaker and the Deputy speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, Office of Profit,Budget session,various bills,joint sittings, various committees and commissions etc. Also learn few terminologies along the way i.e. Question Hour,Zero Hour,Prorogation,Adjournment etc.The Judiciary. Our Judiciary is hierarchical so I suggest that you cover it one by one, i.e. At the Central,State and District levels. The powers and functions of the courts has to be studied comparatively, because questions asked generally are from the works of different courts, writs issued by them, popular judgments of the Supreme Court. Give a little reading about Judicial Activism in India and about the Scope of Judiciary in the present Political scenario (Newspapers will help you here)Election Commission/Political Parties. Questions here are mostly related to the work of the Central Election Commission and State ECs. Nowadays questions come from Electoral reforms and Political Party system too. All of this is mostly current affairs based. You'll get a better ideas about the changing political scenario and the Constitutional provision. Also give importance to the People's Representation Act, 1951 and its amendments.Local Government. This is an easy section. Focus on 73rd and 74th Amendments, Panchayati Raj Institutions,Reservation systems and Finances. While reading newspapers focus on the programmes seen by the government at the local level.Constitutional and Statutory bodies. This topic is quite descriptive. But the essence is in broad details only. Don't go searching for your soulmate in every page. Just be aware of the distinction between the two bodies. After this focus on the important bodies like, Finance Commission, UPSC,NCW,CVC etc. Focus only on their Status and Functions.Step 3: I couldn't come up with anything flashy...just read on :PYour newspaper reading habits will play an important role here. Especially for GS2 paper. Have strong and constructive opinions about every constitutional and legal issue. Please mark the distinction...I am not speaking about "political" issues here. Always answer the questions in a "problem solving"manner.Now consider the following question which came in GS2 paper.Q) How can reservation of seats for women in Parliament contribute to the establishment of a socially just society in India ?While answering this question...begin with the meaning of social justice. Now discuss the real position of women in India. Give arguments in favour as well as against the Reservation issue. (I understand that everybody is entitled to a personal opinion...but don't let that take over you while writing the answers. I believe that giving two sides of an issue shows a very strong moral fibre of the candidates...you'll be seen as a person who can make unbiased decisions)I'll show you my practice sheet so that you have a general idea....I hope the analysis helped. Happy hunting my dear Ninja :DPeace!!Thanks for the A2A :)