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I'm answering this to respond to a specific request, and I will try to be objective. Having been "in the patch" more on than off since the late 70's I'm a guy who had to reconcile myself with being part of what some called the rape and pillage of the earth. I have been told that I am very good at what I do, but I'm not particularly proud of all the designs, builds or operations I've been involved with. When the client or boss says "That's too expensive" or "That's not how things are done" you have choices to make. I have made the choice not to get involved in some "opportunities", and occasionally have told the boss to remove me from the assignment or remove me from my job; probably at a substantial cost to the standard of living of my kids and myself.From what i can gather, one's perception of what is a pro and what is a con depends on which side of the border you live on and what shade of what color one's political stripe is. I think it's probably best if I outline what I think are major consequences of cancelling phase 4 of Keystone XL and let readers decide whether they are a pro or a con. Pardon the following tirade on environmental damage assessment, or skip the following paragraph if you don't want one.I wanted to put in an objective evaluation of saving versus damaging our environment, so I started surfing the net for credible background numbers give readers con textural perspective on some of the numbers people are bandying and worried about. I know water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and that on a heat generated by component basis, models of global warming are based more on water than carbon. Seems climate scientists now like to down play the effect of water as a greenhouse gas by actually omitting it from easily available lists. That seems to be glossed over with statements like "Water vapor is not considered to be a cause of man-made global warming because it does not persist in the atmosphere for more than a few days." I doubt there is any difference between mother nature's and man-made water vapor molecules. Knowing a method of assigning a value per ton of all kinds materials exists, even if it does look like counting carbon molecules, I did some more digging. I could not find any base algorithms for the assignment of any of the listed carbon equivalents. (Perhaps I'm looking in all the wrong places?) These carbon equivalents are supposed to represent all environmental damage done to produce something, but they seem to just magically appear. Found nothing about the definitions of the actual math variables used to come up with a carbon equivalent, so how do I keep from using them out of context? I think that man-made damage to our environment is not just limited to greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, and I need a scale that applies to most, and preferably all aspects of our environment and especially man's activities on this earth of ours. Humans can't even breath (much less perform other needed body functions) without emitting greenhouse gasses, much less build or farm. Then I realized man can't even eat without it costing money. So excuse me, but I'm going to use the dollar for my environmental damage scale because it evaluates all aspects of man's access to resources, removals from the environment and making anything. Of course there's the benefit that I can just follow the money, and don't have to separately evaluate environmental damage. Wish I could think of a way to convert carbon equivalents to dollars or the dollar to carbon without burning it. Perhaps a reader will objectively enlighten me.Readers should know that my guesses of costs in $US are just that. I have no problem deferring to those who wish to work up better numbers, or even those who present numbers which support one agenda or another. Please don't quote or comment on my guesses, I only took one economics course, and know I'm BS'ing. On to pros and cons.Production that would have flowed will probably remain in the ground in both sides of the border. Quick numbers for projected rates are 400,000 to to 800,000 barrels of crude per day. At an average Hardisty to West Texas crude price differential of $20/barrel over a twenty-five year pipeline life with an allowance for maintenance shut-downs a simple total is $500 to $1000 per American taxpayer.It will be much easier for Canada to meet it's climate change commitments as Canada emissions will be lower than forecast. Justin is going to love being an international hero of the environment.Trump figured climate change targets were not that practical, and being a business man he pulled out of the deal. If Joe really wants a seat at the climate change table, he's probably, going to have to negotiate for it. There's a few countries which, with all good intentions, committed to more than they could practically deliver (no names here) and have had a chance to re-evaluate their commitments. Every one has a stake in making a target, and every one at the table knows the time for finger pointing is as soon as you can do it. So, even after Joe has blamed Trump, he will probably have to commit to the same if not higher targets. Considering the amount of flak I think Joe is flying into, it will be hard for him to be a hero at the climate change table without upping the ante a bit. I have a hard time making sense of arguments of how it can be expected that Americans will be able to meet commitments to reducing the US contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions without reducing US energy consumption. From what I can figure, reduced energy consumption has historically been a sign of a floundering economy. Remember that $20/bbl Hardisty to WTI differential I guessed? I think the more than a few Canadians are interested in watching it, but only a relatively few Americans who will pay attention. Any decrease in the differential will make the compensation negotiations more difficult for the American team.TransCanada and Canadian producers of heavy oil and/or blending oils (I'm not sure planned flow was to entirely originate from oil sands because there are pipelines from Fort McMurray to Hardisty that pass close to Lloyminster) will have to seek replacement opportunities for a while. Looks to me like they will probably form some kind of coalition along with the provincial government of Alberta (and perhas even the Canadian government) so as to negotiate many billions in compensation and if unsuccessful, file under NAFTA chapter 11. Looks to me like the case is pretty good, and both negotiating teams will know it.American producers who banked on being able to blend their production with TransCanada's southern flow at Baker and Steel City just 'had the rug they stand on yanked hard. I think some may have less recourse to compensation than TransCanada has. I doubt they will get any government assistance in doing so.The people on both sides of the border who directly lose construction or operating jobs due to the cancellation will be included in compensation negotiations and will probably get "golden parachutes".The larger number of people on both sides of the border who indirectly lose jobs or loose out on potential jobs due to the cancellation will be included in compensation negotiations, too. I think the Canadian governments will bank their settlement to more than cover projected unemployment insurance and welfare costs increases. I doubt Americans will be that lucky.Final disposition of affected pipeline, equipment, service roads, right of way, and leases will have to be finalized and probably has't been estimated well on either side of the border yet, That is a very onerous chore, and I suggest costs could be several thousands per metre, no matter what disposition is settled on. Actual amounts settled on for construction cancellation, shut-gown, re purposing, salvage, reclamation and remediation will probably not be formally accounted or disclosed, as I'm pretty sure the new administration has an interest in keeping that information from voters.There may be some financial institutions, service companies, contractors and/or engineering firms who's payment for services may have partially been "a piece of the pipeline pie". I expect they will all relieve compensation from pipeline owners after settlement, but I'm not sure if American companies in the same boat will quality for compensation for lost profits, or just direct expenditures. I believe this is one situation where it does not pay to be domestic.Combined Canadian researchers, negotiation, and legal team's financing, direct expenses and court costs, maybe for a few years, will be part of a compensation settlement and this "paltry" amount will be immediately disbursed upon award in exchange for secrecy. American negotiation and legal costs will probably not be an identifiable part of public record or accounting, and may never be fully known except by the lawyers that get paid. My guess is this only will be in the range of five to ten bucks per US taxpayer.I think the real rub to Americans is probably that settlements will be funded in the US and more than just a little of any settlement is going to permanently leave the US. With today's interest rates and the strong linking between Canadian and American economies, I don't think the US will be able make payments in deflated dollars either. Going to be tricky to print that much money without it effecting US balance of trade or national debt too much. I'm talking about trying to keep big outfits like the EU and China from taking advantage of the situation. Time and exchange rates will tell. Considering what happened leading up to and during the recession and bailouts about ten years ago, it's probably do-able with some creative accounting. To Canadians it's like "Money for nothing and your chicks for free". With financing, present exchange and prime, I'm guessing total north bound settlement tab could be $50 to $100 per US taxpayer over the next ten to fifteen years. That's about $430 to $875 per Canadian taxpayer in the same time frame.As part of a formal settlement or not, the American government will probably publicly offer an explianation of events and express regret, if not apologize to the Canadian and Alberta governments for the abruptness of the cancellation. Included in this will have to be assurances to other big trading partners. The American government will probably publicly assure both Canadian and American companies that this was an isolated incident and that investment in the US is secure. I can't wrap my head around the damage to American purchasing and bargaining power, and I doubt if any formal easement of this indirect cost / impact on the American economy will ever be made. I'll BS another $200 per taxpayer over the next four to six years.I think that the majority of the overall damage to our environment that this project entailed has already been done, Reduced production does mean reduced emissions, but this reduction is probably short term. Company's will eventually find a way to get their product to market, and whether the US befits from that won't enter into the equation. Offsetting the beneficial value of reductions. will be the damage done in moving up the timetable on salvage, reclamation and remediation. At today's prime, there's not a lot of present worth here, and maybe the environment can just wait. Readers can decide if it’s worth it reducing the hosehold budget for a good cause.End of this answer.I felt I had to address some of the points (misconceptions?) presented in answers to a related question that I believe were slanted by politics. I see some of the same slants in previous answers to this question, so I'm pasting that here too.Tar sands oil is not more inherently corrosive than conventionally light crudes.For decades there has been crude flowing from Hardisty that originated from conventional wells that are far "nastier" than than anything from the tar sands. I've personally worked on projects in the late 90's where production reaches the surface at over 3500 psi & 320°F and the hydrogen sulfide content of gas off the metering separator is over 10% molar. There are similar fields in the US. A challenge to handle right, but it was done.The risk that Keystone XL will spill has not been heightened.The pipelines in Alberta to and from Hardisty, have a much better record than the same pipelines south of the border, I cannot state that this is because workmanship and materials were different, or that measures to protect materials during stops in construction due to regulatory delays were insufficient given the actual time it took to approve construction. I've also come across information that some failures might have been because of what was called a weld anomaly. Something seems to have gone terribly wrong, and the spills described did happen. That does not mean they are likely to happen again and suggest that the converse is closer to truth for a few reasons. No self-respecting intelligent person (engineer, contractor, or other folks on the project) will make the same mistake twice, any self respecting regulator will insist that bad history data be used to ensure it doesn't happen again, and TransCanada knows all conduct will be scrutinized by watchful friends of the environment.I seriously doubt the EPA will repeat any statement made to the effect that tar sands oil literally emits more carbon than other types of crude. I think the quote may apply in a context that includes equipment and facility emissions during mining and/or processing to make tar sands into crude. I've smelled open oil tank hatches and can attest that I smelled hydrocarbons from them. All the folks I know that have worked in oil sands tell me you can't smell much of anything from raw ore until it gets steaming hot.Let's get some perspective with regards to James Hansen saying exploiting Canada’s tar sands reserves would mean “game over” for our climate.I highly suspect that if James Hansen is asked whether or not the technology exists to stop climate change he would respond negatively. If asked if he could foresee reversing global warming in this century he probably say he would like to. It's already game over for our current climate, no matter what men do, or do not do. The earth has ice ages, and humans will have to live with the consequences of global warming, probably (hopefully?) for thousands of years. I am not saying that human activity since the industrial revolution has not accelerated a natural process. I'm suggesting it might be better to expend more effort preparing for those consequences, and those preparations may require energy.The tar sands mines are a not blight on old growth forests.Most oil sand deposits exist under lands dominated by muskeg, marshes, very "scrubby" grassland interspersed willow bushes. There are some forests in the Athabasca area, mostly pine or spruce with some poplar; but that far north, trees are stunted. Poor or rocky soils, lower temperature, long dry spells, short growing season and the like also contribute to a relatively short life expectancy for trees. Mining and steam assisted recovery do make a real mess, but once remediated (as required by Alberta Energy Regulator) both natural flora and fauna return more quickly than in other areas where they are disrupted. I was surprised to by told by a forestry officer that in most cases both native plants and wildlife seem to prefer remediated mines to undisturbed lands.Oil sands operationsdo not threaten the health of the people who live near them.With the exception of pipelines, not a lot of people live within twenty miles of any oil sand facilities. Considering where they are, oil sands operations in Alberta are heavily patrolled by forestry and environmental officers. This is in addition to the pond sampling, ground water testing, security and surveillance programs that operating companies must execute to meet AER regulations. I've talked with people who said the only reason they wouldn't drink waste water in some ponds was the bacteria count was high sometimes. A long standing practice on pond patrols is to splash yourself with pond water to wash off and drown black files before they bite. When skimmers are down sheen's do appear on settling ponds and look like the ones you see in puddles on asphalt roads.Tar sands operations do deplete and pollute freshwater resources, but to what I find is a small degree.Simplistically, oil sands processing is an attempt to steam oil off mineral soil particles. Oil is recovered in hot separation and/or tailing compression stages, and finally in skimmed ponds. Recycling waste water into coolant and oil sands processing water and steam has been done for decades, but there has always been a loss, mostly steam which needs to be made up. From around 2000 (I think), and because water vapor is the most emitted greenhouse gas in oil sands processing, the AER has required that steam losses be reduced. Can't remember what allowable release rates are, but they are probably on the AER website. I believe that condensers and other equipment has been installed in most operating facilities to not only to recover water but to remove oil from vented air flows too.In any event, that stinky, salty, oily produced water that comes out of the ground with most conventional oil and gas is absent in oil sands operations.I really hope readers check what I've said before jumping on a band wagon. If you know anybody in the oil and gas industry talk with them; they are people living on this earth too.

TOP MECHANICAL Engineering Interview Questions and Answers1. What is the difference between scavenging and supercharging ?Ans: Scavenging is process of flushing out burnt gases from engine cylinder by introducing fresh air in thecylinder before exhaust stroke ends. Supercharging is the process of supplying higher mass of air by compressingthe atmospheric air.2. What are the names given to constant temperature, constant pressure, constant volume, constant internalenergy, constant enthalpy, and constant entropy processes.Ans: Isothermal, isochroic, isobaric, free expression, throttling and adiabatic processes respectively.3. In a Rankine cycle if maximum steam pressure is increased keeping steam temperature and condenser pressuresame, what will happen to dryness fraction of steam after expansion ?Ans: It will decrease.4. Why entropy change for a reversible adiabatic process is zero ?Ans: Because there is no heat transfer in this process.5. What are two essential conditions of perfect gas ?Ans: It satisfies equation of state and its specific heats are constant.6. Enthalpy and entropy are functions of one single parameter. Which is that ?Ans: Temperature.7. Why rate of condensation is higher on a polished surface compared to rusty surface ?Ans: Polished surface promotes drop wise condensation and does not wet the surface.8. How much resistance is offered to heat flow by drop wise condensation ?Ans: Nil9. What is the relationship between COP of heating and cooling ?Ans: COP of heating is one(unity) more than COP of cooling.10. How much is the work done in isochoric process ?Ans: Zero.11. When maximum discharge is obtained in nozzle ?Ans: At the critical pressure ratio.12. Under what condition the work done in reciprocating compressor will be least ?Ans: It is least when compression process approaches isothermal. For this purpose, attempts are made to cool the air during compression.13. What is the difference between stalling and surging in rotary compressions ?Ans: Stalling is a local phenomenon and it occurs when How breaks away from the blades. Surging causes complete breakdown of flow and as such it affects the whole machine.14. Why the electric motor of a fan with backward curved blades is never got overloaded under any condition ?Ans: The maximum power is consumed at about 70% of maximum flow in case’of fan with backward blades.For higher flow, power consumption gets lower.15. Why the work per kg of air flow in axial flow compressor is less compared to centrifugal compressor for same pressure ratio ?Ans: Isentropic efficiency of axial flow compressor is higher.16. What is the name given to portion of thermal energy to be necessarily rejected to environment ?Ans: Anergy.17. What is pitting ? How it is caused ?Ans: Non uniform corrosion over the entire metal surface, but occuring only in small pits is called pitting. It iscaused by lack of uniformity in metal.18. What is caustic embrittlement ?Ans: It is the actual physical change in metal that makes it extremely brittle and filled with minute cracks. Itoccurs particularly in the seams of rivetted joints and around the rivet holes.19. Which impurities form hard scale and which impurities soft scale ?Ans: Sulphates and chlorides of lime and magnesium form hard scale, and carbonates of lime and magnesium form soft scale.20. What is the difference between hard water and soft water ?Ans: Hard water contains excess of scale forming impurities and soft water contains very little or no scale forming substances.21. Which two elements in feed water can cause corrosion of tubes and plates in boiler ? ‘Ans: Acid and oxygen in feed water lead to corrosion.22. What should be done to prevent a safety valve to stick to its seat ?Ans: Safety valve should be blown off periodically so that no corrosion can take place on valve and valve seat.23. Why large boilers are water tube type ?Ans: Water tube boilers raise steam fast because of large heat transfer area and positive water circulation. Thus they respond faster to fluctuations in demand. Further single tube failure does not lead to catastrophy.24. What type of boiler does not need a steam drum ?Ans: Super-critical pressure boiler.25. Why manholes in vessels are usually elliptical in shape ?Ans: Elliptical shape has minimum area of opening and thus plate is weakened the least. Further it is very convenient to insert and take out the cover plate from elliptical opening.26. Low water in boiler drum is unsafe because it may result in overheating of water tubes in furnace. Why it is unsafe to have high water condition in boiler drum ?Ans: High drum level does not allow steam separation to be effective and some water can be carried over with steam which is not desirable for steam turbine.27. Why boiler is purged everytime before starting firing of fuel ?Ans: Purging ensures that any unburnt fuel in furnace is removed, otherwise it may lead to explosion.28. What is the principle of mechanical refrigeration ?Axis. A volatile liquid will boil under the proper conditions and in so doing will absorb heat from surrounding objects.29. Why high latent heat of vaporisation is desirable in a refrigerant ?Ans: A high latent heat of vaporisation of refrigerant results in small amount of refrigerant and thus lesser circulation system of refrigerant for same tonnage.30. What is the critical temperature of a refrigerant ?Ans: Critical temperature is the maximum temperature of a refrigerantrat which it can be condensed into liquid and beyond this it remains gas irrespective of pressure applied.31. Maximum combustion temperature in gas turbines is of the order of 1100 to 10°C whereas same is around 00°C in I.C. engine ? Why ?Ans: High temperature in I.C. engine can be tolerated because it lasts for a fraction of second but gas turbines have to face it continuously which metals can’t withstand.32. Why efficiency of gas turbines is lower compared to I.C. engines ?Ans: In gas turbines, 70% of the output of gas turbine is consumed by compressor. I.C. engines have much lower auxiliary consumption. Further combustion temperature of I.C. engines is much higher compared to gas turbine.33. What do you understand by timed cylinder lubrication ?Ans: For effective lubrication, lub oil needs to be injected between two piston rings when piston is at bottom of stroke so that piston rides in oi during upward movement. This way lot of lub oil can be saved and used properly34. What is IIUCR in relation to petrol engine ?Ans: HUCR is highest useful compression ratio at which the fuel can be used in a specific test engine, under specified operating conditions, without knocking.35. In some engines glycerine is used in place of water for cooling of engine. Why ?Ans: Glycerine has boiling point of 90°C which increases its heat carrying capacity. Thus weight of coolant gets reduced and smaller riadiator can be used.36. Why consumption of lubricating oil is more in two-stroke cycle petrol engine than four-stroke cycle petrol engine ?Ans: In two-stroke engine lub oil is mixed with petrol and thus some lub oil is blown out through the exhaust valves by scavenging and charging air. There is no such wastage in four stroke petrol engine.37. As compression ratio increases, thermal n increases. How is thermal n affected by weak and rich mixture strength ?Ans: Thermal n is high for weak mixture and it decreases as mixture strength becomes rich.38. How engine design needs to be changed to burn lean mixture ?Ans: Engine to burn lean mixture uses high compression ratio and the highly turbulent move¬ment of the charge is produced by the geometry of the combustion chamber.39. Horse power of I.C. engines can be expressed as RAC rating, SAE rating, or DIN rating. To which countries these standards belong ?Ans: U.K., USA and Germany respectively.40. What is the use of flash chamber in a vapour compression refrigeration cycle to improve the COP of refrigeration cycle ?Ans: When liquid refrigerant as obtained from condenser is throttled, there are some vapours. These vapours if carried through the evaporator will not contribute to refrigerating effect. Using a flash chamber at some intermediate pressure, the flash vapour at this pressure can be bled off and fed back to the compression process. The throttling process is then carried out in stages. Similarly compression process is also done in two separate compressor stages.41. Why pistons are usually dished at top ?Ans: Pistons are usually hollowed at top to (i) provide greater spa’e for combustion, (ii) increase surface for flue gases to act upon, and (iii) better distribution of stresses.42. What is the function of thermostat in cooling system of an engine ?Ans: Thermostat ensures optimum cooling because excessive cooling decreases the overall efficiency. It allows cooling water to go to radiator beyond a predetermined temperature.43. What are the causes of failure of boiler tubes ?Ans: Boiler tubes, usually are made from carbon steel and are subject to (a) high rates of heat transfer,( b ). bending stresses due to uneven heating, especially at expanded or welded joints into headers or drums, © external erosion from burners and flue gas, (d) possible corrosion on the boiler side, and (e) occasional manufacturing defects. Failure may occur due to following reasons :(a) High thermal ratings may lead to rapid failure if the internal fluid flow is reduced for any reason. The resultant overheating leads to a failure by creep, characterised by the bulging of the tube with the eventual development of a longitudinal split.(b ) Fatigue cracking due to bending stresses occur. These are associated with change of section and/or weld undercut, where tubes are expanded or welded into headers.© Failure may arise due to overstressing of a reduced section of metal.(d) Sudden failure of the boiler tube due to corrosion arises from embrittlement of the carbon steel due to interaction between atomic hydrogen from the corrosion process and the iron carbide present in the steel.(e) Defects in tube manufacture, although far from being a regular occurrence, can be a cause of serious trouble. Lamination in boiler tubes or score marks arising from the cold drawing of tubes, give rise to premature failure and may promote corrosion at these regions.44. What are the causes of failure of superheater tubes ?Ans: Superheater tubes are subjected to the most severe combination of stress, temperature and corrosive environment. In addition to high-temperature strength, resistance to corrosion is also important. For example, low-alloy ferritic steel such as -1/% Cr, 1% Mo would not be used at metal temperatures above 580°C because of inadequate resistance to corrosion and oxidation over a full service life of 100,000/150,000 hr. Failures in superheater tubes may arise from :(a) Prior fabrication history (b ) Faulty heat treatment© Consequences of welding (d) Overheating of the tube metal(e) Gas-side corrosion (f) Stress corrosion (austenitic steels).45. Why supercritical boilers use less amount of steel compared to non-supercritical boilers ?Ans: Supercritical boilers do not head heavy drum for separation of steam from mixture of water and steam.46. Out of electric heater and heat pump, which is economical in operation ?Ans: Heat pump.47. Which furnace burns low-ash fusion coal and retains most of the coal ash in the slag?Ans: Cyclone furnace.48. How the thickness of thermal boundary layer and thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer related ?Ans: Ratio of their thickness = (Prandtl number)-1/3.49. What is the effect of friction on flow of steam through a nozzle ?Ans: To decrease both mass flow rate and wetness of steam.50. Why gas turbine power plant needs efficient compressor ?Ans: Because a large portion of turbine work is eaten away by compressor and its inefficiency will affect net power output and cost of generation.51. Why rockets using liquid hydrogen have higher specific impulse compared to liquid hydrocarbon ?Ans: Liquid hydrogen has higher burning velocity.52. Why axial flow compressor is preferred for gas turbines for aeroplanes ?Ans: Because it has low frontal area.53. What is the effect of inter cooling in gas turbines ?Ans: It decreases thermal efficiency but increases net output.54. Why iso-octane is chosen as reference fuel for S.I. engines and allotted 100 value for its octane number ?Ans: Iso-octane permits highest compression without causing knocking.55. Why thermal efficiency of I.C. engines is more than that of gas turbine plant ?Ans: In I.C. engine maximum temperature attained is higher than in gas turbine.56. Which are the reference fuels for knock rating of S.I. engines ?Ans: n-heptane and ISO-octane.57. When effect of variations in specific heats is considered then how do maximum temperature and pressure vary compared to air standard cycle ?Ans: Temperature increases and pressure decreases.58. Quantities like pressure, temperature, density, viscosity, etc. are independent of mass. What are these called ?Ans: Intensive properties.59. The amount of radiation emitted per scm per sec is called …. ?Ans: Emissive power.60. In convection heat transfer, if heat flux intensity is doubled then temperature difference between solid surface and fluid will ?Ans: Get doubled.61. How you can define coal ?Ans: Coal is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon that consists of the fossilised remains of buried plant debris that have undergone progressive physical and chemical alteration, called coalification, in the course of geologic time.62. Which pollutant is major greenhouse gas and what is its effect ?Ans: CO is major greenhouse gas and it traps the radiation of heat from the sun within earth’s atmosphere.63. In order to increase efficiency and reduce CO emissions and other emissions, clear coal technologies are receiving major attention. What are these ?Ans: (i) Advanced pulverised and pressurised pulverised fuel combustion.(ii) Atmospheric fluidised bed combustion and pressurised fluidised bed combustion.(iii) Supercritical boilers.(iv) Integrated gasification combined cycle systems.(v) Advanced integrated gasification, including fuel cell systems.(vi) Magneto hydrodynamic electricity generation.64. What are the important operational performance parameters in design of fuel firing equipment ?Ans: Fuel flexibility, electrical load following capability, reliability, availability, and maintenance ease.65. What is the differenc between total moisture and inherent moisture in coal ?Ans: The moisture content of the bulk as sampled is referred to as total moisture, and that of the air dried sample is called inherent moisture.66. Proximity analysis of coal provides data for a first, general assessment of a coal’s quality and type. What elements it reports ?Ans: Moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon.67. Ultimate analysis of coal is elementary analysis. What it is concerned with ?Ans: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur in coal on a weight percentage basis.68. Explain the difference between AFBC, BFBC, PFBC and PCFB in regard to fluidised bed technologies.Ans: AFBC (Atmospheric fluidised bed combustion) process consists of forming a bed of inert materials like finely sized ash or ash mixed with sand, limestone (for sulphur removal), and solid fuel particles in a combustor and fluidising it by forcing combustion air up through the bed mixture. The gas flows thorugh bed without disturbing particles significantly but gas velocity is high enough to support the total weight of bed (fluidisation). At slightly higher velocity excess gas passes through the bed as bubbles (fluidised bed) and gives the bed the appearance of a boiling liquid. Bubbling fluidised bed combustion (BFBC) has a defined height of bed material and operates at or near atmospheric pressure in the furnace. Pressurised fluidised bed combustion (PFBC) system operates the bed at elevated pressure. Exhaust gases have sufficient energy to power a gas turbine, of course, gases need to be cleaned. In fluidised combustion, as ash is removed some unburned carbon is also removed resulting in lower efficiency. In circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) system, bed is operated at higher pressure leading to high heat transfer, higher combustion efficiency, and better fuel feed. Circulating fluidised beds operate with relatively high gas velocities and fine particle sizes. The maintenance of steady state conditions in a fast fluidised bed requires the continuous recycle of particles removed by the gas stream (circulating bed). The term circulating bed is often used to include fluidised bed sys¬tems containing multiple conventional bubbling beds between which bed material is exchanged.69. What for Schmidt plot for is used in heat transfer problems ?Ans: Schmidt plot is a graphical method for determining the temperature at any point in a body at a specified time during the transient heating or cooling period.70. In which reactor the coolant and moderator are the same ?Ans: Pressurised water reactor.71. Which reactor has no moderator ?Ans: Fast breeder reactor.72. What are thermal neutrons ?Ans: Thermal neutrons are slow neutrons (having energy below 1 eV) which are in thermal equilibrium withtheir surroundings.73. What is big advantage of fast breeder reactor ?Ans: It has rapid self breeding of fissile fuel during the operation of the reactor, and thus, it offers about sixty times the output with same natural uranium resources through ordinary non-breeder nuclear reactor.74. What is the purpose of biological shield in nuclear plants ?Ans: Biological shield of heavy concrete prevents exposure to neutrons, beta rays and gamma rays which kill living things.75. Which two elements have same percentage in proximate and ultimate analysis of coal?Ans: Moisture and ash.76. On which analysis is based the Dulong’s formula for the heating value of fuel ?Ans: On ultimate analysis.77. Which element causes difference in higher and lower heating values of fuel ?Ans: Hydrogen.78. Which heating value is indicated by a calorimeter and why ?Ans: Gross heating value because steam is condensed and heat of vapour formed is recovered.79. State the difference between ultimate and proximate analysis of coal ?Ans: In ultimate analysis, chemical determination of following elements is made by weight: Fixed and combined carbon, H, O, N, S, water and ash. Heating value is due to C, H and S.In proximate analysis following constituents are mechanically determined by weight. Moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash. Heating value is due to fixed carbon and volatile matter.80. What is fuel ratio ?Ans: Fuel ratio is the ratio of its % age of fixed carbon to volatile matter.81. How the analyses and calorific values of fuels can be reported ?Ans: It may be reported as(a) as received or fired (wet) basis(b ) dry or moisture free basis© combustible or ash and moisture free basis82. What is the difference between nuclear fission and fission chain reaction.Ans: The process of splitting of nucleus into two almost equal fragments accompanied by re¬lease of heat is nuclear fission. Self sustained, continuing, sequence of fission reactions in a con¬trolled manner is fission chain reaction.83. Explain difference between fissile and fertile materials.Ans: The materials which can give nuclear fission e.g. U 35, Pu 39, U 33 are fissile materi¬als. Fertile material itself is not fissionable, but it can be converted to a fissionable material by irradiation of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.84. What do you understand by fuel cycle in nuclear plants ?Ans: Fuel cycle a series of sequential steps involved in supplying fuel to a nuclear power reactor. The steps include : Mining, refining uranium, fabrication of fuel elements, their use in nuclear reactor, chemical processing to recover remaining fissionable material, re-enrichment of fuel from recovered material, refabrication of new fuel elements, waste storage etc.85. What is heavy water and what is its use in nuclear plants ?Ans: Water containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen (Deuterium) is known as heavy water. Heavy water is used as a moderator. Heavy water has low cross section for absorption of neutrons than ordinary water. Heavy water slows down the fast neutrons and thus moderates the chain reaction.86. What is a converter reactor ?Ans: A reactor plant which is designed to produce more fuel than it consumes. The breeding is obtained by converting fertile material to fissile material.87. Explain nuclear reactor in brief.Ans: A plant which initiates, sustains, controls and maintains nuclear fission chain reaction and provides shielding against radioactive radiation is nuclear reactor.88. What is the difference between conversion and enrichment ?Ans: The process of converting the non fissile U 38 to fissile U-35 is also called “Conversion”. The material like U 38 which can be converted to a fissile material by the neutron flux is called “fertile material”. The conversion is obtained within the nuclear reactor during the chain reaction. Enrichment is the process by which the proportion of fissile uranium isotope (U-35) is increased above 0.7% (original % in natural uranium).The concentration of U-35 in the uranium hexafluoride is increased from the 0.7% in natural uranium to to 4%. This is called enrichment and is accomplished in an enrichment plant.89. Disposal of radioactive waste materials and spent fuel is a major and important technology. How the waste radioactive material is disposed off ?Ans: Nonusable fission products are radioactive and take short/medium/long time for radioactive decay to reach safe level of radioactivity. Accordingly three methods of disposal are :(a) Zero or low radioactivity material is dispersed or stored without elaborate shielding.(b ) Medium radioactivity material is stored for short duration of about 5 years to allow decay of radioactivity.© High radioactive material. They are stored in water for several months to permit radioactive decay to an accepetable low level.90. Which nuclear reactor uses water as a coolant, moderator and reflector ?Ans: Pressurised water reactor.91. Which reactor produces more fissionable material than it consumes ?Ans: Breeder reactor.92. Which reactor uses natural uranium as fuel ?Ans: Gas cooled reacator.93. Which reactor uses heavy water as moderator ?Ans: CANDU.94. Which reactor requires no moderator ?Ans: Breeder reactor.95. Which reactor uses primary coolant as fluoride salts of lithium, beryllium, thorium and uranium ?Ans: Molten salt breeder reactor.96. Why an increase in area is required to produce an increase of velocity in case of supersonic flow ?Ans: Increase in area for increase in velocity for supersonic flow is required because the density decreases faster than velocity increases at supersonic speeds and to maintain continuity of mass, area must increase.97. Under what circumstances would there be an increase in pressure in a diver¬gent nozzle ?Ans: For subsonic flow at inlet section of a diffuser a lower velocity and higher pressure will exist at the exit section. For supersonic isentropic flow at the inlet section a higher velocity and lower pressure will exist at the exit but if a shock wave occurs in the diffuser then a higher pressure will exist at the exit.98. Why water can’t be used as refrigerant for small refrigerating equipment ?Ans: The refrigerant should be such that vapour volume is low so that pumping work will be low. Water vapour volume is around 4000 times compared to R- for a given mass.99. Which parameter remains constant in a throttling process ?Ans: Enthalpy.100. What is the difference between isentropic process and throttlinglprocess ?Ans: In isentropic process, heat transfer takes place and in throttling process, enthalpy before and after the process is same.Good Luck :)

What happens if the seller wants to stay past closing? What is a post occupancy agreement form? What does a NYC residential leaseback agreement template look like?Matching closing date preferences and general timing between home buyers and home sellers is a tricky process. Sometimes a seller wants to stay past closing because he or she has not found a new home to move into yet. When this is the case, the parties can either agree to delay the closing date or to a sign a residential leaseback agreement.A residential leaseback agreement allows a seller to stay past closing in the apartment even after ownership has changed. The amount of money paid by the seller to effectively rent the seller’s former home is negotiable, but is typically at least greater than or equal to the buyer’s mortgage and maintenance payments on a monthly basis. This arrangement might be favorable to either party as a faster closing provides certainty in many areas. For example, a quicker closing may allow a buyer to lock in a favorable mortgage rate instead of having to wait.See a sample NYC residential leaseback agreement template in its original formatting here: NYC Residential Leaseback Agreement Template | Hauseit NYCNYC Residential Leaseback Agreement TemplatePOST CLOSING POSSESSION AGREEMENTAGREEMENT, made this [X] day of [Month], 2015, by and between [Seller Name], (hereinafter referred to as the “Seller”), and [Buyer Name], (hereinafter referred to as the “Purchaser”).WHEREAS, Seller and Purchaser have entered into a certain Contract of Sale (the “Contract”), dated the day [X] of [Month], 2015, for the purchase of Premises known as Cooperative Unit [X] at [Address], andWHEREAS, Seller is desirous of remaining in possession of the premises after the transfer the Shares and Proprietary Lease appurtenant to the Unit, (the “Closing”), that has occurred on this date pursuant to the Contract.NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the transfer the Shares and Proprietary Lease appurtenant to the Unit to the Purchaser on the [X] day of [Month], 2015, without the Seller giving vacant possession of the Premises to the Purchaser, it is hereby agreed as follows:Post Closing Possession Period. The Seller shall have the option of remaining in possession through 7:00 PM on November 31, 2015.No Landlord/Tenant Relationship. This agreement shall not be deemed to have created the relationship of Landlord and Tenant between the Seller and the Seller shall not be considered a tenant of the Property and shall pay no rent therefore, but shall be considered as former owners remaining in possession and may be treated in accordance with R.P.A.P.L Section 713(8).Holdover Fee. Upon closing, Sellers shall pay to or credit the Purchasers the sum of $[Number] ([Amount] Dollars) representing the Seller’s fee for the period from closing, through November 31, 2015, based on the per diem mortgage payment on Seller’s current loan and the monthly maintenance on a per diem basis.Escrowed Funds. Upon closing, the Sellers shall deposit with Sellers’ attorney the sum of $30,000.00 (Thirty Thousand Dollars), (the “Escrow Funds”), with Seller’s attorney agreeing to act as Escrow Agent, and hold the Escrow Funds in escrow, until such time as the Seller has delivered the Premises vacant and in broom clean condition with all personal property as stated in the Contract, no later than 7:00 PM, November 31, 2015, (date of possession). The escrow fund shall not be a limitation on Seller’s liability.Holdover Penalty. In the event that the Seller has not delivered the Premises vacant and in a broom clean condition by November 31, 2015 at 7:00 PM, then, and in that event, it is agreed that the Escrow Agent shall pay to the Purchaser the sum of $1,000.00 (One Thousand) Dollars per day, for each and every day that the Seller fails to deliver the Premises vacant and in a broom clean condition to the Purchasers, in addition to all fees and expenses pursuant to paragraph 3 Said payment or payments shall be made from the Escrow Funds held by the Escrow Agent but shall not be limited thereto, the Seller remaining liable for any deficiency that may thereafter occur.Utilities. Until Seller vacates the Property, Seller shall be responsible for and pay all utility charges including but not limited to gas, electricity, telephone, water, propane and/or fuel and oil use, and cable and security system charges if any.Maintenance of Premises. Seller shall maintain the Property, including the smoke alarm and carbon monoxide detectors, in the same order and condition as of the Closing Date, reasonable wear and tear Seller shall not make any alterations or changes to the appearance of the Property during the Term without the prior written consent of Buyer, including, without limitation, the redecorating or remodeling of any portion of the Property, or the removal of any included appliances and fixtures, except as otherwise provided herein.Damage/Repairs. In the event that the Premises are not delivered in accordance with the terms of the Contract, then the same shall be repaired by the Seller, at the Seller’s sole cost and expense, and upon failure to do so by the Seller, the Purchaser shall cause the necessary repairs and/or cleaning to be made and the Escrow Agent shall pay for same from the Escrow Funds upon presentment of receipted bills evidencing the cost thereof to the Purchaser, however, payment shall not be limited to the amount held in Escrow, with Seller remaining liable for any deficiency that may thereafter occur.Release of Escrow. The Escrow Agent shall not release the Escrow Funds to Seller, until such time as the Purchaser shall have had a fair opportunity to inspect the Premises, and Escrow Agent has been informed by Purchaser that the premises are in the condition as contemplated by the Contract of Sellers’ attorney, upon notice that premises are in order shall, within 48 hours, release any and all remaining escrow funds to Seller. If following the date of possession, Seller’s’ attorney is not notified of any problems relating to the condition of the premises within 3 business days, Purchaser will be deemed to have accepted the premises in their current condition, and Seller’s attorney shall release all remaining escrow funds to Seller.Insurance. Seller shall maintain and continue to have liability insurance policy for both property and personal injury (which may be in the form of a “tenant’s policy”), in full force and effect throughout the term of their post-closing possession, as tenants, or as so required by the insurance Purchaser shall be indemnified and held harmless from any liabilities or claims made upon Seller during the period of Seller’s post-closing possession. Purchaser shall be required to purchase a cooperative “homeowner’s” policy to take effect on the date of closing. Each party shall submit a copy of such policies to the other at closing upon request.Purchaser Inspection. Purchaser shall have the right to a “walk through inspection” within the 48 hours prior to Closing, as well as a second “walk through inspection” within twenty four (24) hours after Seller provides vacant and broom clean possession.Indemnification. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, without regard to the lapse, cancellation, failure or disclaimer of the insurance policy(ies) referred to in Section IO above, Seller shall indemnify Purchaser from and against any and all liability and shall hold Purchaser harmless from and shall pay any claims, damages, loss, cost or expense (including without limitation, reasonable legal fees and disbursements, court costs, the cost of appellate proceedings and any other reasonable costs of litigation) which Seller incurs arising out of or in connection with bodily injury or property damage occurring to any person or persons, including but not limited to Seller, members of Seller’s immediate family, guests, licensees and invitees, occurring during the Term and within or on any portion of the Property, regardless of the cause, excepting only events of injury or damage caused by the willful misconduct or negligence of Purchaser, Purchaser’s agents, contractors, employees, invitees, guests and permitees.Seller’s Default. In the event Seller does not deliver the Premises in accordance with this Agreement, Seller shall be in default of the Purchaser may, upon Seller’s default, proceed with summary eviction proceedings governed by the provisions of RPAPL Article 7, including but not limited to §713 relating to “grounds where no landlord-tenant relationship exists.” Seller specifically authorizes delivery of a copy of the Notice of Petition and Petition pursuant to RPAPL §§713 and 735 and acknowledges and agrees that such delivery shall be deemed good and sufficient service upon Seller. Seller shall pay Purchaser’s expenses (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys’ fees, disbursements, court costs, the costs of appellate proceedings, and any other reasonable costs of litigation) should such action be necessary.Purchaser’s Access. Purchaser shall have the right to access the Unit at reasonable times, and with reasonable notice to Seller, during the post-possession period.Miscellaneous.This Agreement represents the complete agreement of the parties concerning the granting of post-closing occupancy of the Property to No oral agreements or promises will be binding. If any of the terms and provisions of the Contract conflict with any of the terms and provisions of this Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall prevail, except that in the case of such a conflict as to the description of the Property or the identity of Buyer or Seller, the Contract shall control. If any of the terms or conditions of this Agreement are for any reason held to be invalid or unenforceable, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect any of the other terms or conditions of this Agreement.This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without regard to principles of conflicts of laws. Any and all disputes, controversies or litigation that may arise between the parties must be brought in the county where the Property is located.No waiver by Seller or Buyer of any rights of the parties hereunder shall be deemed or construed to be a waiver of such rights with respect to other or future actions of the parties.This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and bind their respective heirs, successors and assigns, except as otherwise provided herein. The rights of possession hereunder are personal to Seller and Buyer and may not be assigned, nor may the Property be sublet. Any assignment shall be absolutely null and void and constitute a breach of this Agreement such that Buyer shall, at Buyer’s option, have the right to terminate this Agreement.This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. This Agreement may be transmitted electronically and the parties intend that electronically or facsimile transmitted signatures constitute original signatures and are binding on the parties.This Agreement is intended to supplement the real estate contract to memorialize the intent of the parties, and shall be considered legal and binding upon the Parties. The parties ratify and reaffirm the real estate contract and agree that in the event the Title is not transferred from Seller to Purchaser, this Agreement shall be deemed null and void and have no further effect.This Agreement shall survive closing.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written.Seller:Purchaser:Agreed to by Escrowee:Please note: this article is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice. You should consult your lawyer and tax attorney for all aspects of your real estate transaction.