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How can a central monetary institution like the RBI keep changing rules every single day. Are there no set rules? Has RBI lost its credibility?
Hasty decisions require urgent fixes… this is what RBI and Finance Ministry were doing to cover the ill-prepared and ill-advised DeMo. RBI lost the credibility by not raising the pertinent replacement currency situation and FM (being only a lawyer) couldn’t understand the implications of DeMo on economy and unemployment. Both Gov and FM would have been overruled by autocratic PM to push his agenda (gamble!!!). Comparing DeMo to surgical strike is idiotic as we have seen well prepared surgical strike in the bordersHalf the people don’t understand IT Raids and DeMo are different objectives as IT raids are done on tip off or intelligence inputs which doesn’t require DeMo and further DeMo created more corruption in banking sector and what is exposed (only high amount conversions) is only small percentage of actual new notes conversions by CBI probing. e.g. JD accounts swelled to 75 Cr from 23 Cr accounts and it will take at least two years to trace the black money out of these.It is the first time in Indian history, treasury benches protesting holding banners in the LS while PM is running away or absconding from parliament when opposition is ready for a discussion without any conditions in the last week of Parliament section.
What do neurologists think about the use of fluoride in water and toothpastes? I'd like to hear from neurologists, not dentists.
Well this is Quora, and you cannot pick and choose who answers your questions. If that’s what you wish, then perhaps you should PM some neurologists?In any case, neurologists will provide you with the same answer that dentists will. There is no respectable (or even semi-respectable) studies that in any way discover that fluoride is bad for you health at the concentrations used in drinking water and for topical application such as toothpastes. There are many studies that prove the safety of fluoride in these concentrations and applications, which is how fluoride was passed as a treatment. They didn’t just chuck a few thousand buckets of fluoride in the resevoir and hope for the best.The medical world isn’t out to kill you. I wish people would realise that.If you want to learn a little more about the safety of fluoride, read these studies:Dentifrice usage among Danish children.(PMID:3165405)Bruun C, Thylstrup A.J. Dent. Res. [1988]Urinary fluoride levels in pre-school children in relation to the use of fluoride toothpaste.(PMID:3165623)Dooland MB, Wylie A.Aust Dent J [1988]The need for toothpastes with lower than conventional fluoride concentrations for preschool-aged children.(PMID:1512746)Horowitz HS.J Public Health Dent [1992]The future of water fluoridation and other systemic fluorides.(PMID:2179338)Horowitz HS.J. Dent. Res. [1990]Water fluoridation and fluoride supplementation: considerations for the future.(PMID:2179339)Hargreaves JA.J. Dent. Res. [1990]An evaluation of the use of professional (operator-applied) topical fluorides.(PMID:2179342)Ripa LW.J. Dent. Res. [1990]Feasibility of the combined use of fluorides.(PMID:2107233)Konig KG.J. Dent. Res. [1990]Use of fluoride by young children and prevalence of mottled enamel.(PMID:2640428)Woltgens JH, Etty EJ, Nieuwland WM, Lyaruu DM.Adv. Dent. Res. [1989]Factors associated with the use of fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrice by infants and toddlers.(PMID:8164191)Nourjah P, Horowitz AM, Wagener DK.J Public Health Dent [1994]Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with negligible, optimal, and above-optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water.(PMID:3461057)Driscoll WS, Horowitz HS, Meyers RJ, Heifetz SB, Kingman A, Zimmerman ER.J Am Dent Assoc [1986]Review of systemic fluoride supplementation and consideration of the pharmacist's role.(PMID:3545734)Baker KA, Levy SM.Drug Intell Clin Pharm [1986]Reaction paper: some perspectives on the appropriate uses of fluoride for the 1990s and beyond.(PMID:2027104)Pendrys DG.J Public Health Dent [1991]Topical fluoride therapy: discussion of some aspects of toxicology, safety, and efficacy.(PMID:3475327)Newbrun E.J. Dent. Res. [1987]Controlled-release therapeutic systems: technology applicable to the treatment of oral disease.(PMID:3326612)Mirth DB.Adv. Dent. Res. [1987]Acute fluoride toxicity from ingesting home-use dental products in children, birth to 6 years of age.(PMID:9383753)Shulman JD, Wells LM.J Public Health Dent [1997]Practitioner's guide to fluoride.(PMID:12436834)Scheifele E, Studen-Pavlovich D, Markovic N.Dent. Clin. North Am. [2002]Current and future role of fluoride in nutrition.(PMID:12699229)Warren JJ, Levy SM.Dent. Clin. North Am. [2003]And some more reading for you. You’ll have to go to the nearest health science library to pick out the journals.1 Rees JS, Addy M. A cross-sectional study of dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol. 2002 Nov;29(11):997-1003. 2. Irwin CR, McCusker P. Prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in a general dental population. J Ir Dent Assoc. 1997;43(1):7-9. 3. Jacobsen PL, Bruce G. Clinical dentin hypersensitivity: understanding the causes and prescribing a treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001;2:1-8. 4. Rosenthal MW. Historic review of the management of tooth sensitivity. Dent Clin North Am. 1990;34:403-427. 5. Brannstrom M, Astrom A. The Hydrodynamics of the Dentine; Its Possible Relationship to Dentinal Pain. Int Dent J. 1972;22:219-227. 6. Kramer IRH. The relationship between dentine sensitivity and movements in the contents of the dentinal tubules. Br Dent J. 1955;98:391-392. 7. Harris R, Curtin JH. Dentine hypersensitivity. Aust Dent J. 1976;21:165-169. 8. Miller JT, Shannon IL, Kilgore WG, Bookman JE. Use of a water-free stannous fluoride-containing gel in the control of dental hypersensitivity. J Periodontol. 1969;40:490-491. 9. Miller S, Truong T, Heu R, Stranick M, Bouchard D, Gaffar A. Recent advances in stannous fluoride technology: antibacterial efficacy and mechanism of action towards hypersensitivity. Int Dent J. 1994 Feb;44(1 Suppl 1):83–98. 10. Thrash WJ, Dodds MW, Jones DL. The effect of stannous fluoride on dentinal hypersensitivity. Int Dent J. 1994 Feb;44(1 Suppl 1):107–18. 11. Blong MA, Volding B, Thrash WJ, Jones DL. Effects of a gel containing 0.4 percent stannous fluoride on dentinal hypersensitivity. Dent Hyg (Chic) 1985;59:489-92. 12. Snyder RA, Beck FM, Horton JE. The efficacy of a 0.4% stannous fluoride gel on root surface hypersensitivity. J Dent Res. 1985;62:237. 13. Thrash WJ, Jones DL, Dodds WJ. Effect of a fluoride solution on dentinal hypersensitivity. Am J Dent. 1992; 5:299-302. 14. ADA Council on Scientific Affairs. Acceptance Program Guidelines: Procedures for the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Chicago, Ill: American Dental Association; 1998. 15. Schiff T, Zhang YP, DeVizio W, Stewart B, Chaknis P, Petrone ME, Volpe AR, Proskin HM. A randomized clinical trial of the desensitizing efficacy of three dentifrices. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2000;21(suppl 27):4-10. 16. Schiff T, Bonta Y, Proskin HM, DeVizio W, Petrone M, Volpe AR. Desensitizing efficacy of a new dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate and 0.454% stannous fluoride. Am J Dent. 2000;13: 111-115. 17. Schiff T, Saletta L, Baker RA, Winston JL, He T. Desensitizing effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2005;26(supp 1):35-40. 18. Tinanoff N. Review of the Antimicrobial Action of Stannous Fluoride. J Clin Dent. 1990; 2(1):22-27. 19. Tinanoff N. Progress regarding the use of stannous fluoride in clinical dentistry. J Clin Dent. 1995; 6 Spec No:37-40. 20. Beiswanger BB, Doyle PM, Jackson RD, Mallatt ME, Mau MS.The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. J Clin Dent. 1995; 6 Spec No:46-53. 21. Perlich MA, Bacca LA, Bollmer BW, Lanzalaco AC, McClanahan SF, Sewak LK. The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a sixmonth study. J Clin Dent. 1995; 6 Spec No:54-58. 22. Mankodi S, Petrone DM, Battista G, Petrone ME, Chaknis P, DeVizio W, Volpe AR, Proskin HM. Clinical efficacy of an optimized stannous fluoride dentifrice, part 2: A 6-month plaque/gingivitis clinical study, northeast USA. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 1997; 18:10-15. 23. Williams C, McBride S, Bolden TE, Mostler K, Petrone DM, Petrone ME, Chaknis P, DeVizio W, Volpe AR, Proskin HM. Clinical efficacy of an optimized stannous fluoride dentifrice, Part 3: A 6-month plaque/gingivitis clinical study, southeast USA. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 1997; 18 Spec No:16-20. 9 The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, Volume 7, No. 2, May 1, 2006 24. Gerlach RW, Hyde J, Poore CL, Stevens DP, Witt JJ. Breath Effects of Three Marketed Dentifrices: A Comparative Study Evaluating Single and Cumulative Use. J Clin Dent. 1998; 9(4):83-88. 25. Gerlach RW, Liu H, Prater ME, Ramsey LL, White DJ. Removal of extrinsic stain using a 7.0% sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Dent. 2002;13:6-9. 26. Gerlach RW, Ramsey LL, White DJ. Extrinsic stain removal with a sodium hexametaphosphate containing dentifrice: comparisons to marketed controls. J Clin Dent. 2002;13:10-14. 27. Gerlach RW, Ramsey LL, Baker RA, White DJ. Extrinsic stain prevention with a combination dentifrice containing calcium phosphate surface active builders compared to two marketed controls. J Clin Dent. 2002;13:15-18. 28. Bartizek RD, Walters P, Biesbrock AR. The prevention of induced stain using two levels of sodium hexametaphosphate in chewing gum. J Clin Dent. 2003;14:77-81. 29. Biesbrock AR, Walters P, Bartizek RD. A chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate inhibits stain deposition relative to a placebo chewing gum. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2004;25:253- 264. 30. Archila L, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T. The comparative efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice and sodium fluoride/triclosan/ copolymer dentifrice for the control of gingivitis: a 6-month randomized clinical study. J Periodontol. 2004 Dec;75(12):1592-9. 31. Mankodi S, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T. Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. J Clin Periodontol. 2005 Jan;32(1):75-80. 32. Wefel JS, Stanford CM, Ament DK, Hogan MM, Harless JD, Pfarrer AM, Ramsey LL, Leusch MS, Biesbrock AR. In situ evaluation of sodium hexametaphosphate-containing dentifrices. Caries Res. 2002; 36:122-128. 33. Stookey GK, Mau MS, Isaacs RL, Gonzalez-Gierbolini C, Bartizek RD, Biesbrock AR. The relative anticaries effectiveness of three fluoride-containing dentifrices in Puerto Rico. Caries Res. 2004;38:542-550. 34. Schiff T, Saletta L, Baker RA, He T, Winston JL. Anti-calculus efficacy and safety of a stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2005;26 (supp 1):29-34. 35. Baig AA, He T, Buisson J, Sagel L, Suszcynsky-Meister E, White DJ. Extrinsic whitening effects of sodium hexametaphosphate – a review including a dentifrice with stabilized stannous fluoride. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2005;26 (supp 1):19-28. 36. Ramji N, Baig AA, He T, Lawless MA, Saletta L, Suszcynsky-Meister E, Coggan J. Sustained antibacterial action of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2005;26 (supp 1):19-28. 37. Taani S, Awartani F. Clinical evaluation of cervical dentin sensitivity (CDS) in patients attending general dental clinics (GDC) and periodontal specialty clinics (PSC). J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:118-122. 38. Chabanksi MB, Gillam DG, Bulman JS, Newman HN. Clinical evaluation of cervical dentine sensitivity in a population of patients referred to a specialist periodontology department: A pilot study. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24:666-672. 39. Drisko CH. Dentine hypersensitivity – dental hygiene and periodontal considerations. Int Dent J. 2002;52:385-393. 40. Curro FA. Tooth hypersensitivity in the spectrum of pain. Dent Clin North Am. 1990;34:429-37. 41. Addy M. Dentine hypersensitivity: new perspectives on an old problem. Int Dent J. 2002;52: 367-375.
Are there any legitimate cases of multiple personality disorder?
1968 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-II), Multiple Personality Disorder was called hysterical neurosis, dissociative type and was defined as an alteration to consciousness and identity.In 1980, the DSM-III was published and the term "dissociative" was first introduced as a class of disorders.Separating Fact from Fiction: An Empirical Examination of Six Myths ...https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959824/Published 2013, Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is defined in the fifth edition of the DSM ... The first published cases are those of Jeanne Fery, reported in 1586, .... in which DID or multiple personality disorder (MPD) had been diagnosed.Understanding Multiple Personality Disordershttps://www.nurseslearning.com/courses/nrp/NRP-1618/Section1/index.htm“Introduction. Since the first exploration of the phenomenon of Multiple Personality Disorder some hundred years ago, the diagnosis has been the recipient of much confusion and skepticism. Because its presentation can be so dramatic and the precipitating trauma so humanly unacceptable, it was passed off as the hysterical behavior of overwrought or spoiled women. However, with the attention in recent years to the issue of child abuse, Multiple Personality Disorder has gained acceptance as a valid psychiatric diagnosis. Once considered rare, the reported incidence has increased steadily since 1980. It occurs in 1.2% of the general psychiatric population (Steele, 1989 (making it about as common as schizophrenia).Dissociative Disorders (DD), specifically Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), have received much attention in the past decade, though they are not new phenomena. In fact, these disorders were among the first psychiatric conditions to be scientifically investigated by the nineteenth-century pioneers of psychiatric medicine (Putnam, 1991). However, in the twentieth century, the work of such pioneers was largely set aside and forgotten as Freud introduced his psychoanalytic model which substituted the idea of repression for dissociation in dynamic formulations.MPD remains highly controversial among psychiatric professionals. The reality of the disorder is often challenged. Putnam feels “this distorts the scientific process and places an extra burden of proof on MPD that is not demanded of other psychiatric disorders.” MPD and DD have met all the requirements expected of other psychiatric diagnoses, and Putnam maintains that “by this standard, MPD and the dissociative disorders are as “real” as any other psychiatric condition.”Based on my research and having assisted many people with psychogenic amnesia and Dissociative Idenity I know these coping strategies are caused by profound, severe and relentless mental/emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse. The following sources might be of interest.1. 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